Week 2
Week 2
Week 2
- For closed system where only energy (heat and work) can cross the
system boundaries, it can be written as:
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 𝑘𝐽 #
𝑞 − 𝑤 = ∆𝑢 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 #
2
𝑤𝑏 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑣 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
1
- Shaft work
𝑜
𝑊𝑠ℎ =𝑇×𝜔
2𝜋𝑛
𝜔=
60
Electric work
𝑊𝑒𝑜 = 𝑉𝐼 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡)
Determination of ∆𝒖:
∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
𝑢1 and 𝑢2 are determined from tables by the data of states (1) and (2).
𝑢 = 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑇 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
2
∆𝑢 = ∫ 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
1
In this method, the exact function of 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇) is used, the above integration
is written as:
𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑇1
∆𝑢 = ∫ 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 − ∫ 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1 𝑜 0
∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
𝑇 𝑇
Where 𝑢2 = ∫𝑜 2 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 𝑢1 = ∫0 1 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
These integration were performed and put in tables (ideal gas table),
𝑇
where: 𝑢 = ∫𝑜 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
Open system (control volume)
Since open system (control volume) includes mass flow can cross the
system boundaries, so we must firstly study the mass balance.
In a rate form:
𝑜 𝑜
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
Then =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑜 𝑜
And 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
Then
In a rate form,
𝑜 𝑜
𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑣
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑣
Under steady state, 𝐸𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐, =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑜 𝑜
And 𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
Consider a control volume where energy (heat and work) and mass cross
the control volume boundaries as shown:
𝑜
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜 + 𝑚𝑜 𝑒1
𝑜
𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊 𝑜 + 𝑚𝑜 𝑒2
Then,
𝑄𝑜 + 𝑚𝑜 𝑒1 = 𝑊 𝑜 + 𝑚𝑜 𝑒2
𝑄𝑜 − 𝑊 𝑜 = 𝑚𝑜 (𝑒2 − 𝑒1 )
𝑄𝑜 − 𝑊 𝑜 = 𝑚𝑜 ∆𝑒 𝑘𝑊 #
𝑞 − 𝑤 = ∆𝑒 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
∆𝑒 = ∆ℎ + ∆𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒
Determination of ∆𝒉
∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1
ℎ1 and ℎ2 are determined from tables by the data of states (1) and (2).
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑇 𝑑ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
2
∆ℎ = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
1
𝑇1 +𝑇2
Where 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑣 = 𝐶𝑝@𝑇𝑎𝑣 𝑇𝑎𝑣 =
2
In this method, the exact function of 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇) is used, the above integration
is written as:
𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑇1
∆ℎ = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 − ∫ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1 𝑜 0
∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑇 𝑇
Where ℎ2 = ∫𝑜 2 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇 ℎ1 = ∫0 1 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
These integration were performed and put in tables (ideal gas table),
𝑇
where: ℎ = ∫𝑜 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇). 𝑑𝑇
Since ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
𝐶𝑝 𝑇 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇 + 𝑅𝑇
Then 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣 + 𝑅
𝐶𝑝
And 𝑘=
𝐶𝑣
Values of 𝐶𝑝 , 𝐶𝑣 and k, for different gases, as a function of T are given
from the following table:
The ideal-gas tables are property tables for ideal gases which gives values
of different properties which only function of temperature (such as u and
h). Each table is specified for certain ideal gas, such as TA17 for air and
TA18 for N2 and so on.
Case study (1)
Solution
Mass m =0.025 kg
𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1
2
The moving boundary work: 𝑊𝑏 = ∫1 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
Then
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 − 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 = (𝑈2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 ) − (𝑈1 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 )
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 #
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) #
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
ℎ2 = 2864.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Solution
ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝟖𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
9.81(6 − 10)
∆𝑝𝑒 = 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 5000 𝑘𝑊
𝑚𝑜 = = = 5.73 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑤 872.48 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Limitations of the 1st law of thermodynamics
From the above examples; we can say that, for the process to be occurred,
it must satisfy the 1st law but not all the processes satisfy 1st law must
occur. The processes occur in a certain unique direction and not in any or
reverse direction. Also, we can
conclude: for the process to occur, it
must satisfy both the 1st and 2nd law of
thermodynamics.
Introduction to the second law and its importance