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    Thermo Dynamics

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    Thermo Dynamics

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    4 views89 pages

    Thermo Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    nishantdantulwar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 89

    Jee 2023

    Atomic Structure
    Shilpi Kaushik
    NIT Jalandhar
    Next Chemistry Session Details

    Chapter Name Equilibrium

    Date 9 Dec

    Time 12:00 PM
    t.me/vedantumath1
    New JEE 2024

    Chemical Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings,


    Thermodyn extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of
    amics processes.
    First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal
    energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's
    law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation,
    combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase
    transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
    Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; AS of
    the universe and AG of the system as criteria for spontaneity,
    AG" (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
    Atomic
    Mole Concept
    Structure|
    | Class
    Class11th
    11thJEE
    JEE New Syllabus

    Weightage of Thermodynamics in JEE Main (Last 5 yrs)

    Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average

    % 4.3% 3.5% 3.5% 3.8% 4.8% 4%


    Most Important Topics

    1. Heat Capacity
    2. Calculation of work (in diff processes)
    3. Entropy
    Let’s see the Mind Map
    First Law of thermodynamics

    The equation for the first law of thermodynamics


    is given as;

    ΔU = q + W
    Where,
    👉 ΔU = change in internal energy of the system.
    👉 q = algebraic sum of heat transfer between system
    and surroundings.
    👉 W = work interaction of the system with
    its surroundings.
    Work done on the Heat absorbed
    system +q
    +W

    System
    Work done by the
    system Heat released

    -q
    -W
    Types of Process
    Isothermal ΔT = 0, ΔU = 0, q=
    -W
    Isobaric ΔP = 0

    Isochoric ΔV = 0, W = 0, ΔU =q

    Adiabatic q = 0, ΔU =W
    ENTHALPY (H)

    It is defined as the sum of the energy stored in the system and


    the energy used in doing work

    Mathematically,
    H = U + PV
    Molar Heat Capacity (Cm)

    It is the amount of heat required to


    raise the temperature of 1 mole
    substance by 1°C

    q = n Cm ΔT

    Units : J/mol-K or J/mol-°C

    👉 It is an Intensive property
    👉 It is a Path function
    Important result

    Cp - CV =
    R
    Work for different processes
    Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume (Cv)

    qv = ΔU = nCv ΔT

    Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume (Cp)

    qp = ΔH = nCp ΔT
    Relation between Cp and Cv for Ideal gas

    Cp - Cv =R
    SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

    ● The entropy of an isolated


    system/Universe tends to increase
    OR In a spontaneous process the
    entropy of the Universe increases.

    𝚫S = qrev /T
    SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

    For a spontaneous change

    𝚫S = 𝚫S + 𝚫S >0
    total system surrounding
    SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

    In a reversible process the entropy of the Universe


    remains constant
    i.e. 𝚫STotal = 0
    Entropy change for an ideal gas in a thermodynamic process

    General expression

    Isothermal process

    Isobaric process

    Isochoric process
    Gibbs Free energy

    At a constant temperature:

    𝚫Gsys = 𝚫H – T𝚫Ssys
    Gibbs Free energy
    Gibbs Free energy

    𝚫H < 0 𝚫H > 0

    Spontaneous
    𝚫S > 0 Spontaneous At high
    temperature

    Spontaneous
    Non-
    𝚫S < 0 At low
    Spontaneous
    temperature
    Hess’s Law
    The overall enthalpy of a chemical
    process is independent of the path taken

    ΔH = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3


    Let’s understand Types of Problems an
    their Variations
    Type 1 Work, 1st Law, Heat Capacity

    Q. When 2 litre of ideal gas expands isothermally into


    vacuum to a total volume of 6 litre, the change in internal
    energy is ____________ J. (Nearest integer)

    Q. At 250C, 50 g of iron reacts with HCl to form FeCl2. The


    evolved hydrogen gas expands against a constant pressure
    of 1 bar. The work done by the gas during this expansion is
    _________ J. (Round off to the Nearest Integer)
    Type 2 Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy

    Q For a given chemical reaction A → B at 300 K the free


    energy change is −49.4 kJ mol−1 and the enthalpy of
    reaction is 51.4 kJ mol−1. The entropy change of the
    reaction is _____________ JK−1 mol−1.

    Q Consider the graph of Gibbs free energy G vs Extent of


    reaction. The number of statement/s from the following
    which are true with respect to points (a), (b) and (c) is
    _________
    Type 3 Thermochemistry
    Type 4 Other
    Type 1

    Type 2

    Type 3

    Type 4
    1
    1
    [JEE Main-2020]

    5 moles of an ideal gas at 1 bar and 298 K is expanded into


    vacuum to double the volume. The work done is____
    [JEE Main-2020]

    The magnitude of work done by a gas that undergoes a reversible


    expansion along the path ABC shown in the figure is _______.
    The standard heat of formation of ethane (in
    kj/mol), if the heat of combustion of ethane,
    hydrogen and graphite are - 1560, -393.5 and -286
    KJ/mol, respectively is :
    The heat of combustion of ethanol into carbon dioxide and
    water is -327 kCal at constant pressure. The heat evolved in cal
    at constant Volume at 270C is? (if all gasses behave ideally)
    Win a Fully
    paid Space
    Research
    Program with
    ISRO Space
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    Homework Problems for Practice
    Chemical Bonding

    Next we will cover Electrochemistry


    1
    At 250C, 50 g of iron reacts with HCl to form FeCl2. The evolved
    hydrogen gas expands against a constant pressure of 1 bar. The
    work done by the gas during this expansion is _________ J. (Round
    off to the Nearest Integer). [Given : R = 8.314 J mol−1 K−1. Assume,
    hydrogen is an ideal gas] [Atomic mass of Fe is 55.85 u]
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    . . . continued
    City Test Centers

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    t.me/vedantumath1
    8th Jan 2020-(Shift 1)

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