PHYS 104

General Physics IV
Heat and properties of matter
1st year
Physics + Physics & Chemistry + Physics & Computer Science+ Biophysics
groups

Dr. Heba AbdelMaksoud

[email protected]

Physics Department
Faculty of Science
Ain Shams University
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
 ‫جدول التمارين‬
‫اسم المعيد‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫الشعبه‬ ‫الميعاد‬ ‫اليوم‬
‫زياد محمد‬ ‫‪ 328‬ب‬ ‫ف‪/‬حا‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬ ‫االثنين‬
‫احمد اسماعيل‬ ‫‪ 328‬ب‬ ‫ف‪/‬ك‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬ ‫االثنين‬
‫اسماء سمير‬ ‫قاعه أ‬ ‫ف‪-‬فح‬ ‫‪1-12‬‬ ‫الثالثاء‬

‫‪Chapter 19:‬‬
‫‪Problems numbers: 5, 7, 13, 17, 21, 27, 33‬‬

‫‪Faculty of Science- ASU‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud‬‬

 Definitions: Chapter 19: Temperature
1- Heat The Absolute Temperature Scale
TC = T – 273.15
2- Thermal Equilibrium
3- thermal contact TF 
9
TC  32o
4- Temperature 5

5
Concept and principle TC  TK  TF
9
1- Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
2- Thermal Expansion solids and Liquids
Linear Expansion Area Expansion Volume Expansion

L  Li T A  2Ai T V  Vi T

PV  nRT

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Chapter 20
First Law of Thermodynamics
20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
20.3 Latent Heat
20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of
Thermodynamics
20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 Chapter 20
First Law of Thermodynamics

20.1 Heat and Internal Energy

20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
20.3 Latent Heat
 Chapter 20
First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics: Historical Background
 Thermodynamics and mechanics were considered to be separate branches
Until about 1850.

 Experiments by James Joule and others showed a connection between them

transfer of energy heat thermal processes transfer of energy work
mechanical processes.

 A connection was found between the transfer of energy by heat in thermal

processes and the transfer of energy by work in mechanical processes.

 The concept of energy was generalized to include internal energy, The Law of
Conservation of Energy emerged as a universal law of nature.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy

Internal energy:
is all the energy of a system that is associated with its microscopic

• These components are its atoms and molecules.

• The system is viewed from a reference frame at rest with respect
to the center of mass of the system.
• kinetic energy of the system due to its motion through space is not included in
internal energy.
• Internal energy does includes kinetic energy due to:
• random translational motion
• Rotational motion
• vibrational motion of molecules.
• Internal energy also includes potential energy between molecules

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy

Thermal energy can be interpreted as that part of the

internal energy associated with random motion of
molecules and, therefore, related to temperature.
Bond energy is the intermolecular potential energy.
Therefore,

Internal energy = thermal energy + bond energy

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
Heat
Is the transfer of energy across the boundary of a system due to
a temperature difference between the system and its
surroundings.

• When you heat a substance, you are transferring energy into it by placing it in
contact with surroundings that have a higher temperature.
• Such is the case, for example, when you place a pan of cold water on a stove
burner. The burner is at a higher temperature than the water, and so the water
gains energy.

The term heat will also be used to represent the amount of energy transferred by
this method

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
Units of Heat
• Historically, the calorie was the unit used for heat.

The calorie (cal): is defined as the amount of energy transfer necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C

• The “Calorie” used for food is actually 1 kilocalorie.

In the US Customary system, the unit is a BTU (British Thermal Unit).

BTU is the amount of energy transfer necessary to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
water from 63 o F to 64 o F.

In this textbook, heat, work, and internal energy are usually measured in joules.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

 Joule established the equivalence between mechanical

energy and internal energy.

 His experimental setup is shown in Figure (20.1).

 The decrease in potential energy associated of the system

as the blocks fall equals the work done by the paddle
wheel on the water

Figure 20.1 Joule’s experiment for

determining the mechanical equivalent
of heat. The falling blocks rotate the
paddles, causing the temperature of
the water to increase.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
• The loss in potential energy of the blocks–Earth system as the blocks fall equals the
work done by the paddle wheel on the water.
• If the two blocks fall through a distance h, the loss in potential energy is 2mgh, where
m is the mass of one block; this energy causes the temperature of the water to
increase due to friction between the paddles and the water.
• By varying the conditions of the experiment, Joule found that the loss in mechanical
energy is proportional to the product of the mass of the water and the increase in
water temperature.
• The proportionality constant was found to be approximately 4.18 J/g ·
• Hence, 4.18 J of mechanical energy raises the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
More precise measurements taken later demonstrated the proportionality to be
4.186 J/g · °C when the temperature of the water was raised from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.
We adopt this “15-degree calorie” value:

1 cal = 4.186 J
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
Example 20.1: A student eats a dinner rated at 2 000 Calories. He wishes to do an equivalent amount of
work in the gymnasium by lifting a 50.0-kg barbell. How many times must he raise the barbell to
expend this much energy? Assume he raises the barbell 2.00 m each time he lifts it and he regains no
energy when he lowers the barbell.

