Compilation 10TH S-D 2020

ENGLISH PACKAGE
TENTH QUARTER
Academia de 10o. Cuatrimestre

Coordinación de Idiomas Extranjeros
UTM
(SEPTEMBER – DECEMBER 2020)
1
CONTENTS
UNIT I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1.1 The Simple Present
1.2 The Present Continuous
1.3 Adverbs of manner (ly)
1.4 The Simple Present versus The Present Progressive
1.5 Comparatives and superlatives
1.6 Phrasal verbs
1.7 Too and enough
UNIT II. MODALS, PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES.

2.1 Modals
2.2 Simple past
2.3 Past continuous
2.4 Present perfect
2.5 Past perfect continuous.
2.6 Connecting words
UNIT III. THE FUTURE, CONDITIONALS AND QUESTION TAGS

3.1 Future simple
3.2 Other forms of future: will, be going to, present continuous.
3.3 Future continuous
3.4 Future perfect
3.5 Future perfect continuous
3.6 Conditionals: zero, fist, second and third conditional.
3.7 Questions tags
UNIT I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1.1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT
1: We use the present simple when something is generally or always true.

 People need food.
 It snows in winter here.
 Two and two make four.
2: Similarly, we need to use this tense for a situation that we think is more or less permanent.
 Where do you live?
 She works in a bank.
 I don't like mushrooms.
3: The next use is for habits or things that we do regularly. We often use adverbs of
frequency (such as 'often', 'always' and 'sometimes') in this case, as well as expressions like
'every Sunday' or 'twice a month'. (See the present continuous for new, temporary or
annoying habits).
 Do you smoke?
 I play tennis every Tuesday.
 I don't travel very often.
4: We can also use the present simple for short actions that are happening now. The actions
are so short that they are finished almost as soon as you've said the sentence. This is often
used with sports commentary.
 He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and he scores!
Future Use
5: We use the present simple to talk about the future when we are discussing a timetable or a
fixed plan. Usually, the timetable is fixed by an organization, not by us.
 School begins at nine tomorrow.
 What time does the film start?
 The plane doesn't arrive at seven. It arrives at seven thirty.
6: We also use the present simple to talk about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until',
'after', 'before' and 'as soon as'. These are sometimes called subordinate clauses of time.
 I will call you when I have time. (Not 'will have'.)
 I won't go out until it stops raining.
 I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Write the verbs into the correct form.

1. I (to like) like lemonade very much.
2. The girls always (to listen) listen to pop music.
3. Janet never (to wear) jeans.
4. Mr. Smith (to teach) Spanish and French.
5. You (to do) your homework after school.
II. Fill in the correct form of the verbs.

6. We (to have) a nice garden.
7. She (to be) six years old.
8. Simon (to have) two rabbits and five goldfish.
9. I (to be) from Vienna, Austria.
10. They (to be) Sandy's parents.
III. Make negative sentences.

11. My father makes breakfast. →
12. They are eleven. →
13. She writes a letter. →
14. I speak Italian. →
15. Danny phones his father on Sundays. →
IV. Make questions.

16. you / to speak / English →
17. when / he / to go / home →
18. they / to clean / the bathroom →
19. where / she / to ride / her bike →
20. Billy / to work / in the supermarket →
LISTENING
I. Choose true of false according to the conversation. Track 1. Simple present
1. Vicky lives with her parents. TRUE FALS

E
2. Vicky has three classes on Monday. TRU FALS
E E
3. Terry works in a restaurant in Montreal. TRU FALS
E E
4. Terry’s friends visit him in the restaurant on TRU FALS
Fridays. E E
5. Dave loves surfing. TRU FALS
E E
6. Saturday is Dave´s favorite day. TRUE FALS
E
7. Jenny lives in a farm. TRUE FALSE
8. Jenny has to feed the animals in the farm. TRUE FALSE
II. Listen to the information and choose the correct answer. Track 2. Simple present.
Do this exercise while you listen. Choose the best answer for these questions.
1. When does speaker A work?

When he is at university. Weekends and holidays. Summer holidays.
2. What does speaker B say tourists love doing?

Visiting universities. Taking a boat trip. Swimming in the river.
3. Does speaker C like his job?

Yes. Sometimes. No.
4. What does speaker D say is difficult about being a pilot?

Travelling to many countries. Learning many languages. Flying planes in bad weather.
5. What does speaker E not like about her job?

The doctors. The sick people. The uniform.
READING
A TERRIFIC COOK
Do you see how slim I am? It’s not on purpose and it’s not
my nature either; there’s a good reason for me keeping in
shape: Mom. She’s a disaster in the kitchen, and besides
being unable to fry an egg properly, she always causes
accidents. I can’t keep track of all the times the kitchen was
on fire (4? 5?) because of something weird she decided to
do, despite of our advice to keep out of the kitchen –
especially the stove.
She doesn’t pay attention to our advice and we have to eat
what she prepares – or at least we eat what we can – so
we live constantly on an undesired diet.
The last time she tried to prepare roast beef the result was
a burning kitchen; Dad could barely save the family and
extinguish the fire. When she goes to the kitchen we start
fearing for our lives (and stomachs) and thinking of a
sickness we’ll fake in order to avoid the “result”.
Despite the bad cook we have at home; our house is
always full of guests for lunch and dinner. I suspect they
come just to have fun watching the disasters. And – of
course – they want to be the first to tell our friends what her
latest calamity was like.
I. Mark true (T) or false (F) according to the text. You

have to explain orally when it’s false:
The girl’s mother is a terrific cook. (F)

The girl’s mom tends to cause accidents in the kitchen. (T)
The girl’s mother knows how to cook. (F)
The girl’s mom gave up cooking. (F)
The family asks the woman to stop cooking. (T)
The woman keeps on cooking and doesn’t listen to her
family. (T)
They have to eat what she cooks. (T)
She usually sets fire in the kitchen. (T)
They have guests because they appreciate her food. (F)
1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Grammatical Rules
Form (Forma)
Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el verbo+ing.
Auxiliar
Sujeto (to be) Verbo+ing
talking, eating, learning, doing,

I am going…
he, she, talking, eating, learning, doing,

it is going…
you, we, talking , eating, learning, doing,

they are going…
Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + verbo+ing.
I’m talking. (Estoy hablando.)
He’s eating. (Está comiendo.)
They’re learning. (Están aprendiendo.)
2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + auxiliar negativo (not) + verbo+ing.
I’m not talking. (No estoy hablando.)
He’s not [He isn’t] eating. (No está comiendo.)
3. Interrogative Sentences. (Frases interrogativas)

Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + verbo+ing?
Are you talking? (¿Estás hablando?)
Is he eating? (¿Está comiendo?)
Are they learning? (¿Están aprendiendo?)
Uses
1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que está pasando en el
momento en el que hablamos.
I’m studying now. (Estoy estudiando ahora.)
He’s eating at the moment. (Está comiendo en este momento.)
Is it raining? (¿Está lloviendo?)
2. También lo usamos para hablar de algo que está sucediendo en la actualidad, pero
no necesariamente cuando hablamos. En este caso, se utilizan expresiones de
tiempo como “currently”, “lately” o “these days”.
They’re learning English. (Están aprendiendo inglés.)
She’s currently looking for a job. (Actualmente está buscando un trabajo.)
Are you working much lately? (¿Estás trabajando mucho últimamente?)
3. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que está ya decidido que se hará
en el futuro próximo. Su uso indica que es bastante seguro que lo planificado sucederá.
I’m going to the party tonight. (Voy a la fiesta esta noche.)
He’s not [He isn’t] coming to class tomorrow. (No viene a la clase manaña.)
Are you working next week? (¿Trabajas la semana que viene?)
Nota: Hay unos verbos que no solemos usar en los tiempos continuos. Puedes
consultar la lección sobre los tiempos continuos para una lista de los verbos y una
explicación completa. A continuación tienes una lista de verbos que no se usan en tiempos
continuos.
be (ser/estar), want (querer), need (necesitar),
know (saber/conocer), prefer (preferir), remember (recordar),
understand (comprender), care (cuidar), see (ver), hear (oír), smell (oler), believe (cr
eer), belong (pertenecer),
cost (costar), seem (parecer), exist (existir), own (poseer),
like (gustar), dislike (desagradar), love (amar), hate (odiar),
fear (temer), envy (envidiar), mind (importar)…
Ejemplos:
David needs a new car.(David necesita un coche nuevo.)
David is needing a new car.
EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct option, SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.
1. Mr. Lopez never _ “sorry,” he a very rude man.

a) says/is b) is saying/is c) is/is d) are saying/is
2. I baseball, I with my team on the weekends.
a) likes/play b) like/play c) like/am playing d) am liking/play
3. My brother in his office now, he an accountant.
a) is/is working b) work/is c) works/is d) is working/is
4. Monica never in the afternoons but she right now. She worked the
whole night.
a) is sleeping/sleeps b) sleeps/is sleeping c) is sleeping/sleep d) sleep/is sleeping
5. Albert for a new job this week. He a new one.
a) is looking/needs b) looks/is needing c) looks/needs d) is looking/is needing
6. Look at that! Edward exercise, He soccer now.
a) does/is playing b) is doing/plays c) does/play d) is doing/is playing
7. Henry normally in the afternoons. He from 1 to 6 pm.
a) wok/is working b) works/works c) is working/works d) works/is working
8. Alex very well. He lessons this month.
a) sings/is taking b) sing/is taking c) is singing/takes d) is singing/take
9. Daniel and Margaret in Chicago this season. They two of my best
students.
a) are living/are being b) live/are being c) lives/are d) are living/are
10. Armand two sisters. They with him this season.
a) have/lives b) is having/live c) has/is living d) has/are living
11. Taylor never lies but she for you now.
a) say/cheat b) says/cheating c) says/is cheating d) is/cheats
12. I a very interesting book this month. The name of the book “Outside
my world”.
a) am reading/is b) read/is c) is reading/be d) reads/is
13. I my wife. She something delicious for me right now.
a) love/cooks b) love/is cooking c) loves/is cooking d) am loving/cooks
14. Louis his house at this moment. He doing that but he has to do it.
a) paint/is hating b) paints/is hating c) is painting/hates d) is painting/hate
15. My father TV at nights. Right now he to the radio.
a) is watching/listen b) watch/is watching c) watches/listens d) watches/is listening
II. Complete the sentences with the correct present continuous form of the verbs
in parentheses.
1- Right now, Brenda and Jimmy economics at college. (study /

not)
2- Sandy and I at the Hilton Hotel until tomorrow. (stay)
3- It a lot these days, isn’t it? – You are totally right!(rain)
4- Now, Richard a lot to keep fit. She likes looking great!
(swim) 5- Sharon a travel guide to Italy right now. (read)
6- I to work today, but I usually walk. – I can see it!(drive)
7- You a lot these days, aren’t you? – Well I have to say
yes!(run)
8- your sister with you right now? (live)
9- Where are Ken and Kate? They outside. (wait)
10- Sally a shower? (have) No, she her hair.
(wash)
11- You the TV at the moment. (watch / not) Turn it off!
12- What Maria these days? – She is painting her house. (do)
LISTENING
I. Answer the following questions about the interview.
1) What is someone doing in conversation 1?

a) Using a computer
b) Writing a letter

a) Eating soup
b) Preparing food

a) Tuning up a car
b) Working quickly

a) Playing sports
b) Watching soccer
II. Listen and circle (T) true or (F) false correctly. Track 4
1. Joe wants to see Richard because he wants to invite him to a concert. T F

2. Richard is making a call to New York. T F
3. Richard is going to a sales meeting at 5:30. T F
4. Lisa is taking her sister shopping. T F
5. Joe is going to have dinner with Lisa next Friday. T F
READING
Hi, Fred!
I’m writing this letter to let you know how things have been going during my semester abroad
here in Málaga, Spain. I've already been here for six weeks, and I feel like I am finally
adapting to the culture. I'm also speaking the language more fluently. I arrived during the first
week of September. The weather has been very nice. Even though it's October, it's still rather
sunny and warm. In fact, I went to the beach and swam in the Mediterranean Sea earlier
today. I am living with a very welcoming host family. I have my own private bedroom, but we
eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner together.
On Sundays, we eat a big home-cooked paella for lunch. In Spain, lunch is usually the
biggest meal of the day. It's also very common for the people to take a midday nap right after
a big meal. I am actually just waking up from my nap right now! On weekdays, I take classes
at the local university. There, I met several native Spanish speakers. They have been very
kind and patient with me. At first, I struggled to comprehend their Spanish, but now I
understand most of our conversations. They have commented that my Spanish is improving
a lot. Now, I am more confident to use the language in other places like stores and
restaurants. I am so glad that I decided to spend the semester here in Spain. We have an
extended weekend coming up, so a group of my friends and I are going to travel to France
for four days. It's so easy and inexpensive to travel internationally in Europe. I love it! I look
forward to hearing from you soon. Like I said, don't hesitate to stay in touch more often.
Perhaps you could even come to visit! What do you think?
Best wishes, Patrick
I. After reading the text, choose the correct option.
1) Why is Patrick writing to Fred?

