Tan: Ellen G.

White on City Missions

FELIPE E. TAN

Ellen G. White on City Missions

Introduction
On May 16, 1913, the General Conference opened its 38th session at
Takoma Park, Washington, DC. Ellen White who lived at Elmshaven in
California at that time could not attend the session due to her advanc-
ing age. However, she sent two communications addressed to the General
Conference attendees. In the first, she welcomed those who “have labored
in distant lands and in the home land” encouraging and assuring them of
God’s sustaining grace. Near the end of this first message, she wrote:

I have been deeply impressed by scenes that have recently passed be-
fore me in the night season. There seemed to be a great movement—
a work of revival—going forward in many places. Our people were
moving into line, responding to God’s call. My brethren, the Lord is
speaking to us. Shall we not heed his voice? Shall we not trim our
lamps, and act like men who look for their Lord to come? (1913a:34)

Pastor A. G. Daniells, president of the General Conference, read Ellen

White’s second message on the morning of May 27, 1913. In this com-
munication, she narrated her travel following the General Conference of
1909 attending camp meetings and other gatherings in New England, the
Central States, and the Middle West. She encouraged the pioneers and
laborers in their ministry. Ellen White assured the delegates that “God of
Israel is still guiding his people, and that he will continue to be with them,
even to the end.” Then she challenged the church leaders and members to
move forward.

Christ is opening the hearts and minds of many in our large cities.
. . . The large and small cities, and places nigh and afar off, are to be
worked, and worked intelligently. Never draw back. The Lord will

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make the right impressions upon hearts, if we will work in unison

with his Spirit. (White 1913b:164)

Ellen White wrote extensively on evangelism, and in particular, on var-

ious areas related to work in the cities.1 This paper is a review of her ideas
on the work in the cities.2 It will investigate Ellen White’s statements on
three aspects of city work: God as the author of work in the cities, those
who carry out that work, and the methods to be used. The final section
will contain observations and a conclusion regarding work in the cities.

God—the Author of Work in the Cities

The Bible and the writings of Ellen White point to God as the source
of the message and the author of city work. The divine mandate is clearly
stated in the gospel commission (Matt 28:18; Rev 14:6-7). Ellen White por-
trayed God as one who closely followed the church leaders’ planning and
deliberation regarding God’s work.

One of dignity and authority—One who is present in all our coun-

cil meetings—was listening with deepest interest to every word. He
spoke with deliberation and perfect assurance. “The whole world,”
He said, “is God’s great vineyard. The cities and villages constitute a
part of that vineyard. These must be worked.” (1948a:34-35)

The context of the above statement, written on April 1, 1874, was a

dream she had of church leaders planning. Due to limited financial re-
sources and small number of ministers, the leaders thought of beginning
work in small places rather than entering large cities. James White, how-
ever, urged the leaders “to make broader plans without delay and put
forth, in our large cities, extended and thorough effort that would better
correspond to the character of our message” (1948a:34). Ellen White also
counseled the church leaders that God wanted them to move forward in
faith.
It was also God’s desire that the church leaders would view the task in
a broader perspective.

The heavenly Messenger who was with us said: “Never lose sight of
the fact that the message you are bearing is a world-wide message. It
is to be given to all cities, to all villages; it is to be proclaimed in the
highways and the byways. You are not to localize the proclamation of
the message.” (1948a:35-36)

In 1874, when Ellen White had a dream regarding evangelizing the

cities, was also the same year when the General Conference officially sent

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John Nevins Andrews and his children Charles and Mary as the first of-
ficial missionaries to Europe. God intended the proclamation of the gospel
to be a global movement “to proclaim to those who live on the earth—to
every nation, tribe, language and people” (Rev 14:6 NIV).