Solution
W= 2000 cal
m=50 kg
h= 2m Since 1 (food) Calories = 1000 cal then the work required is 2x106cal.
n=????
Converting this to joule, then the work required is
W = 2x106cal x 4.186J/cal = 8.37x106J
ΔUtotal = Wtotal
Δ U = mgh
Δ Utotal = nmgh (n is the number of lifts)
nmgh = Wtotal

Wtotal 8.37 x106

n   8.53 x103 times
mgh (50 * 9.8 * 2)

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
The heat capacity C
is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of that sample by 1°C.
If energy Q produces a change of temperature of ΔT, then

Q=CΔT
Specific heat, c, is the heat capacity per unit mass energy c=C/m.
if energy Q transfers to a sample of a substance with mass m and the temperature of the
sample changes by Δ T, the specific heat of the substance is

Q
c
mT

Q=cmΔT
Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud
 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
Sign Conventions

Temperature increases:
Q and Δ T are POSITIVE
Energy transfers INTO the system.

Temperature decreases:
Q and Δ T are NEGATIVE
Energy transfers OUT the system.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
Specific heat is essentially a measure of how thermally insensitive a substance is to the
addition of energy. The greater a material’s specific heat, the more energy must be
added to a given mass of the material to cause a particular temperature change. Table
20.1 lists representative specific heats.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
Quick Quiz 20.1 Imagine you have 1 kg each of iron, glass, and water, and all three
samples are at 10°C.

(a) Rank the samples from lowest to highest temperature after 100 J of energy is
added to each sample.
Answer: water, glass, iron
Because water has the highest specific heat (4 186 J/kg · °C), it has the smallest
change in temperature. Glass is next (837 J/kg · °C), and iron is last (448 J/kg · °C).

(b) Rank the samples from least to greatest amount of energy transferred by heat if
each sample increases in temperature by 20°C.
Answer: iron, glass, water
For a given temperature increase, the energy transfer by heat is proportional to the
specific heat.

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
Calorimetry
One technique for measuring specific heat involves heating a material, adding it to
a sample of water, and recording the final temperature
This technique is known as calorimetry

A calorimeter is a device in which this energy transfer takes place.

• The system of the sample and the water is isolated.

Conservation of energy requires that the amount of energy that leaves the sample
equals the amount of energy that enters the water

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
Calorimetry Q=cmΔT
Conservation of energy allows us to write the mathematical representation of this energy
statement as:

Qcold=-Qhot

mwcw (T f  Tw )  mx c x (T f  Tx )
mwcw (T f  Tw )
cx 
mx (Tx  T f )

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example 20.2: A 0.05-kg ingot of metal is heated to 200.0°C and then dropped into a calorimeter
containing 0.400 kg of water initially at 20.0°C. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixed system
is 22.4°C. Find the specific heat of the metal.

mx=0.05 kg Solution
Tx=200 °C
mw=0.4 kg
heat gained by water= Heat lost by the metal
Tw=20 °C
Tf=22.4 °C mwcw (T f  Tw )  mx c x (T f  Tx )
cw=4186 J/kg.oC
mwcw (T f  Tw )
cx 
mx (Tx  T f )
(0.4)(4186)(22.4  20)
cx   453 J/kg o C
0.05(200  22.4)

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example 20.3: A cowboy fires a silver bullet with a muzzle speed of 200 m/s into the pine wall of a
saloon. Assume all the internal energy generated by the impact remains with the bullet. What is the
temperature change of the bullet?

Solution
v=200 m/s
csilver=234 J/kg.oC

1
K  ( mv 2 )
The kinetic energy of the bullet 2

K  Q  mcT
1
mv 2  mcT
2
v2 (200)
T    85.5 o C
2c 2(234)

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud

Example 20.3: A cowboy fires a silver bullet with a muzzle speed of 200 m/s into the pine wall of a
saloon. Assume all the internal energy generated by the impact remains with the bullet. What is the
temperature change of the bullet? What If? Suppose the cowboy runs out of silver bullets and fires a
lead bullet at the same speed into the wall. Will the temperature change of the bullet be larger or
smaller?

Solution
v=200 m/s
clead=128 J/kg.oC
1
K  ( mv 2 )
2
K  Q  mcT
1
mv 2  mcT
2
v2 (200)
T    156 o C
2c 2(128)

Faculty of Science- ASU Dr. Heba.AbdelMaksoud