To give Fred travel advice To update Fred about life abroad
To wish Fred a happy birthday To offer Fred a job in Spain
2) Based on the letter, Málaga is most likely located:

On the coast In the mountains
In a valley In Madrid, the capital
3) The best definition of "paella” is:

A frozen beverage A common meal
A sweet dessert A small snack
4) What does Patrick do from Monday to Friday?

Offer English lessons Go out with friends
Travel internationally Take college classes
5) Where does Patrick plan on traveling during the extended weekend?

Spain France
England Germany
6) How long has Patrick been out of the country?

One week One
month
Six weeks Six months
1.3 ADVERBS OF MANNER
My mom speaks English poorly.

He plays volleyball well.
You eat food so slowly.
Why do we use “adverbs”? [FUNCTION]
- To describe a verb
They are studying quietly. (“quietly” describes the verb study)
He speaks loudly all the time. (“loudly" describes the verb speak)
How do we use “adverbs of manner”? [FORM]
[1] Usually you make an adverb by adding “ly” to an adjective

[ adjective + ly ]
quiet + l = quiet
y ly
poor + l = poorl
y y
slow + l = slow
y ly
[2] If the adjective ends with “y” then you drop the “y” and add “ily”
[ adjective (-y) + ily ]
easy (-y) + ily = easily
angry (-y) + ily = angrily
happy (-y) + ily = happily
[3] Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective
-late -early -hard -fast

Don’t arrive late. -late describes the verb arrive.
He arrived early. -early describes the verb arrived.
You kick hard. -hard describes the verb kick.
Don’t drive fast. -fat describes the verb drive.
The adverb of “good = well”
You play piano well. I speak well.

12
You play this game well. (well describes the verb play)
(well describes the verb speak)
(well describes the verb play)
13
I. Make the adverb.
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
angry angrily happy

fast fast slow
good bad
sudden nice
noisy quiet
hard soft
careful careless
polite rude
quick loud
II. Change the adverb to its opposite.
[1] Please you shouldn’t eat so fast. - Please you shouldn’t eat so slowly.
[2] Oh my god, you sing so badly.
[3] Don’t eat so nosily.
[4] Don’t hit that so hard.
[5] You drive so carefully.
[6] They finished so quickly.
[7] Your brother acts so politely.
[8] And they lived happily ever after.
[9] I was walking slowly.
[10] My brother dances so well.
III. Change the adjectives from the box to the adverb form and fill in the
sentences.
angry fast good sudden nois
y
careful polite quick hard hap
py
[1] The children play so happily together.

[2] The bullet train gets you to Seoul so .
[3] You must pick up the snake .
[4] Act when you meet the Queen of England.
[5] Stop talking so in the library.
[6] My father yells when he is driving and gets upset.
[7] Push the door to open it because it is a heavy wood door.
[8] If you do your homework your score will be great.
[9] He jumped up because he was very excited.
[10] Get dressed we are late for our airplane!
IV. Choose either the adverb or the adjective to complete the following
sentences. Then write what is being described on the blank line at the end of
the sentence.
Remember: Adverbs describe a verb Adjectives describe a noun
[1] The bed is very < soft / softly > so I can sleep very well. bed -
noun
[2] He can play sports < good / well > because he is strong. play -
verb
[3] The homework was < easy / easily > and I finished it fast.
[4] Please walk < quiet / quietly > because mom is sleeping.
[5] My friends are < angry / angrily > because I didn't help them.
[6] Danny looks < happy / happily > today.
[7] You always speak so < nice / nicely > to everyone.
LISTENING
I. Listen to the conversation and identify the three adjectives which are used as
adverbs. Write the correct adverb for each one. Track 5
1. Adj. = Adv.
2. Adj. = Adv.
3. Adj. = Adv.
II. Choose true of false according to the conversation.
1. The students feel bored. TRUE FALSE
2. They need to study for their physics test. TRUE FALSE
3. They really want to study. TRUE FALSE
4. They don’t want to get bad grades. TRUE FALSE
5. They will study all night. TRUE FALSE
6. They don´t want to play video games. TRUE FALSE
READING
Last Saturday Ben went shopping with Grandma Sue. took the car to the
They
shopping center. There was a lot of traffic on the road. That’s why his grandma had to
drive slowly. “Have you got the shopping list, Ben?” Grandma Sue wanted to know.
“No, I haven’t.” Ben answered quickly. “But I told you to take it.” She said angrily. “Sorry,
granny, but I forgot all about.” Ben said. “Well, then you have to write a list now”. “Now?”
Ben asked worriedly. “But you know that I can’t read or write in the car. It always
makes me feel sick.” “Oh Ben, you’re terrible.” His grandma said. “Then I have to write
the list. Where is my handbag?” “I can´t see it anywhere, grandma!” Ben answered
helpfully. “Oh no, I left it on the kitchen table. What are going to do about it? Said
Grandma Sue nervously. “I know.” Ben suggested happily. “We drive back and get your
handbag and the shopping list.” “Good idea!” She said.
Carefully, she turned right at the next traffic lights and returned home.
I. Choose true or false according to the text.
1. Grandma Sue was driving fast to go to the shopping center. T F
2. Grandma Sue didn’t care about the list that Ben forgot. T F
3. Ben was happy to write the list again. T F
4. Ben knew where the handbag was. T F

5. Grandma Sue drove fast to return home for the list and the handbag. T F
1.4 THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
VERB TENSE COMPARISON
TENSE AFFIRMATIVE / WHEN TO USE SIGNAL
NEGATIVE WORDS
/ QUESTION / SHORT
ANSWERS /
WH’QUESTI
ON
Simple A: He speaks.  Actions in the present always,
present N: He does not speak. taking place once, never every
Q: Does he speak? or several times …,
(habitual or never,
SA: Yes, he does / No, he regular actions). normally,
doesn’t  Facts. often,
WH’ Q: What does he do?  Actions taking place seldom,
one after another. sometimes
 Actions set by a , usually
timetable or schedule.
Present A: He is speaking.  Actions taking place at the moment,
progressive N: He is not speaking. in just,
the moment of speaking.
Q: Is he speaking?  Actions taking just
SA: Yes, he is / No, he isn’t place only for a limited now,
WH’ Q: What is he doing? period of time. Listen!,
 Action arranged for Look!,
the future. now,
right now
I. Complete the text with the correct tense using these verbs in order: sit, read, read, pour,
drink, go, watch, play, watch, pay, watch, watch, watch.
It’s 7:30 A.M. and the Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs. Wilson at the breakfast table. She
a newspaper. She the newspaper every morning. Mr. Wilson a cup of
coffee. He two cups of coffee every morning before he to work. There is a cartoon on
TV, but the children it. They with their toys instead. They usually
cartoons in the morning, but this morning they any attention to the TV. Mr. and Mrs.
Wilson the TV either. They often the news in the evening, but they
cartoons.
EXERCISES
II. Complete the sentences by using the words in parenthesis. Use the simple present or the
present progressive.
Shhh. The baby (sleep) is sleeping The baby (sleep) sleeps for ten hours every night.
Right now, I’m in class. I (sit) at my desk. I usually (sit)
at the same desk in class every day.
Ali (speak) Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but now he (speak)
English.
A: (it, rain) a lot in southern California?
B: No. The weather (be) usually warm and sunny.
A: Look out the window. (it, rain) ? Should I take my umbrella?
B: It (start) to sprinkle.
A: Look. It’s Youssef.
B: Where?
A: Over there. He (walk) out of the bakery.
A: Oscar usually (walk) to work. (walk, you) to work
every day, too?
B: Yes.
A: (Oscar, walk) with you?
B: Sometimes.
A: Flowers! Flowers for sale!
Yes sir! Can I help you?
B: I’ll take those –the yellow ones.
A: Here you are, mister. Are they for a special
occasion?
B: I (buy) them for my
wife. I (buy) _ her flowers
on the first day of every month.
1.5 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
Adjectives in comparative degree

The comparative is used in English to compare differences between the two objects to which it
modifies (larger, smaller, faster, higher). It is used in sentences where we compare two names, as
follows:
Name (subject) + verb + adjective in comparative degree + than + name (object).
The second term of the comparison can be omitted if it is understood from the context. (see the last
example).
EXAMPLES
• My house is larger than hers.
• This box is smaller than the one I lost.
• Your dog is faster than Jim's dog.
• This rock is bigger than that one.
• Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I Jack’s better. ("than Jim" se sobreentiende)
Adjectives in superlative degree

The superlative is used to describe an object that is at the upper or lower end of a quality (the tallest,
the smallest, the fastest, the highest). It is used in sentences in which we compare a subject with a
group of objects, like here:
Name (subject) + verb + the + adjective in superlative degree + name (object).
The group with which the comparison is made can be omitted if it is understood from the context (see
last example).
EXAMPLES
• My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.
• This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
• Your dog is the fastest of any dog in the race.
• My house is the most beautiful in my neighborhood.
Forming of comparatives and regular superlatives

In English, it is simple to form the comparative and the superlative of most adjectives. The form will
depend on the number of syllables in the adjective.
ADJECTIVES OF ONE SYLLABLE
Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective ends in consonant + vowel +
consonant, the last consonant must be repeated before adding the ending.
Adjetive Comparative Superlative

tall taller the tallest
fat fatter the fattest
big bigger the biggest
sad sadder the saddest
Two syllable adjectives
The adjectives of two syllables can form the comparative by adding -er, like the adjectives of a
syllable, or by placing more in front of the adjective, as with those of three syllables. Likewise, these
adjectives can form the superlative by adding the ending -est or by putting most in front of the
adjective. In many cases both forms are used, although one of the uses will be more common than
the other. If we are not sure that an adjective can take the comparative or superlative terminations, it
is better to use more and most. When an adjective with two syllables ends in y, it must be changed
to i before adding the ending.
Adjetive Comparative Superlative

happy happier happiest
simple simpler simplest
busy busier busiest
tilted more tilted most tilted
tangled more tangled most tangled
Three syllable or more adjectives
Adjectives of three syllables or more form the comparative by placing more before the adjective and
the superlative by placing most.
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

important more important the most important
expensive more expensive the most expensive
Irregular comparatives and superlatives
Some very common adjectives have irregular shapes in the comparative and superlative grades.
EXAMPLES:
• Today is the worst day I've had in a long time.
• In tennis, you are better than me.
• This is the least expensive sweater in the store.
• This sweater is less expensive than that one.
Adjetivos Comparativos Superlativos

good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
much more the most
far further / farther the furthest / farthest
In English there are 3 types of comparative: INFERIORITY, EQUALITY AND SUPERIORITY
1) LOWER COMPARATIVE
Structure: [less + than] ///// [not as.......as]
Example:
He is less intelligent than you. (Él es menos inteligente que tu)
He is not as intelligent as you. (Él no es tan inteligente como tu)
Mary isn’t as tall as her sister.
This project is less complicated than yesterday’s project.
2) EQUALITY
COMPARATIVE Structure:
[as + as]
Example:
He is as intelligent as you (Él es tan inteligente como tú.)
Karen is as beautiful as her mom. (Karen es tan hermosa como su mamá.)
These teams are as good as my team.
3) SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVE
The superiority comparison has two different structures depending on the length of the adjective.
SHORT ADJECTIVES [-er + than]
Example: He is taller than me (El es más alto que yo)
LONG ADJECTIVES [more + than]
Example:He is more intelligent than me (El es más inteligente que yo)

GRAPHIC MODIFICATIONS (SPECIAL SPELLING)
1. Adjectives ending in "-e" add only "-r" and "-st" to the comparative and superlative, respectively.
For example: nicer, the nicest.
2. Those ending in -and preceded by consonant transform "-y" into "-i". For example: pretty -
prettier - the prettiest.
3. When the "-y" is preceded by a vowel, it does not change. For example: gray - greyer - the
grayest.
4. Adjectives ending in consonant preceded by a short sound vowel, double the consonant. For
example: big - bigger - the biggest.
5. The adjectives ending in "-l" fold it. For example: cruel - crueller - the cruellest.
EXERCISES
I. Complete with the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in parenthesis.
1. This computer is (new) than your computer.

2. Louis is (old) _ than George.
3. George is (young) than Lisa.
4. Lucy is (young) in the class.
5. The yellow car is (expensive) than the blue car.
6. That car is (expensive) _ in the market.
7. Your car is (fast) _ than this car.
8. Your car is (fast) in the race.
9. This house is (big) than my house!
10. This house is (big) in the neighborhood.
II. Complete the adjectives using the comparative form

1. It ́s too noisy here. Can we go to a [quieter/more quiet] (quiet) place?
2. The hotel was _ [more big/biger/bigger/] (big) than that in which we stayed last
year.
3. Your work is [gooder/better/beter/] (good) than mine.
4. The accident could have been [bader/worse/more bad/badder] (bad) than it was.
5. I was [nervouser/more nervous] (nervous) in my exam yesterday than
Mark.
6. I ́d like to have a [faster/more fast] (fast) car. The one I have now is really old.
7. Last week it was really hot. Today is [more cold/colder] (cold) than then.
III. Which is correct?

