8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Force, Motion and Energy

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Force, Motion and Energy

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary:
Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Maria Clarissa G. Bergado, HT VI, Cayetano Arellano High School, Manila
Editor: Jonathan P. Derez, PSDS, SDO-Manila
Reviewers: Rebecca M. Roxas, EPS, SDO-Manila
Illustrator: Name
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 8

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Force, Motion and Energy

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This module is for Grade 8 Science learners. With minimal supervision, the module
can be performed by the learner using available materials at home or school. It is
important that the learner is refreshed with his understanding of the motion and how he
describes motion in terms of its speed, distance covered, change in direction and
acceleration.

It is advised that the facilitator orient the learner of the parts of this module.
Materials identified in the activities may be replaced with whatever is available in the
school or in the learner’s place.

For the additional learning activity where a learner needs access to the internet, it
is highly encouraged that the video for further discussion be downloaded beforehand.

For the learner:

This module is specifically designed for your understanding of the law of inertia.
Each part of the module is sequentially arranged for you to follow.

1. What I need to know – the lesson that is covered in this module.

2. What I know – an assessment of your initial knowledge about the lesson.
3. What’s In – the bigger view of the lesson included in this module.
4. What’s New – this is where the discussion of the lesson is laid out.
Along the discussion, you are encouraged to write your thoughts on a piece
of paper and ideas that confuse you.
5. What is it - this part provides activities that you can work on. Questions are
posted after each activity for you to answer. This will help you organize
your understanding.
6. What’s More – this part will show an extended activity for you to explore.
This entails video presentation and parallel activities for you to try.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for you to work independently or with a
little assistance from an adult. Exploring this module will help you find the scientific
reasons behind things that are happening around you and bring understanding as to
why people have to observe rules and regulations when on the road, just why you have
to stay at home during pandemic situations.

The module is about Newton’s laws of motion and divided into three lessons,
namely: (S8FE-Ia)
● Lesson 1 – Law of Inertia
● Lesson 2 – Law of Acceleration
● Lesson 3 – Law of Interaction

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define inertia (S8FE-Ia-15.1)
2. relate inertia and mass (S8FE-Ia-15.2)
3. explain the law of inertia (S8FE-Ia-15.3)
4. relate inertia to the stopping force like friction (S8FE-Ia-15.4)
5. cite situation where law of inertia applies (S8FE-Ia-15.5)
6. show the effect of force and mass on acceleration (S8FE-Ia-15.6)
7. state the law of acceleration (S8FE-Ia-15.7)
8. solve word problems involving law of acceleration (S8FE-Ib-15.8)
9. state the law of interaction (S8FE-Ib-16.1)

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. It is commonly exerted by way of a push or a pull on an object. What is it?

A. energy C. power
B. force D. work

2. A balanced force acting on a body will result to

I. The object remains at rest.
II. The object moves with increasing speed
III. The object moves at constant speed in a straight line.

A. I only B. II and III C. I and III D. I,II, and III

3. What could cause a ball rolling on the grass to stop?

A. Mass of the ball
B. Shape of the ball
C. Friction between the ball and the grass
D. No force is pushing the ball to continue rolling.

4. Why would a ball thrown up in the air fall to the ground?

A. The unbalanced force acting on the ball is towards the ground.
B. The unbalanced force acting on the ball is going up.
C. The balanced force pulls it to the ground.
D. There is no force pushing it upward.

5. If an unbalanced force acts on an object, in what direction will the object move
to?
A. To the left
B. To the right
C. To the direction of the lesser force
D. To the direction of the greater force

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 Lesson

2 Law of Acceleration

Do you ever question the use of horns for motor vehicles? Have you asked
yourself why strict obedience to traffic rules and regulations must be observed by
everyone using the streets and roads of our community? You’ll find out why.

What’s In

Motion of objects and people around us affects our view of the world. And to
consider the rate of change in an object’s motion as a result of the forces applied to an
object of certain mass is explained in this lesson. In this lesson, the force and mass of
the object will be related to its acceleration as the wholeness of the 2nd law of motion,
the law of acceleration.

Notes to the Teacher

Acceleration can either be an increase or decrease in the speed of the
body or a change in direction expressed in units like m/s2. Hence,
an object that is accelerating covers a greater distance as compared
to an object moving at constant speed

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 What’s New

Net Force
When a body is acted upon by forces and the sum is zero, (balanced forces) it will
either stay at rest if at rest or continue moving with constant speed along a straight line
when original in motion.

Figure 1https://www.miniphysics.com/balanced-force.html

The sum of the forces acting on the body is equal

to zero, or balanced forces thus the objects are
not moving/constant motion.

In equation, ∑ 𝐹𝐹 = 0

But not all forces are balanced, thus the sum is not equal to zero. And if that
happens, the body will accelerate to the direction of the total force or the net unbalanced
force or simply net force.

Figure https://gamesmartz com/

https://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools

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 The forces on the body do not equal to
zero. The net force results in motion.

In equation, ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧

Force and acceleration

If a body is acted upon by forces that
result in unbalanced force or net force, the body will either increase or decrease the
body’s speed. The rate of change in the speed, the acceleration is directly proportional
to the increase or decrease in the force applied.

Figure 3 https://slideplayer.com/slide/6062149/

Mass and acceleration

Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. When you push a
grocery cart filled with canned goods, it will accelerate less than when you push an
empty grocery cart with the same amount of force.

Figure 4: https://www.slideshare.net/

2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration

Newton’s second law of motion generally states that the acceleration (a) of a body
is directly proportional to the force (F) applied on the body and is inversely proportional
to its mass (m). The direction of the acceleration is in the same direction as the net force.

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The greater the force, the higher the acceleration. While if the mass is greater, the
acceleration is lesser.

In equation form, it can be written simply as F = ma

What is It

A wooden block of wood with mass (m) is pulled with a force (F). Analyze the
table for each case.

A. Constant mass, increasing force

Condition Force, F Mass, m Acceleration, a

(dynes) (g) cm/s2
1st case 100 50 2
2nd case 120 50 2.4
3rd case 140 50 2.8
4th case 160 50 3.2
5th case 180 50 3.6

Inspect the data for cases 1 to 5. When the wooden cart (constant mass) is pulled
with increasing force, what happens to the acceleration? Does the acceleration increase?
Or the acceleration decreases?

B. Constant Force, increasing mass

Condition Force, F Mass, m Acceleration, a

(dynes) (g) cm/s2
1st case 250 50 5
2nd case 250 100 2.5
3rd case 250 150 1.67
4th case 250 200 1.25
5th case 250 250 1

Inspect the data for cases 1 to 5. When the wooden cart carries an increasing
load and pulled by a constant force, what happens to the acceleration of the wooden
cart? Does the acceleration increase? Or the acceleration decreases?

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Farther or nearer

Objectives: show the effect of force on the object’s acceleration
For each activity, questions follow. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Get a clean, empty tin can of sardines and

another unopened can of sardines and a
ruler or a durable banana cuestick and
arrange the tin and the ruler/stick such that
it can hit the tin can.
Figure 5: https://www.researchgate.net/figure

A. Force and acceleration

1. Use the empty tin can of sardines.

2. Hit the tin can with the ruler, stretched at about 5 cm from the tin can.
Observe how far it go. Repeat the same at least three times then record your
observations.

3. Using the same empty tin can, try hitting the tin can harder by stretching the
ruler farther, thus increasing the force. Observe how far the tin can will go.
Repeat the same for three times and record your observation.
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS:

1. In which case did the empty tin can go farther? Why?

2. What is the effect of increasing the force applied on the body to its
acceleration?

B. Mass and acceleration

1. Arrange the set-up, first using the empty tin can. Hit the tin can with the
ruler stretched at about 15 cm. Repeat and observe.