Laborers in the Cities

Before Christ ascended to heaven, he said to his disciples, “All author-
ity in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make
disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of
the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matt 28:18-19). And before Christ returns,
he said, “And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole
world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come” (Matt
24:14). Between Jesus’ ascension and his return, god’s people are tasked to
proclaim the gospel to the world.
The worldwide proclamation of the gospel in the cities and elsewhere
can only be accomplished when all church members, not just ministers,
are involved in the work. Thus, Ellen White wrote the following:

The work of God in this earth can never be finished until the men
and women, comprising our church membership rally to the work
and unite their efforts with those of ministers and church officers.
(1948b:117)

The Lord desires His people to arise and do their appointed work. The
responsibility of warning the world rests not upon the ministry alone.
The lay members of the church are to share in the work of soul saving.
By means of missionary visits and by a wise distribution of our litera-
ture, many who have never been warned may be reached. (1963:313)

To the church members already located in the cities, Ellen White urged
them to do their part in bearing their share of the work.3 When Stephen
Haskell and others were conducting Bible training-school and evening
services in New York City in 1902, Ellen White wrote the following: “Let
the believers living near the place where you are holding meetings, share
the burden of the work. . . . He [God] desires every church-member to la-
bor as his helping hand, seeking by loving ministry to win souls to Christ”
(1906:7).

While it is in the order of God that chosen workers of consecration and

talent should be stationed in important centers of population to lead
out in public efforts, it is also His purpose that the church members
living in these cities shall use their God-given talents in working for
souls. (White 1911:158)

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In connection with Ellen White’s call for involvement of church mem-

bers in working the cities, she wrote about the varied gifts of the church
members and the need for training.

Diversity of Gifts
The apostle Paul used the human body to illustrate diversity of spiri-
tual gifts in his epistles (Eph 4:11-13; 1 Cor 12:4-11; Rom 12:4-8). God en-
dowed the believers with a variety of gifts, and designed that they were
to work harmoniously. The challenges in evangelizing the cities called for
a variety of approaches. Ellen White articulately the same concept in this
way:

In connection with the proclamation of the message in large cities,

there are many kinds of work to be done by laborers with varied gifts.
Some are to labor in one way, some in another. The Lord desires that
the cities shall be worked by the united efforts of different capabilities.
(1948b:109)

One worker may be a ready speaker, another a ready writer, another

may have the gift of sincere, earnest, fervent prayer, another the gift of
singing. Another may have special power to explain the Word of God
with clearness. And each gift is to become a power for God because He
works with the laborer. To one God gives the word of wisdom, to an-
other knowledge, to another faith. But all are to work under the same
Head. The diversity of gifts leads to a diversity of operations, “but it is
the same God which worketh all in all” (1 Cor 12:6). (1990:223)

Let not one man feel that his gift alone is sufficient for the work of
God; that he alone can carry through a series of meetings, and give
perfection to the work. His methods may be good, and yet varied gifts
are essential; one man’s mind is not to mold and fashion the work
according to his special ideas. In order for the work to be built up
strong and symmetrical, there is a need for varied gifts and different
agencies, all under the Lord’s direction; he will instruct the workers
according to their several abilities. (White 1874:14)

From the same manuscript Ellen White wrote that the truth must not
be hidden. Rather, “it must be shone in our large cities. . . . The message
you are bearing is a world-wide message. It is to be given to all cities, to all
villages; it is to be proclaimed in the highways and the byways” (1874:3).
Ellen White was aware of the difference between laboring in rural
areas and the cities. Challenges include the presence of different classes of
people in the cities (1948b:113), different nationalities (1948b:121), business

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people (1990:217) and tourists (1948b:122). Work in the cities was difficult,
she acknowledged, but vitally important. “We feel intensely regarding the
work in our cities. There are few ready to engage in the work waiting to be
done. There are people of all classes to be met; and the work is difficult”
(1946:36).
During her time, preaching was the primary means of evangelism es-
pecially in rural areas. Many preachers travelled from place to place as
invitations arrived. They stayed where people offered to put them up for
the night, and were often called circuit riders.4 However, in urging the in-
volvement of all church members and the use of the various gifts or talents
in the work in the cities, Ellen White’s view on city evangelism was unique
in that she moved beyond preaching and focused on reaching the differ-
ent classes of people through the involvement of church members and the
use of their diverse gifts.5

Training
In a letter to J. H. Kellogg and his wife Ella in 1892, Ellen White noted a
problem in city work and emphasized the need for training.