1. We have an [older/more old] brother who lives in Miami.
2. Her illness is [more serious/most serious] than what the doctors expected.
3. I like warm weather. If the weather is [more cold/colder] , I will get sick.
4. This dress is [most beautiful/more beautiful] than that one.
5. He is [more rich/richer] than Arthur.
6. This road is [farther/more far/] than the motorway.
7. Was the TV program [worse/more bad/] than the film?
IV. Write the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in these sentences
1. She was a very intelligent student. She was [more intelligent

than / the most intelligent] girl in her class.
2. It ́s a very old castle. Experts argued it is [the oldest/older than/] in Britain.
3. I ́m going to sleep on the sofa. The floor is [more uncomfortable/the
most uncomfortable/] (uncomfortable) than it.
4. This new job is [the most important/more important] (important) for me than
the last I had.
5. Living in the countryside is [healthier/the healthiest/] (healthy) than leaving in
town.
6. These instructions were [the most difficult/more difficult than]
READING
Read through the text about a circus, then answer the questions below.
The Rodriguez Brothers Circus is in town! Every year, the circus arrives and stays for a week. Then
they go to the next town.
There are not many animals in the circus. People told the circus that they didn't like seeing animals
performing. There is an elephant called Jacob and two old lions, Hattie and Meg.
Most of the performers are human! There is Leopold, The Strongest Man In The World. His father also
worked in the circus, but Leopold is stronger than him, he has bigger arms and bigger legs too!
Leopold performs his act every night for the town's people who come to watch.
Another performer is Clara. She says she has the longest hair in the world. It's about 4 meters long!
She also has a daughter who works in the circus. Her name is Sue-Ellen. Her hair is a lot shorter, but
she wants to grow it as long as her mother's. Sue-Ellen helps look after the animals and she's also
learning how to juggle.
The highlights of the circus are the three clowns, Pit, Pot and Pat. They all wear long red shoes, but
Pat's shoes are the longest and sometimes, he falls over because they're so long! They perform
for
about twenty minutes and they are always the most popular act with the audience, especially the
children. Many people think Pit, Pot and Pat are three brothers, but Pat is older than the other two -
he's their father! He's the oldest clown in the country, but he has a lot of energy.
Tomorrow will be the longest day because the circus is leaving town, and everything must be packed
away into big trucks.
1. The circus comes to the town twice a year. True False

2. There are not many animals in the circus. True False
3. People don't come to the circus because of the animals. True False
4. Leopold and his father work in the circus together. True False
5. Leopold's father is the strongest. True False
6. Clara's hair is longer than her daughter's hair. True False
7. Sue-Ellen wants to be a clown in the circus. True False
8. Pit is the father of the other two clowns. True False
9. The three clowns wear identical shoes. True False
10. Everyone is very tired on the day that the circus leaves town. True False
LISTENING. Track 6. Business Max
Listen to the story. Circle the statement that means the same as what Lin says.
1. a. Business Max is usually more expensive than Office Star.
b. Office Star is as expensive as Business Max.
2. a. Printer ink at Business Max is less expensive than at Office Star.
b. Printer ink at Office Star isn’t the most expensive.
3. a. The people at Business Max are as helpful as the people at Office Star.
b. The people at Office Star are more helpful than the people at Business Max.
4. a. The salespeople at Office Star are as knowledgeable as the people at Business Max.
b. The salespeople at Business Max are less knowledgeable than the salespeople at Office Star.
5. a. The order form for Business Max isn’t as easy to use as the form for Office Star.
b. Both online order forms are easy to use.
6. a. Orders from Business max arrive later than my orders from Office Star.
b. Orders from Office Star arrive later than my orders from Business Max.
1.6 PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are very common in English, but they also cause a few problems. First, there are very,
very many phrasal verbs and it can be hard to know where to start. Second, phrasal verbs often have
more than one meaning. ‘Take off’ can mean both ‘leave the ground’ and ‘become successful’. ‘Go on’
has eight meanings in the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. Third, phrasal verbs are often used only in
very specific situations. They have narrow meanings and you will often see the same examples again
and again. These are the situations that it’s important to learn.
Some common phrasal verbs.
1: GO ON = happen
• What’s going on?
• There’s a class going on now.
• What went on last night?
2: PICK UP = get something or someone from a place

• I picked up my brother from the airport.
• Please pick up some bread.
• Would you come and pick me up from work tonight?
3: COME BACK = return to a place (the speaker is in that place)

• She came back around 10pm last night.
• When will you come back from France?
• Please come back! It’s boring here without you.
4: COME UP WITH = produce an idea

• Julie came up with a great idea.
• He came up with an answer to the question very quickly.
• Can you come up with a better solution?
5: GO BACK = return to a place (the speaker isn’t in that place)

• He finished his work and went back to his flat.
• When is she planning to go back to Japan?
• I’ll go back to the library later.
6: FIND OUT = get information

• Can you find out what time the restaurant opens?
• I found out that we needed to submit our essays next Tuesday.
• I don’t know what the weather forecast is for tomorrow, but I’ll find out.
7: COME OUT = appear from a place

• She came out of the kitchen.
• He went to the cafe and came out with a coffee.
• Please come out of the bedroom.
8: GO OUT = go to an event / restaurant / pub / party
• Let’s go out for dinner.
• You’re going out a lot these days.
• We should go out more.
9: POINT OUT = show / mention

• She pointed out the beautiful paintings on the walls.
• Please point out to the students that they must attend all the lectures.
• ‘We’ll miss the bus if we don’t hurry’, he pointed out.
10: GROW UP = become an adult

• I grew up in Scotland.
• My children are growing up too fast!
• When will he grow up?
11: SET UP = create / arrange

• I need to set up a new bank account.
• She’s decided to set up her own company.
• I set up some language classes at the school.
12: TURN OUT = in the end we discover

• The maid turned out to have stolen the money.
• He turned out to be a friend of Alex’s.
• The party turned out to be a big success.
13: GET OUT = leave a room / building / car

• I need to get out of the house!
• She got out of the car and went into the shop.
• Get out! There’s a fire in the kitchen!
14: COME IN / INTO = enter (the speaker is in that place)

• Please come in! It’s great to see you.
• She came into the living room and sat down.
• Don’t come in! I’m not ready yet!
15: TAKE ON = to be responsible for

• He’s going to take on the new project.
• She isn’t taking on any new students at the moment.
• Could you take on some extra work?
16. GIVE UP = stop having or doing

• She has finally given up smoking.
• I had to give up coffee when I was ill.
• He gave up chocolate for a month.
17. TAKE OUT = remove from a container (+ of before a noun)

• She took the letter out of the envelope.
• I’ll take the sweets out of the box and put them under the Christmas tree now.
• He took his clothes out of the suitcase and put them away in the wardrobe.
18. TAKE OFF = remove clothes or jewelry

• I took off my coat because it was very hot.
• She always takes off all her rings before she goes to bed.
• Is it okay to take off my shoes?
19. GET BACK = arrive somewhere again, especially your home (+ to + place)
• She got back to Paris last night.
• What time did you get back yesterday?
• We got back very late because the train was delayed.
20. CARRY OUT = do and finish a task or activity

• She carried out an experiment on the cells in her laboratory.
• Please carry out the survey as soon as you can.
• A local builder carried out the work.
EXERCISES
Put in the correct phrasal verb (choose from the 40 first Phrasal Verbs)
1) Can you
(think of an idea) a better idea?
2) She
(showed / mentioned) that the shops would be closed.
3) I wish I hadn’t
(become responsible for) so much work!
4) I
(went to an event) for dinner with my husband last night.
5) He
(entered a place where the speaker is) the kitchen and made some tea.
6) Where did you
(become an adult)?
7) I’d love to
(arrange / create) my own business.
8) I really want to
(leave a building) of this office and go for a walk.
9) As I arrived, he
(appeared from a place) of the door.
10) She
(got something from a place) some dinner on the way home.
11) Could you
(get information) what time we need to arrive?
12) I thought the conference was going to be boring, but it
(in the end we discovered) to be quite useful.
13) What time did you
(return to a place where the speaker is) last night?
14) She
(appeared from a place) of the cafe and put on her gloves.
15) A performance is
(is happening) at the moment.
READING
Seeing a Dentist
Read through the following short story to brush up (review) your phrasal verbs.
Little Johnny hated going to see the dentist. It wasn’t that his dentist was nasty; it was that Johnny
wasn’t too fond of sweets. His dentist had warned him that his teeth would fall out if he kept
up eating candy. Time and time again, the dentist had told him to cut out sweet food or at least cut
down on the amount he ate. As he lay down in the dentist’s chair, all the horrible memories from his
last visit came back to him. On that occasion, the dentist had to pull out one of his teeth! The pain
was terrible – even with the anesthetic the dentist had given him. When the anesthetic wore off it
was difficult for him to eat or chew anything at all. This time the checkup was much better. His
dentist checked out his teeth, made him wash out his mouth with pink liquid and then told him
to spit it out into the sink. That was it. No problems and no pain! Johnny was delighted and so was
his dentist. Johnny has finally learned his lesson and was taking better care of his teeth. Well done,
Johnny!
Here’s a definition of the phrasal verbs listed above:

Fall out – to separate. When one thing separates from another thing. Often used with teeth and hair.
Keep up – continue.
Cut out – stop.
Cut down – reduce / consume less.
Lie down – to put your body in the position where it is flat and horizontal – like being in bed.
Come back – remember
Pull out – remove using force.
Wear off – the effects of something like a drug/medicine end gradually.
Check out – inspect, examine or investigate.
Wash out – use water or a liquid to clean the inside of something.
Spit out – to force something out of your mouth, especially saliva or liquid.
Remember that phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. The definitions shown
here only refer to the context in which they are used above.
Now try choosing the correct phrasal verb for each sentence:
1. No chewing gum in class! !

Pull it out Fall it out Spit it out Wear it off
2. I don’t remember now. It’ll to me later.

keep up wash out come back cut down
3. Tom’s new car! It’s cool!

Checkup Check out Cut out Spit out
4. I’ve from 10 cigarettes a day to 5.

pull out fall out cut down cut out
5. My father’s hair started when he was 30.

falling out waring off pulling out washing out
6. I’m very happy with your progress. the good work.

Keep up Pull out Cut out Lie down
7. The effects of the drugs started to after 4 hours.

pull out spit out check out wear off
LISTENING. Track 7. Complaining with phrasal verbs.
1. Listen to the conversation and answer:
a. What is Debbie complaining about?
b. Write the phrasal verbs you listen.
call off – move out - get up - pick up - take out - get out - put away - throw away - keep up - clean up -
hang up
1.7 TOO AND ENOUGH
Enough
Enough significa suficiente. Se usa con adjetivos adverbios o nombres:
 Detrás de adjetivos:
You are old enough to go to school on your own. – Eres lo suficiente mayor para ir al colegio
solo.
I think she is strong enough to get over this. – Creo que ella es lo suficiente fuerte como para
superar esto.
 Detrás de adverbios:
I am not well enough today. I’m still feeling bad. – No estoy suficientemente bien hoy. Aún me
siento mal.
 Delante de nombres:
I don’t have enough space in my house. – No tengo espacio suficiente en casa.
Is there enough cold water in the fridge? – Hay suficiente agua fría en la nevera?
 Solo. Cuando se sobreentiende el objeto a cuantificar:
I don’t want to eat more. I’ve had enough. – No quiero comer más. He tenido suficiente.
 Enough of.
I have heard enough of your poems to know you have a great talent. – He escuchado suficientes
de tus poemas, como para saber que tienes un gran talento.
Too
Cuando hablamos de too hablamos de una palabra de la clase de los adverbios. Significa
demasiado.
 Con adjetivos o adverbios:

You are too old to know this – Eres demasiado mayor como para saber esto.
I don’t like to wake up too early. – No me gusta levantarme demasiado temprano.
 Too many/too much:
Too many se usa con sustantivos contables y too much con incontables.
I don’t want to eat too much meat. – No quiero comer demasiada carne.
I like too many Spanish writers – Me gustan demasiados escritores españoles.
EXERCISES
Look at what people are saying and complete the sentences. Use too, too many, too
much or enough with these words: clearly, complicated, difficult, expensive, food, hastily,
mistakes, rain, sweet, traffic
? You should have stopped to think first. You acted too hastily.
? This quiz is rather easy. The questions aren't difficult enough.
1 Can I have some more sugar in my coffee, please? It isn't

2 I can't afford a new stereo. It would be.
3 There's a water shortage. There just hasn't been
4 I can't read your writing. You don't write
5 Try to be more careful, please. You're making
6 The roads are very crowded. There's simply
7 I can't understand these instructions. They're
8 Thousand of people are starving because they can't get
Choose the correct option that completes each sentence.
1.- Maria is clever to take this decision.

a) too much b) too many c) too d) enough
2.- I am old to understand this music.