3. Replace the tin can with the unopened can of sardines. Hit the unopened can
of sardines with the same amount of force as you had in hitting the empty tin can.
Repeat and observe.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS:

1. Which tin can move farther when hit with the same amount of force?
2. How does the acceleration of the tin can be affected by the mass of the tin cans?

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 What I Have Learned

1. Acceleration of an object is affected by the amount of force applied and the

mass of the object.
2. The greater the force applied on the object, the greater is its acceleration, the
lesser force, and the lesser is the acceleration.
3. As the mass of the object increases, the acceleration of it decreases.
4. Law of acceleration states that the acceleration of the body is directly
proportional to the net force and is inversely proportional to its mass. The
acceleration follows the direction of the net force.

What I Can Do

The law of acceleration is summarized by the equation F = ma

where F = net force applied on the object (N)

m = mass of the object (kg)

a = acceleration (m/s2)

Can you work on this word problem set?

1. A car which has a mass of 2,000 kg accelerates from rest at a rate of

2m/s2. How much force was applied on the car to attain this motion?

2. A 50 kg load is pushed by a 150 N force to the right.

a. Neglecting friction, what is the acceleration of this load?

b. If during its motion, an extra load of 50 kg was added, will it go faster or

slower?

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the rate of change in the object’s motion measured in m/s2?
A. Acceleration
B. Force
C. Mass
D. Power

2. What effect on the acceleration does increasing the force applied on the body
have?
A. The greater the force applied, the slower an object moves.
B. The greater the force applied, the speed of the object is constant.
C. The greater the force applied, the greater is the object’s acceleration.
D. The greater the force applied, the greater the increase in the object’s mass
and acceleration.

3. A car and a truck are running on the stretch of Rizal Avenue at the same speed
towards a pedestrian crossing. Which of the two must exert a greater force if
suddenly a pedestrian has to cross the street?
A. The smaller car needs smaller force to stop right away.
B. The smaller car needs greater force to stop right away.
C. The truck needs smaller force to stop right away.
D. The truck needs bigger force to stop right away.

4. If you throw a stone upward, the stone goes up and eventually will go down.
What is the direction of the net force on the stone on its way up?
A. upward B. downward C. sideward
5. Two balls, basketball and a golf ball are thrown to the air with the same amount
of force. Which will go farther?
A. The basketball because it is bouncy.
B. The basketball because it is bigger.
C. The golf ball because it is lighter.
D. The golf ball because it is smaller.

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 Additional Activities

A. Answer the attached worksheet in this module entitled 2nd Law of Motion.
Read the instructions carefully and decide and agree with your classmates
on which part will you answer. Collaborate and discuss your answers to
each other.

B. If you have access to the internet, there are several videos that will help
you go through understanding the concept of the law of acceleration. Here
are some you can easily access:
1. https://youtu.be/xzA6IBWUEDE
2. https://youtu.be/EeT2yew0oDA

References

Pabellon, Josefina L. et.al. Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year,
2004. Book Media Press, Inc. “What Causes Motion?” pp.285-287.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws

Law of force and acceleration

https://www.brightstorm.com/science/physics/newtons-laws-of-motion

Newton’s 2nd law of motion by Learning Junction

https://youtu.be/EeT2yew0oDA

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Name: ________________________________Grade/ Sec: __________ Score: _______
Teacher: ______________________________ Group No: ____________Date: ________

WORKSHEET: Newton’s Second Law of Motion

http://jh.gatesvilleisd.org/ourpages/auto/2015/3/10/54832281/wkst-newtons_second_law_problems.pdf

Direction: With your classmates, discuss and solve the different problem sets about the law of
acceleration. Solve at least 3 problems in each case.

Discussion: Newton’s Second Law of Motion, sometimes called the law of force and motion or
law of acceleration, states that: An object acted on by an unbalanced force will accelerate in the
direction of that force, in direct proportion to the strength of the force, and in inverse proportion to
the mass of the object. Newton’s second law is best described with a mathematical equation that
relates three variables, force, acceleration and mass, to one another.

The equation can be stated in three forms: force = mass x acceleration

mass = force/acceleration

acceleration = force/mass

A. The first set of problems below, you will be given the mass of an object and the acceleration
of that object, and then will need to solve for force, using the equation F = ma. In other words,
you will need to multiply the mass times the acceleration to calculate the force. Be sure to convert
any mass stated in grams into kilograms, by dividing it by 1000 (moving the decimal place over
three places to the left). For example, 1000 grams is equal to 1 kilogram. Be sure to state the
proper units in your answer, and state each answer to the nearest tenth of a unit, to match the
accuracy of the measurements.

1. An object with a mass of 2.0 kg accelerates 2.0 m/s2 when an unknown force is applied to it.
What is the amount of the force? ____________________________________________

2. An object with a mass of 5.0 kg accelerates 8.0 m/s2 when an unknown force is applied to it.
What is the amount of the force? ____________________________________________

3. An object with a mass of 1500 g (grams) accelerates 10.0 m/s2 when an unknown force is
applied to it. What is the amount of the force?_____________________________________

4. An object with a mass of 6.0 kg accelerates 4.0 m/s2 when an unknown force is applied to it.
What is the amount of the force? ____________________________________________

5. An object with a mass of 7.5 kg accelerates 8.3 m/s2 when an unknown force is applied to it.
What is the amount of the force? ____________________________________________

B. In the second set of problems below, you will be given the force applied to an object and the
acceleration of that object, and then will need to solve for mass, using the equation m = F/a. In
other words, you will need to divide the force by the acceleration to calculate the mass. Show
your work in the space provided. Be sure to state the proper units in your answer, and state each
answer to the nearest tenth of a unit, to match the accuracy of the measurements.

6. An object accelerates 3.0 m/s2 when a force of 6.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass
of the object? ________________________________________________________
7. An object accelerates 12.0 m/s2 when a force of 6.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass
of the object? ________________________________________________________

8. An object accelerates 5.0 m/s2 when a force of 20.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass
of the object? ________________________________________________________

9. An object accelerates 2.0 m/s2 when a force of 12.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass
of the object? ________________________________________________________

10. An object accelerates 7.2 m/s2 when a force of 4.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass
of the object? ________________________________________________________

C. In the third set of problems below, you will be given the force applied to an object and the
mass of that object, and then will need to solve for acceleration, using the equation a = F/m. In
other words, you will need to divide the force by the mass to calculate the acceleration. Be sure
to convert any mass stated in grams into kilograms, by dividing it by 1000 (moving the decimal
place over three places to the left). For example, 1000 grams is equal to 1 kilogram. Show your
work in the space provided. Be sure to state the proper units in your answer, and state each
answer to the nearest tenth of a unit, to match the accuracy of the measurements.

11. An object with a mass of 2.0 kg has a force of 4.0 newtons applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object?____________________________________________

12. An object with a mass of 5.0 kg has a force of 20.0 newtons applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object?_____________________________________________

13. An object with a mass of 20.0 kg has a force of 5.0 newtons applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object?_____________________________________________

14. An object with a mass of 3.0 kg has a force of 9.0 newtons applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object?_____________________________________________

15. An object with a mass of 2300 g has a force of 6.2 newtons applied to it. What is the
resulting acceleration of the object?___________________________________________
What I Know What’s More
B
Assessment
C The empty can will go
C farther when hit with a
A greater amount of
D force.
he greater the force,
What I can do
the greater is its
acceleration F=4,000 N
A. 3 m/s2
2
the same amount
b.iven
1.5 m/s
of force, the empty tin
can will go farther
than the unopened tin
can of sardines
because of its greater
mass.
Answer Key