Mathematics, Engineering Economy

and Science, and Laws.

(MESL)

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ALGEBRA Number System
Algebra: came from the word “Al-
Jabr”, meaning to “restore, “complete”,
or “balance”. It is the mathematics 5, 3,0,5, 2+3i
8/3, 9 3i
dealing with equation manipulations. 1 8
, −5, 0, , 9
2 3
Number: it describes magnitude/position 𝜋, 2, 𝑒
Count, measure, label
Number Classification: −3, 0, 3
a) Cardinal – size or quantity that 0, 1, 2, 3
describes the magnitude. Ex: 1, 2, 10…
/Counting Number 1,2, 3
1000 ….
b) Ordinal – position that describes
arrangement. Ex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd , etc.
Negative Zero Positive
Numerals: symbols that describe a
number. Prime Unit Composite
Numerals: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 1 4, 6, 15

Non-Integers
a. Ancient Greek:
1 3
,
5 = pi 1000 = chi 2 4
Complex Number:
10 = delta 10,000 = mu
• Composed of Real & Imaginary No.
100 = H
• AKA “Gaussian Integer”
a. Roman Numerals:
• Plot in “Argand Diagram”
I=1 C = 100
Where: a+bi → are Real and Imaginary No.
V=5 D = 500
If a = 0, then bi → “Purely Imaginary”
X = 10 M = 1000 If b=0, then a → “Purely Real”
L = 50 Prime Number: is an integer greater than 1
that is divisible only by 1 and itself.
Ex: MCMXCIV = 1994
Ex: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23…
a. Arabic Numerals:
Ex. of unique product of power of primes:
Ex: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
360 = 𝟐𝟑 . 𝟑𝟐 . 𝟓𝟏
Digit: a specific symbol(s) to denote a
Twin Primes: are prime numbers that appear in
number. Ex: 21 has two digits, namely 2 pair differ by 2.
and 1.
Ex: 3 & 5; 11 & 13; 17 & 19…
In Roman Numerals, 9 is denoted as IX.
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Therefore the digits used are “I and X”.
TRIVIA: Perfect Number:

𝒊= −𝟏 → Leonhard Euler - An integer that is equal to the sum of all its

possible divisors, except the number itself.
Mode 2: CPLX → for imaginary nos.
- Ex: 6, 28. 496
Factorial sign “!” → Christian Kramp
- 6=1+2+3
Equal Sign “ = “ → Robert Recorde
Defective or Deficient Number:
- An integer, the sum of all its possible divisor is
less than the number itself.
Composite Number:
- There are 30 numbers known as “perfect
- A whole no. that can be made by multiplying numbers” and all of which are even nos.
other whole no. → “compose”
Abundant Number:
- Ex: 6 = 3 x 2
- An integer, the sum of all its possible divisor is
Rational Numbers: greater than than the number itself.
- Can be expressed in ratio of two integers.
Friendly or Amicable Number:
- Non-terminating, Repeating decimals
- Refers to 2 integers which each is the sum of
- Ex: 2/3, -5, 0.25, 0.1111… all possible divisors of the other.

- The smallest friendly numbers are 220 and 284.

Irrational Numbers:
- 220 factors/divisors: 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 20, 22,
- Non-terminating, non-repeating decimals
44, 55, & 110 = 284
- Ex: π, e, 2 - 284 factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 71, 142 = 220

Happy Number:
Special (Trivial Numbers) - A number when broken down eventually
reaches 1 when replaced by the sum of the
square of each digit.

• Happy Numbers - Ex: 13

• Sad Numbers - 12 +32 = 10

• Narcissistic Numbers - 12 + 02 = 1

• Perfect Numbers Unhappy/Sad Number:

• Abundant (Excessive) Numbers - A number that started in the sequence that

continues in infinite cycle without ever
• Deficient Numbers reaching 1.

• Polite Numbers - Ex: 4

• Friendly (Amicable Numbers) - 42 = 16 ⇒ 12 + 62 = 37 , eventually reaches

- 22 + 02 = 4

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Narcissistic Number: Significant Digits:
- AKA. “Pluperfect Digital Variant (PPDI)”, 1. Non-zero digits are always significant.
“Armstrong Number, “Plus Perfect Number”.
2. Any zeros between two significant digits are
- A whole number, or integer, that is the sum of significant.
the nth powers of its digits
3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal
- Ex: 153 portion ONLY are significant.