3.- I don’t think it’s early to wake up.

4.- There are cats in these streets.

5.- I don’t like this meal. There is salt in it.

6.- It’s far to go there by foot, let’s take the train.

a) too b) enough
7.- This apartment is big for me and my dog.

a) too b) enough
UNIT II
2.1 MODALS
2.2 SIMPLE PAST
2.3 PAST PROGRESSIVE
2.4 PRESENT PERFECT
2.5 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
2.1 MODALS
Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo principal,
a diferencia de los verbos auxiliares “be”, “do” y “have” que sí pueden funcionar como un verbo
principal.
Los verbos modales expresan modalidad, habilidad, posibilidad, necesidad u otra condición
. Los utilizamos para el futuro y el condicional.
Como verbos complementarios que son, los verbos modales no funcionan sin otro verbo. Este
otro verbo siempre va después del verbo modal y está en la forma base (el infinitivo sin “to”). No se
conjugan los verbos modales y no tienen tiempo.
Los verbos modales son:
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, WILL, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO,

MUST / HAVE TO, WOULD
“CAN” indica habilidad o posibilidad. En estos casos puede ser traducido como “poder” en español.
Ejemplos:
I can speak five languages. (Puedo hablar cinco idiomas.)

We can work late tonight if you need us. (Podemos trabajar hasta tarde esta noche si
nos necesitas.)
En frases interrogativas, el uso de “can” puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre posibilidades.
Ejemplos:
Can I have a glass of water?(¿Puedo tomar un vaso de agua?)

Can you help me?(¿Puedes ayudarme?)
“COULD” indica posibilidad o habilidad en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
Joe could speak Spanish when he was young. (Joe podía hablar español cuando era joven.)
I couldn’t sleep last night. (No pude dormir anoche.)
Could you play an instrument when you were a child? (¿Podías tocar un instrumento cuando
eras un niño?)
También se puede usar “could” para posibilidades en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
You could pass the test if you studied. (Podrías pasar el examen si estudiaras.)
I think it could rain later. (Creo que podría llover más tarde.)
Como “can”, en frases interrogativas “could” puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre las
posibilidades, pero es más formal.
Ejemplos:
Could you pass the salt please?(¿Podría pasarme la sal por favor?)
Could you help me?(¿Podrías ayudarme?)
Could I be wrong?(¿Podría estar equivocado?)
Nota: Se usa “could” en frases condicionales. Ver la lección sobre frases condicionales para
más información sobre el uso de “could”.
MAY
Como “could”, se usa “may” para indicar posibilidades en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later. (Llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.)
It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar
esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.)
También se puede utilizar para dar permisos o instrucciones.
Ejemplos:
You may leave if you like. (Puede salir si quiere.)

You may use your cell phones now. (Pueden usar sus teléfonos ahora.)
En frases interrogativas, el uso de “may” es más educado que “can” o “could”.
Ejemplos:
May I have a glass of water? (¿Podría tomar un vaso de agua?)
May I leave now? (¿Podría salir ahora?)
MIGHT
Se usa “might” para indicar posibilidades en el presente o el futuro. En estos casos, es un sinónimo
de “may”.
Ejemplos:
I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later. (Yo llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.)
It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor
terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.)
También se puede usar al igual que “may”, para pedir permisos o hacer peticiones corteses ,
aunque este uso es mucho más común en el Reino Unido que en los Estados Unidos.
WILL
Como veremos en lecciones posteriores, se utiliza “will” para formar el tiempo futuro.
También el uso de “will” significa voluntad o determinación.
Ejemplos:
I will help you. (Te ayudaré.)

We will learn English. (Aprenderemos inglés.)
Se utiliza “will” en frases interrogativas para pedir información, un favor o sobre opciones.
Ejemplos:
Will they find a cure for cancer? (¿Encontrarán una cura para el cáncer?)
Will you help me move? (¿Me ayudas a mudarme?)
Will he go to Paris by car or train? (¿Irá a París en coche o en tren?)
SHALL
Se usa “shall” como “will” para formar el tiempo futuro. El uso de “shall” es mucho más común en
el Reino Unido y en general es más educado.
Ejemplos:
Chris shall be happy to see you. (Chris estará feliz de verte.)

I’ll take the 3 o’clock train. (Tomaré el tren a las 15h.)
Nota: Las formas cortas de “will” y “shall” son lo mismo. Entonces “I’ll”en el ejemplo
anterior puede significar “I will” o “I shall”.
También se puede utilizar “shall” para ofertas y sugerencias o para preguntar sobre opciones o
preferencias.
Ejemplos:
Shall we meet at 10pm? (¿Quedamos a las 22h?)
Shall we go to the movies or a museum? (¿Vamos al cine o a un museo?)
SHOULD
“Should” indica una obligación o recomendación. Refleja una opinión sobre lo que es correcto. Se
traduce como el condicional de “deber” en español.
Ejemplos:
I should call my parents more often. (Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.)
You shouldn’t work so hard. (No debería trabajar tan duro.)
They should practice more if they want to win the championship. (Deberían practicar más
si quieren ganar el campeonato.)
Se utiliza “should” en frases interrogativas para preguntar si existe una obligación o para pedir una
recomendación.
Ejemplos:
Should we leave a tip? (¿Deberíamos dejar una propina?)

Should I have the steak or the chicken? (¿Debería comer el bistec o el pollo?)
Where should they meet you? (¿Dónde deberían encontrarte?)
OUGHT TO
“Ought to” es un sinónimo de “should” aunque es menos común.
Ejemplos:
She ought to quit smoking. (Debería dejar de fumar.)

I ought to call my parents more often. (Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.)
They ought to work less. (Deberían trabajar menos.)
Note: Nunca se usa “ought to” en frases interrogativas en inglés americano.
MUST
“Must” indica una obligación, prohibición o necesidad. También puede emplearse “have to” (tener
que) en frases afirmativas.
Ejemplos:
You must [have to] read this book, it’s fantastic. (Tienes que leer este libro, es fantástico.)
You must [have to] brush your teeth two times a day. (Tienes que cepillarte los dientes
dos veces al día.)
We must [have to] leave now or we will be late. (Tenemos que irnos ahora o llegaremos tarde.)
You must not drink and drive. (No puedes beber y conducir.)
When must we meet you? (¿Cuándo debemos quedar? )
También se puede usar “must” para indicar probabilidad o asumir algo.
Ejemplos:
John’s not here. He must be sick because he never misses class. (John no esta aquí. Debe estar
enfermo porque nunca pierde clases.)
It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult. (Debe ser difícil aprender un idioma como
adulto.)
Es posible también usar “must” para preguntas retóricas.
Ejemplos:
Must you always be late? (¿Siempre tienes que llegar tarde?)

Must she talk so much? (¿Tiene que hablar tanto?)
WOULD
Se usa “would” para declarar una preferencia y para preguntar por algo educadamente.
Ejemplos:
She would like to go to New York someday. (Le gustaría ir a Nueva York algún día.)
I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine please. (Me gustaría una cerveza y a
mi mujer le gustaría una copa de vino por favor.)
Would you like some coffee? (¿Le gustaría un cafe?)
Would you help me please? (¿Me ayudas por favor?)
When would you like to go to the movies? (¿Cuándo te gustaría ir al cine?)
Nota: Se usa “would” en frases condicionales. Ver la lección sobre frases condicionales para más
información sobre el uso de “would”.
MODAL VERBS EXERCISES
I. Write the letter on the spaces to complete the sentences with the right MODAL VERBS.
1. Next summer I go to Cancun or Acapulco.

a) might b) can c) must
2. I am a pólice officer so I wear a uniform.
a) may b) have to c) has to
3. Adriana _ speak in English perfectly.
a) can b) have to c) will
4. They be honest everyday.
a) have to b) must c) has to
5. I think you go to the doctor. You look bad.
a) must b) will c) should
II. Complete the following sentences with CAN'T, MUST, MIGHT

1) Adam is sick. I called him and his mother told me that. He be in bed at home.
2) He told me she was working late today in the office, so she be at home at 6 pm.
3) Harry doesn't answer the phone. He be in the park or the gym.
4) Ring! Ring! That be mom; she said she wouldn’t call.
5) That DVD be cheap. Not more than 50 pesos; it's an old movie!
6) That watch be expensive. More than 10,000 pesos; it’s an exclusive design with
diamonds!
7) Christina has already been three times to that new pizza restaurant. It be really good.
8) Robert always gets straight A's. His parents _ be really proud of him.
9) Her new boyfriend is absolutely gorgeous. He _ be a model.
10) A: What's that deafening noise out there?
B: My downstairs neighbors be having another barbecue. It's the fifth one this month!
III. Match the sentences to find out logical ideas. SHOULD.
COLUMN “A” COLUMN “B”

1. I want to go to the next concert. ( ) – He should go to the doctor!
2. Mitchell is really sick these days. ( ) – So he should start saving money.
3. Valeria wants to lose weight. ( ) She shouldn’t stop doing exercise.
4. Ernest wants to get married with Ann. ( ) He should travel to the US to be with her.
5. Leonard´s mother is in Florida. ( ) You should start saving your money.
IV. Match the sentences to find out logical ideas. MUST & HAVE TO.
COLUMN “A” COLUMN“B”

1. I want to lose some pounds. ( ) So she must study hard. She should ask for help.
2. Albert is a soldier. ( ) That’s terrible because they have to pay them every
month.
3. My sister needs to pass all her ( ) He has to wear a uniform all the time.
exams.
4. Mr and Mrs Thompson didn´t pay ( ) I know that! But sometimes it’s difficult to follow their
their bills. ideas.
5. We must respect our parents. They ( ) You must go to the nutriologist.
are right.
V. Complete the sentences using MUST, HATE TO or SHOULD.
1. Chefs wear uniforms at the kitchen.

2. Students pass all their subjects. It’s necessary.
3. People go to the dentist twice a year.
4. Receptionist in Luxurious hotels speak English.
5. I pay my electricity bill.
6. People respect everyone on the street.
LISTENING
I. Listen and circle T (true) or F (false). COMMERCE 1.Track 17. Part 1
1. Joe wants to see Richard because of a Power Point Presentation. T F

2. Richard is not at the moment. T F
3. Richard is going to be free at 2 o´clock. T F
4. Richard is meeting the Marketing director of talent. T F
5. Richard is going to a sales meeting at 3:30. T F
II. Listen and circle T (true) or F (false) correctly. COMMERCE 1. Track 17. Part 2
1. Joe invited Lisa to go for a drink but she couldn’t. T F

2. Lisa is taking her sister shopping. T F
3. Lisa is going out with some friends on Wednesday. T F
4. Joe gets three ticks for a Coldplay concert. T F
5. Lisa is going to see Coldplay with Joe. T F
READING
“The Tiger Economies”
In Chinese astrology the tiger is the symbol of strength and power. It inspires fear and respect.
Tigers are courageous and determined and make good leaders. In economics, however, the term
“tiger” refers to nations that have achieved high economic growth for decades.
In Asia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are called the four Asian tigers. In
Europe, Ireland has been called the Celtic tiger, Estonia is recognized as the Baltic tiger and
Slovak Republic the Tatra tiger. In South America, Chile has been referred to as the Latin
American tiger.
But which characteristics do all the tigers have? First, their industrial policy is focused on exports,
which attracts high level of foreign investments. Second, they all have a high savings rate. Third,
they have invested in education and transport infrastructure, and finally, their economies are based
on the principles of economic freedom even though their political systems might not be democratic.
Nowadays, other nations aspire to acquire the title of tiger and, just like the tigers in the ancient
Chinese zodiac, they want to be strong and powerful and maybe become important world leaders.
I. Circle next to the statements from 1 to 5; T (True) or F (False).

1. In Chinese astrology tigers are strong and powerful. T F
2. To be considered a tiger a nation has to have had high economic growth. T F
3. All the tiger’s economies are situated in Asia. T F
4. All tiger nations are democratic. T F
5. Some other nations in the world want to be considered tigers. T F
II. Circle the correct answer from the next options.

