Republic of the Philippines The prosecution presented its sixth and last witness, Modesto Libyocan, who testified

ess, Modesto Libyocan, who testified that on the

SUPREME COURT evening of July 11, 1993, at Barangay Salucot, he saw in the house of the victim, Pionio Yacapin,
Manila lights caused by flashlights and heard several gunshots from the house of the victim, and that the
FIRST DIVISION family left their house on that evening and went to Ticalaan where they learned that Pionio
G.R. No. 201860               January 22, 2014 Yacapin was killed in his house and that early the following morning, July 12, 1993, he was with
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff -Appellee, some companions, barangay officials of Ticalaan in the house of the victim where they found him
vs. dead and sustaining gunshot wounds.
MARCELINO DADAO, ANTONIO SULINDAO, EDDIE MALOGSI (deceased) and ALFEMIO Evidence for the Defense
MALOGSI,* Accused-Appellants. Defense’s first witness, Police Inspector Vicente Armada, testified that on July 30, 1993, at 11:00 in
DECISION the morning, he conducted an examination for paraffin test on all four accused with the findings
LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.: that they yielded negative result x x x.
This is an appeal from a Decision1 dated May 16, 2011 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR.-H.C. The defense presented Eddie Malogsi, one of the accused, as its second witness, who testified that
No. 00364, entitled People of the Philippines v. Marcelino Dadao, Antonio Sulindao, Eddie on July 11, 1993 at 7:30 in the evening, he was at the farm of a certain Boyle together with his
Malogsi and Alfemio Malogsi, which affirmed with modifications the Decision2 dated January 31, brother, [A]lfemio Malogsi, one of the accused herein, being a worker of that farm. He further
2005 of the Regional Trial Court of Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon, Branch 11 that convicted appellants testified that on the said date and time, he never fired a gun.
Marcelino Dadao, Antonio Sulindao, Eddie Malogsi (deceased) and Alfemio Malogsi for the felony Defense’s third witness, [A]lfemio Malogsi, another accused in this case, corroborates the
of murder under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, in Criminal Case No. 93-1272. testimony of his brother and co-accused, Eddie Malogsi, that on the said date and time above-
The genesis of this court case can be traced to the charge of murder against the appellants in the mentioned, he was at the farm of a certain Boyle with his brother and that they heard several
trial court via an Information3 dated July 16, 1993. The accusatory portion of said indictment reads: gunshots. He further testified that he never owned a garand rifle.
That on or about the 11th day of July 1993, at 7:30 in the evening more or less at barangay Salucot, Another accused, Antonio Sulindao, defense’s fourth witness, testified that on the date and time
municipality of Talakag, province of Bukidnon, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this above-mentioned, he was at Salucot together with his family and at 7:30 x x x in the evening, he
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring, confederating and mutually helping with heard some gun shots. He further testified among others, that he has no grudge x x x with the
(sic) one another, with intent to kill, by means of treachery, armed with guns and bolos, did then victim prior to the incident.
and there wilfully, unlawfully and criminally attack, assault and sho[o]t PIONIO YACAPIN, hitting The testimony of defense’s fifth witness, Fernandez Saplina, [was to] establish the defense of
his back and left leg, inflicting wounds that cause[d] his death thereafter. denial and alibi in so far as accused Marcelino Dadao, that on the whole evening of July 11, 1993,
To the damage and prejudice [of] the heirs of the deceased PIONIO YACAPIN in such sum they accused Marcelino Dadao was all the time at his house in San Fernandez, Salucot, Talacag,
are entitled under the law. Bukidnon, and there was no occasion that said accused went outside or left his house on the said
Contrary to and in violation of Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code. date and time. The said witness further testified that he visited the accused at the municipal jail of
On September 27, 1993, the appellants were arraigned. All four (4) accused pleaded "NOT Talakag, Bukidnon, where he was detained for having been the suspect in the killing of Pionio
GUILTY" to the charge leveled against them.4 Yacapin.
The factual backdrop of this case as condensed in the trial court’s assailed January 31, 2005 The defense presented its sixth witness, Camilo Dumalig, who corroborates the testimony of
judgment and adopted by the Court of Appeals in its similarly assailed May 16, 2011 Decision is Fernandez Saplina to the effect that accused Marcelino Dadao has been residing at San Fernandez,
reproduced hereunder: Salucot, Talakag, Bukidnon at the time of the incident on July 11, 1993 which place is about 7
Evidence for the Prosecution kilometers from the place of the incident.