- 153 = 13 + 53 + 33 - Ex:

Polite Number: - 16.72 4 significant digits

- is a positive integer that can be written as the - 1.672 x 103 4 significant digits
sum of two or more consecutive positive
- 0.0016 2 significant digits
integers.
- 1234 4 significant digits
- Ex: 9 = 4+3 or = 2+3+4
- 1000 1 significant digits

- 100100 4 significant digits

Factorial: (Christian Kramp 1808)
- 100.00 5 significant digits
- denoted as n!, represents the product of all
positive integers from 1 to n. - 0.100 3 significant digits

▪ Recursion Formula: - 0.001002 4 significant digits

𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑛! 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛 + 1 !
Rounding & Truncating:
2 forms of approximations.
Surd: a radical expressing an irrational number.
Rounding: it means replacing the number with
Ex: 5 + 𝟑 number with another number having fewer
Pure Surd: sometimes called “entire surd” significant decimal digits, or for integer, fewer
contains no rational number and all its terms are value carrying (non-zero) digits.
surds. Ex:
Ex: 𝟑 + 𝟐 • 3.14159 → rounded up to 3.1416
Mixed Surd: contains at least 1 rational no. • 3.12354 → rounded down to 3.1235
Ex: 𝟏𝟎 𝟑

Binomial Surd: an expression of 2 terms with at Truncation: refers to dropping off the next digits
least 1 term is surd. to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need
of practical calculations. Similar to rounding down,
Ex. 5 + 𝟑
its values will be lower than the exact values.
Trinomial Surd: an expression of 3 terms with at
Ex: 3.14159 → truncated to 4 decimal as 3.1415
least 2 of them are surds and cannot be expressed
as a single surd.

Ex. 5 + 𝟑 + 𝟐

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Rounding Off to Significant Figures: ▪ Logarithm:
Round off to four significant figures.
Ex. 1: 102.4886 → Ans. 102.5

Ex. 2: 102.45 log a a = 1

Rule: log0 = −∞
a. 102.5 x wrong
Decimal ending in
b. 102.4 correct “5”
Even → “retain”
Ex. 2: 102.35 Odd → “round up”
a. 102.3 x wrong

b. 102.4 correct Note: 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 = 2.7183

TRIVIA:
❑Rules of inequality Logarithm:
Commutative Property: - Logos → Ratio
a+b = b + a - Arithmus → Number
axb = bxa John Napier:
Associative Property: - Naperian/Natural Logarithm
a+(b+c) = (a+b) +c - Base “e”
a(bc) = (ab)c - 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
Distributive Property:
a(b+c) = ab+ac → left Henry Brigs:
(a+b) c = ac+ab → right - Briggsian/Common Logarithm

Identity Property: - Base “10”

a+0 = a - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

a (1) = a Properties of Logarithm:

Inverse Property: Characteristic: integral part of a common
logarithm
a+(-a) = 0
Mantissa: non-negative decimal part
1
a( ) = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
2 Ex1 : log57 = 1.75587

1 → Characteristic

0.75587 → Mantissa
▪ Remainder & Factor Theorem: Ex2: log(0.0071) = - 2.1487

- 3 → Characteristic

3 + (-2.1487) = 0.8513 → Mantissa

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Properties of Logarithm: Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
Cologarithm: - A technique to det. an upper bound on the
1
number of positive or negative real roots of a
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = −log(𝑥) polynomial.
𝑥

- Not a complete criterion, because it doesn’t

provide the exact number of positive or
▪ Quadratic Equation: negative roots.

- Rule is applied by counting the number of sign

changes in the sequence formed by the
polynomial’s coefficients

- Positive Roots: The rule states that if the

terms of a single-variable polynomial with real
coefficients are ordered by descending
Note: variable exponent, then the number of the
Discriminant positive roots of the polynomial is either equal
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 0, roots real & equal to the number of sign differences between
> 0, roots real & unequal consecutive nonzero coefficients, or less than
< 0, roots imaginary or complex it by an even number.

▪ Depress Equation or Polynomial: - Negative Roots: As a corollary of the rule, the

number of the negative roots is the number of
✓ Divide polynomial by one of its binomial sign changes after multiplying the coefficients
factors, the quotient is called depressed of odd-power terms by -1, or fewer than it by
polynomial. an even number.

Ex: 4x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 3 = 0 ▪ No. of Positive Roots:

has factors of, x = 1, -0.25± −0.829𝑖 𝒇 +𝒙 = 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔

Try 1: ▪ No. of Negative Roots:

1 4 -2 1 -3 𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔

4 4 2 3

4 2 3 0 Examples:

Therefore, 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

▪ GCF & LCM:

▪ Equal Pieces No Remainders Prob.:

𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝑥=
𝐺𝐶𝐹
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Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
Examples: