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    Ground Improvement Techniques

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    sriknta sahu
    The document discusses various ground improvement techniques. It is divided into 4 modules that cover topics like dewatering methods, compaction techniques, soil stabilization methods, and the use of geosynthetics in construction. The summary discusses problematic soil types, factors to consider when selecting a ground improvement technique, and common techniques like stone columns, soil nailing, and micro piles. It also categorizes techniques based on the type of modification and lists objectives of ground improvement.

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    Ground Improvement Techniques

    Uploaded by

    sriknta sahu
    148 views73 pages
    The document discusses various ground improvement techniques. It is divided into 4 modules that cover topics like dewatering methods, compaction techniques, soil stabilization methods, and the use of geosynthetics in construction. The summary discusses problematic soil types, factors to consider when selecting a ground improvement technique, and common techniques like stone columns, soil nailing, and micro piles. It also categorizes techniques based on the type of modification and lists objectives of ground improvement.

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    The document discusses various ground improvement techniques. It is divided into 4 modules that cover topics like dewatering methods, compaction techniques, soil stabilization methods, and the use of geosynthetics in construction. The summary discusses problematic soil types, factors to consider when selecting a ground improvement technique, and common techniques like stone columns, soil nailing, and micro piles. It also categorizes techniques based on the type of modification and lists objectives of ground improvement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    148 views73 pages

    Ground Improvement Techniques

    Uploaded by

    sriknta sahu
    The document discusses various ground improvement techniques. It is divided into 4 modules that cover topics like dewatering methods, compaction techniques, soil stabilization methods, and the use of geosynthetics in construction. The summary discusses problematic soil types, factors to consider when selecting a ground improvement technique, and common techniques like stone columns, soil nailing, and micro piles. It also categorizes techniques based on the type of modification and lists objectives of ground improvement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 73

    Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4

    Dewatering, Well
    1.Problematic Compaction, Methods
    points- Vacuum / of compaction,
    soils electro osmatic Engineering properties Soil stabilization,
    methods, Analysis of of compacted soil, Field
    Use of chemical
    2.Necessity of seepage, Two compaction and its
    control. dynamic additives,
    ground Dimensional Flow,
    compaction, Vibro Reinforced earth,
    heat treatment,
    improvement flotation, Compaction Concept, Materials,
    ground freezing., piles, Application and
    Analysis and design Consolidation, Sand
    3.Treatment of design, Use of geo-
    of dewatering drains, Preloading,
    synthetics and geo-
    expansive soils systems. Grouting Stone column,
    Construction methods, cells in construction
    types, Properties,
    Merits work.
    4.Selection of Method of grouting,
    and demerits of
    GIT for weak soil Ground selection various techniques
    and control.
    • Swelling and shrinkage
    • Collapsible soils
    • Soft soils
    • Organic soils and peaty soils
    • Karst deposits
    • Dumps and landfills
    • Old mine pits
    • Black cotton soils are inorganic clays of medium to high compressibility and form a major
    soil group in India
    • This Black cotton soils occurs mostly in the central and western parts and covers
    approximately 20% of the total area of India
    • 40 to 60% of the Black cotton soil (BC soil) has a size less than 0.001 mm. At the liquid
    limit, the volume change is of the order of 200 to 300% and results in swelling pressure
    as high as 8 kg/cm2/ to 10 kg/cm2

    10 kg
    • Collapsible soils are defined as any unsaturated soil that goes through a radical
    rearrangement of particles and greatly decreases in volume upon wetting, additional
    loading, or both.
    • Many collapsing soils exist to considerable depth, often 30 m or more and up to 200 m,
    but always in areas where the ground-water table is deeper. The amount of collapse and
    its rate are affected by the mineralogy of the materials present; initial void ratio; stress
    history of the material
    • Many collapsing soils have liquid limits below 45 and plasticity indexes below 25, and
    usually much lower, often in the nonplastic range.
    • Identified by very low bearing capacity.
    • Can be observed in recently filled up sites
    • Bearing capacity usually less than 80 kPa
    • Different techniques are employed to increase bearing capacity
    MARINE CLAYS

    • Marine clay is a soft soil that could be found widely at the coastal and offshore areas
    • This type of soil is usually associated with high settlement and instability, poor soil
    properties that are not suitable for engineering requirements and low unconfined
    compressive strength of less than 20 kPa.
    • This kind of soil is considered as problematic due to the existence of high moisture
    content and usually exists as slurry with noticeable percentage of expandable clay
    minerals.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Occurs in loose saturated


    cohesionless soils.

    Pore water pressure is greater


    than effective stress

    Also called as quick sand


    condition
    • Landfills are modern techniques to
    treat the municipal solid wastes.
    • After the active period of landfill is
    over it is left to settle by itself for 10-
    15 years.
    • After 15 years of stabilization and
    extraction of leachate and gas the
    surface still remains tricky for
    foundations.
    NEED FOR ENGINEERED GROUND
    IMPROVEMENT
    STRATEGIES
    When a project encounters difficult Attempt to modify existing ground
    foundation conditions, possible alternative
    Enable cost effective foundation design
    solutions are
    Reduce the effects of contaminated
    Avoid the particular site
    soils
    Design the planned structure
    Ensure sustainability in construction
    (flexible/rigid)
    projects using ground improvement
    accordingly techniques
    Remove and replace unsuitable soils
    GROUND IMPROVEMENT MECHANISMS

    Compaction Dewatering

    Admixtures or
    Reinforcement
    grouting
    COMPACTION

    • •The state of soil is improved in this technique due to high


    • densification.
    • •This is a long term improvement technique.
    • •There is a change in soil state after adopting it.
    • •This technique can be adopted for silty , sandy and gravely
    • soils.
    REINFORCEMENT

    •This method improves the soil response by interaction between soil and inclusion.
    • The improving period depends on the life of inclusion.
    • In this technique there is no change in the state of soil.
    •It is a widely used technique as it can be done for many types of soils.
    ADMIXTURES OR GROUTING

    Cementation plays a major role in improving the soil response.


    • Short term/long term improvement techniques are possible.
    •There is a change in soil state after adopting it.

    DEWATERING
    This is a technique similar to compaction.
    •It is mostly adopted to clayey soils.
    CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND MODIFICATION
    TECHNIQUES

    Mechanical modification
    Hydraulic modification
    Physical and chemical modification
    Modification by inclusion and confinement
    Combination of the above
    STONE COLUMN

    • Improves the capacity of soft soil


    • Rapid consolidation
    • Can be encased by geogrids
    where lateral confinement is
    required
    SOIL NAILS

    Soil nails are a cost effective


    method for long or short
    term stabilisation of steep
    existing or proposed slopes
    MICROPILES

    • Micropiles are high-performance,


    high-capacity drilled deep foundation
    elements typically between 5–12
    inches in diameter that can extend
    to depths of 200 feet and achieve
    working loads of over 200 tons.
    • Micropiles are comprised of high-
    strength steel casing, rebar and
    grout.
    GEOSYNTHETICS
    Sisal fiber
    Jute fiber

    Polypropylene fiber
    Coir fiber
    FIBER REINFORCED SOIL
    FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF GROUND
    IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUE
    Type and degree of improvement required
    Bearing capacity improvement, settlement reduction, permeability enhancement/decrease,
    long term/short term, liquefaction resistance.

    Type of soil, geological structure, seepageconditions


    Type of clay/sand and foundation, role of pore pressure and seepage, presence of difficult
    geological condition.
    Costs, equipment, specifications
    • Size of the project, availability of equipment,transportation
    costs, experienced contractors, Specification of work, guidance
    documents.
    Construction time
    • Construction time available, use of accelerated construction
    techniques
    Possible damage to adjacent structure or pollution of ground
    water resources
    Tolerable levels of loading and deformation, pore water
    contamination
    Durability of the materials involved
    Short term and long term, corrosion, aggressive soil condition.
    Toxicity and corrosivity of any chemical additives
    • Government regulations may restrict the choice of additives
    Using Vitrification of soils to limit radio active or hazardous
    wastes,

    Reversibility or irreversibility of the process


    Ex: Lime added to expensive soil reacts in presence
    of sulphate
    Reusability of components such as steel, plastics, concrete etc.
    Reliability of methods of testing, analysis and design
    • Good methods of testing, proven methods of design and analysis should be used and
    empirical approaches need to be avoided
    Feasibility of construction control and performance measurements
    • Documents of quality control and performance are required in major ground improvement
    projects
    OBJECTIVES OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT
    TECHNIQUES
    Increase strength
    Reduce distortion under stress (Increases stress-strain modulus)
    Reduce compressibility (volume decreases due to a reduction in air voids or
    water content under loads)
    Ex: Additives, fibres, reinforcement
    Prevent detrimental physical or chemical changes due to environmental
    conditions (freezing / thawing, wetting/ drying)
    Reduce susceptibility to liquefaction
    Reduce natural variability of borrow materials and foundation soils
    SOIL DISTRIBUTION ACROSS INDIA

    Based on transportation- i)colluvial soil ii) glacial soil


    iii) alluvial soil iv) Aeolian soil
    v) lacustrine soil
    Basically 6 different types of soil – lateritic soil( k, t, ke)
    black cotton( central and western, some part of south)
    red and yellow soil
    alluvial soil
    desert soil
    mountain soil deposits
    PLACE OF SOIL DEPOSITION

    Divided into 3 types- 1)Terrestrial


    2) Terri genic
    3) Pelagic
    MARINE SOIL DEPOSITS/ TERRI GENIC SOIL
    DEPOSITS
    • East coast deposits
    • West coast deposits
    • Dense sand deposits
    • Calcareous sand deposits

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