Prosecution’s first witness, Ronie Dacion, a 14-year old stepson of the victim, Pionio Yacapin, Defense’s seventh witness, Venancio Payonda, father-in-law of accused Antonio Sulindao, testified
testified that on July 11, 1993 at about 7:30 in the evening he saw accused Marcelino Dadao, that the latter was in his house the whole day of July 11, 1993.
Antonio Sulindao, Eddie Malogsi and [A]lfemio Malogsi helping each other and with the use of The defense presented as its last witness, accused Marcelino Dadao, who testified that three (3)
firearms and bolos, shot to death the victim, Pionio Yacapin in their house at Barangay Salucot, months prior to July 11, 1993, he had been staying at the house of one Fernandez Saplina at Sitio
Talakag, Bukidnon. San Fernandez, Salucot, Talakag, Bukidnon, which is about 7 kilometers away from the house of
The testimony of the second witness for the prosecution, Edgar Dacion, a 12-year old stepson of the victim. He further testified that on July 11, 1993, he did not leave the house of Fernandez
the victim, corroborates the testimony of his older brother Ronie Dacion. Saplina until the following morning.5
Prosecution’s third witness, Nenita Yacapin, the widow of the victim, also corroborates the After trial was concluded, a guilty verdict was handed down by the trial court finding appellants
testimony of the prosecution’s first and second witness. The said witness further testified that she guilty beyond reasonable doubt of murdering Pionio Yacapin. The assailed January 31, 2005
suffered civil and moral damages [due to] the death of her husband. Decision disposed of the case in this manner:
Prosecution’s fourth witness, Bernandino Signawan, testified that at about 10:00 o’clock in the WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court finds accused, EDDIE MALOGSI, [A]LFEMIO
evening of July 11, 1993, Ronie and Edgar Dacion reached to [sic] his house and related to him that MALOGSI, ANTONIO SULINDAO and MARCELINO DADAO, guilty beyond reasonable doubt of
their stepfather was killed by accused Eddie Malogsi, [A]lfemio Malogsi, Marcelino Dadao and the crime of Murder, as defined and penalized under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code, as
Antonio Sulindao. Witness Signawan further testified that on the following morning, he and the amended, the said four accused are hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua
other people in Ticalaan including the barangay captain, Ronie and Edgar Dacion returned to the and are ordered to pay the heirs of the victim, the amount of SEVENTY-FIVE THOUSAND PESOS
house of the victim and found the latter already dead and in the surrounding [area] of the house (₱75,000.00) as moral damages and TWENTY THOUSAND PESOS (₱20,000.00) as exemplary
were recovered empty shells of firearms. damages and to pay the cost of the suit. Pursuant to Supreme Court Administrative Circular No. 2-
Prosecution’s fifth witness, SPO2 Nestor Aznar, testified that he was the one who prepared the 92, dated January 20, 1992, the bailbonds of all four accused are hereby ordered cancelled and the
sketch of the hut where the incident happened and further testified that the four accused were in latter are ordered detained, pending resolution of any Appeal that may be pursued in this case. 6
the custody of the government and in the following morning of the incident, he was at the scene Appellants elevated their case to the Court of Appeals. During the pendency of the appeal, the
of the crime and found in the yard of the hut eight (8) garand empty shells caliber 30m[m]. appellate court acted on a Manifestation filed by Rogelio Tampil, bondsman for Eddie Malogsi,
who sought the cancellation of the memorandum of encumbrance that was reflected in his land Furthermore, appellants contend that the prosecution witnesses made inconsistent and
title (Original Certificate of Title No. P-13825, Entry No. 165683) for the reason that Eddie Malogsi improbable statements in court which supposedly impair their credibility, such as whether or not
had already died on August 25, 2003. Thus, on February 11, 2008, the Court of Appeals issued a the stepsons of the victim left for Ticalaan together to report the incident, whether the accused
resolution granting Tampil’s request. 7 Subsequently, after considering the pleadings and were still firing at the victim when they left or not, and whether or not the accused went after the
memoranda of the parties, the Court of Appeals issued its May 16, 2011 Decision, the dispositive stepsons after shooting the victim. We have reviewed the relevant portions of the transcripts
portion of which states: pointed out by the appellants and have confidently arrived at the conclusion that these are
ACCORDINGLY, this appeal is DISMISSED and the Decision appealed from is AFFIRMED with the matters involving minor inconsistencies pertaining to details of immaterial nature that do not
modification the ₱75,000.00 as civil indemnity and ₱25,000.00 as temperate damages shall be tend to diminish the probative value of the testimonies at issue. We elucidated on this subject in
awarded in addition to the moral and exemplary damages already awarded by the lower court. 8 Avelino v. People,13 to wit:
Hence, appellants, through counsel, seek final recourse with the Court and reiterate the following Given the natural frailties of the human mind and its capacity to assimilate all material details of a
assignment of errors from their Appellants’ Brief filed with the Court of Appeals: given incident, slight inconsistencies and variances in the declarations of a witness hardly weaken
I their probative value. It is well-settled that immaterial and insignificant details do not discredit a
THE COURT A QUO GRAVELY ERRED IN CONVICTING APPELLANTS OF THE CRIME testimony on the very material and significant point bearing on the very act of accused-appellants.
CHARGED DESPITE FAILURE OF THE PROSECUTION TO PROVE THEIR GUILT BEYOND As long as the testimonies of the witnesses corroborate one another on material points, minor
REASONABLE DOUBT. inconsistencies therein cannot destroy their credibility. Inconsistencies on minor details do not
II undermine the integrity of a prosecution witness. (Emphasis omitted.)
THE COURT A QUO GRAVELY ERRED IN NOT CONSIDERING THE EVIDENCE OF THE Notwithstanding their conflicting statements on minor details, Ronie, Edgar and Nenita positively
DEFENSE. identified appellants as the perpetrators of the dastardly crime of murder committed on the victim
III which they categorically and consistently claimed to have personally witnessed.
THE COURT A QUO GRAVELY ERRED IN APPRECIATING THE QUALIFYING CIRCUMSTANCE In order to counter the serious accusation made against them, appellants put forward the defense
OF ABUSE OF SUPERIOR STRENGTH WHEN THE SAME WAS NOT ALLEGED IN THE of alibi which necessarily fails in the face of positive identification. It is a time-honored principle
INFORMATION.9 in jurisprudence that positive identification prevails over alibi since the latter can easily be
The foregoing arguments were later on amplified by appellants’ Supplemental Brief.10 fabricated and is inherently unreliable.14 Hence, it must be supported by credible corroboration
Appellants reiterate that their guilt was not proven beyond reasonable doubt because the from disinterested witnesses, and if not, is fatal to the accused.15 An examination of the record
testimonies of the witnesses for the prosecution were afflicted with inconsistencies and would indicate that Eddie and Alfemio Malogsi were unable to present a corroborating witness to
improbabilities, thus, making them of doubtful veracity. Furthermore, appellants faulted the trial support their alibi that they were working at a farm owned by a certain Boyle on the date and time
court for disbelieving their alibis and for disregarding the fact that the paraffin test which all of of Pionio Yacapin’s murder. While the witnesses presented by the defense to corroborate the
them were subjected to produced a negative result. Appellants also underscored the fact that they respective alibis of Marcelino Dadao and Antonio Sulindao consisted of friends and relatives who
did not take flight despite the knowledge that they were made suspects in the murder of Pionio are hardly the disinterested witnesses that is required by jurisprudence.
Yacapin. Lastly, appellants maintain that the qualifying circumstance of abuse of superior strength With regard to appellants’ assertion that the negative result of the paraffin tests that were
should not have been appreciated as it was not alleged in the criminal information filed against conducted on their persons should be considered as sufficient ground for acquittal, we can only
them. declare that such a statement is misguided considering that it has been established in
The petition is without merit. jurisprudence that a paraffin test is not conclusive proof that a person has not fired a gun. 16 It
In fine, the pivotal issue raised by appellants in questioning the validity of their conviction for the should also be noted that, according to the prosecution, only Eddie and Alfemio Malogsi held
crime of murder is whether or not the eyewitness testimonies presented by the prosecution, firearms which were used in the fatal shooting of Pionio Yacapin while Marcelino Dadao and
specifically that of the two stepsons (Ronie and Edgar Dacion) and the widow (Nenita Yacapin) of Antonio Sulindao purportedly held bolos. Thus, it does not come as a surprise that the latter two
the deceased victim, Pionio Yacapin, are credible enough to be worthy of belief. tested negative for powder burns because they were never accused of having fired any gun.
We have consistently held in jurisprudence that the resolution of such a factual question is best Nevertheless, the evidence on record has established that all four accused shared a community of
left to the sound judgment of the trial court and that, absent any misapprehension of facts or criminal design. By their concerted action, it is evident that they conspired with one another to
grave abuse of discretion, the findings of the trial court shall not be disturbed. In People v. De la murder Pionio Yacapin and should each suffer the same criminal liability attached to the
Rosa,11 we yet again expounded on this principle in this wise: aforementioned criminal act regardless of who fired the weapon which delivered the fatal wounds
[T]he issue raised by accused-appellant involves the credibility of [the] witness, which is best that ended the life of the victim.
addressed by the trial court, it being in a better position to decide such question, having heard the In People v. Nelmida,17 we elaborated on the principle of criminal conspiracy and its ramifications
witness and observed his demeanor, conduct, and attitude under grueling examination. These are in this manner:
the most significant factors in evaluating the sincerity of witnesses and in unearthing the truth, There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission
especially in the face of conflicting testimonies. Through its observations during the entire of a felony and then decide to commit it. It arises on the very instant the plotters agree, expressly
proceedings, the trial court can be expected to determine, with reasonable discretion, whose or impliedly, to commit the felony and forthwith decide to pursue it. Once established, each and
testimony to accept and which witness to believe. Verily, findings of the trial court on such every one of the conspirators is made criminally liable for the crime actually committed by any
matters will not be disturbed on appeal unless some facts or circumstances of weight have been one of them. In the absence of any direct proof, the agreement to commit a crime may be deduced
overlooked, misapprehended or misinterpreted so as to materially affect the disposition of the from the mode and manner of the commission of the offense or inferred from acts that point to a
case. x x x. joint purpose and design, concerted action, and community of interest. As such, it does not matter
Jurisprudence also tells us that where there is no evidence that the witnesses of the prosecution who inflicted the mortal wound, as each of the actors incurs the same criminal liability, because
were actuated by ill motive, it is presumed that they were not so actuated and their testimony is the act of one is the act of all. (Citation and emphasis omitted.)
entitled to full faith and credit.12 In the case at bar, no imputation of improper motive on the part As to appellants’ argument that their act of bravely reporting to the police station to answer the
of the prosecution witnesses was ever made by appellants. serious charge of murder against them instead of fleeing militates against a finding of any criminal
liability on their part especially in light of the dubious evidence presented by the prosecution, we to ₱50,000.00.28 Lastly, the interest rate of 6% per annum is imposed on all damages awarded from
can only dismiss this as a hollow line of reasoning considering that human experience as observed the date of finality of this ruling until fully paid.29
in jurisprudence instructs us that non-flight does not necessarily connote innocence. Finally, we observe that the Court of Appeals did not rule on the effect of the death of Eddie
Consequently, we have held: Malogsi during the pendency of this case. Considering that no final judgment had been rendered
Flight is indicative of guilt, but its converse is not necessarily true. Culprits behave differently and against him at the time of his death, whether or not he was guilty of the crime charged had
even erratically in externalizing and manifesting their guilt. Some may escape or flee – a become irrelevant because even assuming that he did incur criminal liability and civil liability ex
circumstance strongly illustrative of guilt – while others may remain in the same vicinity so as to delicto, these were totally extinguished by his death, following Article 89(1) of the Revised Penal
create a semblance of regularity, thereby avoiding suspicion from other members of the Code and, by analogy, our ruling in People v. Bayotas. 30 Therefore, the present criminal case
community.18 should be dismissed with respect only to the deceased Eddie Malogsi.
Contrary to appellants’ claim that the aggravating circumstance of abuse of superior strength was WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Decision dated May 16, 2011 of the Court of Appeals in
used by the trial court to qualify the act of killing committed by appellants to murder despite it CA-G.R. CR.-H.C. No. 00364 is hereby AFFIRMED with the MODIFICATIONS that:
not having been alleged in the criminal information filed against them, the text of the assailed (1) The amount of exemplary damages to be paid by appellants Marcelino Dadao,
January 31, 2005 Decision of the trial court clearly shows that, even though abuse of superior Antonio Sulindao and Alfemio Malogsi is increased from Twenty Thousand Pesos
strength was discussed as present in the commission of the crime, it was not appreciated as either (₱20,000.00) to Thirty Thousand Pesos (₱30,000.00);
a qualifying or generic aggravating circumstance. (2) The amount of moral damages to be paid by appellants Marcelino Dadao, Antonio
As correctly observed by the Court of Appeals, the lower court appreciated treachery, which was Sulindao and Alfemio Malogsi is decreased from Seventy-Five Thousand Pesos
alleged in the information, as an aggravating circumstance which qualified the offense to murder. (₱75,000.00) to Fifty Thousand Pesos (₱50,000.00);
This is proper considering that, even if abuse of superior strength was properly alleged and proven (3) Appellants Marcelino Dadao, Antonio Sulindao and Alfemio Malogsi are ordered to
in court, it cannot serve to qualify or aggravate the felony at issue since it is jurisprudentially pay the private offended party interest on all damages at the legal rate of six percent
settled that when the circumstance of abuse of superior strength concurs with treachery, the (6%) per annum from the date of finality of this judgment; and
former is absorbed in the latter.19 (4) Criminal Case No. 93-1272 is DISMISSED with respect to Eddie Malogsi in view of his
Time and again, we have declared that treachery is present when the offender commits any of the death during the pendency of this case.
crimes against persons, employing means, methods, or forms in the execution, which tend directly No pronouncement as to costs.
and specially to insure its execution, without risk to the offender arising from the defense which SO ORDERED.
the offended party might make.20 Furthermore, we have also held that the essence of treachery is
that the attack is deliberate and without warning, done in a swift and unexpected manner,
affording the hapless, unarmed and unsuspecting victim no chance to resist or escape. 21 In the case
at bar, the manner by which Pionio Yacapin was killed carried all the indubitable hallmarks of
treachery. We quote with approval the following discussion of the Court of Appeals on this matter,
to wit:
Treachery, which was alleged in the information, was duly proven by the prosecution.1âwphi1 The
Court notes, in particular, the testimony of Nenita Yacapin who declared that when the victim was
making a fire in the kitchen, she heard shots and she saw the barrel of the gun inserted on the
bamboo split walling of their house. Exhibit "B", the anatomical chart certified by the Philippine
National Police (PNP) personnel, shows the relative location of the gunshot wounds sustained by
the victim. The chart indicates that the victim was shot from behind. Clearly, the execution of the
attack made it impossible for the victim to defend himself or to retaliate.22 (Citations omitted.)
After reviewing the penalty of imprisonment imposed by the trial court and affirmed by the Court
of Appeals, we declare that the imposition of the penalty of reclusion perpetua on the appellants is
correct and should be upheld. Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by Republic Act
No. 7659, provides for the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death for the felony of murder. There
being no aggravating or mitigating circumstance, the proper penalty is reclusion perpetua
pursuant to Article 63, paragraph 2 of the Revised Penal Code.23
Anent the award of damages, it is jurisprudentially settled that when death occurs due to a crime,
the following may be recovered: (1) civil indemnity ex delicto for the death of the victim; (2) actual
or compensatory damages; (3) moral damages; (4) exemplary damages; (5) attorney’s fees and
expenses of litigation; and (6) interest, in proper cases.24
Thus, the award of civil indemnity in the amount of ₱75,000.0025 is proper. Likewise, the award of
temperate damages, in lieu of actual damages, in the amount of ₱25,000.0026 is warranted
considering that the death of the victim definitely caused his heirs some expenses for his wake and
burial though they were not able to present proof.
However, we must modify the amounts of moral and exemplary damages already awarded in order
to conform to existing jurisprudence. Therefore, the exemplary damages awarded should be
increased from ₱20,000.00 to ₱30,000.00.27 Moreover, there being no aggravating circumstance
present in this case, the award of moral damages in the amount of ₱75,000.00 should be decreased