1. The Baltic tiger is:
A) Estonia B) Chile C) Hong Kong
2. How many tigers are considered in Europe?
A) two B) four C) three
3. How many characteristics must be considered to be a tiger?
A) two B) four C) three
4. Tiger economies attract:
A) investments B) fear C) respect
5. The term “tiger” was taken from Chinese:
A) astrology B) astronomy C) politics
2.2 SIMPLE PAST
Hay muchas maneras de hablar del pasado en inglés, pero el pasado simple es la forma más
común. El pasado simple en inglés es equivalente al pretérito imperfecto y pretérito indefinido del
español. Usamos el pasado simple para acciones completas en el pasado. El período de tiempo de
estas acciones no es importante como en el español. En el pasado simple hay verbos
regulares y verbos irregulares.
Reglas gramaticales
Forma
Para formar el pasado simple con verbos regulares, usamos el infinitivo y añadimos la terminación “-
ed”. La forma es la misma para todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
learn → learned
stay → stayed
walk → walked
show → showed
Excepciones:
1. Para verbos que terminan en una “e”, sólo añadimos “-d”.

change → changed
believe → believed
2. Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto “y” o “w”), doblamos la
consonante final.
stop → stopped
commit → committed
3. Con verbos que terminan en una consonante y una “y”, se cambia la “y” por una “i”.
study → studied
try → tried
Nota: Hay muchos verbos irregulares en inglés. Desafortunadamente, no hay una norma
establecida para formarlos. Ver una lista de los verbos irregulares aquí. A continuación tienes los tres
verbos irregulares más comunes y los que actúan como verbos auxiliares.
Verb Past simple
was (I, he, she, it)

be were (you, we, they)
do did
have had
Pronunciation
Pronunciamos la terminación “-ed” de forma diferente dependiendo de la letra que va al final del
infinitivo. En general la “e” es muda.
1. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “p”, “f”, “k” o “s” (consonantes sordas, excepto “t”)
pronunciamos la terminación “-ed” como una “t”
Looked [lukt]
Kissed [kisst]
2. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “b”, “g”, “l”, “m”, “n”, “v”, “z” (consonantes sonoras,
excepto “d”) o una vocal, pronunciamos sólo la “d”.
Yelled [jeld]
Cleaned [klind]
3. Con los infinitivos que terminan en “d” o “t”, pronunciamos la “e” como una “i”.
Ended [endid]
Waited [weitid]
Estructura

Sujeto + verbo principal…
She was a doctor.(Era doctora.)
The keys were in the drawer.(Las llaves estaban en el cajón.)
I wanted to dance.(Quería bailar.)
They learned English.(Aprendieron inglés.)
We believed him.(Le creímos.)
I bought a blue car.(Compré un coche azul.)

To be:
Sujeto + “to be” + “not”

She wasn’t a doctor.(Ella no era doctora.)
The keys weren’t in the drawer.(Las llaves no estaban en el cajón.)
Nota: El verbo “to have got”, que en el presente simple sigue las mismas reglas que el verbo “to
be”, no puede ser utilizado en el pasado. Para indicar la posesión en el pasado, usamos el verbo
“to have”.
Todos los verbos demás:

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to do) + “not” + verbo principal (en infinitivo)…
I didn’t want to dance.(No quería bailar.)
They didn’t learn English.(No aprendieron inglés)
We didn’t believe him.(No le creímos.)
I didn’t buy a blue car.(No compré un coche azul.)
Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado (“did”) y el verbo principal se queda en
el infinitivo.
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

To be:
“To be” + sujeto…?
Ejemplos:
Was she a doctor?(¿Era doctora?)
Were the keys in the drawer?(¿Estaban las llaves en el cajón?)
Todos los demás verbos:
Verbo auxiliar (to do) + sujeto + verbo principal (en infinitivo)…?
Ejemplos
Did you want to dance?(¿Querías bailar?)
Did they learn English?(¿Aprendieron inglés?)
Did you believe him?(¿Le creíste?)
Did you buy a blue car?(¿Compraste un coche azul?)
Nota: Al igual que en las frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado (“did”) y el verbo
principal se queda en el infinitivo.
Usos
1. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en
el pasado. En este caso equivale al pretérito indefinido español. Generalmente, lo usamos
con adverbios de tiempo como “last year”, “yesterday”, “last night”…
Ejemplos:
Tom stayed at home last night.(Tom se quedó en casa anoche.)

Kate worked last Saturday.(Kate trabajó el sábado pasado.)
I didn’t go to the party yesterday.(No fui a la fiesta ayer.)
Did they walk to school this morning?(¿Han andado a la escuela esta mañana?)
2. Se usa el pasado simple para un serie de acciones en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
I received the good news and immediately called my husband.(Recibí la buena noticia y llamé de
inmediato a mi marido.)
He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn’t returnhome until 10 at
night.(Estudió durante una hora por la mañana, trabajó toda la tarde y no regresó a casa hasta
las 10 de la noche.)
3. También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa el
pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.(Siempre viajábamos a Cancun
durante las vacaciones cuando éramos jóvenes.)
He walked 5 kilometers every day to work.(Caminaba 5 kilómetros hasta el trabajo cada día.)
4. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el pasado

, como el pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
I worked for many years in a museum.(Trabajaba en un museo durante muchos años.)

She didn’t eat meat for years.(No comía carne durante años.)
5. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
Ejemplos:
The Aztec lived in Mexico.(Los aztecas vivían en México)

I played the guitar when I was a child.(Tocaba la guitarra cuando era niño.)
SIMPLE PAST EXERCISES
I. Complete the next ideas with WAS or WERE correctly.
1. I so happy yesterday night with my friends.

2. You angry with your History team.
3. She in London last week. She practiced her English.
4. He at his house last Friday night.
5. It cold in Mexico City last November.
II. Complete the following sentences in SIMPLE PAST. Use the verbs in parentheses.
1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday.

2. It (be) fantastic. The story was really great.
3. I (visit) lots of interesting places. I (be) with two friends
of mine.
4. In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.
5. In the evenings we (go) to pubs. A pub is a traditional English bar.
“Taberna.”
III. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences with USED TO
1. vegetables when I was a child, now I love it!

a. using to eat b. used to eat c. didn’t use to d. didn’t used to
eat eat
2. My father a lot when he was recently married, now he is more relaxed.

a. used to work b. use to worked c. using to work d. use to working
3. Kate a lot of sweets, now, she avoids sugar.

a. use to ate b. used to eat c. using to eat d. didn’t use to
eat
4. There so many cars, and traveling in one was something special.
a. didn’t use to be b. don’t used to c. used to being d. don’t use to be
be
5. 29. to bed around 9 o'clock too when you were at elementary school?
a. Do you used to b. Did you use to c. Do you use to d. Did you used
went go went to go
IV. Circle the correct option to complete the next sentences in SIMPLE PAST.
1. Mi brother his homework one hour before going to school.

a) did b) made c) went d) lived
2. Henry at the University yesterday afternoon.
a) understood b) was c) sent d) arrived
3. Daniela to Italy with her parents two weeks ago.
a) did b) spoken c) went d) took
4. I baseball when I in high school.
a) used to play / was b) cooked / were c) lost / did d) sold / changed
5. The party was incredibly amazing. I really it.
a) wrote b) did c) went d) liked
6. She soccer with her cousin in Phoenix Arizona.
a) played b) needed c) talked d) thought
7. We what we needed to do. We were absolutely wrong.
a) didn’t do b) didn’t meet c) didn’t live d) didn’t go
8. They part in an interesting activity some days ago.
a) were b) took c) used d) won
9. Christian chocolate too. I him.
a) ate / saw b) ate / found c) sent / saw d) lived / liked
10. Gabriela the race. She so sad about that.
a) made / knew b) was / left c) passed / danced d) lost / felt
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Pa Past Participle Translation

st
1 Be Was / were Been Ser / Estar
2 Become Became Become Llegar a ser / Convertirse
3 Begin Began Begun Comenzar
4 Break Broke Broken Romper
5 Bring Brought Brought Traer
6 Build Built Built Construir
7 Buy Bought Bought Comprar
8 Choose Chose Chosen Escoger
9 Come Came Come Venir
10 Drink Drank Drunk Beber
11 Drive Drove Driven Conducir
12 Do Did Done Hacer
13 Eat Ate Eaten Comer
14 Fall Fell Fallen Caer
15 Feel Felt Felt Sentir
16 Find Found Found Encontrar
17 Fly Flew Flown Volar
18 Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
19 Get Got Gotten Conseguir
20 Give Gave Given Dar
21 Go Went Gone Ir
22 Have Had Had Tener
23 Keep Kept Kept Conservar
24 Know Knew Known Conocer / Saber
25 Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
26 Leave Left Left Abandonar / Dejar
27 Lose Lost Lost Perder
28 Make Made Made Hacer
29 Meet Met Met Conocer
30 Read Read Read Leer
31 Ride Rode Ridden Montar / Dar un paseo
32 Run Ran Run Correr
33 Say Said Said Decir
34 See Saw Seen Ver
35 Send Sent Sent Enviar
36 Sell Sold Sold Vender
37 Sing Sang Sung Cantar
38 Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
39 Spend Spent Spent Gastar
40 Swim Swam Swum Nadar
41 Take Took Taken Tomar
42 Tell Told Told Decir
43 Think Thought Thought Pensar
44 Understand Understood Understood Entender
45 Wear Wore Worn Usar / Llevar puesto
46 Win Won Won Ganar
47 Write Wrote written Escribir
Regular Verbs
Infinitive Pa Past Participle Translation

st
1 Arrive Arrived Arrived Llegar
2 Believe Believed Believed Creer
3 Belong Belonged Belonged Pertenecer
4 Call Called Called Llamar
5 Change Changed Changed Cambiar
6 Clean Cleaned Cleaned Limpiar
7 Close Closed Closed Cerrar / Acercarse
8 Cook Cooked Cooked Cocinar
9 Cry Cried Cried LLorar
10 Dance Danced Danced Bailar
11 Design Designed Designed Diseñar
12 Die Died Died Morir
13 Drop Dropped Dropped Dejar caer
14 Earn Earned Earned Ganar
15 Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Disfrutar
16 Fail Failed Failed Reprobar / Fallar
17 Finish Finished Finished Terminar
18 Fix Fixed Fixed Reparar / Preparar
19 Follow Followed Followed Seguir
20 Happen Happened Happened Suceder / Acontecer
21 Help Helped Helped Ayudar
22 Increase Increased Increased Aumentar / Incrementar
23 Kiss Kissed Kissed Besar
24 Laugh Laughed Laughed Reir
25 Learn Learned Learned Aprender
26 Like Liked Liked Gustar
27 Listen Listened Listened Escuchar
28 Live Lived Lived Vivir
29 Look Looked Looked Observar
30 Love Loved Loved Amar
31 Need Needed Needed Necesitar
32 Open Opened Opened Abrir
33 Paint Painted Painted Pintar
34 Pass Passed Passed Pasar
35 Play Played Played Jugar
36 Start Started Started Comenzar
37 Stop Stopped Stopped Detener
38 Study Studied Studied Estudiar
39 Talk Talked Talked Hablar
40 Travel Traveled Traveled Viajar
41 Try Tried Tried Intentar
42 Use Used Used Usar
43 Visit Visited Visited Visitar
44 Want Wanted Wanted Querer
45 Wash Washed Washed Lavar
46 Watch Watched Watched Ver
47 Work Worked Worked Trabajar
LISTENING
I. Circle (T) or (F). TOURISM 1 Tracks 34, 35 & 36.
1. Speaker 1 needs a room for just one night. T F

2. Speaker 1 is travelling by herself. T F
3. Speaker 1 wants to be in the Non-smoking T F
area.
4. Speaker 2 wants a room for three people. T F
5. Speaker 2 last name is Danielson. T F
II. Circle the right one. TOURISM 1 Tracks 34, 35 & 36.
1. Speaker 3 wants a tent for: A) 5 B) 4 C) 6

2. Speaker 3 wants a tent for: A) workers B) his family C) 5 men
3. Speaker 3 wants: A) the budget B) a standard tent C) a huge
tent tent
4. Speaker 3 wants the tent for: A) Two days B) two months C) two
weeks
5. Speaker 3 wants the tent from: A) July 2nd B) June 22nd C) July
22nd
READING
Myths about Drones
Unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAVs”), often called “drones,” are coming to American skies.
In February, President Obama signed a law that requires the Federal Aviation Administration to pave
the way for public agencies and, eventually, private companies, to fly drones within the United States.
The proliferation of domestic drones has been preceded by a proliferation of news stories about the
technology — and of some misconceptions regarding what drones are, and how they might be used.
A law professor and a professor of electrical engineering, we’ve identified ten commonly held myths
related to the technology and legal framework involved in drones and their use.
Myth #1: A model airplane is a drone. A drone is an unmanned aircraft that can fly autonomously—
that is, without a human in control. By contrast, model airplanes are largely flown within visual line of
sight and in the presence of an operator who watches and maintains control of the airplane during
flight. That alone is enough to place model airplanes cleanly outside the boundaries of the definition
of a “drone.”
Myth #2: Drones are no different than street surveillance cameras. The ACLU, the Center for
Democracy and Technology, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and other organizations have
raised concerns over the privacy issues associated with the use of drones. One of the first questions
privacy advocates get about UAVs is how they differ from the street cameras many cities already
employ. But drones are very different from fixed cameras because, most fundamentally, they fly. Not
only can drones monitor public spaces, they can see any area visible from the air. Drones can also be
used to follow a suspect from place to place without having to merge multiple video feeds from
different fixed cameras. Finally, attitudes toward drones appear to differ than attitudes toward more
familiar cameras, creating an opportunity to reexamine privacy law.
I. Read the text and circle T (True) or F (False).