I have been shown that in our labor for the enlightenment of the peo-
ple in the large cities the work has not been as well organized or the
methods of labor as efficient as in other churches that have not the
great light we regard as so essential. Why is this? Because so many of
our laborers have been those who love to preach (and many who were
not thoroughly qualified to preach were set at work) and a large share
of the labor has been put forth in preaching. More attention should be
given to training and educating missionaries with a special reference
to work in the cities. (1892:3)

Ellen White expected church leaders to lead out in training church

members specifically for work in the cities.

It is the duty of those who stand as leaders and teachers of the people
to instruct church members how to labor in missionary lines, and then
to see in operation the great, grand work of proclaiming widely this
message which must arouse every unworked city. . . . God requires
that we shall give the message of present truth to every city, and not
keep the work bound up in a few places. (1990:215)

In a letter to Stephen Haskell and his wife Hetty who were doing city
work in New York City, Ellen White underscored the importance and
need of training laborers in the work of the cities.

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Your work in New York has been started in right lines. You are to
make in New York a center for missionary effort, from which work
can be carried forward successfully. The Lord desires this center to be
a training-school for workers, and nothing is to be allowed to inter-
rupt the work. (1901:2)

Proper training is indispensable in any plan to work in the large cit-

ies. “There should be no delay in this well-planned effort to educate the
church members. Persons should be chosen to labor in the large cities who
are fully consecrated. . . . Do not send those who are not qualified in these
respects” (1948b:119).

Methods of Labor
The early years of the Adventist Church benefited much from preach-
ing and tent evangelism as methods in God’s work. But when Ellen White
urged the church leaders to evangelize the large cities, she clearly coun-
seled the church to move beyond those methods and explore other ways.
“New methods must be introduced. God’s people must awake to the ne-
cessities of the time in which they are living. . . . Some of the methods used
in this work will be different from the methods used in the past; but let no
one, because of this, block the way by criticism” (1902:7).
The challenges church workers faced in the cities were greater than
those in rural areas. She acknowledged that work in the cities was not
easy. “In the cities of today, where there is so much to attract and please,
the people can be interested by no ordinary efforts” (1948b:109). This
called for extraordinary or innovative efforts in reaching the city people.

They must make use of every means that can possibly be devised for
causing the truth to stand out clearly and distinctly. . . . While they
are to labor earnestly to interest the hearers and to hold this interest,
yet at the same time they must carefully guard against anything that
borders on sensationalism. (White 1948b:110)

In her counsel on involvement of church members, Ellen White pointed

to the personal approach of Christ during his earthly ministry as a model
in approaching the masses in the large cities.

Christ’s method alone will give true success in reaching the people.
The Saviour mingled with men as one who desired their good. He
showed sympathy for them, ministered to their needs, and won their
confidence. Then He bade them, “Follow me.” (1942:143)

This personal approach is best accomplished when church members

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are mobilized and properly trained to accomplish their tasks. Every per-
son the church members meet is an opportunity for missionary work.

The Lord has presented before me the work that is to be done in our
cities. The believers in these cities are to work for God in the neighbor-
hood of their homes. They are to labor quietly and in humility, car-
rying with them wherever they go the atmosphere of heaven. If they
keep self out of sight, pointing always to Christ, the power of their
influence will be felt. (1948b:128)

Church members who follow the approach of Christ in reaching peo-

ple by using different ways of work will be effective in reaching the popu-
lations of large cities. The different lines of city work include house-to-
house work (1948b:111), medical evangelism (1948a:111), cooking schools
(1948a:113), restaurant work (1948a:115-117; 1990:211), tourist centers and
centers of commerce (1948b:121). All these approaches provide avenues
for personal contact.6
An example is the work of Stephen Haskell. On October 2, 1901, Ellen
White wrote a letter to Stephen Haskell.

Brother Haskell, the Lord has given you an opening in New York
City, and your mission work there is to be an example of what mis-
sion work in other cities should be. . . . You are to make in New York a
center for missionary effort, from which work can be carried forward
successfully. The Lord desires this center to be a training school for
workers, and nothing is to be allowed to interrupt the work. (1901:2)

Stephen and Hetty Haskell “rented a sixth-floor suite of rooms and be-
gan giving Bible readings to their neighbors in the same apartment house”
(Moon 2013:404). The Haskell team included 20 workers—nurses, Bible
instructors, cooking school instructors, and young people who sold books
and magazines on the streets. They employed different methods in their
work in the city. Ellen White commended Haskell’s work which she saw
as “an example of what mission work in other cities should be”7 (1901:1).

Visual Aids
Ellen White did not originate the various methods of work in the cities.
Rather, she kept an open mind and was keen in observing the effective
work of others. Such was the case of William W. Simpson who became
successful in using three-dimensional visual aids in his preaching in the
cities of California. Simpson used papier-mached beasts to illustrate his
lectures from the books of Daniel and Revelation which he had rolled out
onto the stage at appropriate moment during his preaching. Ellen White

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commended this method which proved effective in captivating the atten-

tion of the audience in her day (Fortin 2013:511).

Medical Missionary Work

Ellen White also pointed to medical missionary work as an effec-
tive entering wedge. “Doors that have been closed to him who merely
preaches the gospel will be opened to the intelligent medical mission-
ary” (1946:513). In using Christ as an example of a medical missionary
worker, Ellen White wrote that during his ministry “Jesus devoted more
time to healing the sick than to preaching” (1940:350). He stands before us
“the pattern Man, the great Medical Missionary—an example for all who
should come after” (1963:20). She strongly urged workers to use medical
missionary work in the cities.

Medical missionary work must have its representatives in our cities.

Centers must be made and missions established in right lines. Min-
isters of the gospel are to unite with the medical missionary work,
which has ever been presented to me as the work which is to break
down the prejudice which exists in our world against the truth. The
medical missionary work is growing in importance, and claims the
attention of the churches. It is a part of the gospel message, and must
receive recognition. (1963:241)

Medical missions work as the “right, helping hand of the gospel to

open the door for the proclamation of the gospel” (1946:513). Ellen White
saw the health message as an effective method in reaching some groups of
city residents who might not be reached by other means.

Medical missionary evangelists will be able to do excellent pioneer

work. The work of the minister should blend fully with that of the
medical missionary evangelist. The Christian physician should regard
his work as exalted as that of the ministry. Physicians whose profes-
sional abilities are above those of the ordinary doctor should engage
in the service of God in the large cities. They should seek to reach the
higher classes. (1948a:111)

Observations
Ellen White wrote extensively regarding work in the cities. She ad-
dressed many aspects of city missions. This paper discussed Ellen White’s
views on three areas: God as the author of the work in the cities, the labor-
ers who would do city missions, and methods of labor. The overall general
observation is that though the writings of Ellen White on city missions

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were written more than 100 years ago, their relevance and significance
have not diminished. On the contrary, the growing challenges encoun-
tered in city missions showed the currency of her counsels. The timeliness
of her views is so striking that one might think Ellen White wrote them
for our times. I offer five observations on specific aspects of her ideas on
city missions.
1. In Ellen White’s first communication to the 38th General Confer-
ence Session, she stated, “There seemed to be a great movement—a work
of revival—going forward in many places. Our people were moving into
line, responding to God’s call” (1913a:34). Then in the second communica-
tion which A. G. Daniells read before the delegates in the same General
Conference session, she wrote, “Christ is opening the hearts and minds of
many in our large cities. . . . The large and small cities, and places nigh and
afar off, are to be worked, and worked intelligently” (1913b:164).
The two messages were separate and different. However, these ideas
were related. The work in the cities is to be Spirit-led, and the success in
presenting the gospel message to the millions of inhabitants in the cities
is connected with the leading of the Holy Spirit. The Pentecost experi-
ence in the book of Acts illustrates this. After a season of soul-searching
prayer, the Holy Spirit empowered the early Christian believers to preach
the Gospel in Jerusalem with amazing results. Those who listened were
“Parthians, Medes and Elamites; residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and
Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the
parts of Libya near Cyrene; visitors from Rome (both Jews and converts to
Judaism); Cretans and Arabs” (Acts 2:9).
The relationship between revival and the call for work in the cities
from the two messages of Ellen White to the General Conference in her
day should serve as a blueprint for the Seventh-day Adventist city work in
our time. In 2011, Ted Wilson, president of the General Conference, called
for renewed revival and reformation. This was followed by a global call
to work in the cities. The need for personal and corporate revival is indis-
pensable in the planning and preparation for work in the cities.
2. The centrality of Christ is evident in the writings of Ellen White re-
garding city missions. This is a significant aspect of Ellen White’s views.
She always referred to Christ as an example when discussing city mis-
sions. She wrote that “Christ’s method alone will give true success in
reaching the people. The Saviour mingled with men as one who desired
their good” (1942:143). She lifted up Christ as the pattern and example,
“the great Medical Missionary” (1963:20). She also noted that during his
ministry, Jesus did more healing than preaching (1940:350). Her emphasis
on a Christ-centered approach was based on a strong biblical foundation.
3. The involvement of church members in city missions is also strongly

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emphasized in the writings of Ellen White. She explicitly stated that God’s
work on earth could only be finished when “men and women compris-
ing our church membership rally to the work and unite their efforts with
those of ministers and church officers” (1948b:117). She also wrote regard-
ing the diversity of spiritual gifts among the members. Success in city mis-
sions involves the use of various approaches and employing the different
talents of members. “The Lord desires that the cities shall be worked by
the united efforts of different capabilities” (1948b:109). Ellen White saw all
believers—church members and ministers—working side by side in the
proclamation of the gospel to the cities.
4. Ellen White pointed to the training of laborers as a key ingredient
for effective work in the cities. A laborer who was successful in rural ar-
eas might not be equally successful in the cities. “There should be no de-
lay in this well-planned effort to educate the church members. Persons
should be chosen to labor in the large cities who are fully consecrated”
(1948b:119). To reach the millions in the cities with the gospel, continuous
training is an essential part of city missions. Ellen White wanted to see ex-
perienced ministers working the cities while at the same time mentoring
younger workers.
5. The different approaches in reaching the cities as presented by Ellen
White—house to house work, restaurants, medical missionary work—all
had personal contact and stressed one-to-one evangelism. The framework
of Ellen White’s views on methods of labor is the ministry of Jesus where
he mingled with people, got to know them and their needs, showed sym-
pathy, ministered to their specific needs, and won their confidence. It was
only then that he encouraged them to follow him (1942:143).
Ellen White was ahead of her times when she described the ministry of
Jesus as not only “mingling” with the people but “living” or “dwelling”
with them. “In our work we are to remember the way in which Christ
worked. He made the world. He made man. Then he came in person to
the world to show its inhabitants how to live a sinless life” (1901:1). Ellen
White correlated this incarnational ministry with the work of Stephen and
Hetty Haskell in New York City as an example of how cities should be
worked.

Conclusion
Ellen White’s writings clearly show that God was giving insight and
guidance concerning work in the cities in her time. In her dream, she saw
God follow with great interest the deliberations of the church leaders re-
garding city missions. She heard God commanding that the cities must be
worked (1948a:34-35). God, who oversaw the rise and development of the

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Seventh-day Adventist Church, is still interested in seeing his witnesses

successfully work in the cities.
Ellen White’s views came as a result of God-given instructions on city
missions; however, she was not the originator of specific strategies for city
work. Rather, she kept an open mind not only to the guidance of God but
also to the ideas around her. Ellen White commended and encouraged
workers when she learned of their new effective ideas. She commended
the work of Stephen and Hetty Haskell in New York City as “an example
of what mission work in other cities should be” (1901:1). She commended
William Simpson for his creative use of papier mache images in a day
when electronic aids were non-existent. Ellen White was innovative in
that she integrated divine counsels and practical realities in her philoso-
phy of city work. Her emphasis on the involvement of church members,
their training, and the need to meet various needs of different types of
people in the cities show a comprehensive approach in fulfilling the gos-
pel commission.
Significant in her views was the centrality of Christ in city work. Ellen
White looked upon the pattern of Christ’s ministry as an example in city
missions. Christ preached the gospel and addressed the spiritual, physi-
cal, and emotional needs of the multitude. He lived among the people he
was reaching out to. Doing city missions in our time means more than
preaching. It also calls for involvement in the life of the community and
addressing the felt needs of city people. If Ellen White were to address the
Adventist Church today, I am sure she would say, “As Jesus worked, go
and do likewise.”

Notes

1
A number of studies have been published on Ellen G. White’s writings on city
missions: N. C. Ted Wilson, “A Study of Ellen G. White’s Theory of Urban
Religious Work as It Relates to Seventh-day Adventist Work in New York
City,” PhD dissertation, New York University, 1981; W. A. Westerhout, Science
of Metropolitan Medical Missionary Evangelism, 1969, an unpublished manuscript;
Lake Union Herald published a cover article, “An Appeal to Work in Our Big
Cities,” June-July 2014, 14-19, a compilation of Ellen White’s quotations.
2
Ellen White generally used the phrase “work in the cities” in her writings to refer
to city missions or city evangelism. I followed Ellen White’s usage in the main
section of the paper. For the title, observations, conclusion and endnotes, I used
“city missions” to reflect current usage. Essentially, all phrases refer the same
thing, which is the reaching out to the cities or the proclamation of the gospel to
the cities.

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3
George R. Knight discussed outpost evangelism and city living in his article
“Living in Cities,” in The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia, 714-716. Knight pointed out
that Ellen White at one time explicitly encouraged Adventist families to settle in
the cities and work from within.
4
See Hampton E. Walker’s “History of Seventh-day Adventist Evangelistic
Methods,” research paper, Andrews University, 1972. The evangelistic methods
Walker surveyed included circuit preaching, publishing work, medical work,
camp meetings, literature evangelism, papier mache images, harvest ingathering,
telephone evangelism, radio broadcast, television, etc.
5
“Mobilizing the Laity for Ministry” in Monte Sahlin’s Mission in Metropolis: The
Adventist Movement in an Urban World, Lincoln, Nebraska: Center for Creative
Ministry, 2007, provided valuable information on involvement of church
members. Mission in Metropolis is an important resource on city missions. This
book is replete not only with ideas but also with clear examples and stories.
6
See also Miroslav Pujic on the methods in reaching out to the postmodern
generation in “Re-imagining Evangelism in a Postmodern Culture,” Ministry:
International Journal for Pastors, vol. 85, no. 5, May 2013: 13-16.
7
See Gary Krause for the description of the incarnational ministry of Stephen
Haskell in New York City in “Treading Urban Ground Like Jesus,” Ministry:
International Journal for Pastors, vol. 85, no. 5, May 2013: 6-9.

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Moon, Jerry. 2014. Haskell, Stephen Nelson. The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia. Edited
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_________. 1913a. The General Conference Bulletin: Thirty-eighth Session 7, no. 3:33–34.
_________. 1913b. The General Conference Bulletin: Thirty-eighth Session 7, no.
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_________. 1948b Testimonies for the Church. Vol. 9. Boise, ID: Pacific Press.
_________. 1963. Medical Ministry. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press.
_________. 1990. Manuscript Releases Vol. 10. Silver Spring, MD: E. G. White Estate.

Felipe Tan is currently senior cataloger at the James White Library

and the liaison librarian for the School of Health Professions.
Prior to joining Andrews University, Tan worked as pastor in the
Central Luzon Conference in the Philippines and as the library
director at the Adventist International Institute of Advanced
Studies.

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews2015, vol. 11

University, no. 1
2015 13