1. A drone is a UAV T F
2. Drones are allowed to fly on American space. T F
3. According to the text, drones have become common today. T F
4. A drone is considered an airplane. T F
5. Drones are very similar to fixed cameras T F
II. Circle the correct answer from the next options.
1. Drones have become so common because of:

A) the first myth B) the ten myths C) new stories about technology
2. One of the misconception about drones is:

A) Obama’s permission B) their size C) how they could be used
3. How many myths have been identified?

A) 10 B) 4 C) 6
4. The number of myths explained in this text.

A) 2 B) 10 C) 6
5. Drones can fly:

A) with solar energy B) autonomously C) with water energy
2.3 PAST CONTINUOUS OR PROGRESSIVE

El pasado continuo se utiliza para acciones que estaban pasando en un momento específico
en el pasado. Como el presente continuo, se forma con el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el verbo+ing.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Form (Forma)
Para formar el pasado continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el verbo+ing.El verbo
auxiliar “to be” está en el pasado simple, pero ten en cuenta que “to be” es un verbo irregular.
Auxiliar (to Verb+ing

Sujeto be)
I, he, she, it was talking, eating, learning, doing, going…
you, we,
they were talking, eating, learning, doing, going…
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + verbo+ing.

I was talking.(Estaba hablando.)
He was eating.(Estaba comiendo.)
They were learning.(Estaban aprendiendo.)
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to be) + “not” + verbo+ing.
I was not [wasn’t] talking.(No estaba hablando.)

He was not [wasn’t] eating.(No estaba comiendo.)
They were not [weren’t] learning.(No estaban aprendiendo.)
Verbo auxiliar (to be) + sujeto + verbo+ing?
Were you talking?(¿Estabas hablando?)

Was he eating?(¿Estaba comiendo?)
Were they learning?(¿Estaban aprendiendo?)
Usos
1. El pasado continuo se usa para una acción en desarrollo en el pasado cuando otra
acción la interrumpe. La acción que interrumpe está en el pasado simple. “When” y “while”
señalan el uso del pasado simple y continuo. En general, usamos el pasado simple
directamente después de “when” y el pasado continuo después de “while”.
2.
Jose called while I was watching the news. (Jose llamó mientras estaba mirando las noticias.)
He was walking to work when he fell. (Estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cayó.)
Was it raining when you left? (¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?)
3. Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el

pasado.
Paula wasn’t living in Spain in 2005. (Paula no estaba viviendo en España en el 2005.)
We were still working at 10 o’clock last night. (Todavía estábamos trabajando a las 10 anoche. )
4. Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo
en el pasado.
My son was reading while I was cooking. (Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo
estaba cocinando.)
They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie.(Estaban hablando muy
alto mientras nosotros estábamos intentando mirar la película.)
2.3 PAST CONTINUOS OR PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES
I. Write the correct letter on the space to complete the sentences in PAST
PROGRESSIVE.
1. I the guitar when he came home. a) were practicing b) was preparing c) was
practicing
2. Yesterday at six I dinner. a) were preparing b) was preparing c) was
working
3. When I phoned them, they monopoly. a) were playing b) was playing c)
were drinking
4. I tried to tell them the truth but they .a) was talking b) were talking c) was
sleeping
II. Complete the sentences by using the PAST PROGRESSIVE correctly.
1. Sarah as a secretary when she met her current boyfriend. ( work )

2. My little sister basketball when she broke her leg. ( play )
3. Armand called you while he . It was so dangerous. ( drive )
4. Laura took you a picture while you that night. ( sleep )
5. While Ernest in Florida, his father sold all his possessions. ( live )
III. PAST SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS? Circle the correct alternative in each case.
1. Where she when she fell down?
a) did /went b) was / going c) did/ go
2. It to rain while we to the park.
a)started/ walked b) started/was walking c) started /were walking
3. I my homework when the phone .
a) did / was ringing b)was doing / rang c) did / ran
4. Paul and Tom their homework?
a) Did/ do b) Did/did c) Do/did
5. Mr. Brown orange juice at the swimming pool.
a) were drinking b) was drinking c) drunk
6. Xavier as a manager in CCP corporation when she his current
girlfriend.
a) was working / met b) met / was working c) were working / met
V. Complete the sentences. Use the PAST CONTINUOUS and the SIMPLE PAST.
1. Natalia was playing basketball ( ) when they had a car accident.
2. They were watching a movie ( ) when the light went out.
3. Those people were driving so fast ( ) when she broke her arm
4. John was walking and chatting at the same time ( ) while I was living in
California.
5. I met my current girlfriend ( ) when he fell down.
LISTENING
I. Listen to the conversation and answer TRUE or FALSE for each statement. Commerce 1.
Tracks 11.
1. The meeting started 1 hour ago. T F

2. It is her second meeting. T F
3. The meeting is about to start. T F
4. It isn’t her new her Job. T F
5. She really wanted to be prepared for the T F
meeting.
6. She went to bed at 2 o´clock am. T F
7. She woke up on time. T F
8. She missed the bus. T F
9. There weren´t any taxis available T F
10. The bus got stuck in a traffic jam. T F
READING
TEXT 1. Read and choose (T) TRUE or (F) FALSE correctly.
Ford Motor Company is an American automaker and the world's fifth largest automaker based on
worldwide vehicle sales. Based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, the automaker was
founded by Henry Ford, on June 16, 1903. Ford Motor Company would go on to become one of the
largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the
Great Depression. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has
been in continuous family control for over 110 years. Ford now encompasses two brands: Ford and
Lincoln. Ford once owned 5 other luxury brands: Volvo, Land Rover, Jaguar, Aston Martin and
Mercury. Over time, those brands were sold to other companies and Mercury was discontinued.
Henry Ford built his first automobile, which he called a quadricycle, at his home in Detroit in 1896.
The location has been redeveloped, where the Michigan Building now stands, and the tracks for the
Detroit People Mover and the Times Square People Mover station are nearby. At the entrance to the
Michigan Building, there is a commemorative plaque identifying the original location of the Ford
home. The coal shead has been recreated using the original bricks at Greenfield Village in nearby
Dearborn. His initial foray into automobile manufacturing was the Detroit Automobile Company,
founded in 1899. The company foundered, and in 1901 was reorganized as the Henry Ford
Company. In March 1902, after falling out with his financial backers, Ford left the company with the
rights to his name and 900 dollars.
1. The Ford company is one of the largest automaker around the T F

world.
2. Henry Ford founded the company on June fifteen, 1903. T F
3. The company survived the Great Depression. T F
4. The company has been in family control for less than 100 years. T F
5. Henry Ford named his first car as the “quadricycle.” T F
TEXT 2. Workflow Beginnings in manufacturing
A workflow consists of an orchestrated and repeatable pattern of business activity enabled by the
systematic organization of resources into processes that transform materials, provide services, or
process information. It can be depicted as a sequence of operations, declared as work of a person or
group, an organization of staff, or one or more simple or complex mechanisms.
From a more abstract or higher-level perspective, workflow may be considered a view or
representation of real work. The flow being described may refer to a document, service or product that
is being transferred from one step to another.
Workflows may be viewed as one fundamental building block to be combined with other parts of an
organization’s structure such as information technology, teams, projects and hierarchies.
The modern history of workflows can be traced to Frederick Taylor and Henry Gantt, although the
term ‘workflow’ was not in usage as such during their lifetimes. One of the earliest usages of the term
‘work flow’ was in a railway engineering journal from 1921.
Taylor and Gantt launched the study of the deliberate, rational organization of work, primarily in the
context of manufacturing. This gave rise to time and motion studies. Related concepts include job
shops and queuing systems (Markov chains).
The 1948 book Cheaper by the Dozen introduced the emerging concepts to the context of family life.
Read and choose (T) TRUE or (F) FALSE correctly.
1. Workflow is an organization in work terms.

T F
2. Workflow could be followed by people and groups.
T F
3. Workflow must be combined with other parts in the structure of a company.
T F
4. Frederick Taylor was the only one who traced the modern history of “workflow.”
T F
5. Workflow was, firstable, used in the manufacturing context.
T F
2.4 PRESENT PERFECT
Conjugación de verbos
Al igual que en otros tiempos verbales, en el presente simple también existen verbos regulares y
verbos irregulares. Los primeros se conjugan en agregando “-ed”, “-d” o “-ied” según su terminación;
los últimos se conjugan en pasado participio (la tercera columna de la lista de conjugación de verbos.
Ejemplos con verbos regulares:
 She has cleaned her kitchen. → “Ella ha limpiado su cocina.

 They haven't studied for the exam”. → Ellos no han estudiado para el examen.
 I haven't attached the document yet”. → No he adjuntado el documento todavía.
Ejemplos con verbos irregulares:
 I have forgotten your number. → He olvidado tu número.

 My husband has gone to Germany on a business trip. → Mi pareja se ha ido a Alemania en un viaje
de negocios.
 I have chosen the best writers. → He elegido a los mejores escritores.
 She has broken her arm. → Ella se ha roto su brazo.
Estructura
En presente perfecto los verbos auxiliares son “has” y “have”. El primero se utiliza para she, he o it, y
el segundo para I, we, they y you.
1- Afirmación → sujeto + has/have + verbo en participio pasado.
Ejemplos:
 I have cooked something special for you. → He cocinado algo especial para vos.
 He has finished his work. → Él ha terminado su tarea.
2- Negación → sujeto + hasn't/haven't + verbo en participio pasado.
Ejemplos:
 She hasn't bought a new car yet. → Ella no ha comprado un auto nuevo todavía.
 We haven't played football since we were children. → Nosotros no hemos jugado al fútbol desde que
eramos pequeños.
3- Interrogación → who/what/where/how/which/why/when + has/have + sujeto + verbo en participio

pasado + ?
Ejemplos:
 Where have you been?. → ¿Donde has estado?.

 How many times has he driven on Manhattan? → ¿Cuántas veces ha manejado por Manhattan?.
Usos
El presente perfecto puede utilizarse para hacer referencia a distintas situaciones. Estas son
algunas:
Se utiliza para acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que todavía no terminaron en el

presente.
Ej: “How long has Susan been in Munich?”. → “¿Cuánto tiempo ha estado Susana en Múnich?”.
Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron en diferentes momentos del pasado.
Ej: “We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement”. → “Hemos estado
conversando varias veces, pero todavía no llegamos a ningún acuerdo”.
Se utiliza para acciones que todavía no ocurrieron, pero que esperamos que sucedan.
En este caso, es donde más se utilizan los adverbios “yet” y “still”.
Ej: “The train hasn't arrived yet”. → “El tren no ha llegado todavía”.
Se utiliza para describir una experiencia, que se llevó a cabo en un momento no específico.
Ej: “I have been to Denmark”. → “He ido a Dinamarca”.
Adverbios
Un buen conocimiento de los adverbios en inglés para cada tiempo verbal puede ayudar a entender
mucho mejor el idioma. El presente perfecto no hace referencia a momentos específicos. Por por
este motivo expresiones como “yesterday”, “this morning”, “last week”, entre otras, no se utilizan.
Para este tiempo verbal, se utilizan adverbios que describen acciones que se realizaron en
momentos no concretos.
 Never (nunca), se utiliza para oraciones afirmativas.

Ej: I have never been in Ireland . → Nunca he estado en Irlanda.
 Always (siempre).
Ej: She has always lived in this house. → Ella siempre ha vivido en esta casa.
 Since (desde).
Ej: He hasn't visited his family in California since he was young. → El no ha visitado a su familia en
California desde que era adolescente.
 Ever (alguna vez).
Ej: Have you ever drank a margarita?. → Has bebido alguna vez una margarita?
 Just (recién).
Ej: She has just finished the exam . → “Ella recién ha terminado el examen”.
 Yet (todavía), se utiliza sólo para oraciones negativas y de interrogación y siempre va al final de la
oración.
Ej: “They haven't gone to the theatre yet”. → “Ellos no han ido al teatro todavía”.
 For (por/durante) + periodo de tiempo.

Ej: “I have studied for three days”. → “He estudiado durante tres días”.
 Already (ya), se utiliza sólo para afirmaciones e interrogantes.

Ej: “I have already cooked our dinner”. → “Ya he cocinado nuestra cena”.
“Has she already finished the lesson?”. → “¿Ella ya terminó la lección?”.
 Still (todavía)
Ej: “She still hasn’t finished her homework”. → “Ella todavía no ha terminado su tarea”.
PRESENT PERFECT EXERCISES
Which answer is correct?
1) In which sentence is the Present Perfect used correctly?

a) I has bought a new computer.
b) I have bought a new computer.
c) I have buyed a new computer.

a) We has left for Edinburgh.
b) We have leaved for Edinburgh.
c) We have left for Edinburgh.

a) Emily has losed her handbag.
b) Emily has lost her handbag.
c) Emily have lost her handbag.

a) He has forgotten his homework.
b) He has forgetted his homework.
c) He have forgotten his homework.

a) The lesson has just began.
b) The lesson has just begun.
c) The lesson have just begun.
a) Liam has drawed a picture.
b) Liam has drawn a picture.
c) Liam have drawn a picture.

a) They has met at the airport.
b) They have meeted at the airport.
c) They have met at the airport.
8) In which question is the Present Perfect used correctly?

a) Have you had spaghetti for lunch?
b) Has you had spaghetti for lunch?
c) Had you had spaghetti for lunch?

a) Where has you gone?
b) Where have you goed?
c) Where have you gone?

a) Has you ever seen an eagle?
b) Have you ever saw an eagle?
c) Have you ever seen an eagle?
PAST SIMPLE VS. PRESENT PERFECT
I. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in past simple or present
perfect.
1. She loves Paris. She ..................... (be) there many times.

2. Bill ....................... (work) in that company for 3 years. (He still works there).
3. They.........................(go) to London on holiday last summer.
4. 4. I ....................... (read) that book twice. It´s good.
5. His parents.........................(be) here yesterday.
6. They ....................... (go) to Germany when he ....................... (be) only 4.
7. ........... you ......... (watch) any film last night?
8. I ....................... (have) a couple of toasts for breakfast that morning.
9. He ....................... (live) in Rome since he was a teenager.
10. The house looks different. .......... you .............. (paint) it?
READING
HOBBIES
Have you got a hobby? I have – pottery. I’ve done it since I was quite little because my uncle and
aunt are potters, and whenever we went to visit them on holiday I always played on the pottery wheel.
I’ve only really become more serious about pottery since about 2008, when I decided to join an
evening class. Then, last year, I bought my own potter’s wheel, so I can make pots at home now.
I’ve made lots of different things over the years. When I started, I made some very strange, heavy
little bowls. But little by little, I’ve managed to make thinner bowls, and I’ve just made a set of bowls
that we use for breakfast every day. I’ve also made lots of mugs. These are getting better too – the
first ones were really heavy even before you put coffee in them! My neighbor’s just asked me to make
a set of mugs for her, and I’ve sold quite a few to friends.
When I first started, I used to put a ball of clay on the wheel, and then I had absolutely no control over
it. Sometimes it became a bowl, sometimes a plate, maybe a mug, and often I had to throw it away –
it was always quite a surprise!
Thankfully I have improved since then, as I can now decide what I want to make before I start making
it. I have learnt to control the clay to make the shape I want. I have also started making bigger things
like jugs and serving bowls, and more difficult things like teapots. I haven’t sold any teapots yet, but
my kitchen is getting very full so I think I’ll need to start selling them soon!
True of False
1. Penny started doing pottery at her uncle and aunt's house.

T F
2. Penny’s uncle is a farmer.
T F
3. I’ve only really become more serious about pottery since 2009.
T F
4. She only makes pots in class.
T F
5. When she stared, her bowls were perfect.
T F
6. She only makes bowls.
T F
7. She has made bowls for her friends.
T F
8. At the beginning, she never knew what she was going to make.
T F
9. She has kept everything that she has made.
T F
10. She makes bigger things now.
T F
LISTENING
LISTENING I. Listen and write (T) true or (F) false. Tourism 1 Track 56
1. – Ali is part of the ‘turn-around-team.’
T F
2. – The ‘turn-around-team’ is responsible of getting the plane ready for the outgoing flight.
T F
3. – There are about 20 people working in the ‘turn-around-team.’
T F
4. – Ali is a technician in the ‘turn-around-team.’
T F
5. – Ali’s particular responsibility is the cabin
T F
II. - (Track 56) Listen and circle the correct option. (1 pt. e/o)
6. Ali studied: A) An engineering B) languages C) flight

entertainment
7. The main tress in his job is: A) the time B) oil C) the rest of
the team
8. What he likes the most is: A) the sense of completion B) the food C) the money
9. What he doesn´t like is: A) the time B) people C) it’s a dirty job
10. Is Ali happy in his job? A) it’s not mentioned B) No, he isn’t C) Yes, he is
2.5 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
¿Qué es el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’?
Dejemos clara una cosa de primeras; por mucho que se llame ‘Present Perfect Continuous’, no es un
tiempo de presente, sino de pasado (lo cierto es que eso de ‘Present’ se presta a la confusión).
¿Por qué se llama así entonces? Bueno, porque el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ se utili za,
principalmente, para hablar de acciones que han comenzado en el pasado, pero continúan en
el presente.
Usos del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’
Ya sabemos cómo se forma y cuál es su equivalente en castellano. Ahora toca saber para qué se
utiliza exactamente el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’:
 Como comentábamos antes, el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ se usa sobre todo para hablar de
acciones que se iniciaron en el pasado pero que aún continúan en el presente. Es decir,
importa el proceso en sí. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect Continuous’: ‘McGonagall has been
waiting for you all day’.
 Pero también se emplea para acciones que acaban de concluir y de las que nos interesan
muy mucho sus resultados. Es decir, aún a riesgo de repetirnos más que el gazpacho,
importa la consecuencia en sí; y por eso éste suele ser visible o quedar patente en el
presente. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect Continuous’: ‘It’s been raining’ (no, ya no llueve, pero
las calles estarán mojadas y seguramente esa información sí te interese).
Sin embargo, antes de concluir con los usos del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’, hemos de señalar una
excepción de gran calado. Lo comentábamos el artículo del ‘Present Perfect Simple’: los ‘Stative
Verbs’ (verbos en inglés que implican estatismo y no expresan acción alguna, como ‘Believe’ –
‘Creer’ o ‘Love’ – ‘Querer’) no aceptan la forma progresiva. Es por ello que dichos verbos se han de
formar con el ‘Present Perfect Simple’ y no con el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. ¡Mucho ojo con ellos!

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + “been” + verbo+ing.
Ejemplos:
They have [They’ve] been talking for three hours.(Han estado hablando durante tres horas.)
She has [She’s] been studying English since she was 16.(Ha estado estudiando inglés
desde que tenía 16 años.)
I have [I’ve] been waiting for you for over an hour!(¡Te llevo esperando durante más de
una hora!)

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to have) + “not” + “been” + verbo+ing.
Ejemplos:
They haven’t been talking for more than a few minutes.(No han estado hablando más de
unos minutos.)
She hasn’t been studying English for very long.(No ha estado estudiando inglés durante mucho
tiempo.)
Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long.(No te preocupes, no llevo esperando mucho tiempo.)

Verbo auxiliar (to have) + sujeto + “been” + verbo+ing?
Ejemplos:
Have they been talking for a long time?(¿Han estado hablando durante mucho tiempo?)
Have you been waiting long?(¿Llevas esperando mucho tiempo?)
Use (Uso)
Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una acción
que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todavía en el presente o que acaba de terminar.
Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un período de tiempo, por lo tanto, usamos
las preposiciones de tiempo “for” y “since”.
Si usamos el presente perfecto continuo sin un período de tiempo, significa “lately” o “recently”.
Ejemplos:
I can’t believe it is still raining. It’s been raining for a week now!(No puedo creer que todavía
esté lloviendo. Lleva lloviendo desde hace una semana!)
John has been working at the bank since 2003.(John lleva trabajando en el banco desde 2003.)
We’ve been planning our vacation for over a month.(Llevamos planeando nuestras vacaciones
desde hace más de un mes.)
Amanda and Tom have been dating since last June.(Amanda y Tom han estado saliendo
desde el junio pasado.)
He hasn’t been studying enough.(No ha estado estudiando bastante.)
Have you been feeling ok lately?(¿Te has sentido bien últimamente?)
I’ve been working too much.(He estado trabajando demasiado.)
Ejemplo: "present perfect continuous", to live
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I have been living I haven't been living Have I been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been
living?
He, she, it has been He hasn't been living Has she been living?
living
We have been living We haven't been living Have we been living?
You have been living You haven't been living Have you been
living?
They have been living They haven't been Have they been
living living?
Diferencias entre ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ y ‘Present Perfect Simple’
No sólo el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ y el ‘Present Perfect Simple’ son de por sí tiempos bastante
desconocidos (más bien olvidados…) por los estudiantes de la lengua inglesa; sino que además se
suelen confundir muuuuy fácilmente sus usos (no así su estructura, que a la vista salta es bastante
diferente). ¿Cómo distinguir entonces el ‘Present Perfect
Continuous’ del ‘Simple’? Depende de dónde pongamos el énfasis:
 Si lo que te importa es recalcar que la acción en cuestión tuvo lugar en un pasado reciente o
que tiene consecuencias en el presente, entonces has de usar el ‘Present Perfect Simple’.
Es decir, lo relevante es el resultado de la acción en sí. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect
Simple’: Dumbledore has written a letter (lo importante es el resultado de la acción de escribir.
Esto es, la carta).
 Si, por el contrario, lo que te importa es recalcar que la acción ha continuado en el tiempo
hasta el presente (inclusive), entonces has de optar por el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. Es
decir, lo relevante es la duración o continuidad de dicha acción. Ejemplo de ‘Present Perfect
Continuous’: ‘Snape has been working all day’ (en este caso, se quiere resaltar el hecho de
que Snape lleva trabajando las 24 horas del día (y ya sabemos que Hogwarts puede ser un
lugar de trabajo muy cansado y hasta mortal)).
Sin embargo, como hemos visto en el punto anterior, has de tener muy en cuenta que los ‘Stative
Verbs’ no aceptan la forma continua del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. Este tipo de verbos, cuando
se usan con dicho tiempo, han de presentarse con la estructura del ‘Present Perfect Simple’: Sujeto +
‘to have’ + participio pasado del verbo. ¡Mucho ojo pues con ellos.
Ahora que ya sabes cómo se forma el ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ y cuáles son sus excepciones
vamos a proponerte una serie de ejercicios. En ellos tendrás que completar los espacios en blanco
con la forma correcta en ‘Present Perfect Continuous’ del verbo en cuestión; dado que es la
estructura el aspecto más complicado del ‘Present Perfect Continuous’. ¿Y cómo sabrás si has
acertado o no? Fácil: déjanos tus respuestas en el tablón de comentarios y más que encantados
las corregiremos
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences in PRESENT

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.
6. I for you since two o'clock. Where have you been?
a) has been waiting b) have been waiting c) has been being
7. He in this company since 1985. He is considered one of the best here.
a) have been working b) has been living c) has been working
8. He tennis for five hours. It has been a very long match.
a) have been playing b) has been playing c) has been played
9. Mary in Germany since 1992. She got married with a German guy.
a) have been living b) has been lived c) has been living
10. He since he arrived to the party. It was at about 10 pm and now it is 2 am.
a) have been dancing b) has been dancing c) has been danced
II. Circle SINCE or FOR to complete the sentences correctly.
1. Sue has only been waiting for her boyfriend at school (since / for) 20 minutes.
2. Fred and Frida have been learning French, Spanish and Latin (since / for) 1988.
3. Mary has been saving her money for her vacations in Canada (since / for) many years.
4. I have been reading the last Harry Potter book (since / for) five weeks. I can believe it.
5. They have been talking with my sister about the accident (since / for) two hours.
6. She has been working at that company (since / for) three years. She is loyal and smart.
7. Aaron has been teaching math here (since / for) June. He is an excellent teacher.
8. He is out of breath now… he has been running in the park with his dog (since / for) two hours.
9. He hasn't been smoking (since / for) two weeks. He is trying to give up before it is too late…
10. I have been waiting for you and your family in this restaurant (since / for) 4 hours.
III. Complete in PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. I'm bored. It (rain) for hours so I can't go out.
2. you (use) my computer again?
3. My neighbour's children (argue) all morning.
4. You (not study) for the maths exam.
5. Monica looks really tired. she (work) all night?
READING
London Heathrow Airport
London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow is one of the busiest airports in the world. The airport is
the United Kingdom's busiest airport, as well as being Europe's busiest airport for passenger traffic
and the airport with the highest international passenger traffic in the world. The airport is owned and
operated by BAA which is owned by the Spanish Ferrovial Group. The airport is also a primary hub of
British Airways and a major hub for rivals BMI and Virgin Atlantic.
The airport is located towards the southern end of the London Borough of Hillingdon, 24 km
(15 miles) west of Central London, England. It is one of two international London airports to be
located within the boundary of the Greater London Area, the other being London City Airport. To the
north, Heathrow is surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and
Cranford, to the east are Hounslow and Hatton, and to the south are East Bedfont and Stanwell. To
the west, the M25 motorway separates the airport from Colebrook in Berkshire.
Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and four terminals. A new terminal,
Terminal 5, was under construction and opened in March 2008. There were plans to redevelop or
rebuild other terminals and add two extra runways. Started in 2008 and finished in 2012, the
construction of Heathrow East replaced Terminal 2 and The Queens Building.
Heathrow Airport has a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Public Use Aerodrome
License (Number P527) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying
instruction
TRUE or FALSE
1. A train company owns and operates the airport. T F

2. The Heathrow airport is located at the northern part of T F
London.
3. Heathrow is the only international airport in London. T F
4. This airport has four parallel runways T F
5. The new terminal replaced The Queens building. T F
6. Terminal 5 started to work in 2008. T F
7. To the north Heathrow has Hunslow and Hatton. T F
8. The Motorway is between the airport and Colebrook T F
9. “CAA” means Civil Aerodrome License. T F
10. The “CAA” allows flying instruction at the airport. T F
LISTENING
Listen and write T (true) or F (false). Engineering 1.Track 25.
1. He is an electronics engineer. T F
2. The focus of his work is technical imaging electronics. T F
3. He helps to design devices doctors could use. T F
4. His father worked in a factory assembling cars. T F
5. His mother encouraged his interests in engineering. T F
6. He did a degree in electronic engineering at University. T F
7. He did a Master’s in medicine. T F
8. Doctors have used x rays for medical purposes for many years. T F
9. CT means Computer Tomography. T F
10. A computer cannot create very detailed images of a brain. T F
CONTENTS
UNIT III. THE FUTURE, CONDITIONALS AND QUESTION TAGS

3.1 Future simple
3.2 Other forms of future: will, be going to, present continuous.
3.3 Future continuous
3.4 Third conditional.
3.5 Questions tags
3.1 FUTURE SIMPLE
The simple future tense is used to express something which will happen or something which will be
true in the future. One way to form this tense is: “will” + the simple present tense form of the verb. We
use “will” when the subject is volunteering to do something in the future or deciding to do something
in the future while speaking.
Example: We (clean) will clean on Tuesday. (We just decided to clean.)
Example: (drive) Will you drive on Sunday? (A decision about driving is being made.)
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense.
1) The house is dirty. I (clean) it on Monday.
2) (cook) you on Tuesday, please?
3) It looks like the washer is broken. I (ask) a repair man to come Wednesday.
4) Okay then, our group (meet) on Thursday.
5) Helga (hike) you with us on Friday?
6) If necessary, we (carry) the supplies in our car Saturday.
7) John and Wes, (read) you to the children on Sunday?
II. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense.
1) I guess I (ride) the bus to save gas.
2) The cookies are all gone. (buy) you some, please?

3) Listen, team: we (win) the trophy this year!
4) Everyone is hungry. I (get) some doughnuts for breakfast.
5) Peter, (fix) you the porch tomorrow?
6) Becky, (go) you to Alaska with us this summer?
7) If we take a trip, we (put) Barkley in a kennel.
3.2 OTHER FORMS OF FUTURE: WILL, BE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
3.3 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
The future continuous can also be used as an alternative to the present continuous to talk about
things which are already planned or decided.
E.g.: I´ll be going to the gym tomorrow afternoon.
The future continuous tense is used for activities that will be in progress at a point of time. The action
will start before that point of time and will continue after it. The point in time can be given by time
expressions or by other activities.
Subject + will + be + verb (ing)....

Affirmative Form
We will be studying for the exam.
Subject + won't + be + verb (ing)...
Negative Form
We won't be playing games.
Will + subject + be + verb (ing)...?
Question Form
Will you be driving?
Won't + subject + be + verb
Negative Question
(ing)...? Won't we be working on
the project?
With time expressions:
1. We use the Future Continuous Tense We use to describe an action that will or won't be going on
at a certain time in the future.
Time expressions:
 tomorrow (morning, afternoon, night)

 next (week, month, year)
 Later
 Soon
 Again
 in this time
 Tomorrow
Examples
 At 8 o'clock I will be travelling to Dorset.

 This time tomorrow we'll be lying on the beach.
 With some other activity:
 The shop will be closed. Will you be working?
 I'll be sleeping when you come back.
2. It describes the idea that an action will happen in the normal course of events. It refers to routine
activities, not intentions, decisions or plans.
 Don't worry. I'll be writing to you. (as usual)

 They'll be leaving on Friday. You can join them. (They normally leave on Fridays.)
 Everybody will be working on a computer sooner or later. (If nothing special happens.)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ONLINE – PRACTICE
https://www.grammarbank.com/future-continuous-tense.html
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-conti nuous-exercise-1.html
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tenses/future-progressi
ve/exercises https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs23.htm
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/future_progressive_statements.htm
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_05_022e?cc=global&selLanguage=en
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/intermediate-grammar/future-continuous-and-future-perfect
https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/b1_future_conti nuous.htm
EXERCISES
I. Complete the sentences with the future continuous (will be doing) and the verbs in the box.
lie - see - use - sleep - watch - take - work - wait - decorate - listen
1. When you come back home I.................................................in my bed.

2. In a few days' time we ........................................... on the beach.
3. I'll call Jim at six. - No, don't. He..............................................in his office then.
4. I'll tell him. I.............................................him on the train as usual.
5. We can't meet you on Saturday. We ........................................... our house at the weekend.
6. In a ten years' time most people.............................................electric cars.
7. I'll come at one o'clock. - OK. I.............................................for you.
8. It won't be easy to get in. The warden.............................................the gate closely.
9. Will you help me tonight? - Sorry, I ........................................... to the concert on the radio.
10. This time tomorrow my sister ........................................... her entrance exam.
II. Choose the correct form.
1. On my holiday I will be getting up | I won't be getting up at 6 o'clock as usual. I want to relax a

lot.
2. You are so late! Everybody will be working | won't be working when you arrive at the office.
3. You think that Derek will be playing | won't be playing tennis at seven? Why not?
4. Computers will be translating | won't be translating all texts in a couple of years. It's impossible.
5. Mary will be waiting | won't be waiting in the arrivals hall this time. She is ill.
6. Can I take your camera? You will be using | won't be using it this morning, will you?
7. The cinema will be showing | won't be showing any films next week.
8. They will be delivering | won't be delivering parcels even on 24 December.
9. He can find her easily in her red coat. - But she will be wearing | won't be wearing the red coat.
10. I won't be here this time tomorrow. I will be travelling | I won't be travelling to Rome.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
Directions: Choose the correct verb tense in each of the following sentences.
1. If Marty had gone to the party, I too.

a)went b) would have gone c) had gone
2. If you me the money, I wouldn’t have bought the ticket.

a)didn’t lend b) don’t lend c) hadn’t lent
3. I wouldn’t have stayed at that hotel if you it to me.

a)hadn’t recommended b) don’t recommend c) didn’t recommend
4. She would have been hurt in the car accident if she her seat belt.
a)wouldn’t worn b) didn’t wore c) hadn’t worn
5. If you me, I would have helped you.

a)had asked b) asked c) ask
6. If I hadn’t taken my umbrella, I very wet.

a)got b) had gotten c) would have gotten
7. I would have been very disappointed if you with us.

a)don’t come b) wouldn’t have come c) hadn’t come
8. If she in such a hurry, she wouldn’t have driven through a red light.
a)wasn’t b) hadn’t been c) wouldn’t be
There is one mistake in each sentence. Underline it and correct it.

Example: If you had helped me, we would finish in time. would have finished
I couldn't stay with you. I wouldn't have left if I didn't have the appointment.
My sister didn't want to marry Jim. If he had proposed to her, she would refuse.
We couldn't buy the house. But we would have done it if we had enough money.
I didn't catch a word.. If I had understood, I'd give them some advice.
If he wasn't the best player in the team, he wouldn't have earned so much.
Peter was furious.

He wouldn't lose his temper if he hadn't done all the work on his own.
The kitten didn't want to leave the house.
Otherwise it would have played in the garden if it didn't rain cats and dogs.
I didn't know that he was at home. I would drop in if I had known it.
They wouldn't have travelled by ship if the authorities didn't close the airport on the island.
She was so pretty.

If I were twenty years younger, I would have asked her to marry me.
Directions: Write a sentence in the third condition for each of the following situations.
1.They didn’t arrive on time because they took the wrong road.
2.Andrew didn’t get the job because he didn’t have much experience.
3.Ellen didn’t pass her driver’s test because she didn’t stop at the red light.
4.Barbara didn’t buy the dress because it didn’t fit.
5.The Smiths didn’t go to Hawaii for their vacation because the airplane tickets were too expensive.
Match the first part of the sentence on the left with the correct ending on the right.
1. I would have said hello ….. A. if I hadn’t looked at my calendar.

2. I would have mailed the letter …. B. if the roads hadn’t been so slippery.
3. If I had seen the accident, ….. C. if I had known the baby was sleeping.
4. If I had planned a trip to France, ….
D. if I had seen you.
5. I would have forgotten your birthday …..
E. I would have gone swimming.
6. The accident wouldn’t have happened… F. if I had had some stamps.
7. I would have cleaned my apartment… G. if I hadn’t washed it in hot water.
8. If I had brought my bathing suit, ….. H. I would have tried to learn some French.
9. My sweater wouldn’t have shrunk…. I. if I had known they were coming.
10. I would have been much quieter…. J. I would have called an ambulance.
3.7 TAG QUESTIONS
Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking
information that we think we know is true.Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for
example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are
usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not')
Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause
is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)? And: It isn't cold
(negative), is it (positive)?
If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag question. If there is no
auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple) use do / does / did (just like when you make a
normal question).
There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.

For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?
Postive sentences, with negative tags
Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?
Present simple other verbs They live in London, don't they?
Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't he?
Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't we?
Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?
Present perfect continuous She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?
Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?
Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?

Future continuous They'll be arriving soon, won't they?
Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't they?
Future perfect continuous She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?
Modals He can help, can't he?
Modals John must stay, mustn't he?
Negative sentences, with positive tags
Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?
Present simple other verbs She doesn't have any children, does she?
Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?
Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?
Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?
Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
Present perfect continuous He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?
Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had we?
Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?
Future simple They won't be late, will they?
Future continuous He won't be studying tonight, will he?
Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will she?
Future perfect continuous He won't have been travelling all day, will he?
Modals She can't speak Arabic, can she?
Modals They mustn't come early, must they?
ONLINE – PRACTICE
https://www.grammarbank.com/tag-questions-worksheets-dd1.html
https://www.grammarbank.com/tag-questions-worksheets-dd2.html
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/tag-questions-quiz.htm

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ENGLISH PACKAGE

Academia de 10o. Cuatrimestre

(SEPTEMBER – DECEMBER 2020)

UNIT I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT VS THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

UNIT II. MODALS, PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES.

UNIT III. THE FUTURE, CONDITIONALS AND QUESTION TAGS

1.1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT

1: We use the present simple when something is generally or always true.

I. Write the verbs into the correct form.

II. Fill in the correct form of the verbs.

III. Make negative sentences.

IV. Make questions.

I. Choose true of false according to the conversation. Track 1. Simple present

1. Vicky lives with her parents. TRUE FALS

8. Jenny has to feed the animals in the farm. TRUE FALSE

1. When does speaker A work?

2. What does speaker B say tourists love doing?

3. Does speaker C like his job?

4. What does speaker D say is difficult about being a pilot?

5. What does speaker E not like about her job?

I. Mark true (T) or false (F) according to the text. You

The girl’s mother is a terrific cook. (F)

talking, eating, learning, doing,

he, she, talking, eating, learning, doing,

you, we, talking , eating, learning, doing,

He’s eating. (Está comiendo.)

They’re learning. (Están aprendiendo.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

He’s not [He isn’t] eating. (No está comiendo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences. (Frases interrogativas)

Is he eating? (¿Está comiendo?)

Are they learning? (¿Están aprendiendo?)

He’s eating at the moment. (Está comiendo en este momento.)

Is it raining? (¿Está lloviendo?)

She’s currently looking for a job. (Actualmente está buscando un trabajo.)

Are you working much lately? (¿Estás trabajando mucho últimamente?)

Are you working next week? (¿Trabajas la semana que viene?)

I. Choose the correct option, SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.

1. Mr. Lopez never _ “sorry,” he a very rude man.

1- Right now, Brenda and Jimmy economics at college. (study /

I. Answer the following questions about the interview.

1) What is someone doing in conversation 1?

2) What is someone doing in conversation 2?

3) What is someone doing in conversation 3?

4) What is someone doing in conversation 4?

1. Joe wants to see Richard because he wants to invite him to a concert. T F

Best wishes, Patrick

I. After reading the text, choose the correct option.

1) Why is Patrick writing to Fred?

2) Based on the letter, Málaga is most likely located:

3) The best definition of "paella” is:

4) What does Patrick do from Monday to Friday?

5) Where does Patrick plan on traveling during the extended weekend?

6) How long has Patrick been out of the country?

My mom speaks English poorly.

Why do we use “adverbs”? [FUNCTION]

How do we use “adverbs of manner”? [FORM]

[1] Usually you make an adverb by adding “ly” to an adjective

[3] Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective