Electra310-Juin2020 Low PDF

N° 310 - Juin / June 2020
CIGRE Ordinary & Extraordinary

General Assemblies:
E-vote ends on
Tuesday 30 June 2020.
Assemblée Générale Ordinaire
& Extraordinaire du CIGRE :
Fin du vote électronique
mardi 30 Juin 2020.
Digital ELECTRA enters
testing phase!
Even the recent crisis has not held up our new Digital ELECTRA! We are currently
testing the system and we are pleased to advise that the new digital offering will be
available for the August edition of ELECTRA.
This first digital edition will be open for all to Another benefit of our new digital presence
read and then we will gradually be introducing is the ability to translate ELECTRA into your
the need to login for members or subscribe local language using your native browser
for non-members. Watch this space and other functionality, such as that offered by Google
CIGRE communications channels for helpful tips Chrome.
to setup your account. Member accounts will
also work on e-cigre, the home to our extensive While ELECTRA is going to offer these and
library of publications. Of course, if you already other exciting features soon, rest assured it
have an e-cigre account you will be able to login will continue with its hallmark, in-depth and
using that email and password. substantial technical content. Content that has
made it invaluable for the serious power system
The new ELECTRA offers a responsive device professional.
friendly platform. This means you can read it
on your mobile, tablet or desktop. You can also Watch our LinkedIn page for updates and
download a pdf version of any article for offline cigre.org or e-cigre for announcements.
viewing or printing or download the whole
edition if you choose to. Digital ELECTRA is coming soon!
N° 310 - Juin / June 2020
N° 310 Juin | June 2020
>>> Résumés Summaries

CIGRE Ordinary & Extraordinary
General Assemblies:
E-vote ends on
mardi 30 Juin 2020.
© Nikhita Singhal│Unsplash
RÉSUMÉ - BT 798 - GT B4.66 qui sont des sujets de travaux futurs. Des informations
Conséquences pour les harmoniques et le sur les définitions concernant le réseau d’électricité,
filtrage des connexions proches de stations sur les techniques de mesures, sur les modélisations et
de conversion CCHT l’agrégation, sont également données. Les méthodes
de mesure et de calcul de l’impédance des conducteurs
La Brochure Technique examine la globalité sont décrites exhaustivement, et un exemple d’étude
les problèmes techniques, en rapport avec les de l’agrégation et de la propagation par conduction
harmoniques et le filtrage, qui peuvent survenir quand d’émissions de fréquences supérieures à 2 kHz est
des stations de conversion CCHT sont connectées à donné à titre de démonstration.
proximité l’une de l’autre. Elle fournit des directives
pour les études de pré-spécification à réaliser pour SUMMARY - TB 799 - WG C4.31
détecter la possibilité d'interactions harmoniques et
pour déterminer les données de réseau spécifiques et Assessment of conducted disturbances above
les exigences techniques, telles que les paramètres 2 kHz in MV and LV power systems
de l'impédance harmonique, la philosophie de This Technical Brochure provides an assessment of
contrôle de la puissance réactive et les niveaux limites conducted disturbances above 2 kHz in MV and LV
d'harmoniques. Elle constitue également une base de power systems. The aims of the brochure are: to raise
savoir sur les aspects à prendre en compte dans les awareness of the issues involved, provide a technical
études de fonctionnement et de dimensionnement et description of the phenomena, identify existing
sur leurs possibles implications dans la conception recommendations and guides and identify gaps for
des équipements de filtrage. Les approches possibles future work. It includes information on electric power
de coordination de la conception des filtres sont definitions, measurement techniques, modelling and
discutées, et prennent en compte non seulement aggregation. The method for measuring and calculating
les aspects techniques, mais aussi les points de vue conductor impedances are fully described and an
économique, contractuel et réglementaire, propres plus example study of the aggregation and propagation of
particulièrement à un environnement de vendeurs et de the conducted emissions above 2 kHz are provided as
propriétaires multiples. a demonstration.
SUMMARY - TB 798 - WG B4.66 RÉSUMÉ - BT 800 - GT B5.47

Implications for harmonics and filtering of Audits du fonctionnement des protections de
the installation of HVDC converter stations in réseau
close proximity Considérant les changements rapides que les réseaux
This Technical Brochure examines the full extent of de transport et de distribution connaissent, et la durée
possible technical concerns in the area of harmonics de vie toujours plus courte des relais de protection
and filtering of the installation of HVDC converter numériques, la réalisation d’audits de performance des
stations in close proximity. It provides guidance on protections dans le cadre de la gestion de la vie utile
the pre-specification studies to screen the possibility des systèmes de protection devient une nécessité. Les
of harmonic interactions and to determine specific possibilités et la disponibilité des packages logiciels
system data and technical requirements, such as d’analyse des réseaux à fréquence unique en régime
network harmonic impedance, reactive power controller permanent et des protections basée sur des phaseurs,
philosophy and harmonic limits. It will also provide a permettent de réaliser des audits de fonctionnement
basis of knowledge of the aspects to be considered des protections sur « une zone étendue ». Le
in performance and rating studies and the possible Groupe de Travail s'est intéressé aux possibilités,
implications for the design of the filtering equipment. The aux avantages et aux conditions de l'utilisation des
possible approaches for co-ordination of filter designs is logiciels propriétaires d'analyse de réseau électrique
discussed in the Brochure, taking into account not only et de protection pour la réalisation des audits du
technical aspects, but also economic, contractual and fonctionnement des protections, pour des réseaux de
regulatory points of view, particularly in an environment transport et de distribution comportant des centaines
with multiple vendors and owners. ou des milliers de dispositifs de protection.
RÉSUMÉ - BT 799 - GT C4.31 SUMMARY - TB 800 - WG B5.47

Evaluation des perturbations de fréquence Network protection performance audits
supérieure à 2 kHz transmises par conduction Considering the rapid changes to which transmission
dans les réseaux électriques BT et MT and distribution networks are subjected, and the
La Brochure Technique traite des perturbations de ever-shorter expected useful life of numeric protection
fréquences supérieures à 2 kHz transmises par relays, the requirement for network protection
conduction dans les réseaux électriques MT et BT. Elle performance audits as part of the lifetime management
pour objectifs de faire prendre conscience des problèmes of protection systems is becoming a necessity. The
concernés, de fournir une description technique des capability and availability of steady state single
phénomènes, de faire le point des recommandations et frequency phasor-based power system and protection
guides existants, et d’identifier les aspects mal connus analysis software packages now make it possible to
undertake “wide-area” protection performance audits. Ces principes peuvent être appliqués pour caractériser
The scope of the Working Group was to cover the tout type de gaz alternatif au SF6 qui pourrait émerger
possibilities, advantages and requirements for utilising à l’avenir.
proprietary power system and protection analysis
software for undertaking protection performance audits SUMMARY - TB 802 - WG B3.45
of transmission and distribution systems involving Application of non-SF6 gases or gas-mixtures
hundreds or thousands of protection devices. in medium voltage and high voltage
gas-insulated switchgear
RÉSUMÉ - BT 801 - GT B1.44
This Technical Brochure describes the needs for
Directives pour des travaux en sécurité sur adaptations or new requirements for the safe, reliable
des systèmes de câbles soumis à des tensions and sustainable application of non-SF6 gases and gas
induites ou courants induits mixtures in gas-insulated switchgear. It describes the
Cette Brochure Technique décrit les phénomènes given and available properties of the non-SF6 gases
d’induction (induction magnétique, couplage capacitif and gas-mixtures which have been investigated and
et couplage par conduction), qui peuvent entrainer applied to gas-insulated switchgear in MV and HV. This
l’apparition de tensions ou courants sur les systèmes Technical Brochure also covers ongoing development
de câbles hors tension. Les méthodes de calcul de of alternatives for SF6 and application restrictions and
ces valeurs et des tensions de toucher sont détaillées, issues of the pilot projects applying alternative gases.
analysées, et illustrées par des exemples et des études It summarises today’s state of the art, and collects and
de cas. Les principes pour réaliser des travaux en describes principles to range gases and gas mixtures.
sécurité sont présentés (analyse de risque, travaux Those principles can be used to characterise any kind
avec mise à la terre et travaux isolés) afin de gérer ces of alternative gases to SF6 which might come up in the
tensions induites dans toutes les situations de travaux future.
sur systèmes de câbles (tirage, réalisation de jonctions,
confection d’extrémités, intervention en coffrets de RÉSUMÉ - BT 803 - GT C5.24
permutation, etc.). Enfin, le sujet des tensions induites
Explorer la valeur de marché des réseaux
« acceptables » est investigué à partir des guides
intelligents et leurs interactions avec les
et normes existants, conduisant entre autres à une
marchés de gros (TSO) et de distribution
recommandation de mise à jour d’une norme CEI.
(DSO)
SUMMARY - TB 801 - WG B1.44 Le Groupe de Travail interdisciplinaire C5.24, a été mis
Guidelines for safe work on cable systems en place avec pour objectif d’étudier, et d’en rendre
under induced voltages or currents compte, la valeur de marché des développements
des réseaux intelligents (Smart Grid) et leurs gains
This Technical Brochure describes the induction nets dans le contexte des marchés de l’électricité. La
phenomena (inductive, capacitive and conductive) Brochure Technique expose les résultats des travaux,
that can lead to presence of voltage and currents on au moyen d’études de cas et des différents types des
disconnected cable systems. Methods of calculation to valorisations, liées au marché et stratégiques, qui sont
evaluate those values and touch voltages are detailed associées aux technologies des réseaux intelligents,
and analysed, associated with various examples and tirés de programmes de démonstration.
case studies. Principles of safe work are presented (risk
analysis, earthed working and insulated working) in order
to handle those induced voltages in any type of works SUMMARY - TB 803 - WG C5.24
on cable systems (pulling, jointing, on terminations, Exploring the market value of Smart Grids
link boxes etc ). Also the area of “acceptable” induced and interactions with wholesale (TSO) and
voltages is investigated from existing standards and distribution (DSO) markets
guidelines, with recommendation towards IEC for a CIGRE convened the cross discipline Working Group
standard update. C5.24 with the purpose to explore, and report on the
market-based value of smart grid developments and
RÉSUMÉ - BT 802 - GT B3.45 their net benefits in the context of electricity markets.
Utilisation de gaz non-SF6 ou de mélanges The Technical Brochure documents the research
gazeux dans les appareillages à isolation findings through case studies and types of the market-
gazeuse en moyenne et haute tensions based and strategic values associated with smart grid
La Brochure Technique présente les adaptations, technologies from demonstration programs.
ou les nouvelles exigences, qui sont nécessaires
pour parvenir à une utilisation sure, fiable et durable
Page Advert - Annonces
de gaz non-SF6 et de mélanges de gaz dans les
appareillages à isolation gazeuse. Elle décrit aussi les Page 2 Digital ELECTRA enters testing phase
propriétés, attribuées et effectives, des gaz non-SF6 et
des mélanges gazeux, qui ont été étudiés et utilisés Page 25 RTDS TECHNOLOGIES
dans des appareillages à isolation gazeuse, en MT
et HT. La Brochure Technique relate également les Page 43 SIEMENS
développements des alternatives au SF6 en cours, et
fait état des restrictions et des problèmes rencontrés Pages 64 - 65 Digital ELECTRA Sponsorship
par les projets pilotes utilisant des gaz alternatifs. Elle
résume l’état présent de l’art, rassemble et décrit les Page 116 CIGRE e-session & Centennial Session
principes de sélection des gaz et des mélanges gazeux.
4 No. 310 - June 2020 ELECTRA

SOMMAIRE|CONTENTS
N° 310 - Juin / June 2020
N° 310 Juin | June 2020
EDITO 6-7
 Strategy and decisions during difficult times
GLOBAL 8 - 30
CONNECTIONS  1946 Paris Opening Session speech
 System Operations impact of Covid-19: European
Perspective
 The mastering of large electrical systems - Interview with
© Nikhita Singhal│Unsplash
André Merlin
CIGRE Ordinary & Extraordinary  The Emissions Gap: The current decade is defining for our
General Assemblies:
E-vote ends on
future
 Hydrogen scalable production for a sustainable and
mardi 30 Juin 2020. breathable world
LIFE OF 31 - 35
ASSOCIATION  General Assembly
 Distinguished Member Awards 2020
 Technical Council Awards 2020
 Thesis Award 2020: Roni Irnawan
Revue éditée par le CIGRE ANNUAL 36 - 56
Magazine edited by CIGRE REPORTS  B3 - Substations and electrical installations
Président/ Robert STEPHEN  B4 - DC systems and power electronics
Chairman:  B5 - Protection and automation
Président du Marcio SZECHTMAN WORKING 57 - 63
Conseil GROUP REPORT  WG A2.54: Load sound power levels for specification
Technique/
Chairman of the purposes of three-phase 50 Hz and 60 Hz liquid-filled power
Technical transformers
Council: BROCHURES 66 - 79
Trésorier/ Michel AUGONNET THEMATIQUES  798 - GT B4.66 : Conséquences pour les harmoniques et le
Treasurer: TECHNICAL filtrage des connexions proches des stations de conversion
BROCHURES CCHT
Secrétaire Philippe ADAM
Général/ [email protected]  798 - WG B4.66: Implications for harmonics and filtering of
Secretary the installation of HVDC converter stations in close proximity
General:
80 - 85
 799 - GT C4.31 : Evaluation des perturbations de fréquence
Edition/ Marie TAILLANDIER
Redaction:
supérieure à 2 kHz transmises par conduction dans les
[email protected]
Tél. : 01 53 89 10 07
réseaux électriques BT et MT
 799 - WG C4.31: Assessment of conducted disturbances
Publicité/ Estelle TIJOU-LEZÉ above 2 kHz in MV and LV power systems
Advertising: [email protected] 86 - 93
Tél. : 01 53 89 12 95  800 - GT B5.47 : Audits du fonctionnement des protections
Conception Christine DEMANGE
de réseau
réalisation: [email protected]  800 - WG B5.47: Network protection performance audits
94 - 103
Dépôt légal :
 801 - GT B1.44 : Directives pour des travaux en sécurité sur
N° 310 Juin 2020
des systèmes de câbles soumis à des tensions induites ou
ISSN : 1286-1146 courants induits
CIGRE
 801 - WG B1.44: Guidelines for safe work on cable systems
© Copyright under induced voltages or currents
Photo de
couverture/ 104 - 109
Front cover Page: © Nikhita Singhal│Unsplash  802 - GT B3.45 : Utilisation de gaz non-SF6 ou de mélanges
gazeux dans les appareillages à isolation gazeuse en
moyenne et haute tensions
ELECTRA  802 - WG B3.45: Application of non-SF6 gases or gas-
SPONSORS mixtures in medium voltage and high voltage gas-insulated
CIGRE wishes switchgear
to thank our 110 - 115
ELECTRA  803 - GT C5.24 : Explorer la valeur de marché des réseaux
sponsors for intelligents et leurs interactions avec les marchés de gros
their valued (TSO) et de distribution (DSO)
support.  803 - WG C5.24: Exploring the market value of Smart Grids
and interactions with wholesale (TSO) and distribution (DSO)
markets
Copyright ©2020
21 rue d’Artois - 75008 Paris - France
33 (0)1 53 89 12 90 - http://www.cigre.org
No. 310 - June 2020 ELECTRA 5
EDITORIAL
Strategy and decisions during

difficult times
By Rob Stephen, President of CIGRE
From an historical perspective, our great family of CIGRE endured a Session in 1939 whereby “heavy storm
clouds already threatened the world.” [Quotes from 1946 Opening Session by Ernest Mercier, the President of
CIGRE from 1933 to 1948]. “They burst with the implacable fury of a world-wide cataclysm.”
For CIGRE’s 25th Anniversary, delegates called for a great Paris Session in 1946. President Mercier continued…
“you have eloquently answered by easily beating all your previous records, for today there are 950 (delegates)
registered, thus showing your impatience to resume those trusting and warm contacts of which you had
R.STEPHEN
established the tradition, like the members of a single great family dispersed all over the globe.”
President
CIGRE
Other important statements made then that are relevant now are as follows:
“And now, it is for us to work together, with all our strength, above our troubles, for the rehabilitation of the world
and the reconstruction of its ruins by Peace”.
And “let us always remember, that today we are all citizens of the same ideal motherland of which our countries
are merely different provinces.”
The last statement fully reflects the community of CIGRE where we are all one motherland with our countries
being merely different provinces.
In this edition of Electra we reflect on the tough times endured through which CIGRE emerged successful. The
full speech given at the 1946 Session is included in this edition for interesting reading. Other interesting facts is
that there were 950 attendees, they had 110 papers which are all bound and presented to the delegates. They
also had buffet meals provided prior to the war but could not provide these after the war due to restrictions.
The main aspects of the strategy undertaken by CIGRE during the present difficult time was as follows:
1. To ensure CIGRE remains relevant and provides value to Members.
2. To ensure CIGRE remains financially sustainable during and post the Covid-19 crisis.
To this end we have had to make some tough decisions relating to the Paris Session and events in the
following years.
It should be noted that the current strategy included increasing reserves to cater for a complete cancellation
of the Paris Session. The increased reserves have allowed CIGRE to function at this difficult time without
reducing staffing or curtailing support to Members.
As you are no doubt aware, CIGRE has moved the Paris Session to 2021. This decision was taken as it was
thought very unlikely that global travel and attendance at conferences would be permitted by end June which
would enable registrations to commence. The expected poor attendance, if the Session was permitted to
continue, was considered a financial risk that would be too large to bear.
We felt that, in order for CIGRE to provide value to Members that we should share the vast technical information
contained in the papers already submitted. This information may also become dated by the 2021 Session.
CIGRE will therefore undertake the first e-Session in August/September 2020. This will include presentation
of the papers already submitted as well as the holding of workshops, Study Committee meetings and Working
Group meetings. Presentations will be recorded allowing for delegates to view the presentations at their
convenience. Tutorials already prepared will also be presented via the CIGRE Academy webinar platform.
In addition, at the e-Session, there will also be a brief opening event with the guest speaker Anne Olhoff who
is Head of Strategy for Climate Planning and Policy at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

EDITORIAL
She will provide a short resume of the longer speech. A summary paper is published in this issue. The main points
of the speech is that the emissions gap in 2030 is 15 gigatons of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2e) for a 2°C goal, and
32 GtCO2e for a 1.5°C goal. The total emissions of the six largest emitters was around 32 GtCO2e in 2018. The
current level of climate ambition sets us on course to a global average temperature increase of 3.2°C by the end
of the century. Urgent action therefore needs to be taken.
This will ensure Members are not penalised in any way by the moving of the Session to 2021. Authors will be
asked to update technical content of their papers for the 2021 Session. Papers that cannot be updated will be
complemented by invited papers from selected authors. The 2021 Session will follow the normal format with the
Special Reporters’ reports determining the questions to be answered and contributions being received. The 2021
Session will therefore not be a repeat in any way of the 2020 e-event but will provide new updated technical
information for delegates.
As 2021 marks the Centennial of the formation of CIGRE, it is intended that the Centennial Session will be a
special celebratory event with over 800 papers as well as topics dealing with the learnings from the current
Covid-19 crisis.
The decision had to be made regarding the following Sessions. The Technical Council (TC), consisting of the
Study Committee (SC) Chairs, recommended that CIGRE keep to the original 2022 date with even years from
then on. Although this will mean more work for the TC, it was considered feasible. The call for papers and
preferential subjects will be issued in early 2021 as per schedule. The reason for the suggestion was the running
of symposia and conferences in the odd years many of which already had fairly advanced plans and commitments.
An additional important fact was that the Palais des Congrès could not accommodate CIGRE at the same August
slot in the odd years. If the Session date was moved it was not certain if we could obtain contractors and support
required to hold the Session at the new dates.
With regard to the second point on the strategy, CIGRE will be able to recover losses with the events taking
place in three consecutive years. It is expected that we will be able to recover the reserves by 2022 with the
Session being held in 2022. If the Session was not held it would take at least 5 years to recover the desired level
of reserves. This is taking into account the likely poor attendance due to the expected suppressed economic
situation.
In addition certain non-revenue activities were curtailed in 2020 and we are focussing on the introduction of digital
Electra and other virtual platforms to serve Members remotely, provide easier access for prospective Members to
join as well as provide excellent opportunities for sponsors to realise benefits of global advertising.
The postponement of the Session in 2020 was a tough decision to take. With the work of the office bearers and the
Technical Council, it is possible to make other arrangements to mitigate the negative effects of the postponement
and provide Members with an enhanced CIGRE experience with three Sessions in consecutive years albeit in
different formats.
It is understood that there is a risk in holding the 2020 Session virtually. However, the TC is committed to making
this a success. The Central Office (CO) is prepared to manage the technology required and with the ability to
record the presentation sessions, workshops and tutorials, it is possible to accommodate those in different time
zones for those that cannot make the allocated time by the presenters or delegates. It was also felt important to
have a presence in 2020 to keep Members abreast of the latest developments expressed in the papers.
It is also realised that the TC will be working on the 2022 Session in parallel with the 2021 Session. The TC felt
that this was definitely achievable as different Special Reporters will be employed in the two Sessions. The CO
will have to obtain additional resources to manage the updated papers in 2021. This again, is considered feasible.
The proposal for the virtual Session in 2020 (albeit scaled down) followed by the 2021 and 2022 Sessions is
considered the best options to allow CIGRE to recover financially and provide Members will the updated latest
information. The time schedule allows for incoming office bearers, Study Committee Members, TC and Steering
Committee Members to take office at the normal time and serve their terms in line with current regulations.
I hope to see you at a CIGRE event when the crisis is a memory. 

1946 Paris Opening
Session Speech
Ernest MERCIER,
CIGRE President
1933-1948
The full text of the 1946 Paris Opening Session Speech by
Ernest MERCIER, CIGRE President 1933-1948 is below. It is
worthy in these times to review history…
Our great family of CIGRE endured a Session in 1939 whereby

“heavy storm clouds already threatened the world.” [Quotes
from 1946 Opening Session by Ernest MERCIER]. “They burst
with the implacable fury of a world-wide cataclysm.”
For CIGRE’s 25th Anniversary, delegates called for a great Session in 1946. To the delegates, “you
have eloquently answered by easily beating all your previous records, for today there are 950
[delegates] registered, thus showing your impatience to resume those trusting and warm contacts
of which you had established the tradition, like the members of a single great family dispersed all
over the globe.”
The full text of President MERCIER’ s speech:
At the very beginning of this meeting I wish, on behalf of all of you, to express our very sincere and warm thanks to
Mr. Simon, the distinguished President and General Manager of ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE. Under difficult and
exceptional circumstances, at a time when it was necessary to ensure continuity between a previous régime, now
abolished, and a new régime on the threshold of its enforcement, the Government’s confidence was reposed in one
of the men, perhaps in the only man, who could assume such a task without appearing unequal to it. It is in the vital,
fundamental interest of our country that this transformation should take place with the greatest and indisputable
success. Mr. Simon’s name represents for us a promise that this will be so.
8 No. 309 - April 2020 ELECTRA

Seven years ago, almost day for day, in this same hall, we opened our tenth Session under the Chairmanship of
Mr. Albert Lebrun, President of the Republic.
Heavy storm clouds already threatened the world.
They burst with the implacable fury of a world-wide cataclysm ̶ the horror of which exceeded everything which
imagination could conceive of; and for five long years humanity offered a desperate spectacle of destruction, of
murder, of criminal and dishonoring barbarianism. The courage and the heroic sacrifice of innumerable lives, of a
still greater number of youthful existences, could not cover up and compensate so much shame. Humanity is rising
again, slowly, painfully. The unchaining of fury without measure leaves behind it traces which last long and which give
painful evidence of the lowering of the mind and the debasement of character.
In this long martyrology we will not attempt to classify the various countries according to some sinister right of
precedence. All our countries have suffered, all our countries are materially and morally bruised and shaken on their
traditional foundations, even those which were privileged to remain sheltered from direct blows.
And now, … it is for us to work together with all our strength, above our troubles, our misery and our mourning, for
the rehabilitation of the world and the reconstruction of its ruins by Peace; that Peace which henceforward can be
restored durably only by the intimate, close and total union of all the truly peaceful nations. Let us always remember
that to-day we are all citizens of the same ideal Motherland of which our countries are merely different provinces.
Your gesture in renewing the lengthy tradition of your Congress takes on an exceptionally important symbolic
character. You once again take up the sacred bonds which the war broke but could not destroy: those of confraternal
labor, above frontiers, beyond all the hindrances and all the barriers left behind by the tyrannical, bureaucratic
organisation of war time.
My dear friends of C.I.G.R.E., your colleagues in France extend to you all to-day the most affectionate welcome. Many
of you have come from afar off, have undergone fatiguing journeys and put up with innumerable formalities (I have
been shown a passport decorated with 82 visas), and you come to a country which has not yet found again all the
conveniences and all the abundance of the resources you were accustomed to find there. But at least you will always
find it animated by the same inexhaustible feelings for its friends, even and above all those who are furthest away.
I must report to you on the successive facts which have led us, step by step, to this resurrection of our Association.
As early as June 1945, that is to say, immediately upon the cessation of hostilities, we received the first messages
from our faithful colleagues:
First of all a telegram from our eminent friend Borquist, General Manager of the Forces Hydrauliques de la Suède;
then, other telegrams, next letters, particularly from London and New York, then from Holland, Switzerland,
Czechoslovakia, even from Rumania. We gathered from them such an obvious desire to resume our activities that
we did not hesitate to call a meeting of the Council in the middle of November 1945. This meeting, cordial and filled
with confidence as in our most prosperous times, but different from its predecessors by the fact that many of its
members were still in uniform, terminated on November 16th with the decision to organise the meeting of a Congress
during the summer of 1946.
In view of the general uncertainty, often cruel, in which we were all then struggling, it might be feared that, on
riper experience, this measure would appear to be too optimistic and premature. Gentlemen, you have eloquently
answered by easily beating all your previous records, for to-day there are 950 of you Congressmen registered, thus
showing your impatience to resume those trusting and warm contacts of which you had established the tradition, like
the members of a single great family dispersed all over the globe.
You only had four months at your disposal, instead of the six which used to be our rule, and yet, while we were
expecting 75 reports, you have produced 110, resulting from a selection made by your National Committees out of a
still more abundant harvest.
Owing to physical difficulties we were only able to send you 56 reports in French and 40 in English on June 1st, but
this was already a veritable “tour de force” both for us and for you, for these documents as a whole represent •••
No. 309 - April 2020 ELECTRA 9

6 volumes of 500 pages which had to be set up in English and French in spite of the fact that our Parisian printers,
leads had, to a great extent, been seized and confiscated. With their reduced resources, our printers have had
to work for you night and day. You will find the complete collection of these reports at the Session Secretariat.
I have been wondering, Gentlemen, to what the durable and ever-increasing success of our association is due.
Regarding matters in the cold light of the objectivity which my age permits, I think I can say that this success
is due essentially to the high type of the men who have devoted themselves to creating and developing our
association and to the indisputable talent of the writers of nearly all its reports. In this connection, permit me to
recall the memory of our great friends who have passed on:
• that of our first and incomparable President, Marcel Ulrich, and of that exceptional friend, Mailloux, one
of the most captivating sponsors, and inspirers of our Association,
• then, in this chronology of bereavements, the brilliant names of Bellaar Spruyt, of W.B. Woodhouse, of
Emile Gevaert, of Semenza, of Eugène Brock, this latter a victim of those atrocities which no word in any
self-respecting language can adequately condemn…
• and I must further add, alas, the names of Marc Dutoir, of Bruckman, of Jean Fallou, of Edouard Roth
and of so many others Bru ckman, of Jean Fallou, of Edouard Roth and of so many others for whom we
are still mourning and who have been prematurely taken from us, when we should have been able, all our
lives, to marvel at and enjoy their magnificent mastery, arrested in full flight.
These names raise inexhaustible regrets in your hearts, but what wealth they affirm, and how can we be surprised
that they have sown the harvests which we see growing and ripening to-day and which bring about the success
of C.I.G.R.E. !
Certainly, the actual organisation you selected has been favorable to the development of this success. For,
indeed, you have wisely avoided overcrowding our programmes by voluntarily limiting a field of activity which
nevertheless still remains a very vast one.
You have maintained reasonable frequency in your meetings and permanency in your headquarters, which has
enabled us to ensure that continuity without which no effort can be fruitful;
Nevertheless, you have given the necessary counter-balance to this permanency by holding your Council
Meetings between the successive sessions in the different countries having National Committees;
You have ensured the permanency of the direction of your Research Committees.
Those are excellent methods, which I advise you to maintain.
It would, however, be especially unjust not to mention, as a singularly efficient element of vitality and progress,
the activity and devotion shown by nearly all the principal National Committees in order to interest a wider and
wider audience in our work. In this connection, permit me to cite here particularly the National Committees
of Sweden, Belgium, Great Britain, Switzerland, Canada and the United States. For the latter, especially, its
President, our charming friend Frederic Attwood, has made a magnificent proselytising effort which has already
produced highly remarkable results. To these National Committees and to those which I have not been able to
mention, we address our warmest congratulations.
I am afraid you may find some imperfections in the physical organisation of our Congress. You will see in them
the effect of the difficulties which have arisen out of the war - difficulties which sometimes become absolute
impossibilities. You will perhaps think the simple buffets, where you relax from your daily labors for half an hour,
somewhat Spartan. You will also note that we have been forced to give up our traditional dinner this year, which,
thanks to the French National Committee, brought us all together; for, indeed, not a single restaurant proprietor
was prepared to assume such an undertaking, as none of them have yet been able to reconstitute their essential
equipment - knives and forks, table cloths, napkins - which were stolen.
10 No. 309 - April 2020 ELECTRA

You will certainly help each other your philosophic good humour, to forget these inadequacies, which have almost
brought our friend Tribot-Laspière to despair and suicide.
Our Congress counts among its members a large number of young newcomers, who are here for the first time; we
welcome them with particular pleasure, but do not dazzle them too much by recollections of a happier past, which
will certainly return one day.
Since our last Congress a scientific event has occurred of which the immense scope cannot yet be appreciated: a
discovery due to research work to which are and will remain attached, names of scientists of many different nations,
the discovery of the method of freeing atomic energy. Humanity, as only too often happens alas! to be its terrible
destiny, already possesses the means of using it to do the greatest possible harm, and it is to be expected that it will
rapidly perfect them. In between whiles, it will certainly also work on turning it to peaceful uses, but this will surely be
more difficult and take longer. I expect you will consider it advisable to constitute a special Commission to follow the
developments of this vital question.
Before closing, I still have a particularly agreeable duty to fulfil.
C.I.G.R.E. completes its first quarter of a century, celebrates its 25th birthday this year. On this occasion, your
Council has decided to have a few commemorative, medals struck. These medals are not yet actually created.
Present-day difficulties have resulted in their arriving too late. We shall forward them to their holders, who will forgive
us for merely handing them to-day provisionally empty cases.
These medals will be awarded, as too slight a testimony of the gratitude of CI.G.R.E.,
- To those members of the Council who have been in office since the beginning,
- To the seniors in office among the Presidents of the National Committees,
- To the Chairmen of the Research Committees,
- To Mr. MacMahon, who for 25 years past has, among other things, been an incomparable interpreter at our
Congresses,
- To Mr. Tribot-Laspière, for conf1dent1al reasons which I shall not reveal to you, and
- To Mademoiselle Defrance, for similar reasons.
No. 309 - April 2020 ELECTRA 11

GLOBALCONNECTIONS # GLOBALCONNECTIONS # GLOBALCONNECTIONS # GLOBALCONNECTIONS
System Operations impact of

Covid-19: European Perspective
by Enrico Carlini (IT), François Boulet (FR), Jens Jacobs (DE),
Jorge Hidalgo (ES), Susana Almeida de Graaff (NL)
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), a viral pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan,
China, was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China on December 31, 2019. On February 11, 2020,
WHO announced a name for the new coronavirus disease: Covid-19, and this virus has since become a
worldwide pandemic with a major socio-economic impact.
Modern societies are fully dependent on electricity, and maintaining security of supply is vital for coronavirus
response and recovery. Millions of people are quarantined in their homes, many working from home, and
students are following their classes on line. A fully reliable and stable Internet connection is necessary for safe
shopping, connecting to office VPNs, and for school. In addition, especially in the current situation, electricity
keeps hospitals and critical infrastructures running, as well as all essential home appliances.
This paper focuses on Covid-19’s impact on power system operations in the European countries with the highest
number of confirmed infections; and covers – from the beginning of March 2020 - the extraordinary containment
measures that were taken by EU member state governments. The goal of this paper is the description of what
has been observed and which measures were taken in the power system to keep the lights on. The ‘return to
normal’ plans are also addressed.
The European power system has been operating in normal state, yet a decrease of electricity consumption
load has been observed. Covid-19 extraordinary measures may not be the sole factor responsible for the
decrease: weather conditions, especially solar irradiation, also played a role, boosting the electricity generation
of renewable energy sources (RES) during spring.
1. Common aspects
 All TSOs have, as one of the main priorities, to keep their personnel safe and healthy, especially control
room operators and field personnel. TSOs implemented staff separation/segregation and split teams, applied
social distancing rules, intensified cleaning and disinfection, and have been using main and back-up control
rooms.
 In the control room: strict staff separation (including operational planning, real-time operators, etc.) from
other employees was implemented, as well as, between different shift staff in the same control room, and
between staff of different control rooms, e.g. by reassigning operators, splitting teams into small clusters,
organization of shifts with stable crews, and by making changes in equipment locations. The direct
contact between employees has been brought to a minimum; shift change/transfers are done via phone.
Control room access is limited to control room staff only; all other access, including technical personnel
from back offices, has been prevented. All employees that do not work in the control room must work
from home. Workspace sterilization is performed several times a day and during shift changes.
In Italy, for each area (National Control Centre and 3 Regional Control Centres), the nearby back-
up control room has been activated. Personnel alternate at each shift from the main control room
to the back-up one (and vice versa), leaving the elapsed shift time to sanitize the control room not in
use. This strategy also seeks to reduce contact between real time operators and minimize the risk
spreading Covid-19 among them. Shift relay is conducted in a non face-to-face manner such as

teleconferencing. As a ‘last resort’ containment measure, such as the case of needing three regular
shifts to be quarantined, the control room staff would be segregated in dorms for 15-day periods.
In Spain, the number of control room operators in each shift has also been reduced to a minimum, as have
been all the tasks that could be performed remotely. In addition, an emergency team of former operators has
been created in order to increase the control room workforce. Furthermore, a third control room has been
created in the Spanish peninsula in order to back-up one of the two that normally operates in parallel.
 TSOs have their internal crisis organisations in place; crisis teams meet every day via telephone or web
conference to monitor the situation and to discuss the next steps.
 In most countries, increased coordination with national authorities and other energy sector stakeholders is
in place to guarantee core activities. Extraordinary daily calls have been organised with the most affected
TSOs in continental Europe to exchange on forecasted situations in each country and to detect potentially
critical network situations. On a suggestion by Terna, the Italian TSO, the government issued instructions
to the significant national producers and DSOs to ensure they will be able to staff and operate power plants
and remote distribution grid switching. This directive was followed by the establishment of a working group
that includes the Ministry of Energy, grid operators, producers, and Civil Protection. A daily status report
and key metrics of the Italian power system (incl. load consumption, unexpected thermal plant outages and
transmission grid elements) is shared with the Ministry of Economic Development (MISE) and the National
Regulator (ARERA) to ensure maximum coordination and continuous information flow.
 Many TSOs have done everything possible to ensure that control room staff and other employees are tested.
Regular testing is ongoing and even required for control room staff in some countries. In Italy, infrared
thermometers that measure the employees’ body temperature have been installed at the control room
entrance.
 Lower than normal loads resulted in: reshaping of load curve (slope and shape) and load forecast error, high
operating voltage, congestion and ancillary services, and reverse flows during the day. In addition, during
periods of high voltages, several lines had to be temporarily disconnected. Generation redispatching for
voltage management also been used on a few occasions.
 In Italy, we experienced high voltage values in the transmission grid due to the huge load reduction. To
cope with these high voltage values, Terna adopted the following measures: operation of the reactor
banks and synchronous condensers connected to the transmission grid; tap staggering procedures on
internal transformers (where possible) to consume more reactive power; disconnection of unloaded
power lines without violating the N-1 security criterion after verification of dynamic stability (e.g. one of
unloaded double circuit power lines); procuring - on the ancillary services market - additional regulating
units to achieve sufficient support for voltage regulation. These power plants are operated in under-
excitation mode directly by Terna through the automatic system for secondary voltage control.
 In Spain, voltage maintenance within the required ranges has been achieved by coordinating all the
resources available with the rest of the stakeholders: by coordinating and agreeing with the distribution
companies’ and customers’ topological adjustments to minimize reactive power injection by customers
connected to the transmission grid; on the generation side, the power factor of wind and solar facilities
was changed - through the Control Centre for Renewable Energies - in order to ensure a more inductive
behaviour, and additional conventional generators (gas and coal) were connected to help maintain an
adequate voltage profile.
 As a consequence of less synchronous machines operating, system strength and damping capabilities were
reduced in the European continental system.
 Planned outages for maintenance have been re-evaluated, postponed, or even cancelled. Most of the
maintenance works have been cancelled in the generation units. The short-term impact being non-optimized
generation patterns.
 In Germany, the urgent maintenance work is proceeding, but before the works start the network
restoration time element is realigned with the maintenance team. In France, on the grid side, only
urgent works have been maintained. The usual maintenance works are being progressively rescheduled
starting from mid-May 2020.
 Italy was not concerned with power plants unavailability. Only in limited cases Italy recorded partial
outages due to reduced personnel and difficulties in finding spare parts. Due to the coronavirus
pandemic, non-essential outages planned during the spring period will be postponed to the second half-
year, even in a period typically critical for adequacy. This will require enhanced coordination between
regional TSOs to limit potential adequacy risks during winter peak periods.
 During the entire confinement period, the Spanish electrical system was almost fully available, as
maintenance was reduced to a minimum to avoid exposing maintenance staff. Because of this, it is •••

expected that more planned maintenance will occur during summer and winter due to rescheduling of
maintenance works that could not have been done between March and mid-May 2020.
 Adequacy issues and the need for higher import is foreseen due to the re-scheduling of the generation
units planned outages, which will have a regional impact on system operations. For instance, the lack of
outage planning optimisation schedules on the generation side may lead to adequacy issues for next winter.
Maintenance periods have to be respected for all units, especially nuclear ones.
 In France, EDF and RTE are working closely together on risk mitigation. The objective is to have
the lowest number of units in outage during the winter months when consumption is high in France,
mitigating the risk of adequacy problems.
 There was no impact on load frequency control. ACEs, frequency and control demand are in the normal
ranges.
 Inter-TSO Coordination: Strong exchange of practices and experiences with all European TSOs via
ENTSO-E.
2. COVID impact on demand

2.1. France
The impact of measures taken to limit the spread of Covid-19 is a decrease of the consumption by 15-20%, as
shown in Figure 1. This is totally novel. For example, during the 2008-2009 economic crisis, the decrease of
consumption was about 5%.
Figure 1 - Load decrease in France
The load curve shape during the day has also been very different than usual. For example, the drop in the
afternoon is as deep as the drop at night. This is clearly due to the economic impact.
Figure 2 - Load curves with different shapes in France
2.2. Germany
The German load in March 2020 was lower than the load last year for the same period. This is a consequence
of Covid-19 measures, in combination with the warm and sunny weather. Furthermore, most (if not all)
manufacturing industries were stopped (e.g. automobile industry).

Figure 3 - Load profile Germany April and May 2020 in comparison to April and May 2019
In addition to all common measures mentioned above, during this period there was the need for feed-in
management measures, which curtails RES production.
Figure 4 - RES infeed Germany March 2020 in comparison to March 2019
2.3. Italy
The governmental measures taken to combat the coronavirus pandemic spread have resulted in a remarkable
downturn in peak electricity consumption. The decrease occurred in two stages: starting from the beginning of
March 2020, with many people working from home and schools closed, the electrical demand of a normal week
day fell by 10-15%. Subsequently, the Prime Minister’s lockdown announcement on March 11, 2020 caused an
immediate 5-10% reduction in electrical demand and a 55% downturn of industrial loads with interruptible rates.
Figure 5 - Comparison of electricity demand before and after the lockdown
Load declined throughout the day. As shown in Figure 6, during the weekdays, on average morning peak
dropped by -12.8 GW, evening peak - 8.2 GW, night valley - 4.8 GW, day valley by 6.0 GW. •••

Figure 6 - hourly curves of a typical weekday of 2019 vs 2020
During extraordinary ‘low consumption’ days of the pandemic period, the southern part of Italy recorded
exceptional over-generation conditions (variable RES surplus). Under these circumstances, the Italian TSO
(Terna) succeeded to manage the grid in full security and faced no over-generation issues by adopting available
remedial actions (e.g. strategic use of pumped storage, import reduction, deferred maintenance and outages,
close coordination with neighboring TSOs, etc.). In April 2020, Italy registered a 47% average coverage of
demand from RES (a record for the past 5 years), a situation that could easily happen when the yearly average
goes above 55% (our 2030 target).
2.4. Spain
The application of the Covid-19 measures has had an impact on demand, in comparison with the same weeks
of the previous year, showing an 8-10% decrease during the first part of the state of emergency; a decrease
between 17-19% during the halt of all non-essential activities, the so called hibernation period, and a decrease
between 14-18% during the second part of the state of emergency.
Figure 7 - Electricity demand in Spain, years 2019 and 2020
Regarding the generation portfolio, the participation of renewable energy sources in the coverage of the
demand increased during this period, mainly due to a higher resource availability, hence 47% of demand was
covered by renewable generation during the first three months of the year 2020, 7% higher than during the
same period of 2019. Moreover, both the coverage of the demand and the capacity to balance the system was
not affected and are not expected to be.

Figure 8 - Spanish renewable energy production 2020 vs. 2019
3. National Aspects and Impact

3.1. France
On March 14, 2020 the French government decided to move from stage 2 to stage 3 of the health crisis prevention
plan. Restaurants, bars, cinemas, and non-essential shops were closed and people were asked to work from
home. Schools were also closed.
On March 17, 2020: stay at home orders were imposed. Travel was restricted to a minimum. A printed
authorization was required for any derogatory move outside of the home and limited to work, health, legal
obligation, grocery shopping, and to get some fresh air or exercise (but only for a 1 hour maximum and no more
than 1 km from home).
On May 11, 2020 confinement started to ease and schools started to reopen progressively; authorization is no
longer required to travel in a range of 100km from home; shops can reopen, but with social distance measures.
However, restaurants, bars, hotels, cinemas, and theatres remain closed. In addition, masks are mandatory
on public transportation and groups are limited to a 10 people maximum. Masks and tests are readily available
for public use. Along with these movement restriction measures, economic support plans have been and will
continue to be taken both at national and at European level.
RTE has adapted its health crisis management plan to match the government measures. At RTE working from
home remains in place for those who can do so. People are authorized to come and work on site, but building
capacity is strictly limited to 33% and social distancing measures must be respected. Wearing a mask is required
for all employees and grid maintenance works have been rescheduled with new safety procedures.
3.2. Germany
The German government set up an emergency task force which meets regularly. Germany has a very good
disease warning and notification system, an existing pandemic preparedness plan, and regular emergency
training exercises at German airports. With the aim to contain and delay further spread of the virus, Germany
worked closely with international and national level authorities, constantly monitoring the public health situation.
The Federal Government agreed on an extensive economic package amounting to approximately 750 billion
euros to cushion the economic impact. Germany has not enforced a curfew but expressed the need to stay at
home and enforced rules to only leave your home alone – or with a maximum of one person who shares the
same household. People who live in the same household could go out together but were not allowed to meet
other people. People are allowed outside:
 to go to work;
 to take your children to their emergency child care;
 to go grocery shopping and visit the doctor; •••

 to participate in meetings, necessary appointments and examinations;

 to help others; or
 to get some fresh air and do some exercise.
When possible, employees work from home. Public spaces, such as bars, cinemas, theatres, and most
shops were closed (excluded: grocery stores, pharmacies, petrol stations, etc.). Also kindergarten, schools,
playgrounds, gyms, and sports fields were closed.
On its ‘return to normal’, Germany introduced on April 29, 2020 a face mask requirement for everyone on
public transport and while grocery shopping. On May 6, Germany announced the ease of Covid-19 lockdown
restrictions along several measures (e.g. re-opening of restaurants, playgrounds, and schools, etc.) in different
steps while at the same time expanding public testing for Covid-19; all under the strict fulfilment of the necessary
health and safety preparations (e.g. keep at least 1,5-meter distance, always wear face protection in public,
etc.). Due to the federal division of power in Germany, regional differences occur as the government sets
the general Covid-19 restrictions framework and each federal state decides on how far it will enforce those
measures.
3.3. Italy
At the end of February 2020, the Italian Government adopted a series of urgent measures for the contagion
containment and fight against the diffusion of the Covid-19 in Italy. By the Law Decree of February 23, 2020
the Government was empowered to adopt and implement all the measures necessary to contain and manage
the epidemiological emergency.
 The first step (DPCM February 23, 2020) was to establish the so-called ‘red zones’ in 11 municipalities
in the North of Italy (Lombardia and Veneto Region). In these red zones, the containment measures
consisted of the prohibition of leaving/access to those Municipalities, the suspension of public or private
events or initiatives, school and university closures, the suspension of all commercial, work, and business
activities (expect public utility and essential public services) The employers for both public and private
sectors have turned to smart working for the duration of the emergency.
 The second step (DPCM March 1, 2020) was to extend restrictions to the entire Lombardy region and
fourteen largely neighbouring provinces in Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Piedmont and Marche (sixteen
million people affected).
 On March 9, 2020 the government imposed a national quarantine, restricting the movement of the
population except for necessity, work, and health circumstances. Additional lockdown restrictions
mandated the temporary closure of non-essential activities, shops and businesses.
Specific steps adopted by the Italian TSO:

 Construction sites and maintenance activities were limited to those strictly necessary to ensure the
security and continuity of supply: urgent and undelayable repairs, non-postponable maintenance, urgent
cutting of vegetation, legal inspections, availability and prompt intervention, monitoring of non-interruptible
construction sites, etc.
 Smart working was applied to 100% of office personnel not involved in essential activities. The following
clusters of areas/activities dedicated to business continuity were excluded from smart working: Control
Rooms operators, staff supporting Control Rooms’ tools and associated facilities, ICT Service Control
Room, Security Operation Centre and Computer Emergency Readiness teams, Physical Safety and
Security Systems, site inspection and supervision of construction sites, protection systems practitioners,
and emergency staff.
 Laptop computers distribution to all employees was accelerated and measures were adopted to further
strengthen Internet connectivity infrastructures, and optimisation of remote VPN (Virtual Private Network)
access infrastructure.
3.4. Spain
The pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Spain on January 31, 2020 and by March 13 cases were
confirmed in all provinces of the country. The state of emergency and national lockdown was ordered from
March 15-30 and all non-essential workers were to stay home. On April 13 workers in some non-essential
sectors, such as construction and industry, who could not work remotely, were allowed to return to work. On
April 28 the government announced a four-phase plan that would remain in place at least eight weeks to ease

lockdown restrictions, based on province-level public health indicators such as the number of cases and the
healthcare system capacity.
The Spanish TSO business continuity plan, regarding the CODVI-19, has the health and protection of its
employees and their relatives as their top priority, while also guaranteeing the electrical system security. Home
office conditions have been achieved by significantly increasing the bandwidth for remote working and providing
wider access to VPN services.
A new phase of the SO continuity plan has begun that is designed to protect the employees and the SO activity
from an epidemic upsurge while a step-by-step approach is taken towards the return to normal activity. This
includes the gradual resumption of activities in strict compliance with social distancing and health protection
rules, wearing protective gear while working is required.
4. Market Impact
Due to the consumption decreases during lockdown, prices have been historically low. Exchange patterns
are not normal either because the economic impact differs based on each country’s governmental measures.
Nevertheless, market mechanisms have been working quite well and the grid situation is under control.
Transfer capacity has only been minimally impacted. The main effect regarding international flow has been the
lower than normal market prices. Due to a difference between countries’ varied reactions to the COVID-19 crisis,
we have seen the usual energy exchanges but these have been coupled with a unusual generation schedule
which has led to some equally unusual N-1 grid constraints. For example, France had faced very high South to
North flows at the end of April.
5. What is next?
After Covid-19, all system operators will be better prepared to continue the improvement of existing and/or
preparation of additional epidemic and pandemic protection concepts, as well as preparation of specific control
room concepts.
The Covid-19 economic impact has been the downturn in employment as well as the slowdown of business
activities, all of which may impact the energy sector. Furthermore, the needed governmental support to individuals
and businesses means uncertainty for the future. The long-term impact may range from project execution delays
because of government-imposed restrictions to the lack of capital and/or supply chain interruptions.
The European energy sector is implementing the green deal, which aims to make Europe carbon neutral by
2050 and ‘the EU’s economy sustainability’. This will result in accelerating and increasing RES deployment,
moving towards cross-sector optimisation and electrification, among others. The true impact of Covid-19 is still
to be determined, however the European Commission aims to include a post-COVID-19 recovery plan promoting
sustainable growth through the green and digital transition. 
Disclaimer: This paper covers the Covid-19 situation in Europe through the end of April/beginning of May 2020.

Interview with
André Merlin
Honorary Chairman of RTE, Former President of CIGRE
The mastering of large

electrical systems
A major challenge at a time of energy transition and
the development of renewable energies
The opening up of electricity markets and the rapid development of intermittent renewable energies are
increasing the complexity of electricity systems, the failure of which is less and less acceptable in our
societies. Based on his experience, André Merlin reviews the risks involved and outlines solutions to
better control them.
REE: The energy transition is reflected, in particular, by a change in the modes of production of electrical
energy, with a rapid increase in the share of renewable energy. What are your thoughts on this evolution?
André Merlin: A large electricity system like the one we have been developing in Europe since the end of the
First World War is a complex system. The National Academy of Engineering in the United States even went so far
as to say that it was the most complex system created and realized by the human mind in the twentieth century.
Very quickly, long before the opening of markets, it was realized that in order to master this complexity, decision
support tools were needed.
The most complex system created and realized by the human mind in
the twentieth century...
This complexity is mainly because electricity is not directly storable. Therefore, there is a constant need to balance
supply and demand, which is highly variable throughout the year, week and day. In order for this to be carried out
under technically acceptable conditions from the point of view of network equipment and rotating machines, three
decisive parameters must be continuously monitored: frequency (with, in Europe, a reference of 50 Hz and an
admissible range between 49.5 Hz and 50.5 Hz), voltage, and current. Any deviation from the reference values
poses a considerable risk to the grid, i.e. a complete collapse of the electrical system (blackout).
France has experienced two blackouts: on 19 December 1978, the whole country was plunged into darkness for
almost a day; in 1987, the ice-jamming of the water intakes of the Cordemais power plant led to the shutdown
of its electricity production and the resulting voltage instability led to a widespread blackout throughout western
France. In addition, in November 2006, our country nearly experienced another blackout due to an incident in
northern Germany that had serious consequences for the entire European network.
For the community, and therefore for the public authorities, such a risk is unacceptable today, given the great
dependence of all human activities on electrical energy.
In order to ensure the balance between supply and demand, the transmission operator can carry out two
types of power cuts: scheduled as part of predictive load shedding, or immediate and unannounced as part of
interruptibility, which is essential to avoid the collapse of the power system. It is thanks to the latter device that we
escaped the European blackout during the November 2006 incident.

The electricity market has added degrees of complexity, but
community sensitivity to the availability of electricity is increasing.
REE: In relation to this complexity and the risks associated with it, what role have the major changes in the
electricity sector over the last twenty years played - or are still playing -?
A.M.: The European electricity market set up from the 1990s onwards has added degrees of complexity to the
power system. Firstly, in order to give every customer the possibility of choosing his supplier anywhere in Europe
on the principle of third-party access to the grid, it was necessary to translate trade into physical flows and to create
an IT infrastructure and power exchanges in Europe. Secondly, the development of intermittent renewable energies
means that variations in production have to be compensated for by other controllable means of production. The
difficulty stems in particular from the fact that, as degrees of complexity are added, the community’s sensitivity to
the availability of electricity increases, since electricity is essential to all our activities.
With regard to the permanent maintenance of the supply-demand balance, massive energy storage equipment
connected to the grid could - in theory - be a solution to this problem, but we can see the limits of this solution:
- Concerning the so-called gravity storage, limiting the number of sites that can accommodate pumping stations
(even if there are still a few);
- Regarding electrochemical storage, there are the problems of cost, unless there is a technological breakthrough,
which is currently unpredictable.
The conclusion that is reached fairly quickly is therefore that as these intermittent renewable energies develop, it
will be essential to have the means of guaranteeing power, obtained by conventional production systems capable
of load monitoring. Today, in France, it is mainly nuclear power that plays this role, thanks to the steering capacity
that the French nuclear industry developed; and which was absent from the American industry that originally built
these plants. In Spain, these are gas-fired plants; in Germany, they are coal-fired plants, which are gradually being
replaced by gas-fired plants.
REE: What you are telling us goes against some of the ideas that have been put forward, according to
which the rate of renewable energies in an electricity system could grow without limits.
A.M.: Indeed, these ideas are based on studies that are more than questionable, going as far as envisaging ‘a
100% RE electricity mix’.
Misconceptions to be combatted
They are questionable both technically (system operability) and economically: failure to take into account the
economic impact of the intermittent nature of some RE, which requires the provision of other complementary means
and makes comparisons, made without precaution, of kWh prices between intermittent energies and energies from
controlled power plants irrelevant. It makes little sense to compare the price of a MWh from wind energy with that
of a MWh from nuclear energy (including the ‘large fairing’), which are respectively given at 64 and 62 euros per
MWh. As wind power is by nature intermittent, the guaranteed production needed to compensate for the absence
of wind must be taken into account. Jean-Marc Jancovici has also shown that the lack of controllable means of
production leads to an explosion in the price of energy.
REE: However, if we follow the American economist Jeremy Rifkin, the decentralisation of electricity
production, which accompanies the development of RE, could lead to savings on the electricity network...
A.M.: That idea is wrong. At the distribution level, it is obvious since the non-guaranteed nature of solar or wind
energy production does not allow these theoretical savings to be made and these new means of production must
be connected to the grid. However, it is at the level of the large transmission and interconnection network that
the development of intermittent means of production must be accompanied by new investments, in particular
a strengthening of international interconnections. These interconnections are indispensable, both to strengthen
solidarity between countries in the face of supply and demand contingencies, to enable the integration of electricity
markets and to integrate renewable energies by taking advantage of a certain aggregation of production on a
continental scale. •••

International interconnections must be developed, but to what

extent?
The European Commission is therefore correct to encourage the creation of new interconnections, particularly
between France and neighbouring countries: the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The
problem is that these structures are becoming increasingly expensive because they must be either under water
or under ground, due to the difficult acceptability of erecting very high voltage pylons, as we have seen with the
France-Spain line project. The question arises as to how far will we go in the development of interconnections.
There is a calculation to be made to show that these operations are profitable. It is up to the network managers
to highlight these assets in discussions with the Commission.
REE: Will we go as far as intercontinental interconnections?
A.M.: Maybe. There are plans to do so. I will mention two of them.
On the one hand, a high-capacity interconnection between Europe and Africa, which could, depending on the
times, operate in either direction: from Africa to Europe to take advantage of the immense solar energy resources
in the Saharan and sub-Saharan zones and from Europe to Africa to guarantee the supply of the regions concerned
at times when this energy is not present. This is technically feasible, although the impact on the functioning of the
systems remains to be explored in greater depth. The political difficulties of such a project are also quite obvious.
The other intercontinental interconnection project was mentioned by our Chinese colleagues from the State Grid
Corporation of China at the 2012 CIGRE in Paris. It would link the Beijing region to continental Europe to take
advantage of the time difference in activities between these areas. During his presentation in 2012, the President
of SGCC went so far as to give a price estimate per MWh delivered in the eastern part of Germany. The use of
very high voltage levels (of the order of one million volts) makes it possible to envisage this on a technical level,
but the economic profitability of such a project remains to be demonstrated.
Rotating machines (thermal, hydroelectric, or nuclear power stations)

are needed to maintain the stability of the system.
REE: Let’s come back to the technical problems arising from the development of renewable energies and
the limits that electricity network operating constraints can impose on this development. Before focusing
on Europe and France, what lessons can we learn from other experiences?
A.M.: Beyond the need to compensate for the intermittent nature of renewable energy production sources, the
loss of voltage stability is a major risk, highlighted by many major incidents that have occurred recently. A few
recent examples illustrate this:
- In 2016, a series of blackouts in Australia had significant social and political repercussions, following which
the South Australian government decided to order new thermal generation capacity;
- in 2017, in Taiwan, following a major blackout, a referendum led to the decision to keep nuclear power;
- in the United Kingdom, a major incident took place in August 2019. The cause of this failure was the loss
of thermal production, but also the loss of offshore wind farms. The transmission system operator, National
Grid, studied the consequences and has just launched a call for projects, the aim of which is to increase the
system’s electromechanical inertia.
Continental Europe may be less sensitive to this risk at present, particularly because “small” countries with high
levels of renewables rely on interconnections to maintain voltage stability. The risk is still potentially present, which
is why the shutdown of coal-fired power plants must be compensated, at the very least, by the commissioning of
gas-fired plants.
REE: In Europe, precisely, and particularly in France, where do we stand in relation to these risks, and
what are the limits that should not to be exceeded?
A.M.: It must be understood that electricity production from wind or photovoltaic sources does not naturally bring
the inertia provided by thermal or hydraulic power station rotating machines. This inertia is fundamental to ensure
the proper functioning of the electrical system, with all of its automated systems.

It is not possible, given the diversity of situations, to draw up a law rigorously establishing the share of production
from renewable sources acceptable in a large electrical system. Thus, while wind and photovoltaic energy make a
good contribution to energy supply, they do not necessarily contribute to capacity needs. A study by EDF’s R&D
department suggests a wind and photovoltaic production rate of around 40%, a fairly commonly accepted order of
magnitude.
A limit rate of renewables reached around 2030?

In the current situation, there is no major risk, but the French government has ambitious targets for its energy mix.
It foresees a much greater production of electricity from renewable energies. For example, one of its objectives is to
see wind, solar, hydro, and bioenergy account for 32% of its energy mix by 2030. Given the growth in the share of
electricity in the total energy consumed, this figure of 32% of the energy mix could correspond to almost 55% of the
electricity mix; if we subtract hydropower production from the total renewables, since hydropower plants contribute
to the voltage holding capacity, we see that the share of renewable production in the electricity mix could approach
50%, which shows that it is time to start addressing this issue.
In addition to the crucial technical issue of the system’s operational reliability, there is another subject which
I feel should be dealt with quickly, in connection with the development of renewable energies: it concerns the
operation of the electricity market and the rules governing the use of the various means of production. Situations
of negative marginal costs, which are fundamentally shocking, are becoming increasingly frequent; they are
linked to the principle of the obligation to purchase production from renewable sources, particularly wind and
photovoltaic energy, in clear contradiction with the principles governing the use of the various means of production.
This contradiction is manageable as long as renewable energy production is marginal. Here too, it is high time to
address this problem and to put in place a solution to ensure a smoother functioning of the system: in the short
term, for example, renewable energies could be introduced into the market, with a reasonable bonus.
REE: To push back the limits, particularly in terms of the acceptability of intermittent RE in the power
system, various solutions are being discussed: demand management, particularly through ‘predictive load
shedding’, increasing storage resources, including the use of electric vehicle batteries, the contribution
of intelligent distribution networks, microgrids, better coordination of system control resources at the
European level, etc.
What measures do you consider to be the most effective, if not the most urgent?
A.M.: You mention a large number of solutions to push back the system’s. Among them, the possibilities of load
shedding are fundamental. This measure must obviously concern major industrials as well as other professionals
and domestic consumers. In order to control the management of load shedding among this diffuse customers and
to do so in a way that respects people’s safety, it is necessary to set up aggregators working in conjunction with
the transmission system operator. Intelligent distribution networks, of which the communicating meter (in France,
Linky) is the cornerstone, also have their role to play.
Microgrids, whose emergence, particularly in Germany, would be in line with a societal trend towards local energy
communities, should also be taken into account; in France, however, they would run the risk of undermining
the network access tariff equalization, to which many players are very attached. Among them, in particular, the
National Federation of Concessionary and Regulated Local Authorities, as well as the main French distribution
network operator, Enedis. Similarly, the development of self-consumption, subsidized by the local authority, would
be to the detriment of collective investments, with a risk of undermining the network access tariff equalization.
Some solutions to push the limits a little

The development of network energy storage is the most commonly discussed solution; however, the limitations of
this solution under current technologies have already been mentioned above: as far as battery storage is concerned,
the constraint is economic, although the cost of stationary storage is falling dramatically and is expected to continue
to do so. It may also be environmentally friendly. Gravity storage in pumping stations is more economical, but the
sites likely to be equipped are now geographically limited in France.
As for the use of electric vehicle batteries to support the supply-demand balance on the grid, a structure known as
Vehicle to Grid, it is an attractive idea. It is worth exploring, even though it is currently at the R&D stage. Here too,
the development of aggregators will be necessary. •••

REE: All these solutions improve system robustness but, at the same time and paradoxically, increase
its complexity. Beyond these solutions, can control of the complexity of the European system be
further improved by management and system steering means?
A.M.: Yes, there is undoubtedly room for further progress, although the creation of ENTSO-E (European
Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity) has already been a significant step forward. Its
value must be extended, which presupposes, in particular, transfers of competences and better coordination of
forecasting management. It is not a question of having a single control centre for the European network but of
better coordination, both in terms of real time and forecasting management. Experience has shown that serious
incidents have been at least partly attributable to misunderstandings between control centres.
There is still room for improvement in system management

Coordination between transmission system operators is beneficial to the system, while maintaining national
control. In Europe, this justified the creation of CORESO, which initially brought together RTE and its Belgian
counterpart ELIA at the end of 2008, and which now brings together many other power systems, from Portugal
to Ireland via Italy. In the United States, the case of the PJM (Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland) operator is
another example, with a coordination area that has spread to many other states since its launch.
To move in this direction, one could imagine, in the case of Germany, moving from four control centres to a
single coordination centre, or at most two.
This progress towards enhanced coordination of the European system will certainly take time, but it is necessary.
REE: In the public debate on energy issues, it seems to us that the important issues we have just
mentioned are not very present. It is true that they are complex. What can we do to raise awareness, or
even convince our fellow citizens?
A.M.: Engineers need to express themselves more than they do today. It is high time to take care of this.
REE: You are now deputy mayor of the town where you were born (Pleaux) and vice-president of the
Cantal Departmental Energy Union. In the light of this new experience, how do you see the role of local
authorities in the energy transition?
A.M.: Local authorities have a major role to play in energy transition. The experience I have had in recent years
in my town and my department shows that their interventions concern, first of all, demand management.
For example, in my town, the renovation of the public lighting system, which made it possible to reduce the
subscribed power by a factor of four, the renovation of the municipal swimming pool’s heating system with
the installation of a heat pump instead of electric resistance heating, the town hall and post office heating by
replacing an oil boiler with a wood pellet boiler, etc.
Local authorities are also involved in other areas, such as the installation of charging stations for electric
vehicles and, above all, policies for the installation of generating electricity from renewable energies. In my
department, although we are very reluctant to install wind turbines for environmental reasons, we are promoting
projects for ground-based solar power plants, one of which is associated with an agricultural-solar project.
However, we are faced with a problem of under-equipment in the network (source substation saturated and too
far away...), which leads us to take an interest in the renewable energy connection schemes planned by Enedis
and RTE. Communities are thus involved in energy planning, but perhaps without mastering all the skills that
would be required for this.
REE: By way of conclusion, how do you see the French electricity network, say, in 2050?
A.M.: The transmission network has a bright future ahead of it. Compared to the current network, the 2050
network will be much more underground, including high and very high voltage, right up to the international
interconnections. These will have developed further, to an intercontinental scale.

Direct current will have become more important at both ends of the chain (major interconnections and local
networks).
Above all, however, unless there are major technological breakthroughs, which are not yet in sight, the network
will have to continue to rely on solid power plants to ensure its stability: nuclear power plants, if new ones can
be commissioned, or gas-fired plants, despite the drawbacks in terms of greenhouse gases.
But I’m not a clairvoyant...
Jacques Horvilleur and Bruno Meyer 
André Merlin is the founder and former Chairman of the RTE Executive Board, of which he is now Honorary
Chairman. He has been a special advisor to the European Commissioner for Energy and Chairman of
CIGRE and Medgrid.
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The Emissions Gap: The current

decade is defining for our future
by Anne Olhoff, Head of Strategy for Climate Planning & Policy
at the UNEP DTU Partnership – Technical University of Denmark
Unprecedented annual greenhouse gas emission

cuts are required
For ten years, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has produced
annual Emissions Gap Reports1, tracking the difference between where global
greenhouse gas emissions are heading and where they need to be for the world to
get on track to keeping global warming within the limits agreed by countries under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The findings of the reports are sobering: despite scientific warnings, increased political and societal attention and the
milestone Paris Agreement, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continued to increase at an average rate of
1.5% per year in the last decade and the emissions gap is larger than ever. The emissions gap in 2030 is 15 gigatons
of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2e) for a 2°C goal, and 32 GtCO2e for a 1.5°C goal. To give an indication of the magnitude of
this gap, the total emissions of the six largest emitters2 was around 32 GtCO2e in 2018. The current level of climate
ambition sets us on course to a global average temperature increase of 3.2°C by the end of the century.
The challenge is clear: if we want to keep the Paris Agreement goals of limiting global warming to well below 2°C
and pursuing a 1.5°C goal alive, postponing transformational action is no longer an option. In terms of country
ambition and action, countries must increase the ambition level of their current climate mitigation pledges threefold
to achieve a 2°C goal and more than fivefold to achieve the 1.5°C goal. Translated into annual emission reduction
rates, the cuts in global emissions required per year from 2020 to 2030 are close to 3% for a 2°C goal and more
than 7% per year on average for the 1.5°C goal. The order of magnitude of these rates has no historic precedent.
The year 2020 was set to become a new landmark for enhanced climate mitigation ambition and action, with
countries expected to submit strengthened mitigation pledges and long-term strategies for decarbonisation of their
economies to the UNFCCC. The coronavirus pandemic has already had implications for the UNFCCC timeline, with
the annual Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC postponed to 2021 and uncertainty surrounding submission
dates. At the same time, it is increasingly clear that the economic downturn caused by the pandemic will result in a
decline in global CO2 emissions from energy use and industry. A new report by the International Energy Agency3
finds that global energy demand declined by 3.8% in the first quarter of 2020. How large the decline will be for the
rest of 2020 and what the longer run implications are depends on how the situation develops. However, evidence
from previous crises, including the financial crisis in 2008, suggests that emission declines will be transitory,
unless the crisis spurs the structural changes required for sustained emission reductions. Climate action remains
as urgent as ever and the design of the economic recovery will be crucial in shaping long-term emission pathways
and our ability to reach the Paris Agreement goals.
Enhanced action by G20 members essential for the global mitigation effort
Our future depends on mitigation action by all countries. However, the emissions gap reports have a special focus
on G20 member states, as they account for almost 78% of global emissions and thus largely determine global
1 - The reports are available at https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2019.
2 - China, USA, the EU28, India, Russia and Japan.
3 - https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2020/global-energy-and-co2-emissions-in-2020.

emission trends and the extent to which the 2030 emissions gap will be bridged. Keeping in mind that the current
2030 emission reduction pledges made by countries are woefully inadequate to reach the Paris Agreement Goals,
the Gap reports show that, collectively, the G20 members are not yet on track to achieving their 2030 pledges.
G20 members differ widely in their mitigation targets, their progress towards them and the mitigation policies in
place. Still, collectively they have not yet taken on transformative climate commitments at the breadth and scale
necessary. To illustrate, five G20 members4 have committed to long-term zero emission targets, while the remaining
15 G20 members have not yet committed to zero emission targets. Although many countries, including most G20
members, have committed to net zero deforestation targets in the last few decades, these commitments are often
not supported by action on the ground. Five G20 members5 have or are in the process of passing legislation to phase
out coal-fired power plants by a certain year, but fifteen G20 members have no binding phase-out plans. Globally the
13 countries that do have such plans only account for about 5% of global CO2 emissions from coal-based electricity
generation. Economy-wide climate action remains extremely limited in other areas, such as a complete phase-out
of fossil-fuel subsidies, comprehensive and ambitious carbon pricing and making all finance flows consistent with
the Paris Agreement.
We have the solutions to get on track

Is it possible to bridge the emissions gap? The short answer is yes, but time is running out. The 2017 gap report6
provided a detailed assessment of sectoral mitigation options in 2030, which shows that the economic and technical
mitigation potential is sufficient to get on track to well below 2°C and 1.5°C. A substantial part of the potential can
be realized through scaling up and replicating existing, well-proven policies that simultaneously contribute to key
Sustainable Development Goals. Notably, a large part of the potential is available in just six areas: solar energy,
wind energy, efficient appliances, efficient passenger cars, afforestation and stopping deforestation. These six
areas alone present a combined potential of up to 21 GtCO2e per year by 2030, underlining that the policies and
technologies needed to bridge the gap are readily available and at limited costs - offering no excuse for inaction.
Renewables and energy efficiency, in combination with electrification of end uses (including transport) and a phase
out of coal, are key to a successful transition of the global energy sector and to driving down energy-related CO2
emissions. Fortunately, many drivers of climate action have changed in the last years, with several options for
ambitious climate action becoming less costly, more numerous and better understood. First, technological and
economic developments present opportunities to decarbonize the economy, especially the energy sector, at a cost
that is lower than ever. A key example is the cost of renewable energy, where real-life cost declines continue to
outpace projections. Renewables are by now the cheapest source of new power generation in most of the world,
with the global weighted average purchase or auction price for new utility-scale solar power photovoltaic systems
and utility-scale onshore wind turbines projected to compete with the marginal operating cost of existing coal plants
by 2020. Second, the synergies between climate action and economic growth and development objectives, including
options for addressing distributional impacts, are better understood. Finally, policy momentum across various levels
of government, as well as a surge in climate action commitments by non-state actors, are creating opportunities for
countries to engage in real transitions.
There are many social, political, technical and economic challenges associated with the transition required to
decarbonize the global economy. The transition should be designed to bring multiple co-benefits for humanity and
planetary support systems, ranging, for example, from reducing air pollution, improving human health, establishing
sustainable energy systems and industrial production processes, making consumption and services more efficient
and sufficient, employing less-intensive agricultural practices and mitigating biodiversity loss to liveable cities. If the
multiple co-benefits associated with closing the emissions gap are fully realized, the transition will provide a vital
contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Bridging the emissions gap, while presenting an unprecedented challenge, is still possible. Postponing
transformational climate action is no longer an option, if we want the goals of the Paris Agreement to remain within
reach. 
BIO: Anne Olhoff is Head of Strategy for Climate Planning and Policy at the UNEP DTU Partnership, a UNEP
collaborating centre at the Technical University of Denmark. She holds a PhD in economics and has been managing
and contributing to the UNEP Emissions Gap Reports since 2012.
4 - France, the United Kingdom, the European Union and Germany and Italy as part of the European Union.
5 - Canada, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.
6 - https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2017.

Hydrogen scalable production for a

sustainable and breathable world
by M. Szechtman (CIGRE Technical Council Chair), S. Linder (CH) and A. Xémard
(FR) with contributions from M. Rashwan (CA), P. Adam (FR), J.G.M. Furtado
(BR) and R. Sollero (BR)
One important outcome from the 4.0 Industrial Thinking era brings up systems-to-systems approach integration,
embracing cyber-physical systems (CPS), the internet of things (IoT), industrial internet of things (IIoT), cognitive
computing and artificial intelligence. If a single key word could epitomize what we are facing, it would be the Market
Transformation era.
As for any transformation, traditional boundaries or well-established frontier limits may need to be reexamined,
such as systems-to-systems interoperability, as synergy may neutralize those limits. Much more dynamism is
expected from now on. Under these premises, the scaled commercial use of the Green Hydrogen – the P2G
(Power-to-Gas) approach appears to be one key factor for frontiers breaking. The electric power utilities under
this scenario are seen to be THE key contributors towards this most fundamental and unavoidable transformation.
The question is: how close or how far are we from considering the P2G/Green H2 era a reality? More importantly:
is there any other option for a sustainable and breathable world for our future generations? Green Hydrogen
can be used for energy distribution across sectors and regions and as a buffer for renewables. It provides a
way to decarbonize segments in power, transport, buildings, and industry, which would otherwise be difficult to
decarbonize.
To gain some perspective on how close or distant we still are from a scalable Green Hydrogen being a reality, let
us make some rehearsal exercises, very simplified, with the purpose of better understanding.
(i) An excess of 1 GWh of renewable electricity - by making use of energy excess from renewables,
i.e., at low energy marginal price, is converted into Hydrogen, yielding approximately 15 t. For such
a process, the approximate CAPEX and OPEX figures are today in the range of 4.0 to 6.0 US$/kg,
resulting in a maximum value of US$90,000.00/GWh.
(ii) The average consumption of a FCEV (Fuel Cell Electrical Vehicle) is 1 kg H2/100 km, and considering
that the consumption of an average gasoline car is 8.5 litres/100 km, our 15 t of Hydrogen will then
displace approximately 300 t of CO2 emissions in mobility (1 litre of gasoline emits 2.3 kg CO2);
Nevertheless, heavy duty vehicles should also be considered in future calculations.
(iii) One can also imagine the H2 production not feeding the FCEV system but storing the produced H2
green gas and re-electrifying at a time when the electricity marginal price is higher.
(iv) With a re-electrification LHV-efficiency (Lower Heating Value) of 60% (optimum!), our 15 t @ LHV=33.3
kWh/kg will then yield some 300 MWh.
(v) Therefore, the overall cycle efficiency is presently around 30%. Presumably, with so many entities
researching on more efficient processes (as high temperature electrolysis, integrated reversible fuel
cells and more efficient non-compressed Hydrogen storage), this percentage tends to increase.
(vi) One good example is the thermochemical water splitting processes that use high-temperature heat to
produce, in a zero-emissions closed loop system, Hydrogen and Oxygen; Concentrated Solar Power
(CSP) projects are one good option as the heating source for this process (see below) as their storage
capability has shown important technological developments;
(vii) The amount of re-electrified energy may be used at times when the energy marginal price is higher;
(viii) Alternatively, or even in conjunction, the Hydrogen produced could be transported and traded to be
re-electrified somewhere else or used in industrial chemical applications, such as metal refining,

ammonia, and fertilizers production, infrastructure for Hydrogen vehicles, synthetic fuels, etc., with
higher economic attractiveness;
(ix) CO2 reduction by the fossil fuel displacement of the 300 MWh:
a. If natural gas fired CCGT, the emissions would be approximately 300 MWh x 400 kg/MWh = 120 t
b. If hard coal fired thermal plant, the emissions would be approximately 300 MWh x 800 kg/MWh = 240 t
c. These avoided amounts may be traded as CO2 Removal Certificates (CORCs).
Figure 1 [1] shows the process arrangement that could be associated, for example, to wind power generation plants,
to enhance its economic feasibility.
Figure 1 - Associating Green Hydrogen production to Wind Power plants and different applications
As far as transporting and exploring the direct Hydrogen market (outlined in the Figure 1 above as direct marketing)
emerges as an alternative, many R&D studies are being carried out with the goal of anticipating the need to adapt
existing natural gas pipelines equipment for Hydrogen injection in large quantities, particularly in downstream
installations [2,3]. Progressively, rates starting from 10% levels seem to be achievable with limited changes to
the infrastructures. The down side of blending hydrogen into natural gas is that it is very difficult and expensive to
separate hydrogen from methane again, for instance for use in fuel cell electric vehicles. Hence, in the long run, a
dedicated hydrogen pipeline grid will be preferred.
In addition, as mentioned above, thermochemical water splitting by means of high temperatures — e.g., from
concentrated solar power, or from heat of nuclear power reactions —and chemical reactions can be used to produce
Hydrogen and Oxygen from water. This is a long-term technology pathway, with potential low or no greenhouse gas
emissions.
The process will be based on:

 Concentrating sunlight onto a reactor tower using a field of mirror “heliostats,” as illustrated in Figure 2.1
 Using waste heat from advanced high temperature nuclear reactors. 2 •••
1 - For more information, see Chapter 5 of the February 2012 U.S. Department of Energy, SunShot Vision Study
2 - For more information, see the March 2004 U.S. Department of Energy’s Nuclear Hydrogen R&D Plan

Figure 2. Two mirror-based approaches for focusing sunlight on a thermochemical reactor.
In Figure 2: (a) a field of heliostat mirrors concentrates sunlight onto a central reactor tower; and (b) dish mirrors
focus sunlight onto an attached reactor module. The solar-generated high-temperature heat can be used to drive
thermochemical reactions that produce hydrogen. Numerous solar thermochemical water-splitting cycles have
been investigated for hydrogen production, each with different sets of operating conditions, engineering challenges,
and hydrogen production opportunities.
In summary, the exercise, figures, and options presented, rather than being a truly financial calculation, aims at
addressing the first part of the question raised above.
Therefore, we urgently need to respond to these issues:

 Which gaps must be bridged?
 What are the main technological developments needed [4]?
 In which markets does Hydrogen have the largest CO2 reduction effect?
 Which measures on the regulatory level should be implemented to facilitate the transition, making Hydrogen
the main energy carrier for a free-emission world.
We are facing challenging times for re-modeling our businesses models.
The P2G era opens a paramount set of new opportunities for expanding the electricity-based modern societies.
CIGRE is deeply involved through its working bodies and technical activities to provide state-of-the-art information
and technological successful experiences sharing.
In addition to future options for our planet, we could also address the question of which companies could survive
without making the 4.0 new technologies a central vision for their business.
This article has been prepared in the center of the covid-19 health crisis as our belief on a close return to normality
and healthy existence.
References:
[1] “Hydrogen storage for wind parks: A real options evaluation for an optimal investment in more flexibility”, by Daniel Kroniger,
Reinhard Madlener, Applied Energy 136 (2014) 931–946.
[2] “Hydrogen Roadmap Europe: A sustainable pathway for the European Energy Transition“, Hydrogen Roadmap Europe by
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking - FCH-JU -, February 2019.
[3] “Hydrogen from renewable power: Technology outlook for the energy transition” International Renewable Energy Agency -
IRENA (2018).
[4] “A hybrid energy system combines a redox-flow battery with a water electrolyzer for low-cost storage”, by Sandy Ong, IEEE
Spectrum, April 2020. 
Global Connections Section includes invited articles and interviews along with CIGRE articles to broaden global power
system expertise.
Invited authors and interviews approved by the Electra Editorial Board may express opinions solely their own.

CIGRE Ordinary & Extraordinary General Assemblies:
e-vote ends on Tuesday 30 June 2020
As part of the French Legislation, and in order to approve the Accounts of the previous year, CIGRE
organizes an Ordinary General Assembly each year in June.
Article 7 of the CIGRE Statutes also states that the Ordinary and Extraordinary General Assemblies of
CIGRE members can be held electronically, by correspondence, or any other modern or conventional
means.
In June 2020 the CIGRE Association organizes an Ordinary General Assembly and an Extraordinary
General Assembly by electronic means. The two Assemblies are grouped on a single ballot.
At the end of May 2020, the members of CIGRE entitled to vote received an e-mail with a personal
code giving them access to electronic voting: agenda, ballot and documents relating to the Ordinary
and Extraordinary General Assemblies.
Access to electronic voting will be closed on TUESDAY 30 JUNE, 2020 at 5.00 p.m. (GMT+1).
Assemblée Générale Ordinaire & Extraordinaire du CIGRE :

Fin du vote électronique mardi 30 Juin 2020
Dans le cadre de la Législation Française, et afin d’approuver les Comptes de l’année précédente, le
CIGRE organise une Assemblée Générale Ordinaire chaque année en Juin.
L’Article 7 des Statuts du CIGRE précise aussi que les Assemblées Générales Ordinaires et
Extraordinaires des membres du CIGRE peuvent se tenir par voie électronique, par correspondance,
ou tout autre moyen moderne ou conventionnel.
En juin 2020, l’Association CIGRE organise une Assemblée Générale Ordinaire et une Assemblée
Générale Extraordinaire par voie électronique. Les deux Assemblées sont regroupées sur un seul
bulletin de vote.
Fin Mai 2020, les membres du CIGRE habilités à voter ont reçu un courrier électronique avec un code
personnel leur donnant accès au vote électronique : ordre du jour, bulletin de vote et documents
relatifs à l’Assemblée Générale Ordinaire.
L’accès au vote électronique sera clos MARDI 30 JUIN à 17h00 (GMT + 1).

Distinguished Member Awards 2020
This award recognizes the contribution of the CIGRE Members to their National Committee
wether technical or administrative. Any long-standing individual Member of CIGRE who has
contributed significantly to the activities of the CIGRE NC and whose active participation and
contribution in the technical activities of CIGRE can be proven is eligible for this award.
Australia Quatar Romania

• Simon Bartlett • Jeyaraman Kaliyaperumal • Florin Grigore Balasiu
• Rod Hughes • Salem Al Harthi
• Alex Baitch Russia
• Ken Ash Germany • Sergey Kolosov
• Edgar Dullni • Mikhail Roytgarts
Austria • Britta Buchholz • Fedor Opadchiy
• Martin A. Stössl • Carsten Bartzsch • Lev Travin
• Hermann Koch • Andrei Gerasimov
Belgium • Yury Dementiev
• Didier Wiot Greece • Oleg Barkin
• Stavros Papathanasiou
Brazil Slovenia
• Marcelo Costa De Araujo India • Igor Papic
• Carlos Alexandre Meireles • Yogesh V. Joshi
Do Nascimiento • Bhadresh B. Chauhan South Africa
• Vivek Pandey • Robert Koch
Canada • Vinod Kumar Agrawal
• Rick Spyker • S R Narasimhan Spain
• Bogdan Kasztenny • Rajesh Kumar • Fernando Garnacho Vecino
• Deepal Shah
China Sweden
• Jinliang He Ireland • Anders Johnsson
• Ruijin Liao • Marta Val Escudero
• Kunpeng Zha Ukraine
Italy • Oleksandr Denysenko
Croatia • Evaristo Di Bartolomeo
• Antun Mikulecky • Enrico Maria Carlini United Kingdom
• Giovanna Dondossola • Russell Martin
Denmark • Martin Ansell
• Claus Leth Bak Japan • Adam Middleton
• Takeshi Yokota • Simon Sutton
Egypt • Kenji Sasamori • Nigel Shore
• Ahdab Elmorshedy • Koichi Shimoi • Richard Adams
• Hiroshi Yamaguchi
France • Hideki Motoyama USA
• Régine Belhomme • Tetsuro Shimomura • Nenad Uzelac
• Paul Penserini • Tatsuki Okamoto • Damir Novosel
• Alain Taccoen • Eiichi Zaima • Nicholas Miller
• Laurent Gauthier • Toshio Shimizu • Michael Lamb
• Yannick Kieffel • Neil Kirby
• Olivier Herz Republic Of Korea
• Taekyun Kim
• Wonpyo Song
• Sungho Myung
• Gilsoo Jang
• Youngjin Won
Technical Council Awards 2020
This Award is granted to a few CIGRE Members as a reward for their active participation in
the activities of the technical work of the Study Committees. Every two years, each Study
Committee Chair puts forward one name from among members of his/her Study Committee
or Working Groups. These proposals are approved by the Technical Council Chairman.
SC A1 - Rotating electrical machines

Monique KRIEG-WEZELENBURG (NL)
SC A2 - Power transformers and reactors

Michel DUVAL (CA)
SC A3 - Transmission and distribution equipment

Frank RICHTER (GE)
SC B1 - Insulated cables
Alain GILLE (BE)
SC B2 - Overhead lines
Pierre VAN DYKE (CA)
SC B3 - Substations and electrical installations

Mark OSBORNE (UK)
SCB4 - DC systems and power electronics

Carsten BARTZSCH (GE)
SC B5 - Protection and automation

Massimo PETRINI (IT)
SC C1 - Power system development and economics

Antonio ILLICETO (IT)
SC C2 - Power system operation and control

Renuka CHATTERJEE (US)
SC C3 - Power system environmental performance

Siv Sannem INDERBERG (NO)
SC C4 - Power system technical performance

Claus Leth BAK (DK)
SC C5 - Electricity markets and regulation

Alain TACCOEN (FR)
SC C6 - Active distribution systems and distributed energy resources

Zhao MA (UK)
SC SC D1 - Materials and emerging test techniques

Claus NEUMANN (GE)
SC D2 - Information systems and telecommunication

Giovanna DONDOSSOLA (IT)
L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
CIGRE Thesis Award :

Roni Irnawan
Dr Roni Irnawan from Aalborg University, Denmark has been awarded the CIGRE Thesis Award for his
Ph.D. thesis on “Modern Power Transmission Systems” with the title “Planning and Control of Expandable
Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems”. His work can be seen as a strong contribution for the
realisation of multi-terminal HVDC grids. Among several contributions, Roni proposes a methodology
allowing a common operation of converters with different control designs and/or from different vendors,
easing the expandability of HVDC grids.
This is the second CIGRE Thesis Award intended to recognize a paper written by a student based on their
research, or Ph.D., or M.Sc. thesis.
The paper was peer-reviewed by the CIGRE Science & Engineering (CSE) editorial committee and will be
published in CSE in 2020.
From left to right: Filipe Faria da Silva, Roni Irnawan and Claus Leth Bak

L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
Roni Irnawan was born in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 1985. He received the Sarjana Teknik
(Bachelor’s) degree in electrical engineering from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, in 2007, the M.Sc.
degree in electrical and power engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, in 2011,
and the Ph.D. degree in energy technology from Aalborg University of Technology, Denmark, in 2019.
From 2015 to 2019, he was part of the COBRAcable research project, which is a joint project between
Aalborg University and Delft University of Technology and executed in cooperation with Energinet and
TenneT TSO B.V.. This project was co-financed by the European Commission under the European Energy
Program for Recovery. Throughout his period at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University,
he taught two Ph.D./industrial lectures and co-supervised three master theses and one semester project
on the field of HVDC transmission system. In the summer of 2017, he spent three months at the Power
Systems Research Group, University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada and on several occasions between
2015 and 2018 at the Intelligent Electrical Power Grids (IEPG) Group, Delft University of Technology in
Delft, the Netherlands as a guest researcher.
His employment experiences include Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, from 2008 to 2011, where he
was a junior lecturer at the Department of Electrical Engineering. From 2012 to 2015, he was a Modeling
and Simulation Engineer with ABB HVDC, Sweden. From 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020, he was a
research assistant at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, and the Department of
Electrical and Information Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, respectively. Currently, he is a lecturer
at the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
His research interests include control and protection of HVDC transmission systems, power system
components modeling and simulation, power system control and stability, and computer-aided power
system analysis. During his Ph.D. studies, he focused on the planning and control coordination of
expandable multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems. One of his research outcomes is an interface that enables
the existing converter control of a point-to-point HVDC link for multi-terminal operation. Hence, converter
control interoperability between vendors can be achieved. With his Ph.D. works, he also received
recognition from Springer as an outstanding Ph.D. research. His Ph.D. thesis has been published in the
Springer Theses series.
“Thank you very much. I am honored to receive the CIGRE Thesis Award. It truly is the outcome of hard
works and persistence. I would like to thank my supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Filipe Miguel Faria da Silva
and Prof. Claus Leth Bak for their supports to keep my Ph.D. journey stimulating and enjoyable. I also
found that CIGRE B4 Technical Brochures were the best place to start my Ph.D. journey. So, thank you
very much for the efforts in developing these TBs. This award truly motivates me to achieve a successful
academic career.” said Dr. Roni Irnawan upon receiving the CIGRE Thesis Award. 

ANNUAL
REPORT
2020 Substations and electrical
installations
by Koji Kawakita, Chairman & Romain Migné, Secretary
SC B3
This report is the summary of the Study Committee (SC) B3 “Substation and Electrical Installations” activities
in 2019 and updates to May 2020.
It was an active year for SC B3 activities. SC B3 published 4 Technical Brochures, a Chinese version of the
Substation Green Book and recorded the highest number of tutorials, including workshops and webinars (8
Tutorials, 1 Workshop and 1 Webinar).
Introduction
Substations play a key role as nodes within electrical networks, providing the capability for the network to
deliver safe, reliable energy with high availability.
To support the realisation of a sustainable society, substations’ research & development continues to make
advances in new technologies and applications that offer substation owners and operators the flexibility,
security and stability they need to continue to expand their systems in an efficient and environmentally
friendly manner.
However, transmission substations remain essential for bulk power transmission such as interconnecting
load regions, large generation resources and energy storage, and offshore supplies.
The focus area for SC B3 is the coordinated design and operation between transmission and distribution, to
facilitate more flexible and active distribution networks. Facilitating this connectivity to support the integration
of decentralised renewable energy resources, energy storage, and more active customer participation with
bilateral power flow is increasingly important. At the same time, these challenges need to consider asset
management practices which can identify the best use of installed assets by optimising their functionality,
interventions and lifetime.
Figure 1 - View of the electricity grid and substations as used today and the future (from TB 764)
The challenges mentioned above have resulted in several new initiatives:

 Dealing with the increased impact on substation design due to integration of renewable energy resources,
energy storage system and other installations;
 Mitigating environmental, health, safety and security impacts, including the reduction of Green House
Gas emission and the substation carbon footprint;
 Substation design, operation and maintenance resilience against natural disaster, threat (terrorism,
epidemic, physical/cyber, etc.);
 Optimising substation asset intervention (retrofit, uprating, upgrading, renewal, extensions);

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REPORT
 Increased substation operational efficiency and availability;
 Integration of intelligence for digitalisation;
 New set of skills for new technologies, knowledge transfer and high standards of education in engineering
2020
skills.
SC B3
Figure 2 – Emerging technologies in substations (from TB 764)
These solutions aim to include the needs of developing communities and emerging economies, as well as
those of established industrialised countries.
The SC B3 mission is to:

 Facilitate and promote the progress of engineering and the international exchange of information and
knowledge in the field of substations and electrical installations.
 Add value to this information and knowledge by synthesising state-of-the-art best practice and developing
recommendations and guidance.
SC B3 has a keen focus on the rapid changes in the utility industry with an eye on design concepts and new
materials that are environmentally green and sustainable. The goal is to address existing technical needs
while developing a bridge to the future.
Strategy and Direction

The SC B3 strategy and direction is continuously reviewed to ensure it is meeting the needs of our
stakeholders. Our current strategic plan covers the period from 2018 to 2028. The main technical directions
are the following.
T1. New substation concepts:

Development of new concepts including bus arrangements, hybrid solutions, new applications and
functions. The impact from distributed generation and power flow control systems including specification of
corresponding design/layout criteria for substations constituting integral parts of totally optimised networks.
Reduction of carbon footprint impact through new technologies.
T2. Substation ownership issues:

Organisational aspects including human resource and training needs, in-service support, software
management including quality control and maintenance. Management of assets including environmental,
health, safety, and security.
T3. Life cycle management:

Monitoring in-service experience, substation condition assessment, aspects of maintenance outsourcing,
short-and long-term needs, opportunities for cost reduction, spare parts. Increased utilisation (life extension,
upgrading, and dynamic loading), refurbishment /renovation concepts, and investment strategies, principles
for combining existing and new equipment, accounting for specific demands from network-reliability and
customer demand-side points of view. •••

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T4. Integration of intelligence for digitalisation on substations:
2020 New digital technologies (Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, 3-Dimensional technology etc.) and
applications to be used in all aspects of substation design, operation and management. Identify the
opportunities offered from the increased use of advanced information and communication technologies.
SC B3 A key focus is considering how to improve the opportunities for younger member participation in connection
with CIGRE “Next Generation Network” as well as increasing the involvement of women experts in our
activities coordinating with the “Women in Engineering” initiative.
Membership and Experts

Our work continues through the support of our national committee representatives, substation specialists and
experts from across the globe.
We are working with country representatives, 24 regular Members plus an additional 6 Members representing
electricity sectors other than transmission and 16 observer members. A member renewal process for 2020
is in progress and we are pleased to welcome new representatives soon. There are currently more than 400
Experts from across the globe involved in SC B3 activities and Working Groups as indicated in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - SC B3 Members and Experts represent the global community
Working Areas
Our Working Groups are arranged in 4 key work areas to assist in managing the flow of work. These areas
facilitate how we organise our work, bringing together our global experts to focus their understanding to
achieve our objectives.
Figure 4 - SC B3 Work Areas

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REPORT
Working Groups
The Working Groups are the “engine room” of CIGRE technical work. The total number of active Working
2020
Groups in SC B3 at the end of April 2020 is 18 plus 3 Joint Working Groups and 1 Green Book project.
New Working Groups that were recently approved include:

 B3.58 - Knowledge Transfer of Substation Engineering and Experiences
 JWG B1/B3/D1.79 - Recommendations for dielectric testing of HVDC gas insulated system cable sealing
SC B3
ends
 JWG B1/B3.74 - Recommendations for a performance guideline of Polymer Insulated Busbars
Many new topics are currently under discussion such as:

 Experience of offshore substation operation and maintenance
 SF6 end of life treatment in substations
 User guide for non-SF6 gases and gas mixtures
 LPIT (Low Power Instrument Transformers) with digital interfaces for revenue metering
 Substations resilience: physical & cyber security
Working Groups are not possible without support from National Committees in nominating suitable Experts
and specialists to participate in the work. We value and encourage all National Committees to review each
new terms of reference and to consider suitable Experts available to support them.
Young Members are particularly encouraged to join Working Groups as supporting or active Members.
Work Areas: AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4

Substation Concepts and Substation Management &
Gas Insulated Substations Air Insulated Substations
Development Digital Integtation
B3.42 B3.39 B3.44

B3.46
Reliability analysis and design Impact of LPIT applications Substation servicing and
Guidelines for Safe Work
guidelines for LV AC/DC on HV Gas Insulated supervision using mobile
Auxiliary Systems Methods in Substations devices and smart sensing
Switchgear
B3.49 B3.48
B3.41 B3.47
Review of substation Asset health indices for
Mobile Substations Application of Robotics in
busbar components equipment in existing
Incorporating HV GIS Substations
reliability Substations
B3.52 B3.45 B3.56

Neutral Grounding Mode B3.53
Application of non-SF6 Application of 3D
Selection and Fault Handling Guidelines for Fire Risk
for Substation in Distribution gases or mixtures in MV Technologies in Substation
Management in Substations
Grid and HV GIS Engineering Works
B3.58
B3.54 B3.50
Knowledge Transfer of
Earthing System Test Concepts for on-site HV
Substation Engineering and
Methods testing of GIS
Experiences
B3.55 Legend:
B3.51
Design guidelines for
Service continuity guide for
substations connecting Current
battery energy storage the maintenance, repair and
solutions (BESS) extension of HV GIS
JWG B1/B3.74 B3.57

Recommendations for a Impact on Engineering and Greenbook Project
Joint WG
performance guideline of Lifetime Management of SF6 Guidebook
Polymer Insulated Busbars Outdoor HV GIS
JWG D1/B3.57
Pending
Dielectric Testing of GIS
Approval
HVDC Systems
JWG B1/B3/D1.79
Recommendations for
Special
dielectric testing of HVDC
Project
gas insulated system cable
sealing ends
Figure 5 – Study Committee B3 WG Structure (as of May 2020)

•••

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REPORT
Publications
2020 Recent Technical Brochure publications for Study Committee B3 include:
 TB 764 - Expected Impact on Substation Management from Future Grids
 TB 777 - Reliability analysis and design guidelines for LV DC auxiliary system (DC edition)
 TB 784 - Standard design of a common, dry type plug-in interface for GIS and power cables up to 145
SC B3 kV led by SC B1
 TB 802 - Application of non-SF6 gases or mixtures in medium voltage and high voltage gas insulated
switchgear
The following Working Group Brochures are expected to be completed in 2020:

 B3.39 - Impact of LPIT applications on HV Gas Insulated Switchgear
 B3.41 - Mobile Substations Incorporating HV GIS
 B3.42 - Reliability analysis and design guidelines for LV AC/DC Auxiliary Systems
 B3.46 - Guidelines for safety work methods in substations
 B3.47 - Application of robotics in substations
 Green Book: SF6 Guidebook - a Springer publication
The Chinese version of the SC B3 Green Book was published in time for the CIGRE Chengdu
2019 Symposium. The book could be a valuable reference for Chinese mother tongue Experts
to learn about the development of the substation technical activities in CIGRE.
Tutorials
Tutorials are an important opportunity that we share new knowledge of substation concepts and developments,
management and challenges. Tutorials are based on the outcomes of our study in Working Groups and their
associated Technical Brochures. Tutorials can be arranged in association with any industry event and are a
great way for our Experts to present their work and share knowledge. 8 Tutorials, 1 Workshop and 1 Webinar
were presented in 2019 as follows. It was the highest number recorded in SC B3 history.
 Cairo, Egypt, 6th March 2019 - Savings through Optimised Maintenance in Air Insulated substations by
Akira OKADA (JP)
 Columbus, Ohio, USA, 4th April 2019 - Savings through Optimised Maintenance in Air Insulated substations
by Alan WILLSON (UK)
 Bangkok, Thailand, 11th June 2019 - Workshop: Fire risk management by Shinki NOGUCHI (JP)
 Bucharest, Romania, 10th September 2019 - Management of risk in substations by Gérald BUCHS (CH)
 Chengdu, China, 25th September 2019 - Contemporary Cost-Effective Substation Design by Peregrine
TONKING (AU)
 Chengdu, China, 25th September 2019 - Expected Impact of Future Grid Concept on Substation
Management by Johan SMIT (NL)
 Muldersdrift, South Africa 1st October 2019 - Contemporary Cost-Effective Substation Design by Theunus
MARAIS (SA)
 Online, 24th October 2019 - Webinar: Contemporary Cost-Effective Substation Design by Peregrine
TONKING (AU)
 Hobart, Australia, 8th November 2019 Substation earthing system design optimisation by Bill CARMAN
(AU)
 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 8 November 2019 Contemporary Cost-Effective Substation Design by
Peregrine TONKING (AU)
Figure 6 – Johan Smit of

Study Committee B3
presenting the Tutorial
‘Expected Impact of Future
Grid Concept on Substation
Management’, Chengdu,
China on 25 September 2019

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REPORT
The topic “Guidelines for Safe Work Methods in Substations” by Mark McVEY (US) is scheduled for the 26th of
August 2020 at the CIGRE e-session. Many other topics for Tutorials and Webinars will be announced shortly.
2020
Preferential Subjects
Preferential subjects are adopted bi-annually and represent the shorter-term direction for the work of the
Study Committee. The 2020 preferential subjects demonstrate our commitment to assist asset owners and
operators to adapt substations to meet the needs for networks of the future but also to meet the on-going
SC B3
challenge in managing substations throughout their life cycle, meeting community expectations for health and
safety and the environment. This year, we have introduced new directions in training and the aesthetics of
substations. The 2020 preferential subjects are:
Preferential Subject 1: Design and Technology

 Impact on design and installation of distributed renewable energy resources, energy storage systems,
electric vehicle charging, etc.
 Mitigating environmental; health and safety; and security impacts
 Rapid deployment and cost-effective solutions for electrification of developing communities
Preferential Subject 2: Optimised Substation Management

 Best use of assets by optimising their lifetime.
 Service continuity for maintenance, refurbishment, and replacement.
 Evolution of skills and managing competency
Preferential Subject 3: Integration of Intelligence

 Applications of new technologies, e.g. Internet of Things, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality
 Challenges and expectations for digital substations
For the special CIGRE e-Session to be held over the Internet on the 2nd – 3rd September 2020. We are going
to have paper presentations by the accepted paper authors, a total of 46 papers from 24 countries addressing
these 3 preferential subjects.
Events
Study Committee B3 held a very successful meeting in Chengdu, China associate with the Symposium titled
“Towards active, sustainable digital networks that are resilient and integrated from UHV to distribution” from
the 20th -26th of September 2019. The symposium attracted 336 attendees from 30 countries and included
14 B3 technical papers and 2 B3 tutorials. We are grateful for the support of the CIGRE Chinese National
committee and the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering for this event.
Upcoming special events for the SC B3 include:

 Kanazawa, Japan, CIGRE - AORC Technical Meeting 2020, 8th – 11th November 2020
 Foz do Iguazu – Paraná, Brazil, CIGRE X Workspot, 22nd – 25th November 2020
 Vienna, Austria, CIGRE 3rd SEERC conference, 24th – 27th November 2020
The next annual meeting for Study Committee

B3 will be held online on Tuesday the 25th of
August during the CIGRE e-Session.
SC B3 is committed to addressing the needs of

our Members and stakeholders and satisfaction
surveys are collected during each meeting to
ensure that we are meeting the needs of all
delegates. •••
Figure 7 – Study Committee B3 attendees

in Chengdu, China in September 2019

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REPORT
Awards
2020 CIGRE Technical Council Award
 Mark Osborne
This Award is granted to a few CIGRE Members as a reward for their active
SC B3 participation in the activities of the technical work of the Study Committees. For
this year, the award was delivered to Dr Mark Osborne (UK) in recognition of his
outstanding contributions to the life and work of the Study Committee. He has been
the special reporter of the GDM at CIGRE Paris Session since 2014 and B3 Area
Advisor for substation concepts and development since 2007.
CIGRE SC B3 Outstanding Service Award

 John Nixon
The Outstanding Service Award of CIGRE SC B3 is granted by the SC
Chair annually to two of its members in recognition of outstanding participation in and
contribution to the activities of the technical work of the SC. In 2019, this award was
delivered to Dr Mark Osborne (UK) and Mr John Nixon (UK). John has participated
in SC B3 Working Groups since 2006 and played a lot of important roles such as
sub-chapter leader of the Substation Greenbook, the workshop chair at 2018 Paris
Session, and WG Secretary and Member. He is presently the Convener of the WG
B3.58 “Knowledge Transfer of Substation Engineering and Experiences”.
In Memoriam – Anne-Marie SAHAZIZIAN

Our dear friend and colleague, Anne-Marie Sahazizian passed away on
the 13th of September 2019 in Toronto, Canada. She worked tirelessly
in the SC B3 (ex. SC 23) in many capacities. Most of her work was a
Member of various Working Groups. She was Convener of the WG on
“General Guidelines for the Design of Outdoor AC Substations” in 2000
and published the Technical Brochure 161 which was very well received
by the industry. After CIGRÉ reorganisation in 2004, she was involved
in the creation of the Advisory Groups responsible for various technical
areas and she was nominated as the Area Advisor 3 “Air Insulated
Substations”. She also put significant effort into preparing and developing
tomorrow’s generation through her work in delivering tutorials in CIGRÉ
and as Member of the Tutorial Advisory Group for SC B3.
Conclusions
As Chair, I am extremely grateful for the on-going support of Members and Members’ organisations and our
substation Experts as we continue with the development of the future power network. SC B3 continue to
keep eye on the rapid changes in the utility industry and to work on new challenges with our experts for the
environmentally friendly and sustainable future. 
SC B3 website : https://b3.cigre.org

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ANNUAL
REPORT
2020 DC Systems and Power
Electronics
by Dr. Mohamed Rashwan, Chairman & Ms. Joanne Hu, Secretary
SC B4
At the time of writing this report, the World we live in, is facing the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Basically, the world has come to a standstill. But in reality, the pandemic has showed and taught us
many lessons. The important one in my opinion, is cooperation and caring. Even with social distancing
and the inability to physically meet, we still cooperated and helped each other and acted responsibly to
reduce the impact on the most vulnerable. CIGRE is a perfect example for such experiences.
Study Committee B4 is organized very much the same as all Study Committees. It has 24 regular
Members, 3 additional Members to cover distribution issues related to the Study Committee, and 12
observers. The Study Committee has 413 experts from 34 countries actively involved in 20 Working
Groups including 30 women.
Scope of work
The scope of SC B4 covers DC systems and power electronic (PE) equipment for AC systems which
includes DC equipment for UHVDC, HVDC, MVDC and LVDC. The Study Committee also addresses
DC systems and equipment as well as Power Electronics for other applications such as distribution,
and Power Quality improvement. DC converters for energy storage are part of the activities of SC B4.
The Members of SC B4 come from transmission system operators (TSOs), manufacturers, utilities,
distribution system operators (DSOs), consultants, universities and research institutes. SC B4 is active
in recruiting young engineers to participate in its activities.
The Study Committee activities span the areas of specifying, design, implementation, operation,
maintenance, refurbishment of DC, FACTS and power electronic devices in the transmission and
distribution systems. It cooperates with other Study Committees in the equipment and systems areas.
For example, currently SC B4 has joint Working Groups with SC A3, SC B1, SC C2, SC C4, and SC
C6. In past years SC B4 had jointly worked with SC A2, SC B2, and SC B5. Study Committee B4 has
currently a joint Working Group with IEEE.
Working Group activities

Because of the increased renewable energy sources in the power system, there are growing concerns
in the market with respect to the operation and fault response of the AC grid with a reduction in the
amount of synchronous generation and a corresponding increase in Power Electronic (PE) generation.
The discussion was leading towards the VSC HVDC converter performance in the same context as PE
connected generation, neglecting that VSC HVDC is a transmission system as opposed to PE connected
generation. Of course, VSC HVDC converters are inherently flexible in their operating characteristics
and can be made to respond to AC events in different ways dependent on the system needs. However,
some responses may impact on the plant rating and hence the cost of the converter. This could lead
to the economic cases for HVDC transmission connections being negatively impacted by an imposed
transient response intended to make this transmission infrastructure component respond in a similar way
to a synchronous generator. Study Committee B4 established in 2017 a task force to investigate and
tackle these issues. The task force completed its work and published its paper in CSE in 2019. The task
force recommended:

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REPORT
 The development of a concise set of requirements appropriate to HVDC converters;
 The finalisation of a test bench simulation circuit to permit the comparison of synchronous generation
dominated AC grids to PE dominated AC grids;
2020
 Based on the test bench identify, through simulation, the inherent capability of HVDC converters
considering different control modes.
Consequently, SC B4 launched a new WG B4.87 “Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC responses
to disturbances and faults in AC systems which have low synchronous generation” to discuss this topic
SC B4
in more details.
SC B4 is actively responding to the changes that are happening in the industry. The Study Committee
has formed a number of Working Groups to address such changes:
WG B4.81 - Interaction between nearby VSC-HVDC converters, FACTs devices, HV power

electronic devices and conventional AC equipment
This WG focuses on the interaction between VSC-HVDC converters and the other power electronics or
passive HV (High Voltage) devices or components.
WG B4.83 - Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers’ commissioning, compliance

testing and model validation tests
This Working Group will discuss the entire suite of commissioning tests conducted as part of
commissioning a new or upgraded FACTS controller. The Working Group will present best practices
for commissioning and compliance testing of different types of FACTS controllers. A four-stage process
comprising equipment, sub-system, system commissioning and grid compliance tests will be discussed
as applied to all FACTS controllers. These tests will include some tests conducted by the FACTS
controller manufacturer at the factory, and all those required by the Owners or system operator before
the FACTS controller is permitted to operate unrestricted. Therefore, the factory acceptance tests (FAT)
should be used to validate EMT models for the FACTS controller to be integrated into the grid.
WG B4.84 - Feasibility study and application of electric energy storage systems embedded in
HVDC systems
The number of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) connected to power systems is increasing
at a rapid pace throughout the world due to their ability to provide the flexibility needed to integrate
intermittent RES and deliver superior energy efficiency. In addition to Li-ion, new technologies such as
Supercapacitors and Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems seem to present a promising
solution to provide fast frequency response to the network. Since HVDC and MVDC industrial solutions
currently propose more efficient and modern converter topologies, their application and potential benefits
needs to be considered, all the more with the increase in storage system ratings and their connection at
higher AC voltage levels. The WG is addressing many of these options. In addition, preliminary economic
aspects will be considered to complement this comparison and assess the overall techno-economic
benefits of all solutions.
WG B4.85 - Interoperability in HVDC systems based on partially open-source software

Currently, the vast majority of HVDC connections are of the point-to-point. Typically, both converter
stations in such a link are supplied by the same manufacturer, which simplifies the coordination of the
control and protection systems. A way of reducing the number of converter stations and increasing
reliability is to connect HVDC links together on the DC side into multiterminal DC (MTDC) systems.
Eventually, these could be expanded into an HVDC grid which can offer, cost savings and reliability
improvements. The behaviour of converter controls and protection is to a large extent defined by
software. The existing control and protection software are all proprietary to the respective OEM (Original
Equipment Manufacturer). Standardisation of performance requirements as well as standardisation
of certain interfaces and parameters governing the behaviour of the converter when interacting with
other converters are important measures to enable interoperability. The WG will define the necessary
performance requirements depending on the relevant application pre-conditions such as multiterminal/
DC grid applications or multi-infeed applications. It is clear that standardizing control and protection
signal exchange/communication needed for interoperability is important. Therefore, it is important to
investigate this issue. It is also important to identify a suitable open source software licenses for use in
HVDC control and protection •••

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REPORT
JWG B4/A3 86 - Fault current limiting technologies for DC grids
2020 SC B4 established several WGs to investigate the feasibility and specific issues of DC Grids. As raised
and expounded in CIGRE Technical Brochure 533 by Working Group B4.52 (HVDC Grid Feasibility
Study) and further researched in CIGRE JWG B4/B5.59 “Protection and local control of HVDC-grids”,
Technical Brochure 739. DC faults in a DC grid will lead to high DC fault currents, which imposes not only
high stresses on the converter components, but also on the requirements for the fault detection, control
SC B4 and protection, communication, and DC breaker capability. The fast-developing fault currents can be
effectively interrupted by applying DC circuit breakers. The fault current can be suppressed by fault
current limiting (FCL) devices, this is important for the rating of dc breakers. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the fault current limiting technology in dc grids.
Working Groups completed work

A number of Working Groups completed their work:
 TF B4.77 - AC Fault response options for VSC HVDC Converters. Published in CSE journal,
Volume No. 15, October 2019
 WG B4.67 - AC side Harmonics and appropriate harmonic limits for VSC HVDC, TB 754
 JWG C4/B4.38 - Network modelling for harmonic studies, TB 766
 WG B4.66 Implications for harmonics and filtering of the installation of HVDC converter stations
in close proximity, TB 798
 WG B4.72 - DC grid benchmark models for system studies
 WG B4.68 - Revision of Technical Brochure 92-DC harmonics and filtering
Active Working Groups

 WG B4.64 – Impact of AC System Characteristics on the Performance of HVDC schemes
 WG B4.69 – Minimizing loss of transmitted power by VSC during Overhead line fault
 WG B4.70 – Guide for Electromagnetic Transient Studies involving VSC converters
 WG B4.71 – Application guide for insulation coordination of VSC converter stations
 JWG B4/B1/C4.73 – Surge and extended overvoltage testing of HVDC Cable Systems
 WG B4.74 – Guide to Develop Real-Time Simulation Models (RTSM) for HVDC Operational
Studies
 WG B4.75 – Feasibility Study for assessment of lab losses measurement of VSC valves
 WG B4.76 – DC-DC converters in HVDC Grids and for connections to HVDC systems
 JWG C2/B4.38 – Capabilities and requirements definition for Power Electronics based
technology for secure and efficient system operation and control
 WG B4.78 – Cyber Asset Management for HVDC and FACTS
 WG B4.79 – Hybrid LCC/VSC HVDC Systems
 JWG C6/B4.37 – Medium Voltage DC distribution systems
 JWG C4/B4.52 – Guidelines for Sub-synchronous Oscillation Studies in Power Electronics
Dominated Power Systems
 JWG B4/A3.80 – HVDC Circuit Breakers - Technical Requirements, Stresses and Testing
Methods to investigate the interaction with the system
 WG B4.81 – Interaction between nearby VSC-HVDC converters, FACTs devices, HV power
electronic devices and conventional AC equipment
 JWG B4.82/IEEE.80 – Guidelines for Use of Real-Code in EMT Models for HVDC, FACTS and
Inverter based generators in Power Systems Analysis
 WG B4.83 – Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers’ commissioning,
compliance testing and model validation tests.
 WG B4.84 – Feasibility study and application of electric energy storage systems embedded in
HVDC systems
 WG B4.85 – Interoperability in HVDC systems based on partially open-source software
 JWG B4/A3.86 – Fault Current Limiting Technologies for DC Grids.
 WG B4.87 – Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC responses to disturbances and faults in
AC systems which have low synchronous generation

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Green Books
 SC B4 completed its first Green Book “Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)”. The book is
2020
to be published in August 2020;
 SC B4 prepared the DC and power electronics chapter in “Electricity supply system of the future”
Green Book.
2019 SC meeting SC B4
In 2019 Study Committee B4 meeting was held in Johannesburg, South Africa in October. During the
two-day meeting, the Study Committee discussed the WG activities, and the proposals for new Working
Groups.
Study Committee B4 meeting in South Africa
As part of the Study Committee meeting in South Africa, SC B4 colloquium was organized in conjunction
with The Africa Regional Conference. 25 papers were presented and discussed during the colloquium.
The opening session of the Africa Regional Conference

•••

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2020
SC B4
SC B4 meeting in South Africa
SC B4 experts enjoying the Social event hosted by South Africa National Committee

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Liaison with other organizations
Study Committee B4 liaisons with other organizations that are also active in the areas of DC and power
2020
electronics:
 IEEE
 IEC
 ENTSO-E
 CENELEC
SC B4
Tutorials
Study Committee B4 presented 7 tutorials in 2019:
 Two tutorials during the Study Committee meeting in Johannesburg, South Africa
 One tutorial during the Alborg Symposium
 Two tutorials in Egypt during the future of electricity grids, challenges and opportunities CIGRE
conference in Cairo
 Presentation at the Global Grid Forum in Vancouver Canada
 Presentation at the Greek CIGRE National Committee meeting in Athens
Participation in CIGRE Symposia and meetings

During 2019 SC B4 participated in:
 Alborg Symposium from June 3rd to June 6th. 25 papers were presented in five sessions related
to DC and power electronics
 CIGRE/IEC meeting in Hakodate Japan
 CIGRE Egypt colloquium “The future of Electricity grids challenges and opportunities”
 Global Grid Forum in Vancouver Canada
CIGRE 48th -2020 Session in Paris

SC B4 accepted 54 full papers for the 48th CIGRE session in Paris. The papers cover the three preferential
subjects DC, FACTS and applications of DC and FACTS in Distribution systems. The plans are to have
the papers presented during the virtual session in August 2020. SC B4 will present one tutorial during
the session “Inverters in weak/isolated grids – operational aspects”.
Future meetings and participation in Symposia

Study Committee B4 will participate in:
 November 2020 in the CIGRE-SEERC conference in Vienna
 CIGRE Symposium Slovenia 2021
 CIGRE centennial Session in Paris in August 2021 

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2020 Protection and automation
by Rannveig S. J. Løken, Chair & Richard Adams, Secretary
SC B5
Introduction
This report reviews the organization, processes, results and activities of Study Committee B5 (SC B5)
in the year 2019. CIGRE Study Committee B5 - Protection and Automation, or SC B5 for short, focuses
on Protection, Control, Monitoring and Metering and aims to cover the whole Power system, end-to-end
related to this topic, from transmission systems, to distribution systems, including generation and HVDC
systems.
Objectives
Study Committee B5 promotes the synthesis and dissemination of state of the art practices,
recommendations and information about Power System Protection and Automation on a worldwide
basis. Its main activities cover the principles, design, application and management of power system
protection, substation control, automation, monitoring, recording and metering, as well as the associated
internal and external communications and interfacing for remote control and monitoring. SC B5 aims to
be an independent analyzer of different solutions and provider of high quality unbiased publications and
contributions to the electrical supply industry. Members of SC B5 from all regions of the world provide a
global perspective on the issues and challenges facing the protection of electrical power systems, aiming
top and medium management and technical staff of utilities, suppliers and consultants, universities and
research centers, including young and experienced engineers and standardization organizations.
Picture 1 – SC B5 Organization

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Organization
To attain its objectives, SC B5 is organized as shown on Picture 1 – SC B5 Organization. Five Advisory
2020
Groups support the decisions of the Chair and Secretary: the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG), the
Tutorial Advisory Group (TAG), and three Strategic Thematic Groups (TG) specialized in Substation
and Automation, Protection and Monitoring, and New Network Requirements, respectively. The Study
Committee is formed by twenty-four regular country Members, four additional regular Members from
distribution, eighteen observer Members, several Working Groups (WG) and Joint Working Groups with
SC B5
other Study Committees and organizations.
It is the mission of the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) to advise the chair about strategic issues related
to the activities of the committee, helping in the elaboration of the SC Strategic Plan. The Tutorial
Advisory Group (TAG) advises about the organization and promotion of tutorial activities of the
committee, selecting the topics for the tutorials, the presentation material, appointment of lecturers and
monitoring their quality. The three permanent Strategic Thematic Groups (TG) organize the proposals
of new Working Groups and Preferential Subjects related to Substation Automation, Protection and
Monitoring, and New Network Requirements for discussion and voting during SC B5 meetings and select
reviewers of the final reports of the Working Groups.
Table 1, 2 and 3 shows the WGs that were active at the end of 2019, organized by Strategic Thematic
Groups (TG), with their respective conveners.
Table 1 - TG 51 - Substation automation and remote control
IEC 61850 Based Substation Automation Systems – Users Expectations and

WG B5.50
Stakeholders Interactions, P. Lindblad (FI)
Optimization of Protection Automation and Control Systems,
WG B5.56
P. Kreutzer (CH)
WG B5.59 Requirements for Near-Process Intelligent Electronic Devices, X. Lei (CN)
Protection, Automation and Control Architectures with Functionality Independent
WG B5.60
of Hardware, A. Voloshin (RU)
Protection, Automation and Control System Asset Management,
WG B5.63
M. Petrini (IT)
Cybersecurity requirements for PACS and the resilience of PAC architectures, D.
WG B5.66
Holstein (US)
Optimisation of the IEC 61850 Protection, Automation and Control Systems
WG B5.68
(PACS) engineering process and tools, C. Bloch (FR)
Experience gained and Recommendations for Implementation of Process Bus in
WG B5.69
Protection, Automation and Control Systems (PACS), A. Apostolov (US)
Table 2 - TG 52 - Protection and Monitoring
WG B5.47 Network Protection Performance Audits, P. Watson (GB)

Protection for developing network with limited fault current capability of generation,
WG B5.48
T. Bi (CN)
Analysis and comparison of fault location systems in AC power networks, A.
WG B5.52
Montenegro (SE)
Application of Travelling Wave Technology for Protection and Automation, P.
WG B5.55
Crossley (GB)
New challenges for frequency protection, V. Terzija (GB)
WG B5.57
Faster protection and network automation systems: implications and requirements,

WG B5.58
A. Podshivalin (RU)
Enhancing Protection System Performance by Optimising the Response of
WG B5.65
Inverter-Based Sources, F. Filho (BR)
System conditions for and the probability of out-of-phase,
JWG B5.A4.C4.37
A. Janssen (NL)
Challenges with series compensation application in power systems when
JWG C4.B5.41
overcompensating lines, L. Haarla (FI)
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Table 3 - TG 53 - New Network Requirements
2020 Investigation of possibilities to improve metering systems for billing purposes in

WG B5.41
substations, R. Adams (GB)
P&A Issues of Islanded Systems during System Restoration/Black Start, N. Nair

WG B5.54
SC B5
(NZ)
Life Cycle Testing of Synchrophasor Based Systems used for Protection,

WG B5.62
Monitoring and Control, M. Kezunovic (US)
Methods for Specification of Functional Requirements of Protection, Automation,

WG B5.64
and Control, I. Patriota (BR)
Reliability of Protection Automation and Control System (PACS) of power systems

WG B5.70
– Evaluation Methods and Comparison of Architectures, A. Voloshin (RU)
JWG B5.C4.61 Impact of Low Inertia Network on Protection and Control, R. Zhang (GB)
JWG B5.D2.67 Time synchronization for protection devices, J. Yubo (CN)
Technical Activities
In 2019, three new WGs were suggested during the SC B5 Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway, and will be
approved by the Technical Council Chair in 2020, to address current issues related to protection and
automation of power systems:
 WG B5.71 – Protection, Automation and Control Systems (PACS) communication

requirements for inter-substation and wide area applications
The general aim of the WG is to perform assessment of communication requirements and

constraints related to existing and new applications. It will also investigate the use of packet-
based communication technology for PACS. The WG will analyse migration strategies to packet-
based communication technology and support of Time Synchronization. They will also investigate
the current state of applications using inter-substation communications, user expectations and
assessment of industry road map.
 WG B5.72 – modelling, assessment, and mitigation of protection performance issues caused

by power plants during dynamic grid events
The general aim of the WG is to review past disturbances and possible future events where protection
systems may respond in an undesired or unexpected way to dynamic grid events. Perform a survey
related to existing utility practices for modeling or considering protection behaviour in dynamic
studies. The WG will asses which protection functions can be modeled in RMS transient stability
and EMT simulation tools to identify credible protection issues and perform protection function
Modelling. They will find methods for identifying, reporting, and visualising undesired protection
operations in RMS and EMT studies. The WG will also investigate methods for mitigating the risk
of undesired protection response to dynamic system events.
 WG B5.73 – Experiences and trends related to protection automation and control systems
functional integration
The aim of the WG will be to investigate the state of the art and perspectives of integration of
automation, control, monitoring, metering and protection functions and study aspects related to the
virtualisation of functions, configuration and interfacing of integrated functions and subfunctions.
They will study aspects related to the transition to integrated architectures for substation level
functions and investigate technical limits and other constraints for functional integration. In addition
they will focus on impact of Functional Integration on asset management of the PACS, Cyber
Security aspects related to Functional Integration and report experience feedback.

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Two WG’s were disbanded by the chair in 2019 with the Technical Brochure sent for publication:
 WG B5.24 - Protection requirements on transient response of digital acquisition chain. The
Convener of this Working Group was Janez Zakonjsek from Russia.
2020
 WG B5.53 - Test strategy for Protection, Automation and Control (PAC) functions in a fully digital
substation based on IEC 61850 applications. The Convener of this Working Group was Alex
Apostolov from USA.
The Technical Brochure 768 – SC B5 is entitled “Protection Requirements on Transient Response

SC B5
of Digital Acquisition Chain”. The Brochure covers a number of aspects related to the required
transient response of a complete Digital Acquisition Chain as this became an important issue
with the development of IEC 61850 based substations using Stand Alone Merging Units (SAMU)
and / or Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT) and featuring IEC 61850-9-2 process
bus together with Algorithmic Digital Signal Processing for Protection, Automation and Control
functionality. The most important influencing factors for their reliable operation have been examined
and presented as the main requirements to different elements of the complete Digital Acquisition
Chain.
Additionally, the Technical Brochure 760 – SC B5, discusses the wide spread development and
implementation of IEC 61850 based Substation Protection, Automation and Control Systems
(SPACS) using predominantly Goose messages and client/server communications has raised the
awareness of the industry regarding the benefits of communication based systems. At the same
time, the last years have seen a significant change in the availability of stand-alone and embedded
Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT) with IEC 61850 sampled values interfaces.
For this reason, the testing of fully digital functional chains has become an important issue with
the deployment of IEC 61850-based substations using Stand Alone Merging Units (SAMU),
and/or NCIT and featuring both station bus (IEC 61850-8-1) and process bus (IEC 61850-9-2).
This Brochure covers all test related aspects of a fully digital SPACS and equipment, including
NCIT/SAMU Certification tests, SPACS level Interoperability tests, Factory Acceptance Tests,
Commissioning and Site Acceptance Tests and Maintenance tests after commissioning
The best papers from the SC B5 Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway 2019 were:
 B5#117 Use of PMU data for locating faults and mitigating cascading outage, M. Kezunovic (USA)
 B5#213 Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power protection and
control applications, H. Hauglin (Norway)
 B5#306 Using Wavelength Division Multiplexing for Protection Applications, V. Skendzic (USA)
They will be published in CIGRE Science & Engineering (CSE).
The best papers from the CIGRE Symposium, Chengdu, China 2019 from SC B5 was paper #072
Unwanted blocking of differential protection during converter transformer internal faults by Y. ZHAO, P.
CROSSLEY (UK). This paper will be published in CIGRE Science & Engineering (CSE).
Tutorials
To promote the discussion of current issues related to protection and automation, and as part of its
mission to help the dissemination of knowledge about protection and automation, in 2019 the following
tutorials were presented by SC B5 Members;
Tutorial during SC B5 Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway, June 2019:
 Impact of Geomagnetic Storms on Protection

• Physical Phenomena by Pål Brekke (NO)
• Impact on Power Systems and Mitigation Techniques by Stein Ingebrigtsen (NO)
• Impact on Instrument Transformers and Protection by Normann Fischer (US)
 Principles and Applications of PTP by Roman Graf (CH)
Tutorial during Symposium in Chengdu, China, September 2019: •••

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 Test Strategy for Protection, Automation and Control (PAC) Functions in a Fully Digital Substation
2020 Based on IEC 61850 Applications by Dr Alexander Apostolov (US)
Keynote speeches
To disseminate the activities of CIGRE, Members from SC B5 have participated and presented Keynote
SC B5 speeches during IEEE APAP (Advanced Power system Automation and Protection), XiAn, China,
October 2019:
 Progress of Power Science and Technology by Mark Adamiak (US)
 To open a new era for automation and protection of power system : Deep Learning by Seung Jae
Lee (KR)
 System Protection Technology to Prevent Cascading Faults by Xinzhou Dong (CN)
 News from Study Committee B5 – Protection and Automation, Leveraging PMU data for better
PAC system by Rannveig S. J. Løken (NO)
 Time and Its Role in Protection, Automation and Control Systems (PACS) by Dr Alexander
Apostolov (US)
 Protection of Future Power Systems by Campell Booth (UK)
 Experience in protective relaying for networks with high penetration of renewable energy –
modelling and testing by Marjan Popov (NL)
Colloquium and Discussion Sessions
Picture 2 – SC B5 Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway, June 2019
The main forum for technical debates about Protection and Automation in 2019 was SC B5 annual
Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway, see Picture 2 – SC B5 Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway, June 2019. SC
B5 conducted three discussion sessions during this Colloquium and the papers submitted addressed
topics related to the following Preferential Subjects:
 PS1 - Leveraging PMU data for better Protection, Automation and Control Systems
Topics selected for discussion include Use of PMU data to improve system models and to monitor
analogue inputs, Adaptive protection concepts utilizing PMU data, Wide area schemes, novel
backup protection, power swing protection, and synchronizing schemes based on PMU data,
Improvements in PACS commissioning and post-event analysis using PMU data. The session was
reported by Rafael Fernandes (BR)

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 PS2 - Time in Protection Applications – Time sources and distribution Methods
Topics selected for discussion include Sources and distribution of time references in PACS and
2020
Wide Area Systems and the related accuracy, Engineering of time synchronisation and time
reference distribution for IEC 61850 process bus based protection and control applications,
Commissioning and testing of time reference sources and distribution means, Expected behaviour
of PACS functions in case of loss and recovery of time synchronization. The session was reported
by Dr. Yubo Yuan (CN).
SC B5
 PS3 - Future technologies for inter-substation communication, Migrating Digital
Teleprotection Channels to Packet-Based Networks.
Topics selected for discussion include Digital Teleprotection Channels to Packet-Based Networks,
Migration of Serial Teleprotection Channels to Packet-Based Networks and best practices for
specifying, testing, commissioning and monitoring, Specification of channel or network performance,
data transmission and management of constraints for PACS, Data Segregation including use of
virtual networks and WDM (Wavelength-Division, Multiplexing) for PACS and performance analysis
methods, Substitution of serial interface: Technologies, topologies, constraints and experience
feedback. The session was reported by Dr. Fred Steinhauser (AT)
For 2020, SC B5 will take part in the e-Session in “Paris, France”, and papers submitted on the following
Preferential Subjects will be presented:
 PS1 – Human aspects in Protection, Automation and Control (PACS)
Topics selected for discussion include Causes, types, stages of occurrence and consequences of
human errors, Impact of PACS complexity and degree of functional integration on human errors,
Prevention of human errors including training, work authorization and peer reviews, procedures,
application templates and standardization, and best practices for working with subcontractors and
third parties. The session will be reported by Simon Hussey (IE).
 PS2 - Communication network in Protection, Automation and control (PACS): Experience

and challenges
Topics selected for discussion include Management of Redundancy in communication network

for applications and Intelligent Electronic Device (IED), Data Segregation including use of
virtual networks for PACS applications, Architecture of PACS communication network including
Management of communication constraints. The session will be reported by John Wright (UK).
Awards
In recognition for their contribution to the activities of CIGRE, SC B5 has nominated the following
recipients for awards in 2019:
 CIGRE SC B5 Outstanding Service Award
The Outstanding Service Award of CIGRE Study Committee B5 - Protection and Automation is
granted by the SC Chairman annually to members in recognition for outstanding participation
and contribution to the activities of the Study Committee. For 2019, the award went to Iony
PATRIOTA de SIQUEIRA, from BR in recognition of his contribution, commitment and dedication
to the objectives of CIGRE. He is a recognized expert in power system automation, he has been
the Chair of SC B5, and has also been frequent contributor to CIGRE Working Group s, as
WG conveners. The award ceremony was conducted by the Chair of SC B5 during the SC B5
Colloquium in Tromsø, Norway.
Strategic Planning
The strategic plan of CIGRE Study Committee B5 – sets out the strategic technical directions to be •••

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followed by the B5 Committee over the period 2019–2028 in order to address the main objectives set by
2020 CIGRE Technical Committee.
Based on this analysis, the following technical directions were validated by SC B5 Strategic Plan for the
period 2019-2028:
 Influence and Contribute towards Protection and Automation Global Expertise
SC B5 • Providing Key Technical SC B5 PACS information to Executives, Regulators, Policy

Makers and Technology Innovators
• Increase brand and visibility of SC B5 PACS amongst membership, research academics,
trade associations, regulators, policy makers and government.
• Developing Marketing avenues and platforms to support leading edge innovative concepts
of B5
• CIGRE B5 Africa Strategy
 Supporting CIGRE Power System of the Future Vision: SC-B5 Strategy
• Understand and influence the development of new technology and practices for all voltages
and systems
 Supporting CIGRE Peoples and Skill of Future Strategy: SC-B5 Efforts
• Engaging actively with Central Office efforts towards operation Excellence
Details about the process adopted by SC B5 and the complete result can be found in the Strategic Plan.
Conclusions
The year of 2019 was full of achievements for SC B5, a result of the voluntary work of dedicated
individuals and organizations, including the secretary, advisors, conveners, special reporters, members
and observers from many countries around the world. For the future, the strategic directions set by SC
B5 aim to facilitate the human development and application of new technology to improve the efficiency
of the engineering, design, operation and maintenance of protection and automation of electric power
systems and keeping the spirit of collaboration that distinguishes CIGRE among organizations around
the world. 

WG A2.54
REPORT
Load sound power levels for

specification purposes of three-phase
50 Hz and 60 Hz liquid-filled power
transformers
Progress report prepared by Bart Simons (NL)
Members
C. PLOETNER, Convenor (DE), E. ALMEIDA, Secretary (PT), A. AL-ABADI (DE),
H. BRUNE (DE), F. CORNELIUS (DE), J. DICKINSON (GB), J. DONCUK (CZ), G. FEI (CN),
M. GILLET (FR), W. GOETTE (DE), S. KANO (JP), J. KIM (KR), K.H. LEE (KR),
G. NADOR (HU), Y. ODARENKO (AU), M. PIRNAT (SI), B. SIMONS (NL),
P. TARMAN (SI), F. TRAUTMANN (DE), M. WARREN (CA), K. YAMAGUCHI (JP),
J.C. YANG (KR), J. YOO (KR), H. YU (CN), S. YUREKTEN (TR)
Introduction and background

datasets, collected by 14 independent transformer
information manufacturers World-wide.
In the industry there is an increasing awareness observed
that load sound, depending on transformer parameters The presented work about load sound is part of the scope
and loading, contributes to, and may even dominate the of CIGRE WG A2.54 task to study “Power Transformer
total sound level of a transformer in service. This results audible sound requirements”. The intention of Study
in a growing tendency to specify the permissible sound Committee A2 in establishing this Working Group was to
level not only for no-load operation, but also for the provide support information and guidance for the industry
loaded transformer when purchasing new transformers. for sound level specification of new power transformer
purchases [3, 4]. This article, written on behalf of CIGRE
Specifying a realistic load sound level for power WG A2.54 is meant to be complementary to the CIGRE
transformers is often challenging due to limited availability paper “No-load sound power levels for specification
of reliable and validated information. This easily leads purposes derived from more than 1000 measurements
to physically unrealistic load sound level specifications, – a representative figure for three-phase transformers”
either unnecessary high, e.g. NEMA TR 1 standard [1], [3] as well as to the first interim report of WG A2.54
or, as has been a trend in recent years, unachievable published in ELECTRA 302, February 2019 [5].
low without using external sound mitigation measures.
Causes of load sound
To provide guidance towards more realistic load sound
level specifications, an improved model, based on the Load sound of a transformer is the sound caused by the
physics behind load noise and on the Reiplinger load physical effects of load currents flowing in transformer
sound equation [2] is developed for three-phase 50 Hz windings, as illustrated in Figure 1. The contributing
and 60 Hz transformers. elements to load sound are:
 Windings (usually dominant),
The results are presented in the form of easy to use  Stray flux control elements,
curves, giving the typical load sound levels. The load  Structural parts.
sound model is defined in such a way that with the
information available during the transformer procurement At the right side in Figure 1, the current, leakage field
process, it is possible to estimate the load sound level. and resulting forces are indicated. At the left and bottom
side, elements’ vibrations and paths for the vibrations
The parameters of the developed load sound model are towards the tank are illustrated. At the transformer air
based on statistical analysis on an in the industry unique side, vibrations of the tank are passed to the surrounding
large database, containing 1359 carefully selected air, emitting an audible sound. •••

WG A2.54
REPORT
the vibration of the windings are therefore minimal and the

fundamental mechanical frequency (twice the excitation
frequency) is dominant for the vibration and therewith the
load sound. Higher harmonics in the load sound spectrum
as shown in Figure 2 - Example of a typical Load sound
spectrum (Source IEC 60076-10-1:2016 [6]) are mainly
caused by vibrations from stray flux control elements and
structural parts.
Relation between load sound and

transformer rated quantities
As described before, the dominant contribution to the
load sound of a transformer is the vibrations of the
windings. The vibrations of the windings are caused by
Lorentz forces acting on the windings.
In mechanical terms, the combination of load current and

leakage field results in the Lorentz forces. In electrical
terms however, the combination load current and leakage
field is the reactive power Q of a transformer. Reactive
power Q and Lorentz force are proportional and can be
Figure 1 - Cross-section of a transformer illustrating
the generation process of load sound related to each other via the magnetic energy Wm, stored
in the leakage field of the transformer.
The vibrations emitted from the windings are usually the
dominant contributor to the load sound. Since the magnetic
field is proportional to the load current, the resulting force The magnetic energy is defined as:
is proportional to the load current squared, at twice the
excitation frequency. The magnitude of the vibrations
depends also on the elastic properties of the conductor,
the electrical insulation and the proximity of mechanical
resonance frequencies of the complete winding assembly The product XI2 is the reactive power Q required to
(e.g. windings, insulation, insulating liquid, clamping establish the leakage field of the transformer. The
construction, clamping pressure). The elastic moduli reactive power can also be expressed in terms of (rated)
of the conductors but also of the insulation material are apparent power Sr and pu impedance voltage uk:
approximately constant in a well designed and produced
winding at normal operating currents. Higher harmonics in
Figure 2 - Example of a typical Load sound spectrum (Source IEC 60076-10-1:2016 [6])

WG A2.54
REPORT
Combining these relations, a direct relation between The validated datasets are split into three-phase and
reactive power and total force acting on the transformer single-phase, and in 50 Hz and 60 Hz transformers. The
windings is found: number of datasets per group are shown in Table 1.
The model presented in this article is valid for three-

As the proportional relation of force and vibration is also phase 50 Hz and 60 Hz transformers. Single-phase
applicable to the load sound level Ll, a direct relation transformers are not analyzed because a reliable
between load sound level and reactive power of the statistical analysis is not possible due to the small
transformer is established: number of datasets and the many different types of
single-phase transformers.
Collected datasets Figure 3 presents all three-phase datasets. It is obvious

that 50 Hz and 60 Hz transformers behave differently,
The developed load sound model is based on statistical therefore for the further analysis a distinction is made
analysis on a large database, containing 1359 datasets, between them. More information on the differences can
collected by 14 independent transformer manufacturers be found in [11].
World-wide. Each individual dataset was carefully quality
checked to ensure a reliable database.
Following boundary conditions are set to the collected

datasets:
 Transformer power range from 4 MVA to 1500 MVA,
 Power frequency 50 Hz and 60 Hz,
 Three-phase and single-phase transformers,
 Liquid-filled transformers, no distinction is made
between different liquids,
 Transformer cooling: ONAN/ODAN/OFAN/ODWF/
OFWF (i.e. no running fans during sound test),
 Core-form and shell-form transformers,
 “Standard” transformers, including typical sub-station
and generator transformers. Transformers for special
applications including HVDC transformers, phase-
shifting transformers, testing transformers, mobile Figure 3 - Collected dataset for three-phase 50 Hz
transformers, and furnace/rectifier transformers are and 60 Hz transformers
excluded,
 No external sound mitigation measures applied Model description
(panels or enclosures),
 Sound power levels in database are based on the Reiplinger load sound equation
sound intensity measurement method,
 In case the sound pressure measurement was The Reiplinger load sound equation [2] estimates
used, the sound level was corrected to a sound the load sound power level of three-phase 50 Hz
intensity level by following simplified correction: transformers and is based on the rated apparent power
LIntensy = LPressure–3dB. Sr in MVA (So=1MVA):
 A-weighting is applied to all measurements,
 Sound measurements are performed according the
rules given in IEC 60076-10:2001 [7] or 2016 [8] or
according IEEE C57.12.90-2010 [9] or 2015 [10], The equation was first presented in 1988 [2] and is still
 Measurements using the walk-around procedure and used today, simply because there is, up to now, no better,
the point-to-point procedure both apply. i.e. more accurate and easy to use alternative available
Table 1
Number of phases Frequency Number of datasets

50 Hz 1085
Three-phase
60 Hz 190
50 Hz 44
Single-phase
60 Hz 40
•••

WG A2.54
REPORT
to the industry. Considering the physics of load sound as parameter used in [6] and drops to a standard deviation
outlined in the paragraph “Relation between load sound of 5,3 dB(A) with a mean value of 0,2 dB(A) for the newly
and electrical transformer parameter”, it is clear that derived model parameters.
the apparent power is a major determining parameter.
Therefore, the Reiplinger load sound model is predicting Improved load sound model
the load sound level of a transformer rather accurate,
specifically for transformers with “normal, average” As shown in the previous paragraph, the Reiplinger load
impedance voltage. Because the Reiplinger load sound sound equation results in a rather good prediction of the
equation is still frequently used today, and to prove that load sound power level. Considering the physics behind
the newly developed model is an improvement versus load sound, it is clear that the apparent power is a major
the Reiplinger load sound equation, at first a statistical parameter though it does not fully represent it. The
evaluation of the Reiplinger load sound equation is Reiplinger load sound equation can therefore be improved
made using the relevant datasets of the collected by using the reactive instead of the apparent power.
database: The statistical evaluation results in a standard
deviation of 5,3 dB(A) and a mean value of -0,6 dB(A). The new load sound model is defined to enable the
It is found the Reiplinger equation overestimates the load sound power level estimation based only on the
load sound power level for the power range < 100 MVA functional properties of the transformer, which are
and underestimates it for transformers > 100 MVA, see known at an early stage in the procurement process and
Figure 4. which are the same for possible suppliers. Furthermore,
the model is kept as simple as possible to make it easy
to use. The load sound power level Lw of the transformer
is defined as:
L l is standing for the load sound power level estimated

with the model using the apparent power and
impedance voltage as input parameters. The model
is described as
with a and b being constants determined from the

statistical analysis of the collected datasets. The apparent
power Sr expressed in MVA, the impedance voltage uk
expressed in pu at a power of Sr and Qo=1MV Ar. The
Figure 4 - Three-phase 50 Hz transformers comparison with the
Reiplinger load sound model relation between Ll and Sr uk is logarithmic because the
sound level Ll is expressed in decibels. The influence of
frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) is included in the constants
By applying a linear regression to the relevant datasets a and b and results in two different curves for three-
of the collected database, a new set of model parameters phase transformers at 50 Hz and 60 Hz, presented in
for the Reiplinger model is found: next chapter.
Lo comprises all other factors impacting the load sound
level of a transformer. Such are related to design
and manufacturing, to measurement uncertainty and
tolerances. Lo is the difference between the actual
transformer sound power level Lw and the estimated
With this set of parameters, the standard deviation is sound power level Ll.
found to be 5,1 dB(A) and the mean value - 0,4 dB(A),
see Figure 4. Model parameter estimation
For three-phase 60 Hz transformers, the same analysis To determine the parameters for the load sound model,
has been performed with following results: the following constraints are set:
 Three-phase transformers considered only,
 50 Hz and 60 Hz transformers handled separately,
 No distinction made between different types of
“standard” transformer,
The standard deviation was found to be of 5,5 dB(A)  Impact of tap position to sound level is ignored,
with a mean value of -0,3 dB(A) for the original model  Impact of core design is ignored.

WG A2.54
REPORT
Three-phase 50 Hz transformers measured load sound power level of approximately 95 %

of the transformers is within ±10 dB(A) of the estimated
For 50 Hz transformers in total 1085 datasets were load sound power level using the new model. The
received and analysed. The parameters and for the spread of 20 dB(A) between the noisiest and most quiet
load sound model are determined by linear regression transformer at the same reactive power rating can be
using the least square error method. After determining fully accounted to Lo, i.e. the sound level contribution by
the model parameters, a statistically analysis has been all factors other than contained in the model, see above.
performed to determine the accuracy of the model. This large spread indicates the challenge of predicting
the load sound power level of a transformer during
For 50 Hz three-phase transformers the following model the design stage, because for the load sound level
is found: no distinct control parameter exists (such as the core
induction for no-load sound level control) and the spread
consequently being induced by many different factors.
To improve the accuracy of the model, the factors and
The statistical analysis shows that the model results in a their impact have to be understood and the relevant
standard deviation of 4,7 dB(A) and a mean value of 0,5 parameters be added to the model. As such parameters
dB(A), see Figure 5. are mainly design parameters and are only known by
the manufacturers, they are exceeding the scope of WG
A2.54 and will not be discussed here.
Three curves are presented in Figure 6 - Load sound

power level curves for specification: Three-phase 50 Hz
transformers giving the typical range of load sound power
level for 50 Hz three-phase transformers. The curve in the
middle is the typical average curve described with equation
Ls=53 + 19log10(Sruk/Qo). This curve indicates that 50 %
of the transformer population produces a higher and
50 % a lower sound level than given by the curve. In
other words, specifying a transformer at the average
curve results in a reasonable chance that specific sound
control and mitigation measures are required, resulting
in a more expensive design.
Figure 5 - Three-phase 50 Hz transformers
The top curve is the typical natural upper limit curve, which
A standard deviation of 4,7 dB(A) means that the is the average curve plus 10 dB(A). All transformers •••
Figure 6 - Load sound power level curves for specification: Three-phase 50 Hz transformers

WG A2.54
REPORT
produced should be able to comply with this upper standard deviation of 4,8 dB(A) and a mean value of 0,1
limit without making use of sound mitigation measures, dB(A), shown in Figure 7.
resulting in a for sound purposes, low cost design.
The bottom curve is the typical natural lower limit curve,

which is the average curve minus 10 dB(A). Almost all
transformers are noisier than this lower limit. Specifying
at this limit will likely lead to an increase in costs and in
most cases require external sound mitigation measures
to be applied.
In cases where the load sound power level has to be

specified below the average curve, possible solutions
should be discussed at first with the transformer
manufacturers but potentially also with the suppliers of
sound mitigation solutions to come up with a realistic
technical and economical solution. To guarantee sound
Figure 7 - Three-phase 60 Hz transformers
power levels below the average curve in Figure 6 - Load
sound power level curves for specification: Three-phase In Figure 8, the typical range of load sound power levels
50 Hz transformers without foreseen external sound for 60 Hz three-phase transformers is given. Remarks
mitigation measures is for manufacturers only limited given to the curves shown in Figure 6 - Load sound
possible. power level curves for specification: Three-phase 50 Hz
transformers for 50 Hz transformers apply likewise for
Therefore, WG A2.54 recommends specifying normally 60 Hz transformers.
only above the average curve in Figure 6.
Load sound power level at transformer
Three-phase 60 Hz transformers loading other than
For three-phase 60 Hz transformers the same analysis As outlined above, the input quantity for the load
has been performed as for the 50 Hz transformer class. sound power level estimation at rated transformer
The following model is found: loading with the new load sound model is the reactive
transformer power at rated loading, i.e. the product of Sr
and uk. To calculate the load sound power level at any
other transformer loading condition, there are several
The used model and model parameters result in a possibilities:
Figure 8 - Load sound power level curves for specification: Three-phase 60 Hz transformers

WG A2.54
REPORT
1. Calculation based on known sound power level at References

rated power by applying the so-called “40 Log” rule: [1] NEMA TR 1-2013, Transformers, Step Voltage Regulators and
Reactors, 2013.
[2] E. Reiplinger, „Study of noise emitted by power transformers
based on today's viewpoint,” in CIGRE Internation Conference
on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Paris, 1988.
[3] C. Ploetner, „No-load sound power levels for specification
purposes derived from more than 1000 measurements – a
L l – sound power level at actual loading representative figure for three-phase transformers,” in CIGRE
Study Committee A2 colloquium, Krakow, 2017.
Llr – sound power level at rated loading [4] CIGRE, 9 10 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.cigre.
S – actual apparent power org/userfiles/files/News/2018/TOR_WG_A2_54_Power_
S r – rated apparent power transformer_audible_sound_requirements.pdf. [Accessed 16
March 2020].
[5] ELECTRA 302, Interim report of WG A2.54, February 2019.
2. Calculation by applying the new load sound [6] IEC 60076-10-1, Power transformers - Part 10-1: Determination
model using the actual apparent power and actual of sound levels - Application guide, 2016.
impedance voltage as model input parameter. It [7] IEC 60076-10, Power Transformers - part 10: Determination of
is worth mentioning that this methodology applies sound levels, 2001.
[8] IEC 60076-10, Power Transformers part 10: Determination of
generally. Using the actual parameters S and uk for sound levels, 2016.
whatever transformer loading conditions (including [9] IEEE C57.12.90, IEEE standard for Standard General
different tap positions) will return the associated Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Ditribution, Power, and
load sound power level. Regulating Transformers, 2010.
[10] IEEE C57.12.90, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-
Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers,
3. Calculation by applying the new load sound model 2015.
with the input quantity Sruk being multiplied with the [11] M. Pirnat en M. Gillet, „Difference between 50 Hz and 60 Hz
square of the actual loading factor. transformer load noise levels,” in CIGRE Colloquium SC A2 /
SC B2 / SC D1, New Delhi, India, 2019. 

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798 GT B4.66
brochure thématique
Conséquences pour les harmoniques

et le filtrage des connexions proches
des stations de conversion CCHT
Membres
F. CATTAN JUSAN, Chef de file (BR), N. SHORE (GB), S. MUKOO (DE),
T.GEORG MAGG (ZA), I. FERNANDO (CA), N. CUNNIFFE (IE), M. CORREIA LIMA (BR),
M. PIRES DE CARLI (BR), S. SANKAR (US), A. GANGADHARAN (IN)
Introduction Par conséquent concevoir indépendamment l’un de

La connexion de stations de conversion CCHT en des l’autre les filtres CA de stations de conversion CCHT
points électriquement proches d’un réseau est une proches, va en général conduire à des solutions
préoccupation importante, parce qu’elle peut provoquer de filtrage non optimisées ou même incompatibles.
des effets qui doivent être pris en considération très Un manque de clarté du cahier des charges de la
soigneusement par les ingénieurs responsables de conception, et des informations insuffisantes au niveau
la planification, des spécifications, de la conception des Spécifications Techniques, sur la façon de prendre
et de l’exploitation des systèmes CCHT. Beaucoup en compte les potentielles interactions harmoniques,
d’aspects techniques ont été traités par des Groupes peuvent conduire à des discussions interminables
de Travail CIGRE antérieurs, mais de nombreux sujets pendant la phase de rédaction des contrats, à des
requièrent un examen supplémentaire et plus de reprises de la conception et à de possibles retards du
directives pratiques, en particulier dans le domaine des projet. L’impact économique de ces problèmes peut
harmoniques et du filtrage. être très élevé. La coordination est essentielle pour
obtenir la compatibilité des conceptions du filtrage.
Le Groupe de Travail B4.66 du CIGRE a été mis en
place pour analyser plus complètement les problèmes Une complication supplémentaire émerge quand les
techniques potentiels, délivrer des informations stations de conversion proches sont développées par
fondamentales et émettre des recommandations des constructeurs CCHT différents, et/ou si elles ont des
appropriées. La Brochure Technique (BT) présente les clients différents, scénarios qui deviennent de plus en plus
résultats de ses investigations. courants dans les marchés ouverts du transport d'électricité
partout dans le monde. L'analyse de l'exploitation
Le problème de base peut être formulé de la façon conjointe demande que les données concernant les
suivante : si deux stations de conversion sont circuits importants, les productions d'harmoniques des
électriquement éloignées l’une de l’autre, la conception convertisseurs, les caractéristiques des filtres et les
des filtres CA d’une station peut être réalisée hypothèses de conception, soient échangées entre les
pratiquement sans tenir compte des caractéristiques propriétaires/opérateurs ou plus spécifiquement entre
harmoniques de l’autre station. Toutefois si la les constructeurs CCHT impliqués dans la conception
distance électrique entre les stations de conversion détaillée des deux stations CCHT. Un important effort
est relativement faible (dans le cas extrême, stations de collaboration et de coopération peut être nécessaire
raccordées au même jeu de barres), ou s’il existe une pour vérifier la compatibilité des filtres et permettre leur
situation de possible résonance dans le réseau reliant optimisation. En plus, dans un tel environnement multi-
les deux stations, la qualité du fonctionnement du vendeur/multipropriétaire, les questions contractuelles et
filtrage d’une station peut être affectée par l’impédance légales jouent un rôle important et peuvent influencer la
et la production d’harmoniques de l’autre station. De solution globale du filtrage. Ceci est abordé de façon plus
plus la définition de la capacité nominale des filtres détaillée dans la BT.
d’une station doit prendre en compte la contribution
des courants harmoniques de l’autre station, qui en cas Domaine couvert
de résonance sévère peuvent même être supérieurs à Dans la BT on traite essentiellement des projets CCHT
ceux qui sont produits localement. point à point, mettant en œuvre la technologie •••

WG B4.66
technical brochure 798
Implications for harmonics and
filtering of the installation of HVDC
converter stations in close proximity
Members
F. CATTAN JUSAN, Convenor (BR), N. SHORE (GB), S. MUKOO (DE),
T.GEORG MAGG (ZA), I. FERNANDO (CA), N. CUNNIFFE (IE), M. CORREIA LIMA (BR),
M. PIRES DE CARLI (BR), S. SANKAR (US), A. GANGADHARAN (IN)
Introduction information in the Technical Specification on how to

The connection of HVDC converter stations in close take into account the possible harmonic interactions
electrical proximity is a major concern in large power may result in lengthy discussions during contract
systems and leads to several potential effects that need stage, re-design and possibly project delay. The cost-
to be carefully addressed by the engineers responsible impact of these issues can be very high. Co-ordination
for the planning, specification, design and operation is therefore essential to achieve compatibility of filter
of HVDC systems. Many technical aspects have been designs.
covered in previous CIGRE Working Groups, but a
number of topics needed further discussion and more A further complexity is introduced when the proximate
practical guidance, particularly in the field of harmonics converter stations are developed by different HVDC
and filtering. manufacturers and/or owned by different Customers,
a scenario that is becoming increasingly common in
CIGRE Working Group B4.66 was formed to analyse open transmission markets worldwide. The evaluation
the full extent of possible technical concerns, of the joint operation requires the exchange of main
provide background information and make suitable circuit data, converter harmonic generation, filter
recommendations. This Technical Brochure presents characteristics and design assumptions between the
the outcome of these investigations. owners/operators or more specifically between the
HVDC manufacturers concerned with the detailed
The basic problem can be stated as follows: if two design of the two HVDC stations. A strong collaboration
converter stations are electrically far from each other, effort and co-operation may be required to verify filter
the design of the AC filters at one station may be made compatibility and allow for optimization. Besides,
with little regard to the harmonic characteristics of the contractual and legal issues play a major role in this
other station. If however the electrical distance between multi-vendor/multi-owner environment and can affect
converter stations is relatively short (in the worst case the resulting global filter solution. This is discussed in
at the same busbar) or there is a resonance condition in further details in the Brochure.
the network connecting the two stations, then the filter
performance of one station will possibly be affected by Scope
the impedance and harmonic generation of the other The Brochure is mainly addressed to point-to-point
station. In addition, the rating of the filters of one station HVDC projects using line-commutated converter (LCC)
must take into account the contribution from harmonic technology. However, many topics are equally relevant
currents generated at the other station, which under for schemes using voltage source converters (VSC) as
severe resonance conditions may even be higher than well as other non-HVDC applications in close proximity
those generated locally. to a converter station, such as FACTS devices, wind
power plants or any other large harmonic producer.
Consequently, an independent design of the AC filters
of proximate HVDC stations will generally lead to non- Objectives
optimized or even incompatible filter solutions. Lack In preparing this Brochure, WG B4.66 has attempted to:
of clarity in the design requirements and insufficient  Assess the issues which have risen in the •••

798 GT B4.66
Figure 1 - Réseaux équivalents pour l’étude des interactions harmoniques :

(a) cellule en T ; (b) cellule en π
Convertisseur à Commutation par la Ligne (LCC). être représentée en utilisant l’approche classique des
Cependant beaucoup de points restent pertinents pour diagrammes enveloppes, comme dans un réseau à
les schémas de technologie VSC (Convertisseur à injection unique. Mais si les stations sont connectées
Source de Tension), ainsi que pour d'autres applications à des jeux de barres distincts, cette approche ne
non CCHT, très proches d'une station de conversion, convient plus et les calculs d’harmoniques requièrent
comme des dispositifs FACTS, des parcs éoliens, ou la connaissance de l’impédance de couplage entre
tout autre important générateur d'harmoniques. les stations de conversion. Si le système CA est
un réseau petit et bien défini, il peut être préférable
Objectifs de modéliser les lignes de transport, les câbles, les
En préparant cette BT le GT B4.66 avait objectifs générateurs, les transformateurs, etc. Mais si le
suivants : réseau est un grand réseau maillé, avec des milliers
 Evaluer les problèmes qui sont apparus aux stades de nœuds et de branches, cette approche n’est plus
de la spécification, de la réalisation du projet et possible et on peut réduire l’ensemble du réseau
de l’exploitation des filtres CA des projets CCHT pour ne conserver que les jeux de barres associés
récents qui entrent dans cette catégorie ; aux stations de conversion étudiées. Pour un réseau
 Recommander des techniques de modélisation et à deux injections, les équivalents à cellules en T ou
des méthodes de calcul pertinentes, de façon à en π (comme montré sur la Figure 1) peuvent être
permettre aux concepteurs des filtres d’évaluer et tirés d’explorations à fréquence unique du modèle du
de prendre en compte correctement les interactions réseau complet, en utilisant un programme standard
harmoniques ; du commerce. Dans la BT on décrit le processus de
 Examiner comment certains aspects particuliers calcul.
des interactions harmoniques entre stations de
conversion voisines peuvent impacter le bon Il est préférable que ces calculs soient réalisés par
fonctionnement et le dimensionnement des filtres le Client ou par le Propriétaire du réseau (plutôt que
d’harmoniques des deux stations ; par les fournisseurs potentiels), avant la rédaction des
 Produire des directives en matière de coordination Spécifications Techniques. Les paramètres résultants
de la conception des filtres, prenant en compte du réseau équivalent pour chaque rang d’harmonique
les implications économiques et les aspects et chaque situation du réseau (dont celle intégrant la
réglementaires ; future évolution du réseau) seront ensuite intégrés
 Proposer des recommandations pour la mise en dans la Spécification Technique. Cette approche évite
œuvre et la coordination des fonctions de contrôle que les futures soumissionnaires réalisent leur propre
de la puissance réactive des stations CCHT ; évaluation à partir des informations brutes fournies
 Réviser les recommandations de la CEI 61000-3-6 (habituellement sous forme d’un calcul de répartition),
portant sur la spécification des limites d’harmoniques  et des duplications inutiles, avec potentiellement des
 Réviser les méthodologies actuelles d’évaluation résultats obtenus différents.
des émissions individuelles d’harmoniques sur site ;
 Examiner comment les recommandations issues Evaluation du comportement
de ses travaux peuvent dans le futur être intégrées harmonique
dans les spécifications des projets CCHT.
Les circuits modèles et les méthodes d’étude appropriés
Représentation de l'impédance doivent être utilisés par les concepteurs des filtres. Les
harmonique du réseau CA modèles de circuit utilisés pour l’étude des interactions
potentielles ne sont pas les mêmes si les stations de
Si les stations de conversion sont connectées au conversion sont connectées au même jeu de barres,
même jeu de barres, l’impédance du réseau peut ou à des jeux de barres électriquement proches. •••

WG B4.66
Figure 1 - Equivalent network for harmonic interactions studies: (a) T-section; (b) π-section
specification, project execution and field operation to retain only the busbars associated with the
of AC filters of recent HVDC projects which fall studied converter stations. For a two-infeed system,
into this category; equivalent T-section or π-section networks (as
 Recommend suitable modelling techniques and illustrated in Figure 1) may be derived from simple
calculation methods, so that the AC harmonic frequency scans of the full network model using a
interactions are properly evaluated and taken into standard commercial program. The calculation
account by the filter designers; process is described in the Brochure.
 Examine how particular aspects of harmonic
interactions between proximate converter stations These calculations should be preferably carried out
can impact the performance and rating of the by the Customer or by the Network Owner (rather
harmonic filters of both stations; than by the prospective Contractors) prior to issuing
 Provide guidelines for the co-ordination of the Technical Specification. The resulting equivalent
filter designs, taking into account economic network parameters for each harmonic order and
implications and regulatory aspects; network condition (including future evolution of the
 Provide recommendations for the implementation network) shall then be included in the Technical
and co-ordination of the reactive power control Specification. This approach avoids different Bidders
functions of the HVDC stations; making their own assessment with the provided
 Review the recommendations of IEC 61000-3-6 raw network data (usually in the form of load flow
for the specification of harmonic limits; data), unnecessarily duplicating effort and possibly
 Review existing methodologies for the assessment obtaining different results.
of individual harmonic emissions at site;
 Examine how the recommendations resulting Harmonic performance evaluation
from this work can be incorporated in future Suitable circuit models and study methods shall
specifications of HVDC projects. be used by the filter designers. The circuit models
for studying the potential harmonic interactions are
Representation of AC network different depending if the converter stations are
harmonic impedance located at the same or at an electrically close busbar.
If the converter stations are connected to the same HVDC schemes connected at the same
busbar, the network impedance can be represented AC busbar
using the classical approach of envelope diagrams,
as in a single-infeed system. However, if the converter When the converter stations are connected to the
stations are located at separate busbars, this same busbar, the overall performance evaluation
approach is no longer appropriate and the harmonic process is similar to the case of a single-infeed
calculations require the knowledge of the harmonic system, but the AC filters from both installations
coupling impedance between converter stations. If should be represented in the circuit model, as shown
the AC system is a small and well-defined network, in Figure 2 - Circuit model for two HVDC converters
it may be preferable to model the transmission lines, connected at the same busbar.
cables, generators, transformers, etc. explicitly. If
however the network is a large meshed grid with Simultaneous detuning of the filters of the two
thousands of buses and branches, this approach is stations is evaluated under specified conditions to
not feasible and the entire network may be reduced find the overall worst-case resonance between •••

798 GT B4.66
Systèmes CCHT connectés au même jeu de temps, de procéder à une étude détaillée du
de barres CA fonctionnement conjoint d’un réseau électrique à
plusieurs injections, représentant le couplage entre les
Quand les deux stations de conversion sont raccordées stations de conversion, pour toutes les configurations
au même jeu de barres, le processus d’analyse du d’exploitation et toutes les conditions de charge et de
fonctionnement global est semblable à celui suivi pour désaccord. Une approche plus raisonnable consiste à
un système électrique avec une station d’injection réaliser l’étude en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps,
unique, mais il faut que les filtres des deux stations on ne tient pas compte de la production d’harmoniques
soient représentés dans le modèle de circuit, comme de l’autre liaison CCHT, mais on inclut ses filtres dans
montré sur la Figure 2. l’impédance du réseau vue par la station étudiée (pour
les paramètres nominaux et quelques conditions de
désaccord). Ceci permettra au concepteur d’utiliser la
méthode classique et systématique des diagrammes
enveloppes. Dans un second temps la première
évaluation est complétée par une analyse détaillée, en
utilisant le modèle de circuit présenté dans la Figure 3, et
ceci pour différentes configurations spécifiques choisies
d’un commun accord entre Client et Fournisseur, et qui
prennent en compte le désaccord simultané des filtres
dans les deux stations, les indisponibilités de filtre et
Figure 2 – Modèle de circuit pour deux convertisseurs CCHT l’effet global des deux injections de courant.
connectés au même jeu de barres
Evaluation des caractéristiques
Le désaccord simultané des filtres des deux stations des filtres
est mesuré dans des conditions spécifiées pour
trouver le cas de résonance globale extrême entre Dans une configuration à injections CCHT multiples,
les filtres et le réseau CA. Pour couvrir la plage de les composants des filtres d’une station de conversion
puissance complète des deux liaisons CCHT (de la particulière seront soumis aux contraintes des harmoniques
position bloquée à la puissance nominale), différentes produits localement, mais aussi à celles des harmoniques
combinaisons de sous-ensembles de filtres des deux en provenance des autres liaisons CCHT proches (ou de
stations doivent être évalués dans les calculs. toute autre source importante d’harmoniques), par le biais
du réseau CA. Si ces contraintes additionnelles ne sont
Systèmes CCHT connectés à des jeux de pas prises en compte correctement dans la conception,
barres CA différents le dimensionnement des filtres peut être inadapté, et
ceci conduira à des limitations dans l’exploitation des
Quand les convertisseurs CCHT sont connectés à installations CCHT et du transfert de puissance, à des
des jeux de barres différents, l’interaction harmonique dommages potentiels aux équipements de filtrage, ou à
entre les deux systèmes ne peut être étudiée qu’avec des déclenchements en cascade des filtres en surcharge
la modélisation explicite des éléments du réseau, entrainant l’arrêt complet.
ou par l’utilisation d’équivalents, comme expliqué
précédemment. La Figure 3 représente un modèle Une évaluation détaillée du dimensionnement en régime
de circuit complet, dans lequel un équivalent en π du permanent peut être réalisée avec les mêmes modèles
réseau est utilisé. de circuit que pour les analyses de fonctionnement.
Certaines hypothèses peuvent différer de celles
Bien que ce soit techniquement possible, il serait utilisées pour les calculs de fonctionnement comme la
en pratique très compliqué, et très consommateur plage de puissance, les incidents de réseau, la perte •••
Figure 3 – Modélisation du circuit dans le cas de deux convertisseurs CCHT

raccordé à des jeux de barres différents

WG B4.66
Figure 2 - Circuit model for two HVDC converters connected at the same busbar
filters and AC network. To cover the entire power the study in two steps. First, neglect the harmonic
range on both HVDC links (from blocked state to generation of the other HVDC link and include its
nominal power), different consistent sets of filter filters in the network impedance seen by the studied
sub-banks on both converter stations need to be converter station (using nominal parameters and
considered in the calculations. a few detuning conditions). This would allow the
designer to use the conventional and systematic
HVDC schemes connected at separate method of envelope diagrams. This first assessment
AC busbars must be complemented in a second step by a
detailed analysis using the circuit model of Figure 3 -
When the HVDC converters are connected at Circuit model for two HVDC converters connected at
different busbars, the harmonic interaction between separate busbars for specific system configurations
two schemes can only be studied by modelling agreed between Customer and Contractor, taking
the network elements explicitly or by the use of into account the simultaneous detuning of the filters
equivalents, as explained in the previous section. of both stations, filter outages and the overall effect
The complete circuit model is illustrated in Figure 3 of both current injections.
- Circuit model for two HVDC converters connected
at separate busbars, where a π-section equivalent Filter rating evaluation
network has been used. In a multi-infeed HVDC configuration, the filter
components of a particular converter station will
Although technically possible, a fully detailed be stressed not only by the harmonics generated
joint performance study of a multi-infeed system locally, but also by the harmonics coming from other
representing the coupling impedance between proximate HVDC links (or any other large harmonic
converter stations under all possible operating producer) through the AC network. If these additional
configurations, load levels and detuning conditions stresses are not properly considered in the design,
would be a very complex and time-consuming task in the filters may be inadequately rated, which could
practice. A more reasonable approach is to perform result in limitations on HVDC operation and power •••
Figure 3 - Circuit model for two HVDC converters connected at separate busbars

798 GT B4.66
d’un sous-ensemble de filtrage, la plage de tension et de recommandé d’évaluer l’effet de la station CCHT
fréquence du réseau, etc. Idéalement il ne faudrait pas proche, et de ses filtres, en les incluant explicitement
prendre en compte des conditions d’exploitation non dans le modèle du circuit utilisé pour l’analyse des
faisables impliquant les multiples liaisons CCHT. Une harmoniques, comme décrit précédemment. Ceci se
définition claire des conditions d’injections multiples justifie par les natures complètement différentes des
en exploitation et des configurations de réseau qui harmoniques préexistants et des harmoniques produits
sont possibles devrait être fournie par le Client. De la par les stations CCHT, et par l’existence possible de
même façon les études de dimensionnement en régime conditions de résonance qui ne seraient pas détectées
transitoire doivent prendre en compte non seulement par le modèle des harmoniques préexistants.
les défauts internes et les manœuvres sur la station
de conversion en cours de conception, mais aussi les Si les stations de conversion sont connectées au
manœuvres affectant l’autre station, comme la mise même jeu de barres, les harmoniques préexistants
sous tension des transformateurs de conversion ou des peuvent être représentés par un équivalent Thévenin,
filtres. Il est par conséquent important qu’un modèle et le cas de résonance extrême entre l’impédance du
précis des composants principaux des circuits et des réseau et les impédances des filtres des deux stations
équipements de contrôle des manœuvres des autres peut être détecté par une recherche systématique (en
liaisons CCHT soit pris en compte dans les simulations. considérant toutes les combinaisons faisables des
sous-ensembles des filtres et un désaccord simultané
Combinaison des harmoniques des filtres), comme dans le cas d’une seule liaison.
produits par différentes stations Quand les stations de conversion sont connectées à
des jeux de barres différents, l’effet de la distorsion
de conversion préexistante ne peut plus être modélisé par un
La relation vectorielle entre les différents harmoniques simple équivalent Thévenin. Dans la BT on examine
produits par les deux stations de conversion va différentes approches possibles pour prendre en
dépendre des conditions de fonctionnement, de compte son effet sur les études de fonctionnement et
la charge et des phases relatives de la fréquence de dimensionnement.
fondamentale des tensions sur les jeux de barres où
sont connectés les convertisseurs, qui peuvent varier Coordination de la conception
beaucoup en fonction des conditions d’exploitation. Si des filtres
des informations détaillées sont fournies par le Client
pour chaque cas, dans les présentations cohérentes Deux constructeurs CCHT peuvent proposer des
des conditions d’exploitation du réseau, le Constructeur arrangements de filtres CA complètement différents
pourra alors utiliser la somme réelle de vecteurs, et pour des installations de conversion identiques ou
cela donnera des résultats réalistes. Si ces données pratiquement identiques, en fonction d’hypothèses
ne sont pas disponibles (ce qui est souvent le cas), le techniques ou en raison d’une conception préférée de
Client devra, dans la Spécification Technique, définir filtre. Les deux solutions peuvent répondre aux mêmes
clairement comment les composantes doivent être exigences techniques en exploitation séparée, mais
additionnées. L’approche la plus prudente consiste l’exploitation conjointe peut néanmoins ne pas être
à supposer que tous les harmoniques sont en phase satisfaisante. La BT expose les implications d’une
et peuvent être additionnés arithmétiquement. Pour conception indépendante des filtres, et des approches
certains harmoniques cette méthode peut convenir, possibles de la coordination, prenant en compte non
si les convertisseurs sont connectés au même jeu de seulement les aspects techniques, mais aussi les points
barres et que les sources de distorsion sont liées (par de vue économique, contractuel et réglementaire, tout
ex. l’harmonique de rang 3 dû à la composante inverse particulièrement dans un environnement de vendeurs
de la tension du réseau). Dans d’autres cas le résultat et propriétaires multiples.
est indûment pessimiste, comme dans le cas où les
convertisseurs sont connectés à des jeux de barres Problèmes potentiels en cas de
différents, ou quand les sources de distorsion ne sont conception indépendante des filtres
pas liées, par exemple dans le cas des harmoniques
non caractéristiques produits par les asymétries d'angle Nombre de problèmes peuvent potentiellement se
d'allumage (jitter). manifester lors de l’exploitation conjointe, si les filtres
CA des deux stations de conversion proches sont
Harmoniques préexistants spécifiés et conçus séparément les uns des autres :
Quand le niveau des interactions entre deux stations  Répartition inégale de la charge harmonique entre
de conversion CCHT est négligeable, les harmoniques les filtres
produits par la station éloignée peuvent être simplement  Résonance imprévisible entre filtres
considérés comme des harmoniques préexistants.  Résonance à fréquence basse entre l'ensemble
Cependant, si le couplage est important, il est fortement des filtres et le réseau •••

WG B4.66
transfer, possible damage to filter equipment or simply as part of the pre-existing harmonics.
cascaded tripping of overloaded filters resulting in However, if there is significant coupling, it is strongly
complete shutdown. recommended that the effect of the proximate
HVDC station and its filters is evaluated by explicitly
A detailed steady-state rating evaluation may be including them in the circuit model used for harmonic
performed with the same basic circuit models used analysis, as described in the previous sections. This
for performance design. Some assumptions may is justified due to the completely different natures
differ from those used for performance calculations, of pre-existing harmonics and HVDC converter-
such as: range of power, network contingencies, generated harmonics and to possible resonance
outage of filter sub-banks, range of system voltage conditions which would not be readily identified by
and frequency, etc. Ideally, non-feasible operating the model of pre-existing harmonics.
conditions involving the multiple HVDC links should
not be considered. A clear definition of the possible If the converter stations are connected at the
multi-infeed operating conditions and network same busbar, the pre-existing harmonics can be
configurations should be provided by the Customer. represented by a Thevenin equivalent and the worst-
Similarly, transient rating studies must consider not case resonance between network impedance and
only internal faults and switching operations on the filter impedance of the two stations can be found
converter station under design, but also switching by a systematic search (considering any feasible
events on the other station, such as converter combination of filter sub-banks and simultaneous
transformer and filter energisation. Therefore, it is detuning of filters), as in the single-infeed case.
important that an accurate model of the main circuit When the converter stations are located at different
components and switching control equipment of the busbars, the effect of pre-existing distortion can no
other HVDC link is considered in the simulations. longer be modelled by a single Thevenin equivalent.
The Brochure discusses possible approaches on
Combining harmonics generated how to consider its effects on performance and rating
by different converter stations studies.
The vector relationships between the individual Filter design co-ordination

harmonics generated by the two converter stations Two different HVDC manufacturers may propose
will depend on the operating conditions, load level quite different AC filter arrangements for identical
and on the relative phase angle of the fundamental or near-identical HVDC converter installations,
frequency busbar voltages where the converters depending on the technical assumptions and
are located, which may be quite different from one preferences for filter design. Both filter solutions
operating state to another. If detailed information is may comply with the same technical requirements
provided by the Customer for each case as part of in stand-alone operation, but the joint operation may
the consistent sets of network operating conditions, still not be satisfactory. The Brochure discusses
then actual vector sum may be used by the the implications of independent filter designs and
Contractor, leading to more realistic results. When the possible approaches for co-ordination, taking
this data is not available (which is often the case), into account not only technical aspects, but also
the Customer should clearly state in the Technical economic, contractual and regulatory points of view,
Specification how the individual components should particularly in an environment with multiple vendors
be added. The most conservative approach is to and owners.
assume that the harmonics are in phase and can be
added arithmetically. For certain harmonics this may Potential problems with independent
be suitable, if the HVDC converters are connected filter designs
at the same busbar and the source of the distortion
is related (e.g. 3rd harmonic due to system voltage A number of potential problems can occur during
negative sequence). In other cases this is unduly joint operation if the AC filters of two proximate
pessimistic, such as when the converters are HVDC converter stations are specified and designed
located at different busbars or when the sources of independently from each other:
distortion are not related, such as in the case of non-  Unequal sharing of harmonic load between filters
characteristic harmonics originated from firing angle  Unpredictable resonance between filters
asymmetries (jitter).  Low order resonance between the combined
filters and the network
Pre-existing harmonics  Overload of filters due to amplification of
When the level of interaction between two HVDC remotely generated harmonics in the presence of
converter stations is negligible, the harmonic resonances in the network
generation of the remote station can be regarded  Harmonic instability •••

798 GT B4.66
 Surcharge des filtres due à l'amplification  Le remplacement, la rénovation ou le

d'harmoniques d'origine lointaine en présence de redimensionnement de stations de conversion
résonances dans le réseau → pour allonger la durée de vie ou accroître la
 Instabilité harmonique capacité de transport d’un système CCHT, un
 Excès de puissance réactive aux faibles puissances remplacement sélectif ou un redimensionnement
 Surcharge des filtres d'une station due à la mise de composants ou de sous-systèmes vieillissants
sous tension de transformateurs dans l'autre sont quelquefois décidés par le Client. Ceci peut
station. couvrir le remplacement des filtres CA de la station
de conversion; dans ce cas s’il existe un autre
Dans la BT chacun de ces problèmes est discuté en système CCHT connecté au même jeu de barres
détail, et certains sont illustrés au moyen d’exemples CA, ou à un jeu de barres proche, dont les filtres ne
préparés simples, dans une série d’annexes. sont pas inclus dans le programme de rénovation,
les interactions harmoniques entre ses filtres et les
Situations dans lesquelles la nouveaux filtres (ou les filtres modifiés) doivent être
coordination de la conception des filtres soigneusement analysées. Dans certains cas un
peut être importante remplacement exactement un pour un est possible,
mais dans certaines situations il peut être nécessaire
L’analyse des interactions harmoniques et la de reprendre complètement la conception.
coordination de la conception des filtres de stations de  Un nouveau système CCHT avec un SVC ou un
conversion indépendantes peuvent être indispensables STATCOM puissants à proximité → dans beaucoup
dans plusieurs situations pratiques, telles que : d’utilisations les dispositifs de compensation
 L’installation d’un nouveau système CCHT à dynamique de puissance réactive sont installés à
proximité électrique d’une station de conversion proximité d’une station de conversion pour améliorer
existante → l’approche habituelle est de concevoir la tenue de la tension en cas de perturbations du
les filtres CA du nouveau système de façon que les réseau. Les influences mutuelles entre la production
filtres existants ne soient pas impactés. Mais si les d’harmoniques et les filtrages, tant CCHT que SVC/
filtres existants ont été conçus il y a très longtemps, STATCOM, doivent être soigneusement prises en
avec les hypothèses de conception sensiblement considération.
différentes sur les caractéristiques du réseau, sur  Un nouveau système CCHT multi-terminal, avec
les harmoniques préexistants, sur les facteurs des connexions CA proches → les stations
de déréglage, etc., un système de filtrage très terminales d’un système CCHT sont normalement
coûteux et complexe peut être nécessaire, qui peut électriquement éloignées l’une de l’autre. Mais avec
compromettre la tenue du calendrier d’ensemble un système CCHT multi-terminal, deux terminaux ou
du projet du fait la forte augmentation de la durée, plus peuvent se trouver proches, et les interactions
et de l’effort, d’ingénierie requis. Dans ce cas on harmoniques peuvent donc devenir significatives,
peut conseiller de redimensionner ou de remplacer et doivent être prises en compte dans l’étude des
(totalement ou en partie) les filtres existants. Les filtres CA.
simplifications et les économies réalisées sur les
nouveaux filtres peuvent contrebalancer les coûts Conception en coopération dans un
supplémentaires que représente la modification environnement à plusieurs parties
des filtres existants. Une analyse technique et prenantes
économique détaillée doit être réalisée tout au
début du projet pour déterminer l’approche optimale Différentes questions en rapport avec des stations de
à retenir. conversions proches demandent une coopération et
 L’installation par étapes d’un projet CCHT planifié → des échanges d’informations entre les Propriétaires/
un projet de transport de plusieurs milliers de MW (par Opérateurs ou, plus spécifiquement, entre les
ex. deux ou trois bipôles) échelonné sur plusieurs Constructeurs CCHT, sur les détails de conception
années. Un tel échelonnement de la capacité de des deux stations proches. Les informations requises
transport est ordinairement suivi pour adapter la par les concepteurs de chacune des stations sont
capacité de transport à la montée en puissance de essentiellement celles qui sont nécessaires à la
la capacité de production ou de l’augmentation de la modélisation des émissions harmoniques des
charge. L’objectif est d’établir des instructions et des convertisseurs, et de l’impédance harmonique des
spécifications pour partager équitablement entre les stations CCHT, pour toutes les conditions. Les
concepteurs les responsabilités dans le processus informations requises pour l’évaluation des événements
de coordination et d’optimisation globale de la de manœuvre (par ex. mise sous tension de
conception des filtres. Ceci évitera de pénaliser les transformateur) qui peuvent conduire à de contraintes
projets ultérieurs, comme l’aurait fait une approche supplémentaires dans les filtres harmoniques de rang
incrémentale de la conception. faible existants, sont également importantes. •••

WG B4.66
 Excess of reactive power at low power levels the harmonic interactions between these filters
 Overload of the filters of one station due to and the new filters (or modified filters) must be
transformer energisation on the other station carefully investigated. Sometimes an exact one-
to-one replacement is possible, but in certain
The Brochure discusses each of these problems in instances a full re-design may be necessary.
details and illustrates some of them through simple  A new HVDC scheme with a large SVC or
worked examples in a set of appendices. STATCOM nearby → in many applications,
dynamic reactive power compensation devices
Situations where filter design are installed close to a converter station in
co-ordination can be important order to improve voltage control during system
disturbances. The mutual influence of harmonic
The evaluation of the harmonic interactions and generation and filtering between both HVDC and
co-ordination of filter designs between independent SVC/STATCOM must be carefully considered.
converter stations may be required for several  A new multi-terminal HVDC system with proximate
practical situations, such as: AC connection points → the terminal stations
 Installation of a new HVDC scheme electrically of a point-to-point HVDC scheme are normally
close to an existing converter station → the usual electrically far from each other. However, in a
approach is to design the AC filters of the new multi-terminal HVDC system, two or more terminal
scheme so the existing filters are not impacted. connections can be at proximate locations,
If however the existing filters were designed a so harmonic interactions via AC network may
long time ago, with significantly different design become significant and need to be considered in
assumptions on network characteristics, pre- AC filter design.
existing harmonics, detuning factors, etc., an
overly costly and complex filter scheme may be Design co-operation in an
required and the overall project time schedule may environment with multiple
be compromised due to much higher engineering stakeholders
time and effort. In this case, it might be advisable
to up-rate or replace (partially or totally) the Various issues concerned with proximate converter
existing filters. The simplifications and cost savings stations call for co-operation and exchange of
achieved for the new filters may compensate for information between the Owners/Operators or
the extra costs needed to modify the existing filters. more specifically between the HVDC manufacturers
A detailed technical and economic analysis should concerned with the detailed design of the two HVDC
be performed in the early stage of the project to stations. The information required by the designers
indicate the optimum approach to follow. of each station is essentially that which is necessary
 Staged installation of a planned HVDC project → to model the harmonic emissions from the converter
a transmission block of some thousands of MW is and the harmonic impedance of the HVDC station
normally split in smaller blocks (e.g. two or three under all conditions. Information required to evaluate
bipoles) staged over several years. Such staging switching events (e.g. transformer energisation)
of the transmission system is typically done in which might lead to additional stresses in the existing
order to match transmission capacity to the build- low order harmonic filters is also important.
up of generation capability or load growth. The goal
is to define suitable guidelines and requirements The desired exchange of information may face several
to fairly share the responsibility among schemes’ obstacles. Firstly, it may conflict with the natural
designers in the process of co-ordination and secrecy maintained between competitors, who may
overall optimization of filter designs. This would not wish their design methods to be transparent to
also avoid penalising the latter scheme due to others or for their design to be exposed to alternative
incremental design approach. calculation by others. Secondly, it may risk being in
 Replacement, refurbishment or upgrade of contravention of anti-trust regulation which inhibits
converter stations → in order to extend the life collusion between market competitors. Thirdly, it
cycle or enhance power transmission capacity will require the approval of the owner of the HVDC
of an HVDC scheme, sometimes selective stations (or owners if these are different entities).
replacement or upgrade of aging components This process appears not to be difficult, as it is in
and sub-systems is decided by the Customer. the interests of all parties to ensure a successful
The scope may include the replacement of the design. But given the possible issues involved and
AC filters of the converter station; in this case, if the rules and regulations in different organizations,
there is another HVDC scheme connected at the it may require project managers to seek advice and
same or proximate AC busbar whose filters will rulings from their legal departments before approving
not be included in the scope of the refurbishment, information exchange. •••

798 GT B4.66
L'échange souhaité des informations peut rencontrer d’une station dos-à-dos et d’un bipôle sur le même
plusieurs obstacles. En premier lieu, il peut entrer en site, et connectés au même jeu de barres 500 kV.
conflit avec le besoin naturel de secret qui doit exister Les deux projets ont été développés en même temps,
entre concurrents, qui peuvent ne pas souhaiter que mais comme les deux projets appartenaient à des
leurs méthodes de conception soient dévoilées à concessionnaires de transport différents il a été
d'autres ou que les autres refassent les calculs. En nécessaire, pour des raisons contractuelles et légales,
deuxième lieu, il court le risque de contrevenir au de fournir des ensembles de filtrage séparés, chacun
règlement contre les ententes qui interdit les collusions avec sa propre redondance, au lieu de développer une
entre concurrents du même marché. En troisième lieu, solution de filtrage commune plus efficiente, couvrant
il requiert l'accord du propriétaire des stations CCHT les deux projets.
(ou des propriétaires, si ce sont des entités différentes).
Ce processus n'apparaît pas comme difficile, dans la Dans certaines parties du monde des stations de
mesure où l'intérêt de toutes les parties est de garantir conversion CCHT peuvent être électriquement
une conception réussie. Cependant, vu les questions proches mais se situer physiquement dans des pays
impliquées et les règles et réglementations en vigueur différents, où des réglementations des harmoniques et
dans les différentes organisations, il se peut que les des définitions des limites acceptables d'harmoniques
responsables de projet soient obligés de recueillir les différentes peuvent s'appliquer. Cette situation peut
conseils et la décision des services juridiques avant encore compliquer l'analyse et la définition des
d'autoriser l'échange des informations. solutions de filtrage.
Par conséquent il faut peut-être établir un accord Mise en œuvre du contrôle de la

contractuel spécial entre les parties intéressées, validé puissance réactive
juridiquement, qui définit précisément l'étendue de
l'échange d'informations et les canaux de communication Quand deux stations de conversion, ou plus, sont
que ces informations doivent emprunter, et qui limite connectées au même poste, il est nécessaire de
également l'utilisation et la diffusion des informations coordonner les actions des contrôleurs de puissance
ainsi obtenues. Les règles régissant les contacts entre réactive (RPC) pour obtenir un fonctionnement
individus doivent également être précisément définies. approprié en cas de d’exploitation conjointe. Dans l’idéal
l’ensemble des fonctions RPC devrait être implanté au
Il est donc clair qu'au plan pratique les précédentes Centre de Contrôle Maître. Cette solution présente
procédures peuvent prendre un temps appréciable, et l’avantage de permettre une utilisation optimale des
ceci doit être prévu et planifié dans le calendrier de la filtres et des ressources de puissance réactive de
conception du projet. Les ingénieurs impliqués doivent l’ensemble du poste, mais elle requiert un important
porter une attention particulière à la définition exacte des effort de collaboration et des études en commun très
informations requises pour garantir une coordination poussées au moment de la conception. Un Contrôleur
appropriée de la conception, telle qu'elle est exposée Maître peut être demandé par le Client pour assurer
dans la BT. La liste des informations demandées ces fonctions.
doit être préparée, avec si possible la motivation de
la demande. La liste doit être exhaustive, parce qu'il Une autre approche, plus courante consiste à implanter
pourrait s'avérer difficile d'intégrer ultérieurement des certaines ou même toutes les fonctions RPC au niveau
informations dans le cadre de l'accord. du contrôle de la station: (a) les fonctions de contrôle
du fonctionnement et du respect des caractéristiques
Implications du cadre réglementaire nominales est généralement implanté au niveau
Dans les marchés d’électricité libéralisés, chacune des de la station, sans coordination entre les stations
installations de transport des réseaux électriques est de conversion. Ceci est beaucoup plus simple en
habituellement traitée comme une entité indépendante termes d’études d’harmoniques et de mise en place,
des points de vue légal et contractuel. En conséquence mais peut conduire en général à des restrictions
chaque station de conversion proche est réglementée supplémentaires sur l’exploitation. Par exemple une
indépendamment, et soumise individuellement à des limitation de puissance, ou une réduction, peut être
pénalités pour non-conformité aux réglementations imposée sans nécessité sur un système CCHT en cas
sur les harmoniques, même si d’autres stations de d’indisponibilité d’un type de filtre alors même qu’un
conversion sont connectées au même jeu de barres filtre similaire est disponible sur l’autre système ; (b)
CA. De cette façon l’optimisation globale du filtrage le contrôle d’échange de la puissance réactive est un
n’est pas possible. contrôle en boucle fermée et peut être mis en œuvre
facilement au niveau de la station ou au niveau Maître,
Ceci a été le cas pour le projet CCHT de Rio Madeira, le seul problème étant de choisir les paramètres qui
au Brésil, où le même constructeur était responsable conviennent pour éviter des manœuvre simultanées
de la conception et de la construction des filtres CA dans les différents systèmes; (c) le contrôle des •••

WG B4.66
It may therefore be necessary to draw up a order to achieve a proper functioning in joint operation.
special contractual agreement among the parties Ideally, the whole RPC should be deployed at Master
involved, with legal approval, defining exactly the Control level. This has the advantage of enabling
permissible extent of information exchange and an optimum utilisation of the filters and reactive
the channels through which such information is power resources of the substation as a whole, but
to be communicated, as well as limiting the use requires a strong collaboration effort and extensive
and distribution of information obtained in this joint studies during design phase. An independent
manner. Rules governing contact between individual physical master controller may be requested by the
engineers must also be clearly defined. Customer to execute these functions.
It is clear therefore that in practical terms, the above Another approach (more common) is to place some
procedures may take a significant amount of time, and or even all RPC functions at Station Control level: (a)
this should be foreseen and planned for in the project the performance and rating limitation control functions
design schedule. The engineers involved should take are commonly implemented at station level with no co-
particular care to define exactly what information is ordination between converter stations. This is much
required to ensure adequate co-ordination of design, simpler in terms of the required harmonic studies
as discussed throughout this Brochure. Lists of and implementation, but generally can introduce
required data should be prepared, possibly with the more restrictions on operation. For example, a power
justification for requesting such items. Lists should limitation/runback may be unnecessarily imposed
be comprehensive, as it may prove difficult to add on one HVDC scheme in case of unavailability
data to the agreement at a later stage. of a certain type of filter, even if a similar filter is
available at the other scheme; (b) the reactive power
Regulatory framework implications exchange control is a closed-loop control and can
In power systems under liberalized electricity be easily implemented at station or master level. If
markets, each transmission asset is normally treated implemented at station level, the only concern is to
as a single independent entity from the legal and select appropriate parameters to avoid simultaneous
contractual point of view. Therefore, each proximate switching operations in different schemes; (c) the
converter station is independently regulated and overvoltage control shall be preferably implemented
individually subjected to penalties for non-compliance at master level, but if implemented at station level
with harmonic regulations, even if other converter the control settings (levels or time delays) shall be
stations are connected at the same AC busbar. So, co-ordinated between schemes to avoid excessive
a global optimum filter solution may be not allowed. filter switching.
This was the case of Rio Madeira HVDC project, The basic hierarchical structure of the RPC shall
in Brazil, where the same manufacturer was be clearly defined by the Customer in the Technical
responsible for designing and constructing the AC Specification. The location of each individual function
filters of a back-to-back and a bipole on the same shall preferably be consistent with the filter design
site and connected at the same 500 kV busbar. requirements and approach. If the HVDC projects
The two projects were developed simultaneously. are staged in installation date, the Technical
But because the two schemes belonged to different Specification shall define who is responsible for the
transmission concessionaires, it was necessary overall co-ordination of the RPC functions and for
for contractual and regulatory reasons to provide the integration and interfacing of the existing control
separate filter sets, each with its own redundancy, system to the new one to avoid technical dispute and
rather than to design the most efficient common commercial conflicts after contract award.
filtering solution that covers both projects.
Specification of harmonic limits
In some parts of the world, proximate HVDC converter The Technical Specification of new HVDC projects
stations may be electrically close but physically normally sets the harmonic limits according
located in separate countries where different to international standards or previous project
harmonic regulations and definitions of acceptable experience. These limits are rarely determined based
harmonic limits may apply. This factor may further on detailed studies and measurements on the actual
complicate the analysis and the definition of the filter network and point of connection of the HVDC station.
solution. Usually, ‘incremental’ harmonic limits are specified,
but when pre-existing distortion is significant,
Reactive power control implementation some Customers specify an ‘aggregate’ evaluation
When two or more converter stations are located in approach, i.e. the limits consider both the converter
the same substation, it is necessary to co-ordinate generated harmonics and magnification/attenuation
the actions of the reactive power controllers (RPC) in of pre-existing distortion. A similar approach •••

798 GT B4.66
surtensions doit de préférence être implanté au niveau Evaluation des émissions

Maître, mais s’il est implanté au niveau station les
réglages du contrôle (niveaux et temps de réponse)
harmoniques
doivent être coordonnés entre les systèmes pour éviter Quand des stations de conversion sont connectées à
des commutations excessives des filtres. proximité, vérifier individuellement le comportement
spécifié sur site est une autre difficulté. Le niveau
La structure hiérarchique de base du RPC doit être effectif mesuré de la distorsion harmonique au point
définie précisément par le Client dans la Spécification de connexion n’est pas seulement dû seulement à la
Technique. L’implantation de chacune des fonctions doit station de conversion qui est évaluée, mais aussi à
de préférence être cohérente avec les spécifications une variété de sources harmoniques réparties dans le
de conception des filtres. Si les projets CCHT sont réseau. Comme il est en pratique impossible de mettre
échelonnés dans le temps, la Spécification Technique hors service ces sources pendant les mesures, des
doit définir qui est responsable de la coordination méthodes de « séparation » ont été mises au point
globale des fonctions RPC, et de l’intégration et de pour discriminer les contributions harmoniques du côté
l’interfaçage du système de contrôle existant avec le Client et du côté Alimentation des valeurs mesurées à
nouveau, pour éviter une dispute technique et un conflit l'interface Client/Compagnie d'électricité. Ce problème
commercial après l’attribution des contrats. est connu comme « identification de la source
harmonique ». Quand un autre Client (par ex. une autre
Spécification des limites station de conversion) est connectée au même jeu de
d'harmoniques barre ou à proximité, un type différent de problème
de détection de source d'harmoniques apparaît, qui
La spécification technique des projets CCHT neufs consiste à déterminer quelle entité connectée est à
arrête normalement les limites d’harmoniques en l'origine d'un problème particulier d'harmonique signalé
conformité avec les normes internationales, ou du retour ou d'une violation d'une limite spécifiée d'harmonique.
d’expérience des projets antérieurs. Ces limites sont
rarement définies sur la base d’études ou de mesures Les méthodes de séparation développée pour une
détaillées sur le réseau réel et au point de connexion configuration Client unique/Compagnie d'électricité
de la station CCHT. Habituellement des limites ne peuvent pas s'appliquer dans cette situation, et
d’harmoniques « incrémentales » sont spécifiées, des techniques nouvelles ou des modifications des
mais si les distorsions préexistantes sont importantes, méthodes existantes sont donc nécessaires. Dans
certains Clients spécifient une approche d'évaluation la BT on présente rapidement les méthodes de
« agrégée », c. à d. que les limites prennent en compte séparation disponibles dans la littérature, avec une
à la fois les harmoniques produits par la station et description des principes de base, des hypothèses et
l'amplification/atténuation de la distorsion préexistante. des simplifications, ainsi que des difficultés techniques
Une approche semblable doit être envisagée quand et pratiques que soulève leur utilisation pour des
plusieurs stations sont connectées à proximité l'une mesures sur site réel.
de l'autre. Comme les émissions harmoniques d'une
station peuvent être considérablement impactées par Conclusions
la production harmonique et l'impédance de l'autre La BT a été préparée pour aider les Compagnies
station, le comportement harmonique est mieux d’électricité et les Consultants dans la rédaction des
exprimé en termes d'émission harmonique conjointe. Spécifications Techniques et dans l’analyse des
Il est donc fortement recommandé d'éviter la pratique conceptions des filtres envisagés pour des projets
normale qui consiste à spécifier uniquement les CCHT connectés à proximité d’autres stations.
limites incrémentales de distorsion de la tension, Elle fournit des instructions pour les études de pré-
indépendamment pour chacune des stations de spécification à réaliser pour explorer la possibilité
conversion proches. d'interactions harmoniques, et déterminer les données
de réseau spécifiques et les informations techniques,
Les instructions de la norme CEI 61000-3-6 sont telles que les paramètres de l'impédance harmonique,
révisées dans le contexte d'une configuration à la philosophie de contrôle de la puissance réactive
connexions CC multiples. Le principe de base est et les niveaux limites d'harmoniques. Elle constitue
d'arrêter des limites d'harmoniques de manière telle également une base de savoir sur les aspects à
que le niveau de distorsion en tout point du réseau ne prendre en compte et leurs possibles implications dans
dépasse pas les niveaux planifiés, quand toutes les la conception des équipements de filtrage. 
installations à l'origine de distorsion présentes dans
les réseaux HT et THT (dont les stations de conversion
proches) injectent une distorsion harmonique égale à
leur limite individuelle d'émission.

WG B4.66
should be considered when there are multiple at the Customer-Utility interface point. This problem
converter stations in close proximity. As the harmonic is known as “harmonic source identification”. When
emissions of one station can be considerably another Customer (e.g. another converter station)
affected by the harmonic generation and impedance is connected to the same or at a close busbar, a
of the other station, the harmonic performance different type of harmonic source detection problem
is better described in terms of the joint harmonic emerges, which is to determine which Connectee is
emission. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that causing a particular reported harmonic problem or a
the normal practice of specifying only incremental violation of specified harmonic limits.
voltage distortion limits independently for each
proximate converter station is avoided. The separation methods developed for the single
Customer-Utility configuration cannot be directly
The guidelines presented in IEC 61000-3-6 standard applied in this situation and therefore new techniques
are reviewed in the Brochure in the context of multiple or modifications of the existing methods are required.
DC infeed configuration. The basic principle is to The Brochure briefly presents the main separation
set harmonic limits in a way that when all distorting methods provided in the literature, describing
installations present in the HV and EHV networks their basic principles, the main simplifications
(including proximate converter stations) are injecting and assumptions, as well as the technical and
levels of harmonic distortion equal to their individual practical difficulties in their application to real site
emission limits, the total disturbance level anywhere measurements.
in the system should not exceed the planning levels.
Conclusions
Assessment of harmonic This Brochure has been prepared to help Utilities
emissions and Consultants in the preparation of Technical
Specifications and the evaluation of prospective filter
The verification of the specified individual performance designs for HVDC projects with proximate converter
at site is another challenge when there are proximate stations. It provides guidance on the pre-specification
converter stations. The actual level of harmonic studies to be carried out to screen the possibility
distortion measured at the point of connection is not of harmonic interactions and to determine specific
only due to the effect of the converter station under system data and technical requirements, such as
evaluation alone, but also due to a variety of harmonic network harmonic impedance parameters, reactive
sources within the system. Since in practical situations power controller philosophy and harmonic limits. It
it is not possible to shut down these sources during will also provide a basis of knowledge of the aspects
the period of testing, separation methods have been to be considered and the possible implications for the
developed to separate the Customer and supply side design of the filtering equipment. 
harmonic contributions from the measured quantities
BROCHURE N° 798
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
Disponible sur / Available on:
www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
180€
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

799 GT C4.31
Evaluation des perturbations

de fréquence supérieure à 2 kHz
transmises par conduction dans les
réseaux électriques BT et MT
Membres
D. THOMAS, Chef de file (GB), K. ATKINSON, Secrétaire (IE), A. MOHOS (HU),
I. ANGULO (ES), J. LADÁNYI (HU), R. HUBBARD (SA), F. SOLLERKVIST (SE),
H. SIEW (GB), D. VUJATOVIC (GB), G. VARJÚ (HU),
Membres Correspondants
M. BOLLEN (SE), I. FERNANDEZ (ES), A. ROCH (NL), R. SERRA (NL),
J. SKANSENS (SE), E. SMULDERS (NL), R. SMOLENSKI (PL), P. LEZYNSKI (PL),
P. IVRY (GB), M. YESHALEM (GB)
Introduction Dans la plage des fréquences 2-150 kHz on parle

souvent de supra-harmoniques. Il faut pouvoir
L’industrie de la fourniture de l’électricité a connu des mesurer et analyser complètement les caractéristiques
changements, aux plans de l’exploitation et de son temps /fréquence des supra-harmoniques. Ceux-ci
efficience, liés à la mise en œuvre de la conversion sont variables dans le temps sur une période de la
de puissance électronique, des compteurs intelligents, fréquence du réseau d’alimentation et présentent une
et des liaisons de communication. En particulier les large gamme de composantes de fréquence, comme
communications par courants porteurs sur les lignes montré sur la Figure 1. Aujourd’hui il n’existe pas de
électriques (PLC) sont devenues une composante normes reconnues régissant la mesure des émissions
importante des systèmes de compteurs intelligents de courant et de tension dans la plage de fréquences
et des réseaux intelligents (Smart Grid). Cependant 2-150 kHz. Il faut porter beaucoup d’attention à la
les convertisseurs de puissance électroniques et les largeur de bande choisie pour le récepteur et à la
PLC surimposent par transmission galvanique des durée d’exécution de la mesure. On a constaté que
tensions perturbatrices de fréquences différentes de la les méthodes les plus courantes d’évaluation des
fréquence du réseau ; ils distordent ainsi la forme de émissions supra-harmoniques pouvaient conduire à ne
l’onde sinusoïdale et mettent en péril l’interopérabilité pas appréhender des caractéristiques importantes et,
des principaux équipements [1, 2]. Auparavant les donc, à ne pas fournir une mesure représentative des
perturbations à des fréquences de la plage 2-150 interférences potentielles [3,4]. Ceci pouvait conduire à
kHz ne faisaient pas, généralement, l’objet de des procédures de protection inadaptées.
réglementations, mais ces fréquences sont celles qui,
en premier lieu, posent des problèmes du fait de leur Pour évaluer l'impact des supra-harmoniques, on doit
transmission par conduction, et on peut trouver dans complètement comprendre comment ils se propagent
[1] une description détaillée de leurs sources et de leurs et comment ils s'additionnent. Bien que les supra-
effets. On s’intéresse, par conséquent, de plus en plus harmoniques présentent des propriétés qui sont
à la nature des perturbations du réseau d’alimentation synchrones avec la fréquence du réseau d'alimentation
dans cette plage de fréquence. Les perturbations à des (c’est-à-dire des impulsions avec les mêmes passages
fréquences élevées de la plage 2-150 kHz transmises à zéro), elles sont essentiellement produites par les
par conduction, et les problèmes qu’elles induisent sur modulations de largeur d'impulsions calées sur un
les équipements raccordés aux réseaux électriques BT oscillateur non synchronisé. Les supra-harmoniques
et MT, constituent par conséquent le sujet central de la présentent, par conséquent, une différence avec les
Brochure Technique (BT). harmoniques de fréquences plus basses parce •••

WG C4.31
Assessment of conducted
disturbances above 2 kHz in MV
and LV power systems
Members
D. THOMAS, Convenor (GB), K. ATKINSON, Secretary (IE), A. MOHOS (HU),
I. ANGULO (ES), J. LADÁNYI (HU), R. HUBBARD (SA), F. SOLLERKVIST (SE),
H. SIEW (GB), D. VUJATOVIC (GB), G. VARJÚ (HU),
Corresponding Members
M. BOLLEN (SE), I. FERNANDEZ (ES), A. ROCH (NL), R. SERRA (NL),
J. SKANSENS (SE), E. SMULDERS (NL), R. SMOLENSKI (PL), P. LEZYNSKI (PL),
P. IVRY (GB), M. YESHALEM (GB)
Introduction are no agreed standards for the measurement of

the voltage and current emissions in the frequency
The electricity supply industry has been transformed range 2-150 kHz. Care needs to be taken over the
in operation and efficiency through the increased use chosen receiver bandwidth and the time duration over
of power electronic converters, smart meters and which measurements are taken. It has been found
communication links. In particular the use of Power that popular methods for assessing supraharmonic
Line Communications (PLC) has become an important emissions can lead to overlooking important features
part of smart meters and smart grid solutions. Power and may not provide a representative measure
electronic converters and PLC, however, superimpose of possible interference [3,4]. This could lead to
disturbing voltages through conducted emissions at inappropriate mitigation procedures.
frequencies different from the mains frequency thus
distorting its sinusoidal waveform and threatening In order to assess the impact of supraharmonics, their
the interoperability of all connected mains equipment propagation and aggregation also needs to be fully
[1, 2]. The frequency range 2-150 kHz has been understood. Although supraharmonics have properties
mostly unregulated in the past, but this is the primary that are synchronous with the mains frequency (i.e.
frequency range where problems are occurring due zero crossing impulses), they are mainly generated by
to conducted emissions. A detailed description of pulse width modulation clocked by an unsynchronised
the sources and effects can be found in [1]. There is, oscillator. Supraharmonics, therefore, differ from the
therefore, an increased interest in the nature of mains lower frequency harmonics in that they have a strong
disturbances in this frequency range. The focus of this time variation and the sources tend to be uncorrelated.
Technical Brochure (TB) is then the higher frequency Supraharmonics propagate mainly along conductor
conducted emissions over the range 2-150 kHz and paths. The power system impedance has a very strong
issues related to equipment connected to MV and LV frequency variation in the range 2-150 kHz due to the
power systems. skin effect [5] and has a very strong time variation due
to the switching of nonlinear loads [6]. The estimation
The frequency range 2-150 kHz is often called of the propagation and aggregation of supraharmonics
supraharmonics. The measurement and analysis must in a power system is, therefore, quite complex and not
fully allow for the time / frequency characteristics of the yet fully understood.
supraharmonics. These supraharmonics have time
variations within one mains cycle and have broadband Only relatively recently have compatibility standards
components as shown in Figure 1. At present there for the frequency range 2-150 kHz been published •••

799 GT C4.31
Figure 1 - Spectrogramme STFT du courant d’une seule ampoule d’éclairage fluorescents 36 W
qu'elles varient fortement dans le temps et que leurs quand c’est approprié, à des travaux en cours dont
sources ont tendance à ne pas être corrélées. Les on pense qu’ils vont aboutir à une normalisation de
supra-harmoniques se propagent principalement par limites pour la plage de fréquence concernée. Des
les conducteurs. L'impédance du réseau électrique informations sur les définitions concernant le réseau
varie très fortement en fonction de la fréquence dans d’électricité, sur les techniques de mesures, sur les
la plage des fréquences 2-150 kHz, du fait de l'effet modélisations et l’agrégation, sont également données
de peau [5], et varie énormément dans le temps du dans la Brochure Technique.
fait de la commutation des charges non linéaires [6].
L'estimation de la propagation et l'agrégation des Contenu et enseignements
supra-harmoniques est, par conséquent, tout à fait
complexe et pas encore complètement comprise. Dans la plage de fréquences 2-150 kHz les EMI
(interférences électromagnétiques) peuvent être
Ce n’est qu’assez récemment que des normes à large bande, à bande étroite, ou récurrentes,
de compatibilité couvrant la plage des fréquences dues à des émissions transmises par conduction,
2-150 kHz ont été publiées [7]. Cela explique que les à partir de convertisseurs de puissance, et dues à
limites d’émissions qui existent (intentionnelles et non des composantes non intentionnelles venant des
intentionnelles) et que les niveaux d’immunité [8, 9] systèmes de communication utilisant le réseau
ne soient pas complétement en accord. Des travaux d’alimentation. Ces sources sont rapidement décrites
complémentaires sont nécessaires pour harmoniser dans la Brochure Technique. Des signaux à spectre
les normes concernant les supra-harmoniques, mais étroit sont également émis intentionnellement par le
l’objectif ne pourra être atteint que par une meilleure système de communication du réseau d’alimentation.
compréhension technique des phénomènes. Dans la Brochure Technique on explique comment il
est possible d’évaluer les différentes composantes en
Domaine couvert utilisant les STFT (Transformée de Fourier à Court
Terme, ou Locale), avec un filtrage adapté.
La Brochure Technique a pour objectifs de :
 Faire prendre conscience des problèmes concernés Les méthodes de mesure et de calcul de l'impédance
 Fournir une description technique des phénomènes des conducteurs sont décrites exhaustivement dans
 Faire le point des recommandations et guides la Brochure Technique. Un exemple d'étude de la
existants propagation et de l'agrégation des supra-harmoniques
 Identifier les déficits de connaissance, et les travaux pour un parc solaire est donné à titre de démonstration.
futurs On montre :
 Qu’il semble que les onduleurs s’influencent
La Brochure Technique n’a pas pour objectif de mutuellement et que les courants supra-
prescrire des limites ; néanmoins elle fait référence, harmoniques ont plus de probabilité de circuler •••

WG C4.31
Figure 1 - STFT spectrogram for the current from a single 36 W Fluorescent light bulb.
[7]. For this reason, the available emission limits The methods for measuring and calculating the
(intentional and unintentional) and immunity levels conductor impedances are fully described in The
[8,9] are not in full agreement. More work is required Technical Brochure. An example study of the
to harmonize standards for supraharmonics but this propagation and aggregation of the supraharmonics
can only be achieved through a better technical within a solar park is provided as a demonstration. It
understanding of the phenomena. is found that:
Scope of work It seems that inverters influence each other, thus

supraharmonic currents are more likely to flow
The aims of The Technical Brochure are to: between them than into the grid;
 Raise awareness of the issues involved  The alteration of the harmonic production does not
 Provide a technical description of the phenomena significantly change with the injected current at the
 Identify existing recommendations and guides switching frequency;
 Identify gaps and future work  The aggregation of different harmonics seems to
be a stochastic process. Probably it cannot be
The Technical Brochure is not intended to prescribe described with an exact, useable mathematical
limits; however reference has been made where form:
appropriate to on-going work in this area which in  At 16 kHz the resultant current of 10 PV units
the future is expected to result in standardisation of is nearly the same (in some cases even lower)
limits in this frequency range. The Technical Brochure as the currents of the individual PV panels;
includes information on electric power definitions,  At 19 kHz the resultant current of 10 PV units
measurement techniques, modelling and aggregation. is nearly 5-10 times higher than the individual
currents of the PVs;
Content and teachings  The change in power production of a PV unit does
not significantly change the injected disturbing
EMI in the frequency range 2-150 kHz can be broadband, current at switching frequency;
narrowband or recurrent and due to the conducted  Conclusions relating to attenuation cannot be
emissions from power converters and unintentional drawn from these measurements because we
components from mains communications systems. These could not measure the same inverter’s current in
sources are briefly described in the Technical Brochure. two places at the same time (e.g. at the inverter
Intentional narrowband signals are also derived from and at the distribution board);
mains communications systems. The Technical Brochure  The measured current emission values in the 2
describes how the different components can be evaluated kHz to 30 kHz frequency range are far below the
through the use of Short Time Fourier Transforms (STFT) immunity test levels set in standard IEC 61000-4-
with appropriate filtering. 19 [9]. •••

799 GT C4.31
entre onduleurs que de circuler dans le réseau ; Références

 Que la modification des harmoniques produits ne [1] CEI SC 205 : A Study Report on Electromagnetic
change pas significativement avec le niveau des Interference between Electrical Equipment/Systems in the
Frequency Range below 150 kHz CLC/FprTR50669 :2017.
courants injectés à la fréquence des commutations ;
[2] F. Leferink, C. Keyer et A. Mclentjev “Static Energy
 Que l’agrégation des différents harmoniques Meter Errors Caused by Conducted Electromagnetic
semble être un processus stochastique. On ne Interference” IEEE EMCS Magazine 3, mars 2017.
peut pas, probablement, la décrire sous une forme [3] M. Klatt, J. Meyer, P. Schegner, “Comparison of
measurement methods for the frequency range of 2 kHz
mathématique utilisable :
to 150 kHz”, in Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP),
 A 16 kHz le courant résultant de 10 unités 2014 IEEE 16th International Conference on, pp. 818-822,
photovoltaïques est pratiquement le même (et 25-28 May 2014.
dans certains cas même plus faible) que les [4] P. Lezynski, R. Smolenski, H. Loschi, D. Thomas, N.
Moonen “A Novel method for EMI evaluation in random
courants issus de chaque panneau PV ;
modulated power electronic converters” publication
 A 19 kHz le courant résultant de 10 unités PV acceptée dans “Measurement”, Elsevier 2019.
est entre 5 à 10 fois plus élevé que le courant [5] A. Mohos, J. Ladanyi, D. Divenyi “Methods to ascertain
de chacun des panneaux PV ; the resistance of stranded conductors in the frequency
range 40 Hz-150 kHz.” Electric Power Systems Research,
 Que la modification du niveau de production d’une
Vol 174, Elsevier 2019, https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.
unité PV ne changement pas significativement epsr.2019.105862.
le courant perturbateur injecté à la fréquence de [6] D. Chakravorty, J. Meyer, P. Schegner, S. Yanchenko et
commutation ; M. Schocke “Impact of modern electronic equipment on
the assessment of network harmonic impedance” IEEE
 Que l'on ne peut pas tirer des conclusions relative
Trans. Smart grid, Vol. 8 (1), janvier 2017.
à l'atténuation de ces mesures, parce qu'il n'a pas [7] IEC Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – partie
été possible de mesurer le courant d'un même 2-2, Norme CEI. 61000 2-2 Ed2 A1/CD : Environment
onduleur, en deux endroits et en même temps (par — Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted
disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power
ex. au niveau de l'onduleur et sur le tableau de
supply systems, IEC 61000-2-2 :2018, ed2am1am2.
distribution) ; [8] Spécification Technique CEI “Power electronics systems
 Que les valeurs mesurées du courant de l'émission and equipment — Operation conditions and characteristics
dans la plage 2 kHz à 30 kHz sont très loin en- of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including
design recommendations for their emission values below
dessous des limites des essais d'immunité stipulées
150 kHz” IEC/TS 62578 :2015 : ISBN 978 0 580 75477 7.
dans les normes CEI 61000-4-19 [9]. [9] EN Std. 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –Part
4-19 : Testing and measurement techniques — Test for
Ces résultats sont en concordance avec les résultats immunity to conducted, differential mode disturbances and
signaling in the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz at a.c.
des autres chercheurs [10]. La Brochure Technique,
power ports, EN 61000-4-19 :2014.
en plus, présente et discute rapidement les normes en [10] CIGRE GTC C4/C6.29, BT 672 “Power Quality aspects of
rapport avec le sujet. solar power”, décembre 2016, ISBN : 978-2-85873-375-0. 

WG C4.31
resistance of stranded conductors in the frequency range 40
These results are consistent with the findings of
Hz-150 kHz.” Electric Power Systems Research, Vol 174,
other researchers [10]. The Technical Brochure also Elsevier 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105862.
provides a brief description and discussion of the [6] D. Chakravorty, J. Meyer, P. Schegner, S. Yanchenko and
relevant standards. M. Schocke “Impact of modern electronic equipment on the
assessment of network harmonic impedance” IEEE Trans.
Smart grid, Vol. 8 (1) Jan. 2017.
References [7] IEC Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – part 2-2 IEC
[1] IEC SC 205A Study Report on Electromagnetic Interference Std. 61000 2-2 Ed2 A1/CD: Environment — Compatibility
between Electrical Equipment/Systems in the Frequency levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and
Range below 150 kHz CLC/FprTR50669:2017. signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems, IEC
[2] F. Leferink, C. Keyer and A. Mclentjev “Static Energy Meter 61000-2-2:2018, ed2am1am2.
Errors Caused by Conducted Electromagnetic Interference” [8] IEC Technical Specification “Power electronics systems
IEEE EMCS Magazine 3 March 2017. and equipment — Operation conditions and characteristics
[3] M. Klatt, J. Meyer, P. Schegner, “Comparison of of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including
measurement methods for the frequency range of 2 kHz design recommendations for their emission values below
to 150 kHz,” in Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), 150 kHz” IEC/TS 62578:2015: ISBN 978 0 580 75477 7.
2014 IEEE 16th International Conference on, pp. 818-822, [9] EN Std. 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –Part
25-28 May 2014. 4-19: Testing and measurement techniques — Test for
[4] P. Lezynski, R. Smolenski, H. Loschi, D. Thomas, N. immunity to conducted, differential mode disturbances and
Moonen “A Novel method for EMI evaluation in random signalling in the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz at a.c.
modulated power electronic converters” Accepted for power ports, EN 61000-4-19:2014.
publication in “Measurement”, Elsevier 2019. [10] CIGRE JWG C4/C6.29, TB 672 “Power Quality aspects of
[5] A. Mohos, J. Ladanyi, D. Divenyi “Methods to ascertain the solar power”, December 2016 ISBN: 978-2-85873-375-0. 
BROCHURE N° 799
(in English only)
www.e-cigre.org
170€

800 GT B5.47
Audits du fonctionnement des

protections de réseau
Membres
P. WATSON, Chef de file (GB), F. MIHAELA LAZAR, Secrétaire (BE),
S. AQUILES-PEREZ (US), F. FERNANDEZ (DE), D. GLENNON (IE),
A. GOPALAKRISHNAN (US), C. GUIBOUT (FR), J. JAEGER (FR), P. NEWMAN (GB),
R. PATTERSON (US), J. VAQUERO (ES), J. WRIGHT (GB)
P. BISHOP (NZ), J.C. MARQUES DE LIMA (BR), M. JALALI (CA),
P. KELLER (ZA), A. PODSHIVALIN (RU)
Introduction
Le remplacement de relais de protection obsolètes,
La Brochure Technique présente les possibilités, les ou de relais de protection en fin de vie utile, peut être
avantages et les conditions de l’utilisation d’un logiciel l'occasion de mettre en place des relais de protection
propriétaire d’analyse de réseau et de protection, pour réalisant des fonctions différentes et/ou possédant
réaliser des audits des performances des protections des caractéristiques différentes. Evaluer la qualité
des réseaux de transport et de distribution, portant de l'apport de ces fonctions et/ou caractéristiques
sur des centaines ou des milliers de dispositifs de nouvelles, et vérifier le fonctionnement et la
protection. coordination de ces fonctions et/ou caractéristiques,
nouvelles avec des relais de protection existants, est
Comme le suggère le mot « audit » dans le titre de une action qui devra être entreprise.
la Brochure Technique, le bon fonctionnement de
la protection du réseau est examiné sur la base de Considérant les changements rapides que les réseaux
la qualité de fonctionnement des relais de protection de transport et de distribution connaissent, et la durée
installés dans le réseau, avec leurs réglages de service. de vie toujours plus courte des relais de protection
numériques, la réalisation d'audits de la performance
La motivation de la réalisation d'un audit de des protections dans le cadre de la gestion de la
performance de la protection du réseau peut venir vie utile des systèmes de protection devient une
simplement du besoin de confirmer qu'en cas de défaut nécessité.
dans le réseau les relais de protection, avec leurs
réglages de service du moment fonctionnent comme Les calculs compliqués qu'implique la sélection des
attendu, être la conséquence d'une perturbation grave réglages de chaque relais de protection, et le temps
du réseau, être une exigence légale ou statutaire, ou que demande l'exécution de ces calculs, font qu'il
être la conséquence de modifications du réseau et/ou est impossible de procéder à la révision de tous les
des changements de protection. réglages des protections d'une « zone étendue » d'un
réseau de transport ou de distribution en suivant cette
Les modifications de réseau peuvent être des approche
reconfigurations du réseau de transport, des
adjonctions ou des retraits de moyens de production, Les possibilités, et la disponibilité, des packages
et aussi des modifications des interconnexions avec logiciels d'analyse des réseaux à fréquence unique
des réseaux de transport voisins, ou des additions. A en régime permanent et des protections utilisant
la suite de toute modification de réseau il est prudent les phaseurs, permettent de réaliser des audits de
de s'assurer que le fonctionnement satisfaisant des performance de protection sur « une zone étendue ».
systèmes de protection, existants et nouveaux, est Cette « zone étendue » peut couvrir l'intégralité d'un
conservé. réseau de transport ou de distribution, compter des •••

WG B5,47
Network protection
performance audits
Members
P. WATSON, Convenor (GB), F. MIHAELA LAZAR, Secretary (BE),
S. AQUILES-PEREZ (US), F. FERNANDEZ (DE), D. GLENNON (IE),
A. GOPALAKRISHNAN (US), C. GUIBOUT (FR), J. JAEGER (FR), P. NEWMAN (UK),
R. PATTERSON (US), J. VAQUERO (ES), J. WRIGHT (UK)
P. BISHOP (NZ), J.C. MARQUES DE LIMA (BR), M. JALALI (CA),
P. KELLER (ZA), A. PODSHIVALIN (RU)
Introduction
An assessment of the performance of these new
This Technical Brochure presents the possibilities, functions and/or characteristics together with the
advantages and requirements for utilising proprietary performance and coordination of existing protection
power system and protection analysis software relays working in conjunction with the new functions
for undertaking protection performance audits of and/or characteristics will need to be undertaken.
transmission and distribution systems involving
hundreds or thousands of protection devices. Considering the rapid change to which transmission
and distribution networks are subjected, and the ever-
As the word “Audit” in the title of this Technical Brochure shorter expected useful life of numeric protection
suggests, a network’s protection performance is relays, the requirement for protection performance
examined based on the performance of the existing audits as part of the lifetime management of protection
protection relays within that network, with their in- systems is becoming a necessity.
service settings applied.
The rigorous calculations involved in setting an
The reasons for undertaking a network protection individual protection relay and the associated time
performance audit could be simply to confirm that required to undertake these calculations make a
for system faults, protection relays with their existing review of all the protection settings associated with a
protection settings operate as expected, could be “wide-area” of a transmission or distribution system
as a result of a major system disturbance, a legal or using this approach impossible.
statutory requirement or because of system and/or
protection changes. The capability and availability of steady state single
frequency phasor-based power system and protection
System changes include transmission system analysis software packages now make it possible to
reconfiguration, the addition or removal of generation, undertake “wide-area” protection performance audits
and also changes to or addition of interconnections which could include an entire transmission and or
to neighbouring transmission systems. Following any distribution system involving hundreds or thousands
of these system changes it is prudent to ensure that of protection devices and a range of system
acceptable performance of both the existing and new configurations. The protection systems which form
protection systems is maintained. the basis of a protection performance audit are the
existing non-unit protection relays with their in-service
The replacement of obsolete protection relays or protection settings.
protection relays at the end of their useful life could
be an opportunity to install protection relays with Working Group B5.47 investigated the issues to
different protection functions and/or characteristics. be considered when undertaking a protection •••

800 GT B5.47
centaines ou des milliers de dispositifs de protection, effets des offsets CC, la non linéarité des TC et des
et présenter une large variété de configurations de TT capacitifs, la saturation, les courants d'appel
réseau. Les systèmes de protection objets de l'audit magnétisants des transformateurs, etc. La prise en
de performance sont les relais à sélectivité relative compte des transitoires temporels et des phénomènes
(non-unit) existants, avec les réglages de protection dynamiques pourrait impliquer un niveau d'investigation
de service. plus poussé que celui qui est considéré comme
nécessaire pour un audit de protection. La complexité,
Le Groupe de Travail B5.47 a examiné les questions des modèles de réseau tout particulièrement, et des
qui sont à prendre en compte quand on envisage un modèles des protections, serait fortement accrue par
audit de performance de protection, les spécifications rapport à celle des analyses basées sur les phaseurs.
des logiciels d’analyse de système électrique et de Pour les modèles basés sur les transitoires il est plus
fonctionnement de protection, ainsi que les méthodes important de restreindre l'étendue de l'investigation
d’évaluation des performances de protection des (par ex. se limiter à l'étude d'un seul incident de
systèmes électriques très étendus interconnectés. réseau) et de limiter les phénomènes temporels à
prendre en compte pour obtenir des résultats fiables.
Domaine couvert et méthodologie
Description de la Brochure
Les audits de performance des protections mettent en Technique
œuvre des logiciels propriétaires (« maison ») d'analyse
de systèmes électrique et de protection, ce qui facilite la Dans la Brochure Technique on examine les
modélisation interactive du comportement des relais de possibilités que peuvent offrir les modèles en régime
protection en régime permanent du réseau électrique permanent de réseaux et de protections, utilisés
pour différentes conditions de défaut. pour les audits de fonctionnement des protections de
réseau, et leurs limitations. On fournit également des
Les modèles en régime permanent basés sur les directives générales en matière de spécifications des
phaseurs utilisent les phaseurs de la tension et du données et de processus d’audit, et sur les techniques
courant à la fréquence fondamentale. La plupart d’automatisation envisageables.
des modèles basés sur les phaseurs présentent des
limitations du fait de leur inaptitude à traiter le régime Les systèmes de protection les plus impactés par les
dynamique transitoire affectant les phaseurs à la modifications de configuration du système primaire,
fréquence fondamentale. ou par des modifications touchant les productions
raccordées, sont les protections à sélectivité relative
Cependant les packages logiciels d'analyse des (par ex. protection de distance, protection de
réseaux et des protections basées sur les phaseurs surintensité -directionnelle et non directionnelle- et
à fréquence fondamentale et en régime permanent, protection contre les défauts à la terre). Les audits de
permettent d’examiner le fonctionnement des fonctionnement des protections ciblent par conséquent
protections pour différents types de défaut (par ex. le fonctionnement des systèmes de protection à
triphasé, monophasé phase-terre, phase-phase, etc.) sélectivité relative. Ceci inclut le fonctionnement
pour des conditions de défaut variant par incréments des protections de distance dans l’hypothèse où les
des charges nominales du circuit protégé, pour liaisons de communication associées aux schémas
des défauts barres et pour des défauts présentant mettant en œuvre des protections de distance (par
différentes valeurs de résistance de défaut. En outre ex. des schémas à autorisation ou à verrouillage) sont
le logiciel peut modéliser des mises hors tension hors service.
au voisinage du point de défaut (indisponibilités), et
constituer un élément additionnel pour la construction Le modèle du réseau électrique est la base de l'audit
de scénarios de défaut. de fonctionnement des protections. La topologie du
réseau et l'ensemble des paramètres des éléments
Le comportement des protections du réseau en du réseau doivent être modélisés. Des instructions
réponse à cette gamme très large de défauts et concernant les spécifications des données concernant
d’indisponibilités peut révéler des fonctionnements les équipements primaires sont données.
inattendus et des déficiences du système de protection
qu’on n’aurait pas détecté autrement, jusqu’au moment Sont également requises les données concernant les
d’un mauvais fonctionnement de protection, ou de systèmes de protection, dont le type des relais, les
l’absence de fonctionnement, constaté en réponse à informations sur les TC et TT, ainsi que les réglages
un défaut en réseau. appliqués.
Les modèles basés sur les transitoires peuvent On examine les options et les aspects regardant
prendre en compte des transitoires, tels que les la collecte des paramètres des circuits et des •••

WG B5,47
performance audit, power system and protection system and relay models used for network protection
performance analysis software requirements and performance audits. It also gives overall guidance on
methods for assessing protection performance on data requirements and the audit process, including
interconnected wide area networks. possible automation techniques.
Scope /Methodology The protection systems most affected by primary

Protection Performance Audits utilise proprietary system configuration changes or to changes in the
power system and protection analysis software which connected generation are non-unit type protections
facilitates the interactive modelling of the behaviour of (e.g. distance protection, and directional and non-
protection relays with the steady-state behaviour of directional overcurrent and earth fault protection).
the power system under various fault conditions. Protection performance audits are therefore focused
on the performance of non-unit protection systems.
Steady state phasor-based models use fundamental This includes an assessment of the performance
frequency voltage and current phasors. The limitation of distance protection relays assuming that the
of most phasor-based models is their inability to handle communication systems associated with any distance
time-related dynamics affecting the fundamental protection schemes (e.g. permissive or blocking
frequency phasors. schemes) is out of service.
Steady state single frequency phasor-based power The foundation for undertaking a protection
system and protection analysis software packages performance audit is the power system model. The
however, allow protection performance to be topology of the network including all network element
examined for various types of faults (e.g. three-phase, parameters must be modelled. Guidance is given
single-phase to earth, phase to phase, etc.), for faults with regard to the data requirements of the primary
at incremental percentages of the protected circuit, for equipment.
faults on busbars and for faults with various values
of fault resistance. Furthermore, the software can Data for protection systems, including relay type, CT/
model outages of equipment around the fault locations VT details and as installed settings are also required.
(contingencies), providing an additional factor in the
construction of the fault scenarios. The options and considerations for obtaining circuit
and equipment parameters and existing in-service
The network protection performance in response protection settings and CT/VT details are discussed.
to such a comprehensive range of faults and
contingencies can reveal unexpected protection The application of power system analysis and
operations and deficiencies of the protection system protection software to protection performance audits
that would not otherwise have been identified until requires a systematic approach and the use of
an actual protection maloperation or non-operation in automation techniques with regard to the application of
response to a system fault had occurred. faults and the assessment of protection performance.
Transient-based models can consider time-related The Technical Brochure examines the following five
transients, such as the effects of DC offset, non-linearity main consecutive stages required to undertake a
of CTs and CVTs, saturation, transformer magnetising typical a network protection performance audit:
inrush current, etc. The consideration of time related  Stage 1: Data collection and definition of
transients and dynamics would involve a higher level objectives.
of investigation than is considered necessary for a  Stage 2: Modelling and Simulation.
network protection performance audit. The complexity  Stage 3: Assessment and Qualification.
of network models, in particular; protection models,  Stage 4: Recommendations and proposal of
would be greatly increased in comparison to the new settings.
phasor-based analysis. For transient-based models it  Stage 5: Confirmation and fine tuning.
is more important to focus the target of the investigation
(e.g. a single incident investigation) and to restrict the A transmission or distribution network will include
time related phenomena to be considered in order to hundreds or thousands of protection relays. A
get reliable results. protection performance audit requires that a variety of
faults (single phase to earth, three phase, two phase,
Description of the Technical etc.) be applied systematically at regular intervals (say
Brochure 5% or 10%) along each protected circuit and at each
busbar. In addition, there is a requirement to assess
This Technical Brochure discusses the expected the response of protection relays to varying values of
capability and limitations of steady state power fault resistance for earth faults. •••

800 GT B5.47
équipements, les réglages des protections en  Etape 5 : Confirmation et ajustement fin.

exploitation, et les informations concernant les TC et
TT. Un réseau de transport ou de distribution comprend des
centaines ou des milliers de relais de protection. Pour
L'utilisation des logiciels d'analyse de réseau électrique réaliser un audit de fonctionnement des protections il
et de protection dans les audits de fonctionnement faut simuler une variété de défauts (monophasé à la
des protections demande une approche systématique terre, triphasé, biphasé, etc.), de façon systématique
et l'appel à des techniques d'automatisation, pour et à intervalles réguliers (soit 5% ou 10%) sur chaque
la simulation des défauts et l'évaluation du bon circuit et sur chaque jeu de barres protégés. En plus
fonctionnement des protections. il faut pour les défauts à la terre évaluer la réponse
des relais de protection pour des valeurs variables de
La Brochure Technique passe en revue les cinq résistance du défaut.
étapes importantes successives à suivre pour réaliser
un audit typique du fonctionnement des protections du Chaque défaut est appliqué comme une étape, c’est-
réseau : à-dire qu'après l'application du défaut, le premier relais
 Etape 1 : Collecte des données et définition des de protection fonctionne et ordonne l'ouverture du
objectifs. disjoncteur qui lui est associé, le défaut est réappliqué
 Etape 2 : Modélisation et Simulation. et la protection suivante ordonne l'ouverture de
 Etape 3 : Evaluation et Qualification. son disjoncteur, le processus étant répété jusqu'à
 Etape 4 : Recommandations et propositions de élimination du défaut ou jusqu'au point où aucune
nouveaux réglages. protection supplémentaire ne fonctionne. •••
Color Code
SELECTIVE OVERFINCTION UNDERFUNCTION NOT CLEARED
Simulation info: Resistance - 0.0 Ω, Fault type: 3- Phase Short Circuit.
Lines Transformers
1% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 99% 1% 99% ID
Zone 1 1
Zone 2.a 2
Zone 2 .b 3
Zone 3 4
Zone 4 5
Zone 5,a 6
Zone 5.b 7
Zone 6 8
Zone 7 9
Zone 8 10
Zone 9 11
Zone 10 12
Zone 11.a 13
Zone 11.b 14
Zone 11.c 15
Zone 12 16
Zone 13 17
Zone 14 18
Zone 15 19
Zone 16 20
Zone 17 21
Zone 18.a 22
Zone 18.b 23
Zone 18.c 24
Zone 19 25
Zone 20 26
Figure 1 - Exemple d’une visualisation des fonctionnements par rapport à des critères définis

technical brochure
WG B5,47
800
Each fault is applied as a stepped event. That is, after The power system and protection analysis software
the application of a fault, the first protection relay to used for a protection performance audit should have
operate trips its associated circuit breaker, the fault is the facility for writing scripts or macros to facilitate the
reapplied and the next protection relay to operate trips automation of fault application, analysis and reporting.
its associated circuit breaker, the process is repeated
until the fault is cleared or no further protection relays In addition, a technique is required to visualise all the
operate. protection operations for a particular fault. From the
vast number of relay operations that occur when these
For the analysis of protection operations, each faults are applied, the visualisation should allow the
operation should be assessed against defined protection engineer to easily identify which protection
coordination criteria such as time coordination relays have not operated as expected and which
margins, distance protection reach, critical fault require further attention.
clearing time requirements, etc. The software should
have the ability for the protection engineer to define One such visualisation technique from a commercially
the protection assessment criteria. available protection performance assessment
software package is shown in Figure 1 below.
Clearly the application of so many faults and the Protection performance in response to a fault is colour
assessment of the response of a multitude of coded depending of the level of non-conformance with
protection relays for each of these faults make the use regard to coordination requirements and operating
of automation techniques mandatory. time. •••
Color Code
SELECTIVE OVERFINCTION UNDERFUNCTION NOT CLEARED
Simulation info: Resistance - 0.0 Ω, Fault type: 3- Phase Short Circuit.
Lines Transformers
1% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 99% 1% 99% ID
Zone 1 1
Zone 2.a 2
Zone 2 .b 3
Zone 3 4
Zone 4 5
Zone 5,a 6
Zone 5.b 7
Zone 6 8
Zone 7 9
Zone 8 10
Zone 9 11
Zone 10 12
Zone 11.a 13
Zone 11.b 14
Zone 11.c 15
Zone 12 16
Zone 13 17
Zone 14 18
Zone 15 19
Zone 16 20
Zone 17 21
Zone 18.a 22
Zone 18.b 23
Zone 18.c 24
Zone 19 25
Zone 20 26
Figure 1 - Example of visualisation of protection operations against defined criteria

800 GT B5.47
Pour l'analyse des fonctionnements des protections, Conclusions

chaque fonctionnement doit être évalué en regard
de critères de coordination, tels que les marges de Un audit du fonctionnement des protections du réseau
coordination des temps, la portée des protections est un outil, parmi plusieurs, qui permet d’évaluer
de distance, les spécifications du temps critique le comportement des relais de protection. Le retour
d'élimination de défaut, etc. Le logiciel doit offrir à d’expérience des fonctionnements de protection en
l'ingénieur de protection la possibilité de définir les exploitation et les analyses de défauts passés, dont
critères d'évaluation de la protection. l’examen des données des enregistreurs numériques
de défauts sont des approches complémentaires pour
A l'évidence l'application d'un tel grand nombre de évaluer la performance des relais de protection et
défauts, et l'évaluation de la réponse d'une multitude pour améliorer la fiabilité du réseau électrique.
de relais de protection pour chacun des défauts,
imposent l'utilisation de techniques d'automatisation. Bien que ces outils complémentaires puissant être
utilisés, et le sont, pour vérifier le fonctionnement
Le logiciel d'analyse du réseau électrique et des d’exemplaires de relais de protections, un audit de
protections utilisé pour l'audit de fonctionnement des fonctionnement des protections de réseau sur une
protections doit prévoir des dispositions pour l'écriture « zone étendue » est le seul outil qui soit capable
de scripts ou de macros qui faciliteront l'automatisation de vérifier le fonctionnement des centaines, ou des
de l'application des défauts, de l'analyse et des milliers, de relais de protection à sélectivité relative
comptes rendus. installés dans un grand réseau sans interférer avec
l'exploitation du réseau.
De plus il faut prévoir une technique de visualisation
de toutes les actions de protections liées à un Le principal avantage d'un audit de fonctionnement
défaut particulier. Parmi le très grand nombre de des protections de réseau vient de ce qu'il permet
fonctionnements de protection qui se produisent de détecter les problèmes latents de mauvaise
lors de l'application des défauts, la visualisation coordination avant qu'ils compromettent la fiabilité
doit permettre à l'ingénieur de protection d'identifier de l'exploitation du réseau électrique. Un autre
facilement quels relais de protection n'ont pas intérêt réside dans le fait que le modèle du réseau
fonctionné comme attendu et lesquels requièrent un électrique et des protections développées pour un
examen complémentaire. audit peut être utilisé pour des vérifications de routine
du fonctionnement des protections au moment des
Une visualisation de ce genre, provenant d'un développements du réseau.
package logiciel d'évaluation du fonctionnement de
protection disponible dans le commerce, fait l'objet de L'énorme volume des données nécessaires pour la
la Figure 1. Un code couleur, associé au niveau de réalisation d'un audit de fonctionnement des protections
non-conformité sur les exigences de coordination et le du réseau rend indispensables les techniques
temps de fonctionnement, qualifie le comportement de d'automatisation, en particulier pour l'automatisation
la protection en réponse à un défaut donné. du processus d'entrée des données incluant des
contrôles de plausibilité, pour le traitement a posteriori
Les résultats d’un audit du fonctionnement des de l'évaluation de la coordination des protections, et la
protections du réseau devraient identifier les visualisation synthétique des résultats.
réglages détectés comme ne conduisant pas à un
fonctionnement acceptable, devraient recommander Sans techniques d'automatisation, des moyens
des modifications de réglage et dles remplacements importants et beaucoup de temps seraient requis
de TC ou TT, ou la mise en place de relais de protection pour réaliser manuellement l'audit de fonctionnement
supplémentaires ou différents qui sont nécessaires des protections du réseau. Des audits automatisés
pour améliorer la coordination des protections. Les apportent des gains de coût, de temps et de
recommandations devraient assurer une élimination ressources humaines et, du fait du très grand nombre
des défauts, sensible, sélective et rapide, et contribuer des scénarios de défaut pris en compte, peuvent aussi
ainsi à accroître la fiabilité opérationnelle du réseau détecter des problèmes de protection qui n'auraient
électrique. pas été normalement détectés. 

WG B5,47
The output of the network protection performance audit protection relays installed on an extensive network
should identify existing settings found not to provide independent of system operations.
acceptable performance and should recommend
setting changes and/or CT/VT changes, or the The main advantage of a network protection performance
implementation of additional or different protection audit is that it identifies latent protection miscoordination
relays required to improve protection coordination. issues before they compromise the reliability of the power
The recommendations should ensure sensitive, system operation. An additional benefit is that the power
selective and fast fault clearance and so contribute system and protection model developed for an audit can
to the enhancement of the power system operational be applied to routinely check protection performance
reliability. during ongoing network developments.
Conclusions With regard to the large amount of data required for

A network protection performance audit is one of several a network protection performance audit, automation
tools for assessing the performance of protection relays. techniques are indispensable, in particular the automation
Feedback regarding in-service protection operations of the input data process with simultaneous plausibility
and post fault analysis including the analysis of digital checks, post-processing protection coordination
fault recorder data are complementary approaches to assessment and summary visualisation of the results.
assessing the performance of protection relays and to
enhancing the reliability of the power system. Without automation techniques, extensive resources and
time would be required to manually perform a network
Although the above complementary tools can and are protection performance audit. Automated audits provide
used to check the performance of individual protection savings in cost, time and human resources and because
relays, a “wide area” network protection performance of the vast number of fault scenarios considered can
audit is the only tool which is able to examine the also identify protection issues that would not normally be
performance of hundreds or thousands of non-unit identified. 
BROCHURE N° 800
(in English only)
www.e-cigre.org
150€

801 GT B1.44
Directives pour des travaux en

sécurité sur des systèmes de câbles
soumis à des tensions induites
ou courants induits
Membres
U.S. GUDMUNDSDOTTIR, Chef de file (DK), K. SCHULTZ PEDERSEN, Secrétaire (DK),
A. BURGOS MELGUIZO (ES), A. BARCLAY (GB), G. BUCEA (AU), G. SVEJDA (AT),
J. MATALLANA (NO), L. GUIZZO (IT), M. FREILINGER (CH), M. CABAU (FR),
M. OLTMANS (NL), M. KLEIN (AT), V. DUBICKAS (SE), Y. LE ROY (BE)
C. MOUYCHARD (FR), D. MAIA DE ALMEIDA (BR), U. HUANG (GB)
Contexte 1. Les systèmes de câbles extrudés ou rubanés,

Pendant plusieurs phases différentes de la vie d’un 2. Les câbles HT mais aussi MT et même BT en
système de câbles (installation / raccordement / courant alternatif lorsqu'ils font partie du schéma de
maintenance / essais / mise à niveau / enlèvement), il connexion,
peut être nécessaire de travailler sous des tensions ou 3. Les conditions des régimes permanents ou de
des courants induits par un système sous tension. défaut (contraintes du système de câbles en cas de
défaut du réseau),
Par exemple : 4. Les méthodes de calcul des tensions et/ou courants
 Lors du tirage ou de la pose du câble induits dans diverses configurations possibles (y
 Lors des opérations de raccordement dans le compris les Champs Electro-Magnétiques ou l'effet
processus d’installation magnétique des câbles ou lignes aériennes installés
 Lors de la vérification ou de la maintenance des à proximité),
boîtes de raccordement des écrans 5. Les équipements de protection (gants, systèmes
 Lors de la réparation d’un câble après défaillance de mise à la terre....) nécessaires pour réaliser les
 Dans le processus de mise à niveau d’un circuit travaux dans des conditions sûres,
existant en vue d’en améliorer les performances 6. Tous les types de travaux possibles tels que la pose,
 Lors du retrait d’exploitation du câble pour son les raccordements (jonctions ou extrémités) et les
élimination en fin de vie. interventions sur les boîtes de raccordement des
écrans.
Comme des conditions dangereuses pourraient se
produire, il est important de mettre à disposition Le document ne fournit pas d'analyse détaillée des
de toutes les parties qui pourraient être impliquées effets des charges d’espace piégées ni du «retour de
(gestionnaires de réseau, producteurs, fabricants, potentiel» des câbles HVDC (qui ne sont que brièvement
installateurs, instituts et laboratoires d’essai, ...) des mentionnés) ou des Champs Electro-Magnétiques. Ces
directives appropriées pour travailler en toute sécurité sujets ne sont pas inclus dans le champ d'application
sur les systèmes de câbles, à partir d’une terminologie des travaux. •••
claire à établir.
Champ d’application
La Brochure Technique est un guide complet, dans
lequel tous les sujets liés aux travaux sous tensions ou
courants induits sur les câbles terrestres, et les câbles
offshore pour certains d’entre eux, sont abordés. Le
guide couvre : Figure 1 - Exemple d’un câble unipolaire HT/THT

WG B1.44
Guidelines for safe work
on cable systems under induced
voltages or currents
Members
U.S. GUDMUNDSDOTTIR, Convenor (DK), K. SCHULTZ PEDERSEN, Secretary (DK), A.
BURGOS MELGUIZO (ES), A. BARCLAY (GB), G. BUCEA (AU), G. SVEJDA (AT), J. MATALLANA
(NO), L. GUIZZO (IT), M. FREILINGER (CH), M. CABAU (FR), M. OLTMANS (NL), M. KLEIN (AT),
V. DUBICKAS (SE), Y. LE ROY (BE)
C. MOUYCHARD (FR), D. MAIA DE ALMEIDA (BR), U. HUANG (GB)
Background 5. Protecting equipment (gloves, earthing systems....)

During several phases of a cable system life (installation necessary to achieve the work in safe conditions
/ maintenance / testing / upgrading/ removal), it can be 6. All possible kind of works such as Laying, Jointing,
necessary to work under voltages or currents induced Terminating and work on Link Boxes.
by an energized system: For example:
 During the pulling or the laying: The document does not provide detailed analysis of
 During the jointing operations in the installation the effects of trapped charges and “return voltage”
process of HVDC cables (which are only mentioned briefly)
 When checking or maintaining link boxes or EMF. These topics are not included the scope of
 During the repair of a cable after fault work.
 In the upgrading process of an existing circuit
 When removing the cable for disposal at the end
of its life.
As hazardous conditions could occur, it is important

to provide all parties that could be involved (utilities,
manufacturers, installers, testing institutes…) with
guidelines for safe work on cable systems, including
a clear terminology.
Figure 1 - Example of single core HV/EHV cable
Scope
The Technical Brochure is a comprehensive guide, in Content
which all topics related to work under induced voltages
or currents on land cable, and some of them regarding In the Technical Brochure, different types of
offshore cables, are addressed. The guide covers: cable arrangements and installation are covered.
Tunnels, open trench, ducts, HDD, ploughing and
1. Extruded or lapped cable systems offshore installations are considered. Special safety
2. HV but also MV and even LV AC cables when they precautions and appropriate equipment are indicated
are part of the connection scheme, for different setups.
3. Permanent or fault conditions (Cable system
stresses under grid fault) This Technical Brochure references the risks
4. Methods to calculate induced voltages and/ associated with induced voltage on cable systems
or currents in various possible configurations only; it does not appraise or scrutinise other possible
(including EMF or Magnetic effect from cables or safety issues associated with other hazards on cable
overhead lines installed in the vicinity) systems, such as mechanical stresses etc ... •••

801 GT B1.44
Contenu de la Brochure Technique Au Chapitre 3, un résumé détaillé des procédures de

travail sûres est donné pour les différentes étapes du
La Brochure Technique traite de différents types de travail sur les systèmes de câbles : pose / tirage, coupe,
configuration et d’installation des câbles. Les tunnels, jonction, terminaison, test, enlèvement. Il est rappelé
les tranchées ouvertes, la pose en tubes, les techniques que tous ces travaux doivent être effectués uniquement
sans tranchée, la pose mécanisée et les installations par du personnel qualifié et certifié et toujours en
offshore sont pris en compte. Des précautions respectant les exigences locales réglementaires
particulières de sécurité et un équipement approprié lorsqu’elles existent.
sont indiqués et décrits pour chacune des différentes
installations. Le Chapitre 4 présente la méthodologie de calcul pour
chacun des trois différents types de tensions induites.
Cette Brochure Technique fait uniquement référence Quelques exemples de calculs sur des systèmes de
aux risques associés à la tension induite sur les câbles réels soumis à des tensions induites, provenant
systèmes de câbles; elle n’évalue pas et n’examine pas de différents pays, sont détaillés en annexe. Les
les autres problèmes de sécurité possibles associés à conclusions et recommandations sont données au
d’autres risques sur les systèmes de câbles, tels que les Chapitre 5.
contraintes mécaniques, etc.
Mécanismes de tension induite
Dans le Chapitre 1, la Brochure Technique commence
par examiner et identifier le phénomène de la tension Il existe plusieurs types de tensions induites qui peuvent
induite qui peut avoir plusieurs origines. affecter le potentiel de l’âme du câble ou de l’écran et
de la gaine métallique. Selon des études antérieures du
Dans le but d’identifier ce qu’est un environnement CIGRE, les différents types peuvent être divisés en trois
dangereux du fait de tensions ou courants induits, il catégories selon la façon dont s’effectue le couplage
est nécessaire de caractériser la limite des tensions d’une source électrique à l’objet soumis à l’induction:
de contact. Comme celle-ci varie d’un pays à l’autre  couplage inductif
et qu’il existe plusieurs normes différentes sur le sujet,  couplage capacitif
le Groupe de Travail B1.44 a entrepris une évaluation  couplage par conduction
détaillée de ces normes et lignes directrices et une
réflexion approfondie sur ce qui devrait être recommandé Chacune des trois possibilités de couplage doit être
et inclus dans une Norme Internationale appropriée. évaluée lorsqu’il s’agit de tensions induites. L’influence
de chaque couplage dépend de la présence d’autres
systèmes électriques dans l’environnement du câble et
de la façon dont le système de câble est connecté à la
terre.
Couplage inductif
Un conducteur isolé situé à proximité d’une ligne

électrique ou d’un câble en service, que ce soit sur sa
longueur complète ou sur une partie de son itinéraire, est
soumis à une tension induite par induction magnétique.
Figure 2 - Courbe Temps/courant des effets du courant alternatif L’induction est due au flux magnétique variable en
AC sur le corps humain [CEI 60479] fonction du temps que la ligne ou le câble à proximité
(système source) induit dans une boucle dont le
Le principe de base souligné dans le guide est qu’avant conducteur isolé fait partie. Le courant dans le système
d’entreprendre tout travail sur les systèmes de câbles source en service, qu’il soit nominal ou causé par un
électriques, il est fortement recommandé de conduire défaut, induit une tension longitudinalement sur le
une analyse de risque et d’effectuer le calcul des conducteur isolé (que ce soit pendant son installation,
tensions induites possibles. Cette analyse de risque son entretien ou sa réparation). Si la distance entre
suggérée est expliquée dans le Chapitre 2 : Principes le conducteur isolé et le système source est faible et,
pour des travaux en sécurité. Trois principes différents surtout s’il y a un courant asymétrique dans le système
pour des travaux en sécurité sont donnés et détaillés : source (par exemple un courant de court-circuit dû à
travaux avec mise à la terre sans circulation de courant un défaut), la tension induite peut atteindre plusieurs
induits (qui est la méthode recommandée), travaux avec kilovolts. Cette tension est induite longitudinalement sur
mise à la terre avec circulation de courants induits et toutes les parties métalliques isolées du câble, c’est-à-
travaux isolés. dire l’armure, l’écran métallique, le conducteur •••

WG B1.44
Figure 2 - Time/Current curves of effect of AC current through the human body [IEC 60479]
In Chapter 1, the Technical Brochure starts by Induced voltage mechanisms

discussing and identifying the induced voltage
phenomenon which can have several origins. There are several types of induced voltages that can
affect the potential of the cable core, screen and metal
With the purpose of identifying what is a hazardous sheath. According to previous CIGRE Studies, the
environment due to induced voltages or currents, different types can be divided into three categories
there is a need for identifying the limit of touch depending on how they are coupled from an electrical
voltages. As this varies from country to country, and source to the object of induction.
as there are several different standards discussing  inductive coupling
the topic, the task of the Working Group B1.44 has  capacitive coupling
included an in-depth appraisal of these standards  conductive coupling
and guidelines and a thorough consideration to what
should be recommended and included in appropriate All three issues must be evaluated when dealing with
International Standard. induced voltages. The influence from each coupling
depends on the presence of other electrical systems
The basic principle underlined in the guide, is that in the surroundings of the cable, and how the cable
before the start of any work on power cable systems, system is bonded to earth.
it is highly recommended that a risk analysis and the
calculation of possible induced voltages be carried Inductive coupling
out. This suggested risk analysis is explained in the
Principles of Safe Work in Chapter 2. Three different An insulated conductor which runs in the proximity of
principles of safe work are given and detailed: Earthed a power line or a cable, either on the full route or on
working without currents (which is the recommended a part of its route, is subject to voltages induced by
method), earthed work with currents and insulated magnetic coupling.
working.
The coupling is due to time-varying magnetic flux from
In Chapter 3, a detailed summary of safe working the source of the induction being linked with a circuit
procedures is given for several stages of work on cable formed by the conductors of the object of the induction.
systems: laying/pulling, cutting, jointing, terminating,
testing, removal. It is reminded that all these works must Current in a nearby cable or overhead line (OHL) in
be carried out by qualified and certified personnel only. service, whether it is during normal conditions or due
to fault conditions, will induce voltage longitudinally
Chapter 4 provides the calculation methodology of the on the insulated conductor (which is either being
three different types of induced voltages. Some real installed, repaired or maintained). If the distance is
examples on cables systems experiencing induced small, and especially if there is asymmetric current in
voltages, from different countries, are detailed in the system in service (for instance short circuit current
appendices. Conclusions and recommendations are due to a fault) the induced voltage can become several
given in Chapter 5. kilovolts. This induced voltage will be longitudinally •••

801 GT B1.44
Figure 3 - Exemple d’un réseau électrique avec des lignes parallèles
et les conducteurs de terre parallèles (par exemple le potentiel. Il convient de noter que seule une partie du
conducteur accompagnant de terre (ECC)). système de câble doit être exposée au champ électrique
pour que l’ensemble du câble soit affecté.
La valeur de la tension induite dépend du courant dans
le système inducteur, de la distance entre le système
source et le conducteur isolé, et de la longueur du
parallélisme des deux systèmes. Il convient de noter
que la valeur de la tension induite par couplage
inductif ne dépend pas du niveau de tension des
systèmes.
Couplage capacitif
Le couplage capacitif résulte du champ électrique

créé par la mise sous tension d’un objet conducteur, Figure 4 - Circuit simplifié d’un couplage capacitif
tel qu’une ligne aérienne. La tension due au couplage
capacitif est associée à une capacité entre la source et Couplage par conduction
tout conducteur isolé exposé au champ. Un diviseur de
tension capacitif est formé par la terre, le conducteur Les courants de terre (tels que les courants de retour
isolé et l’objet sous tension, de sorte qu’une proportion de défaut) qui traversent la prise de terre d’un système
de la tension source apparaît sur le conducteur isolé. de mise à la terre (par exemple un immeuble de grande
hauteur, un poste, une chambre de jonction de câble
Par conséquent, les lignes aériennes et les jeux de ou une centrale électrique) produisent une élévation
barres peuvent induire une tension par couplage du potentiel de la Terre locale (EPR) par rapport à
capacitif seulement sur les conducteurs isolés non toute terre éloignée. Les conducteurs connectés à ce
écrantés par la terre ou une surface conductrice mise à système local peuvent transférer l’élévation de potentiel
la terre. Les câbles isolés haute tension ont un écran mis à n’importe quel autre système de mise à la terre auquel
à la terre, qui confine le champ électrique à l’intérieur du ils sont connectés, ces derniers peuvent être à plusieurs
câble et ne sont donc pas source de couplage capacitif. kilomètres.
Une tension à la fréquence industrielle apparait entre Les systèmes de câble relient souvent deux systèmes
le conducteur isolé du câble et la terre; sa valeur est de mise à la terre différents (entre deux postes
fonction principalement du niveau de tension de la par exemple). Dans de telles situations, il convient
ligne aérienne, de la distance entre la ligne aérienne et d’envisager le transfert de l’EPR. Ce transfert se fait
le conducteur isolé et des conditions d’exploitation de déjà lors du fonctionnement normal des systèmes de
celle-ci (fonctionnement normal ou défaut). Il convient câbles Haute Tension (EPR liée aux courants induits
de noter que l’amplitude du couplage capacitif est ou aux courants vagabonds). Il est aggravé en cas
indépendante du courant qui circule dans la ligne de défaut sur une partie du système, ce qui conduit
aérienne. localement à une importante montée en potentiel d’un
système de mise à la terre. Un câble peut transférer
Chaque fois qu’un câble est laissé hors exploitation, cette montée en potentiel à un autre endroit qui a un
l’écran métallique et le conducteur doivent être shuntés potentiel de terre différent. En conséquence, il peut
et raccordés à la terre pour empêcher leur montée en y avoir une différence de tension entre deux •••

WG B1.44
Figure 3 - An example of network with parallel lines
on all metal parts of the cable whether in or out Whenever a cable is left disconnected, the metal
of service, i.e. armour, metal sheath, conductor sheath and core conductor should be shunted and
and parallel earth wires (such as Earth Continuity locally earthed, to prevent standing voltage. It should
Conductors, ECC). be noted that only a part of the cable system needs
to be exposed to the electric field for the whole
The magnitude of the induced voltage, due to inductive cable to be affected.
coupling, depends on the current in the source system,
the distance between the two systems and the length
of parallelism of the two systems. It should be noted,
that the magnitude of the inductive coupling induced
voltage is independent of the systems voltage level.
Capacitive coupling
Capacitive coupling is the result of electric field

around an energised power system. The electric field
is associated with a capacitance between the source
and any un-earthed conductive object exposed to the Figure 4 - Simplified circuit of capacitive coupling
field. Together with the capacitance between the un-
earthed object and earth, a capacitive voltage divider Conductive coupling
is formed, so that for an alternating voltage source, a
proportion of the source voltage appears on the object. Earth currents (such as fault return currents) flowing
through the earthing impedance of an earthing system
Therefore, overhead lines or substation busbars can only (such as a tower, substation, at jointing bays or
influence insulated cables that are not shielded neither power plant) produce an Earth Potential Rise (EPR)
by the earth nor by an earthed screen. This influence of the earth system with respect to any remote earth.
occurs in both normal operation and fault conditions. Conductors connected to that earth system can
transfer the potential rise to any other earth system
On the opposite, underground and offshore cables where they may be connected, which may be many
cannot generate capacitive coupling as the electric kilometres away.
field is contained inside the shielded insulation.
Cable systems often connect two different earthing
Power frequency voltages appear between the systems (between different substations, for example).
insulated conductor of the cable and the earth; their In such situations, consideration should be given to the
magnitudes depend mainly on the voltage level of the transfer of EPR. The situation already exists on normal
OHL, the distance between OHL and the insulated operation of HV systems (where EPR is created by
conductor, and on the OHL operating conditions induced currents or stray currents) and is aggravated
(normal operation or faults). It should be noted, that the when there is a fault on one part of the system that
magnitude of the capacitive coupling is independent of will cause EPR at the location. The cable will transfer
the current flowing in the systems. this rise of earth potential to another location that •••

801 GT B1.44
objets raccordés à la terre, l’un localement et l’autre dans des conditions normales d’opération du réseau/
à une terre distante. système électrique, des tensions dangereuses peuvent
apparaitre de façon imprévisible à tout moment à cause
de défauts électriques externes au câble ou à cause
des déclenchements, de la foudre ou autres surtensions
sur le réseau.
Par conséquent, il est impératif d’inclure une analyse de

risques pour la sécurité électrique lors de la préparation
des modes opératoires éventuellement avec tensions
induites et d’implémenter les conditions de travaux les
plus appropriées parmi les 3 principes suivants :
 Travaux avec mise à la terre avec courants induits
Figure 5 - Système de câbles rencontrant différents réseaux  Travaux avec mise à la terre sans courants induits
de terre  Travaux isolés, avec tensions induites ou tension
résiduelle
Principes pour des travaux en
sécurité Pour chacun de ces principes, des illustrations détaillées
et des outils appropriés sont présentés.
Lors des travaux d’installation d’une nouvelle liaison
souterraine ou de travaux sur un système de câbles Avant d’effectuer toute intervention sur une installation
existant, il peut y avoir un risque pour la sécurité, à électrique, une analyse de risques électriques doit
cause de tensions induites dangereuses, et/ou de de être effectuée. Cette analyse de risque doit spécifier
forts courants induits circulant dans le câble en travaux, comment l’intervention sera réalisée et quelles sont
même si celui-ci est déconnecté et isolé de tout système les mesures de sécurité et les précautions qui seront
électrique et mis à la terre. appliquées pour assurer la sécurité du chantier.
Il est important de savoir que même s’il peut être sans Si le système de câble est parallèle (en partie ou
danger de travailler sur un câble isolé hors tension totalement) à une autre liaison souterraine ou •••
Figure 6 - A gauche: Exemple de zone de travail et d’équipement de protection pour des travaux isolés.
A droite : Principes de préparation d’une zone de travail prévue pour des travaux isolés
Figure 7 - A gauche : Exemple d’une zone de travail avec équipotentialité réalisée,

et mise à la terre des écrans en utilisant des câbles de terre
A droite : exemple d’une zone de travail avec mise à la terre préparée pour appliquer les procédures de travaux associées

WG B1.44
has a different earth potential. Therefore, there can As a result, it is imperative that when planning work
be a voltage difference between two “earthed” under influence of induced voltages the developed
objects, one earthed locally and the other remotely. working procedures must include an assessment of
safety hazards (electrical risks) and to implement the
most suitable safe working conditions by considering
the three basic safe working principles:
 earthed working with currents
 earthed working without currents
 working insulated (with induced or standing
voltage)
For each working principle, detailed illustrations and

appropriate tools are presented.
Figure 5 - Cable system between different earthing systems Before carrying out any operation on an electrical
installation, an assessment of the electrical risks shall be
Principles of Safe Work made. This assessment shall specify how the operation
shall be carried out and what safety measures and
When installing a new cable circuit or when working precautions are to be implemented to ensure safety.
on an existing cable system there may be an imminent
safety hazard due to dangerous induced or transferred If a cable system is fully or partly parallel to another
voltages and/or heavy circulating currents even underground cable (UGC) or OHL in operation, a
though the cable to be worked on is disconnected and special attention must be given during the handling.
isolated from electrical system and earthed.
The estimate of induced voltages and potential rise of
It is important to be aware that while it may be safe the soil may be obtained analytically by using equations
to work on an out-of-service insulated cable under detailed in Chapter 4 or by modelling. The electrical
normal system/grid operation conditions, dangerous parameters, current and voltages, must be calculated
voltages can occur unpredictably at any time due to in the steady state conditions and under emergency
external faults in electrical system or due to switching, conditions (short-circuit, lightning and switching
lightning or other voltage surges. surges). Several cases should be taken into account •••
Figure 6 - Left: Example of workplace and protection equipment for insulated working. Right: Principles for working place
prepared for insulated working
Figure 7 - Left: Example of a workplace with proper equipotentiality and earthing on metal sheath using earthing leads. Right:
Example of a workplace where earthing is prepared for the work procedures

801 GT B1.44
aérienne en service, une attention particulière doit être Conclusions et recommandations

apportée pendant les travaux.
Cette Brochure Technique présente et traite les
Une estimation des valeurs de tensions induite et différents aspects des tensions induites sur les systèmes
d’élévation de potentiel du sol peut être obtenue de câbles. Trois types de couplages électriques sont
analytiquement en appliquant les équations détaillées considérés : (i) - couplage inductif, (ii) - couplage
dans le chapitre 4, ou par modélisation. Les paramètres capacitif et (iii) - couplage par conduction (montée en
électriques, courants et tensions, doivent être calculés potentiel du sol). L’accent de cette Brochure Technique
en régime permanent ainsi qu’en régime transitoire est porté sur le calcul des tensions induites sur un câble
(court-circuit, orage ou surtensions de manœuvres). en travaux, l’organisation des travaux en cas de tension
Plusieurs cas doivent être pris en compte selon le induite, et les procédures à adopter lorsqu’il y a un risque
type de défaut qui peut se produire sur les liaisons de tensions induites ou courants induits dangereux.
à proximité. Pour valider un modèle de calcul, il est
recommandé de réaliser des mesures sur site. Lorsqu’il Dans les cas où il existe un risque d’induction, deux
n’est pas possible de calculer avec précision les tensions grands principes de travaux en sécurité sont introduits :
induites en raison d’information inexactes concernant les «travaux avec mise à la terre» et les «travaux isolés».
les facteurs externes voire des facteurs inconnus, alors Pour les travaux avec mise à la terre, il est possible de
il faut adopter le cas le pire pour les calculs. travailler sans courants induits, lorsqu’il n’y a qu’une
mise à la terre réalisée localement sur la zone de
travail uniquement, ou bien de travailler avec courants
induits, si le câble est aussi mis à la terre aux extrémités
éloignées. Dans les deux cas, l’équipotentialité de la
zone de travail doit être assurée avant tout. Tout au
long de la Brochure Technique, tous les principes sont
abordés mais la Brochure recommande des conditions
de « travaux avec mise à la terre sans courants induits »
comme solution principale pour garantir des travaux en
sécurité là où il existe un risque de tensions induites,
soit par couplage inductif, couplage capacitif ou montée
en potentiel du sol. Dans tous les cas, tous les travaux
d’installation sous tension induite doivent toujours être
Figure 8 - Principe du couplage magnétique effectués uniquement par du personnel qualifié et
certifié, et toujours en respectant les exigences locales
Si les tensions induites ou montées en potentiel du sol réglementaires lorsqu’elles existent. Dans les annexes
calculées excèdent les limites autorisées, l’analyse de de cette Brochure Technique sont inclus plusieurs
risque doit également inclure des recommandations exemples de la façon d’effectuer des calculs de tension
sur la façon de réaliser des travaux en sécurité. Ces induite, avec plusieurs études de cas réels provenant de
recommandations doivent indiquer la valeur maximale différents pays.
des résistances de terre pour réduire les tensions
induites, la valeur de courant induit que doivent pouvoir Il a été identifié qu’il n’existe pas de directive claire ni
écouler les câbles de mise à la terre et une description de norme appropriée pour l’évaluation de la tension de
pas à pas adaptée aux travaux à réaliser. contact maximale autorisée sur un câble, en dehors d’un
poste électrique. Par conséquent, dans cette Brochure
Pour les travaux de montage de jonction et d’extrémités, Technique, sont citées plusieurs normes et directives
les procédures de travail appropriées, permettant qui sont associées à cette problématique et utilisées
de garantir la sécurité et la mise à la terre, doivent dans plusieurs pays. En outre, dans cette Brochure
être demandées au responsable des travaux. Avant Technique est incluse une recommandation pour la
de commencer tout travail, il est important d’assurer IEC afin de mettre à jour la norme existante IEC 61936,
l’équipotentialité et la mise à la terre. Lorsqu’il n’est dans laquelle sont données des limites de tension de
pas possible de garantir l’équipotentialité de la zone contact en fonction du temps d’élimination du défaut,
de travail ou s’il est requis de travailler de façon isolée, pour les câbles à l’intérieur d’un poste électrique. La
le type d’outil isolé et leur niveau d’isolement doit être recommandation est mentionnée dans le chapitre 1 et
décrit dans l’analyse de risque. expliquée plus en détails dans l’annexe 1. 

WG B1.44
following the type of fault events that may happen in or, to apply earthed working conditions with currents,
the neighbouring power lines. To validate the model, where the cable is also connected to earth at the
it is advised to perform some measurements on site. cable far ends. In both cases, equipotentiality at the
Where it is not possible to accurately calculate the work area must be ensured first. Throughout the
induced voltages due to inaccurate information about Technical Brochure, all principles are addressed, but
the external factors or unknown factors, the worst- the brochure recommends earthed working conditions
case scenario should be adopted for calculation. without currents as a primary solution to ensure safe
work where there is a risk of induced voltages either
by inductive coupling, capacitive coupling or EPR.
In any case, all installation works under induced

voltage, should always be carried out by qualified
and certified personnel only and following local legal
requirements if available.
In the Appendices of this Technical Brochure are

included several examples of how to perform induced
voltage calculations and several actual case studies
from different countries.
Figure 8 - Principles of magnetic coupling
One of the important findings that have been identified,
In the case of induced voltages or EPR above the is that there is no clear guidance or an appropriate
maximum allowed induced voltage, the risk analysis standard for the evaluation of maximum permissible
should also include a recommendation on how to touch voltage for cable systems outside of substations.
perform the work safely. This recommendation As a result, in this Technical Brochure are cited
should give the maximum size of possible earthing several standards and guidelines which are related
resistances to reduce the induced voltages, the current and used in different countries. Furthermore, in this
rating for the earthing connections and a proper step- Technical Brochure is included a recommendation to
by-step description of the physical work. For jointing IEC to update the existing standard IEC 61936, where
and termination work, the proper work procedures are given the limits of touch voltages as a function of
ensuring safety and earthing should be requested clearance time, for cable systems within substations.
from the person responsible of the work. Prior to The recommendation is mentioned in Chapter 1 and
starting any work, it is important to ensure proper explained further in the first appendix. 
equipotentiality and earthing. If it is not feasible to
work with equipotentiality or if there is a requirement
for insulated working, the type and level of insulated
tools should be described in the risk analysis.
Conclusions and recommendations

BROCHURE N° 801
This Technical Brochure presents and discusses
several aspects of induced voltages on power cable
systems. Three types of induced voltages have been (en anglais seulement)
considered; (i) - inductive coupling, (ii) - capacitive
coupling and (iii) - conductive coupling (EPR). (in English only)
The focus of this Technical Brochure is on how to

calculate induced voltages on the cable to be worked
on, how to plan the works in case of induced voltages www.e-cigre.org
and how to proceed with the work in situations where
there is a risk of hazardous voltages or currents. Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
Assuming that there is a risk of induction, two main

principles of safe work are introduced; i.e. the 180€
“Earthed work” and “Insulated work”. For the earthed
working conditions, it is possible to apply either Purchase (non-members)
earthed working without currents, where there is only Free download (members)
an earth connection made locally at the workplace

802 GT B3.45
Utilisation de gaz non-SF6 ou

de mélanges gazeux dans les
appareillages à isolation gazeuse en
moyenne et haute tensions
Membres
P. KNOL, Chef de file (NL), D. GAUTSCHI, Secrétaire (CH), H. BARTS (NL),
N. MAHDIZADEH (CH), G. BECKER (US), R. MALADEN (FR), K. BERENT (US),
R. MIGNE (FR), Y.M. CHANG (KR), D. MUTTER (CH), C. GINTIN (ID),
J. OWENS (US), M. GROTE (DE), P. PILZECKER (DE), H. HAMA (JP), J. POTTER (GB),
J. HENGSTLER (CH), M. RUNDE (NO), M. HYRENBACH (DE), D. SIGNING (FR),
J.M. INCHAUSTI (ES), Y. SUN (US), G. KACHELRIESS (DE), F. TRICHON (FR),
Y. KIEFFEL (FR),T. UCHII (JP), M. KRISTOFFERSEN (NO), M. WALDRON (GB),
R. KURTE (DE), S. YUASA (JP), R. KURZ (DE), X. ZHANG (CN), F. LORAY (FR),
R. ZHUO (CN), B. LUTZ (DE)
Introduction diélectrique, interruption du courant et extinction de l’arc.

Néanmoins il faut savoir qu’en cas d’utilisation de gaz
Depuis l’introduction des postes à isolation gazeuse (GIS), alternatifs les effets peuvent être différents, et on doit en
à la fin des années 1960, l’hexafluorure de soufre (SF6) avoir conscience.
est devenu, du fait de ses caractéristiques remarquables,
le matériau favori pour l’isolation et pour la coupure Les normes CEI et IEEE actuelles relatives aux
d’arc. Mais le SF6 présente un inconvénient important appareillages ciblent l’utilisation du SF6 et ne sont pas,
parce qu’il possède un potentiel de réchauffement global par conséquent, complètement transposables aux cas
(GWP) quand il est relâché dans l’atmosphère 23 500 des gaz sans SF6 et des mélanges gazeux. Les normes
fois plus élevé que le CO2, et a une durée de vie dans concernées sont en cours d’évaluation et pour partie
l’atmosphère d’environ 3 200 ans, selon le Rapport déjà en cours de révision. •••
d’évaluation n°5 de l’IPCC (AR5) de 2014. A cause de
ces propriétés, il est un des six gaz figurant sur la liste du
Protocole de Kyoto de 1997. Cependant, pour situer le
problème, il est important de rappeler que la contribution
du SF6 aux émissions provoquant le réchauffement
global est relativement faible.
Au début de notre siècle, les constructeurs et les

universités ont accéléré leurs recherches d’un remplaçant
du SF6 comme milieu d’isolation, de commutation et de
coupure du courant (photos 1 et 2). Les progrès récents
se sont traduits par des utilisations de gaz sans SF6 (non-
SF6) et de mélanges de gaz dans des appareillages à Photos 1 et 2 – Des études
diélectriques ont été présentée
moyenne et haute tensions, avec des installations pilotes lors d’une réunion du GT
mises en service par plusieurs constructeurs dans (Bobine de Ruhm Kroff –
collection privée)
différents pays. La plupart de ces solutions mettent en
œuvre un mélange de gaz au lieu d’un gaz unique. Les
gaz alternatifs (non-SF6) peuvent contenir gaz présents
dans l’air (tels que N2, O2 ou CO2) et peuvent contenir
une certain quantité de composés fluorés.
En principe les fonctions fondamentales d’un gaz

alternatif sont similaires à celles du SF6: isolation

WG B3.45
Application of non-SF6 gases
or gas-mixtures in medium voltage
and high voltage gas-insulated
switchgear
Members
P. KNOL, Convenor (NL), D. GAUTSCHI, Secretary (CH), H. BARTS (NL),
N. MAHDIZADEH (CH), G. BECKER (US), R. MALADEN (FR), K. BERENT (US),
R. MIGNE (FR), Y.M. CHANG (KR), D. MUTTER (CH), C. GINTIN (ID),
J. OWENS (US), M. GROTE (DE), P. PILZECKER (DE), H. HAMA (JP), J. POTTER (GB),
J. HENGSTLER (CH), M. RUNDE (NO), M. HYRENBACH (DE), D. SIGNING (FR),
J.M. INCHAUSTI (ES), Y. SUN (US), G. KACHELRIESS (DE), F. TRICHON (FR),
Y. KIEFFEL (FR), T. UCHII (JP), M. KRISTOFFERSEN (NO), M. WALDRON (UK),
R. KURTE (DE), S. YUASA (JP), R. KURZ (DE), X. ZHANG (CN), F. LORAY (FR),
R. ZHUO (CN), B. LUTZ (DE)
Introduction alternative gases are applied may differ and need to

be recognized.
Since the introduction of Gas-Insulated Substations
(GIS) in the late 1960s, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has Present IEC and IEEE standards for switchgear focus
become the favourite insulating and arc quenching on the application of SF6 and are therefore not fully
medium thanks to its remarkable characteristics. transferable to non-SF6 gases or gas mixtures. The
However, SF6 has the major drawback of presenting affected standards are under evaluation and partly
a global warming potential (GWP) if released to the already under review.
atmosphere, which is 23,500 times higher than CO2
and a lifetime in the atmosphere of around 3200 years The Brochure describes the needs for adaptations or
according to IPCC Assessment Report 5 (AR5) from new requirements for the safe, reliable and sustainable
2014. Due to these properties, it is one of the six gases application of non-SF6 gases and gas mixtures in gas-
listed in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. However, for insulated switchgear. It also describes the given and
context, it is important to note that today’s contribution available properties of the non-SF6 gases and gas-
of SF6 to global warming emissions is relatively small. mixtures which have been investigated and applied to
gas-insulated switchgear in MV and HV.
At the beginning of this century, manufacturers and
universities have further intensified the research for Topics covered by the Working
a replacement of SF6 as insulation, switching and Group
current interruption medium. Recent developments
show applications of non-SF6 gases and gas-mixtures Quality and purity requirements
in medium and high voltage switchgear, and pilot
applications were installed from several manufacturers High voltage equipment insulated with alternative gases
in different countries. Most of these solutions are using relies on gas quality and purity as key elements. Factors
gas mixtures instead of a single gas. The alternative affecting the quality and purity of these alternative
gases (non-SF6 gases) may contain components of gases are described along with a review of applicable
air (such as N2, O2 or CO2) and can contain a certain measuring techniques. Standards for the definition and
amount of fluorinated compounds. use of alternative gases and their measurement units
are proposed.
In principle, the basic functions of an alternative gas are
similar to SF6: Dielectric insulation, current interruption With these proposed standards, new alternatives may
and arc quenching. However, the effects when be evaluated. •••

802 GT B3.45
Dans la BT on expose les besoins d’adaptation ou les Manipulation des gaz et précision du
nouvelles spécifications permettant une utilisation sure, remplissage
fiable et durable des gaz non-SF6 et des mélanges
gazeux dans les appareillages à isolation gazeuse. Les procédures de manipulation des gaz durant
On présente également les propriétés attribuées et l‘exploitation normale et les maintenances sont décrites,
effectives, des gaz non-SF6 et des mélanges gazeux en abordant les séquences étape par étape, et les
qui ont été étudiés et utilisés dans des appareillages à exigences concernant les procédures de manipulation
isolation gazeuse, en MT et HT. et de récupération des gaz non-SF6 et des mélanges
de gaz. On expose en outre les spécifications des
Les aspects couverts par le Groupe équipements de manipulation, en fonction du gaz ou des
de Travail mélanges gazeux. Le processus de remplissage des gaz
non-SF6 et des mélanges de gaz est abordé, en rapport
Exigences de qualité et de pureté
avec leur pureté, les proportions des mélanges et la
Pour les équipements à haute tension à isolation par précision du remplissage, et les exigences de précision
gaz alternatifs la qualité et la pureté du gaz sont des du remplissage sont examinées.
éléments clés. On présente les facteurs qui impactent la
qualité et la pureté de ces gaz alternatifs, et on procède Exigences d’étanchéité
à un examen des techniques de mesure applicables. Les besoins d‘étanchéité liés à l‘utilisation des gaz non-
Des normes portant sur la définition et l‘utilisation des SF6 et des mélanges gazeux dans les appareillages à
gaz alternatifs, et les unités de mesure associées, sont isolation gazeuse à haute et moyenne tensions sont
proposées. décrits. Quand c’est pertinent on se réfère aux cas de
l’utilisation du SF6 ou de mélanges contenant du SF6.
Avec ces propositions de normes les nouvelles Dans la Brochure les exigences d’étanchéité couvrent
alternatives de gaz pourront être évaluées. les isolations à gaz ou à mélanges de gaz sans
adjonction intentionnelles de SF6, pour des systèmes
Aspects de vieillissement pour les gaz sous enveloppes sous pression, scellées ou fermées.
non-SF6
Les gaz ou mélanges gazeux isolants sont en contact Composition fonctionnelle minimale des
avec une grande variété de matériaux, à des températures gaz
très différentes, pendant très longtemps, jusqu‘à 40 ou
50 ans. Il faut par conséquent bien connaitre l‘interaction La composition fonctionnelle minimale du gaz, et
entre le gaz, ou les constituants du gaz, et les matériaux sa relation avec la pression fonctionnelle minimale
utilisés, comme il faut comprendre la stabilité chimique d‘isolation et/ou de commutation sur la durée de vie
du gaz, intrinsèque ou dans les conditions telles que la de l‘appareillage, sont évaluées. On s‘intéresse au
présence des arcs de commutation ou des décharges cas des mélanges gazeux qui contiennent plus d‘un
électriques, quand c‘est le cas. L‘impact sur la durée composant. Si le constructeur de l‘appareillage peut
de vie du gaz ou du mélange de gaz doit être évalué, prouver que l‘accroissement de la pression compensée
sachant que les interactions avec les dessiccatifs ou les en température provoquée par la décomposition peut
adsorbeurs peuvent avoir une influence sur cette durée être négligé, un manomètre compensé en température
de vie. Avec des gaz purs, une pression, ou une densité, ou une technique de mesure similaire de la densité
sont un indicateur pour une spécification fonctionnelle peuvent être suffisants pour surveiller le gaz. Si ce n‘est
d‘un minimum; pour un mélange de gaz une composition pas le cas des dispositions complémentaires doivent
fonctionnelle minimale du gaz est requise (voir Figure 1). être appliquées.
Santé, sécurité des personnes, aspects

environnementaux
Les aspects liés à l‘environnement, à la santé et à la

sécurité (EHS), sont abordés et les propriétés des gaz
alternatifs connus sont présentées.
Comme la production des arcs électriques peut

impacter les propriétés des gaz, les aspects EHS et les
conséquences qui en découlent doivent être évalués
à chaque fois qu'un gaz alternatif est utilisé. Ceci n'est
Figure 1 – Vue d’ensemble d’une procédure possible de qualification pas lié seulement aux arcs de coupure mais aussi aux
de matériau mettant en œuvre des essais en 2 étapes - ETAPE 1 et
ETAPE 2
arcs des défauts internes. Comme pour l'utilisation du
SF6, les produits de décomposition sont émis et •••

WG B3.45
Photos 1 and 2 - Dielectric studies have been presented at the WG meeting

(Ruhm Kroff coil, private collection)
Ageing aspects for non-SF6 gases with regard to the purity, the mixing ratio and the filling
accuracy is considered and the requirements to the filling
The insulation gas or gas mixture is in contact with a high accuracy are reviewed.
number of materials over a wide range of temperatures
for long times, up to 40 or even 50 years. Therefore, the Tightness requirements
chemical interaction between the gas or gas components
and the used materials need to be known. In addition, the Tightness requirements if non-SF6 gases or gas-mixtures
chemical stability of the gas itself and under conditions are applied in medium-voltage and high-voltage gas-
like switching arcs and electrical discharges, where insulated switchgear are described. Where appropriate,
applicable, needs to be understood. The impact on the reference to SF6 or SF6 gas mixtures is given. Tightness
lifetime of the gas or gas mixture needs to be evaluated. requirements within this brochure cover all insulation
The interaction with desiccants or adsorber can influence gases and gas mixtures without intended admixture of
this. With single gases, a minimum pressure or density is SF6 in sealed pressure and closed pressure systems.
a clear indicator for the minimum functional requirement,
for gas mixtures a minimum functional gas composition Minimum functional gas composition
is introduced.
The minimum functional gas composition and its relation
Gas handling and filling accuracy to the minimum functional pressure for insulation and/
or switching over the lifetime of the switchgear are
Gas handling procedures during normal service life and evaluated. The focus is set on gas mixtures that contain
maintenance are described, addressing the sequences more than one component. If the manufacturer of the
step by step and the requirements for the handling/ switchgear can prove that the temperature-compensated
recovery procedures of non-SF6 gases or gas-mixtures. pressure increase due to decomposition can be
In addition, the requirements on the handling equipment neglected, a temperature compensated manometer
in dependency on the gas or gas-mixtures are given. or similar technique to measure the density could be
The filling process of non-SF6 gas and gas-mixtures sufficient for gas monitoring. If not, additional measures
have to be applied.
Health, Safety, Environmental aspects
Environmental health and safety (EHS) aspects are

allocated and properties of known alternative gases are
listed.
Since arcing might affect the gas properties, EHS

aspects and related consequences have to be evaluated
when an alternative gas is applied. This is not only
Figure 1 - Overview of a possible material qualification procedure related to switching arcs but has to be considered also
using STEP 1 and STEP 2 tests in case of internal arc failures. Comparable to the •••

802 GT B3.45
doivent être traités pour garantir la disponibilité du la CEI 60376 ou à la CEI 60480, pour les gaz non-
système, la santé, la sécurité et la protection de SF6 ou les mélanges gazeux. Les procédures de
l’environnement. On présente les aspects EHS liés à manipulation des gaz non-SF6 et des mélanges gazeux
l’exploitation normale et à la maintenance, et à la suite, décomposés sont spécifiées par les constructeurs de
on aborde le problème des fuites anormales de gaz chaque équipement.
consécutives à une défaillance d’équipement. Les utilisateurs finaux doivent discuter au cas par cas

avec le constructeur de l’équipement les différents
Il faut en outre être conscient de ces problèmes lors des critères d’évaluation qui s’appliquent en cas de
phases de manipulation, de transport, de stockage et de défaillance de l’équipement.
mise au rebut, et les prendre en compte. Les méthodes de prolongation de durée de vie, comme

une maintenance perfectionnée ou une rénovation,
Maintenance et aspects du cycle de vie sont généralement adaptables aux équipements à
gaz non-SF6 ou à mélanges gazeux. Cependant la
Les instructions existantes relatives à la maintenance rénovation ou le remplacement des équipements à
et à l‘exploitation des appareillages à isolation SF6 sont SF6 existants n’est pas faisable avec des équipements
examinées, et leur validité pour des appareillages à à gaz non-SF6 ou à mélanges gazeux disponibles sur
isolation gazeuse non- SF6 et à mélanges gazeux est le marché, essentiellement à cause de spécifications
évaluée. Diverses stratégies existantes de maintenance de conception différentes.
des appareillages à isolation gazeuse (GIS) sont prises Quand la fin durée de vie est atteinte, la planification

en compte et les impacts potentiels de l’introduction de du démontage de l’installation GIS et la mise au rebut
nouveaux gaz sont discutés. Les analyses de gaz et les (incluant le recyclage des matériaux) peut se faire
méthodes associées d’évaluation d’état des appareillages conformément aux meilleures pratiques suivies pour
à isolation gazeuse non-SF6 sont examinées, et avance les équipements à SF6.
des idées de procédures nouvelles de régénération, de
manipulation et mise au rebut des gaz. Conclusion et suites
La faisabilité d’une utilisation à grande échelle des
Il en ressort les principaux résultats suivants : gaz alternatifs dépend des développements, des
 La stratégie de maintenance périodique (basée sur le résultats des projets pilotes, de la disponibilité des gaz
temps) pour les travaux de maintenance sur les gaz alternatifs, d’une part, et de la fiabilité et des aspects
est facilement adaptable aux équipements à haute de santé, de sécurité et environnementaux de ces
tension à isolation gazeuse avec des gaz non-SF6 ou nouvelles solutions, d’autre part.
des mélanges gazeux.
 Par rapport à l’emploi du SF6, l’emploi de mélanges Les résultats du Groupe de Travail existant, A3.41
gazeux dans les GIS, les proportions du mélange “Interrupting and switching performance with SF6-
gazeux constituent un indicateur relatif au gaz free switching equipment” présentent potentiellement
supplémentaire, qui doit être mesuré ou surveillé pour beaucoup d’intérêt pour la question. Il existe en outre
évaluer le besoin d’une action de maintenance. des relations et des coopérations avec des Groupes de
 Quand on manipule des mélanges gazeux, il faut à la Travail du CE D1, portant sur la tenue diélectrique et
différence du SF6 maintenir les proportions correctes sur le comportement aux décharges partielles (D1.51
du mélange, lors des travaux de remplissage ou de and D1.67).
régénération. Les phénomènes de liquéfaction des
gaz constitutifs du mélange doivent être pris en compte Pour les utilisateurs et les constructeurs divers aspects
car ils peuvent impacter le temps de manipulation lors sont encore incertains. Des informations de base
des travaux de maintenance. sont disponibles, mais certains aspects de l’utilisation
 Pour les mélanges de gaz il faut évaluer au cas par cas doivent être évalués plus en détail. Il est recommandé
la manière la plus économique de mettre à disposition de produire des directives, d’évaluer les projets pilotes
de grands volumes de gaz, en réalisant le mélange et d’en faire une synthèse.
sur site, ou en utilisant des conteneurs de gaz pré-
mélangés Les termes de référence d’un nouveau Groupe de Travail
 Le recyclage des mélanges gazeux est théoriquement ont été validés, et il sera composé très probablement
réalisable (par ex. par séparation des constituants du de membres du GT B3.45, accompagnés par les
mélange), mais il n’est pas encore bien défini pour la premiers utilisateurs sur site et des représentants des
plupart des gaz non-SF6 et pour les mélanges gazeux compagnies d’électricité intéressées. L’objectif est de
du marché. produire un guide d’utilisation et d’aborder tous les
 Aujourd’hui il n’existe pas de normes similaires à sujets liés à l’utilisation des gaz alternatifs. 

WG B3.45
use of SF6, decomposition products occur and have or refurbishment, are generally adaptable to equipment
to be handled to ensure the availability of the system, with non-SF6 gases or gas mixtures. However, retrofit
health, safety and environmental aspects. or replacement of existing SF6 equipment is not feasible
with non-SF6 gases or gas mixtures available on the
The EHS aspects during normal operation and market, mainly due to different design requirements.
maintenance is given, next to that the abnormal release When the end of life has been reached, the planning of

of gas is appointed in case of failure of the equipment. the dismantling of the GIS installation and the disposal
(including material recycling) can be done according to
In addition, the different stages of handling, transport, the best practice experiences with SF6 equipment.
storage and disposal have to be recognized and taken
into account. Conclusions
The feasibility for big-scale application of alternative
Maintenance and life-cycle aspects gases depends on the developments, the results of the
pilot projects, the availability of the alternative gases,
Available guidelines for maintenance and operation of and the reliability and health, safety and environmental
SF6-insulated switchgear are reviewed and their validity aspects of these new solutions. The outcome of the
for switchgear with non-SF6 gases and gas mixtures is current Working Group A3.41 “Interrupting and switching
assessed. Various existing maintenance strategies for performance with SF6-free switching equipment” is of
gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) are considered and the importance in this field. In addition, there are relations
likely impact by introducing new gases are discussed. and cooperation with Working Groups within D1
Gas analyses and associated methods for condition regarding dielectric performance and partial discharge
assessment of switchgear with non-SF6 gases are behaviour (D1.51 and D1.67).
investigated. Considerations on new procedures for
reclaiming, handling, disposal of gas are provided. For users and manufacturers different aspects are
still uncertain, basic information is available, however,
The main results show that: some practical user aspects need to be evaluated in
 Time-based maintenance strategy for gas-related more detail. It is recommended to provide guidance, to
maintenance works is easily adaptable to high voltage evaluate the pilot project and to summarize these. The
gas-insulated equipment with non-SF6 gases and gas terms of reference for a new Working Group is made,
mixtures. which will be formatted most likely with the key Members
 Compared to SF6, if gas mixtures are applied to GIS, from B3.45 next to the early adopters from the field and
the mixing ratio is one additional gas-related indicator representatives from interested utilities. The aim is to
to be measured or monitored to evaluate the need for create a handling guide and address al topics related to
maintenance actions. the handling of alternative gases. 
 When handling gas mixtures, the main difference to
SF6 is that additional efforts for maintaining the correct
mixing ratio during filling and reclaiming works are
needed. The liquefaction behaviour of single gas BROCHURE N° 802
components has to be considered which may affect
the required gas handling time during maintenance
work. (en anglais seulement)
 For gas mixtures, it is necessary to evaluate case
by case the most economical way of providing big (in English only)
volumes of gas by mixing on-site or by using pre-
mixed containers. Disponible sur / Available on:
 Recycling of gas mixtures is technically feasible
(e.g. by separation of gas components) but not yet
established for most non-SF6 gases and gas mixtures www.e-cigre.org
on the market.
 Today, no standards similar to IEC 60376 or IEC Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
60480 exist for non-SF6 gases and gas mixtures.
Procedures for handling of decomposed non-SF6
gases and gas mixtures are specified by each 270 €
equipment manufacturer.
 End users should discuss case by case with the Purchase (non-members)
equipment manufacturer whether different assessment
criteria apply when equipment failures occur. Free download (members)
 Methods for life extension, like enhanced maintenance

803 GT C5.24
Explorer la valeur de marché

des réseaux intelligents et leurs
interactions avec les marchés de
gros (TSO) et de distribution (DSO)
Membres
E. LAROSE, Chef de file (US), E.H. ELLERY FILHO (BR), DR. M. AL HAMAD (BH),
H. IRIE (JP), R. ALVES (PT), A. NEKRASOV (FR), A. BATTEGAY (FR), D. PUGLIESE (IT),
C.V. BOCCUZZI (BR), A. VENKATESWAREN (US), A. CRUICKSHANK (AU)
R. DE OLIVEIRA E SILVA (BR), D. QUEIROZ (BR), M. BANDEIRA (BR)
Introduction qui présentent les priorités des programmes de smart

Le secteur de l’électricité est en cours de transformations. grid et des approches d’évaluation des investissements
Partout dans le monde les moyens technologiques et les pour des analyses coût bénéfice.
incitations ont fait émerger la vision d’un réseau plus
intelligent et plus intégré. Cette vision est construite Domaine couvert et méthodologie
sur l’utilisation de plus en plus large des productions
décentralisées tout au long de la chaîne de valeur, Le GT C5.25 propose de retenir la définition des réseaux
et sur le déploiement de technologies numériques intelligents du Conseil des Régulateurs Européens de
innovantes, intégrées par un système de communication l’Energie4, avec une petite addition (en gras et italique) :
bidirectionnel et interopérable, robuste et basé sur des
normes, renforçant la sûreté et la sécurité pour tous les Un réseau intelligent est un réseau électrique qui est
acteurs. Historiquement le réseau électrique a été planifié capable d’intégrer de façon économique et intelligente
et conçu dans un modèle de service de l’électricité le comportement et les actions de tous les utilisateurs
intégré verticalement, avec une production centralisée qui lui sont connectés – producteurs, consommateurs
dispatchable et une consommation décentralisée. et ceux qui sont les deux à la fois - pour garantir des
L’énergie circulait des sources de production vers le (les) systèmes électriques économiques et durables, avec
puits de consommation. De plus en plus souvent des des pertes faibles et des niveaux élevés, de qualité
ressources de production et d’équilibre sont installées à et de sûreté de la fourniture d'une part, et de sécurité
proximité des puits de consommation dans les réseaux d'autre part.
de distribution. Elles sont constituées, essentiellement
mais pas seulement, de ressources renouvelables et La technologie des réseaux intelligents, le marché
à base de combustibles non fossiles, de stockages, de et les actions des clients apportent une valeur qui se
véhicules électriques, et de réponses de la demande. concrétise essentiellement au plan local, et qui est
distribuée au moyen des marchés de gros (Opérateur
Le Groupe de Travail (GT) interdisciplinaire C5.25, de réseau de Transport (TSO) / Opérateur indépendant
du CIGRE, a été mis en place avec pour objectif de Système (ISO) / ou Opérateurs de Marchés
d'étudier, et d'en rendre compte, la valeur de marché d’Electricité (NEMO) désignés), des marchés de détail
des développements des réseaux intelligents (Smart (tarifs des clients), et des nouveaux marchés des
Grid) et leurs gains nets, dans le contexte des Opérateurs de Systèmes de Distribution (DSO).
marchés de l'électricité et de la réduction du risque
commercial. La Brochure Technique (BT) expose les L’objectif de la BT est de discuter et de faire ressortir
résultats des travaux par le biais d'études de cas et les meilleures pratiques de détermination de la valeur
pour des valorisations de types différents, liées au marchande des réseaux intelligents, tout en tenant
marché et stratégiques, associées aux technologies compte des légères différences qui existent entre les
des réseaux intelligents, provenant de programmes de systèmes électriques et entre les marchés d’électricité de
démonstration concrets. Les travaux se sont appuyés par le monde. Alors que les bénéfices sont de plusieurs
sur des recherches antérieures dans le domaine 1 2 3, types et qu’il y a différents modèles d’analyse •••

WG C5.24
Exploring the market value of Smart
Grids and interactions with wholesale
(TSO) and distribution (DSO) markets
Members
E. LAROSE, Convenor (US), E.H. ELLERY FILHO (BR), DR. M. AL HAMAD (BH),
H. IRIE (JP), R. ALVES (PT), A. NEKRASOV (FR), A. BATTEGAY (FR), D. PUGLIESE (IT),
C.V. BOCCUZZI (BR), A. VENKATESWAREN (US), A. CRUICKSHANK (AU)
R. DE OLIVEIRA E SILVA (BR), D. QUEIROZ (BR), M. BANDEIRA (BR)
Introduction Scope and methodology

The electric power sector is transforming. WG C5.24 proposes to retain the Council of European
Throughout the world, enablers and drivers have led Energy Regulators 4 definition of smart grid with one
toward the vision for a smarter and more integrated small addition (in bold and italics):
grid. This is a vision based in the increasing
use of distributed generation across the entire A smart grid is an electricity network that can
value chain, the deployment of innovative digital cost-efficiently and intelligently integrate the
technologies integrated by robust, standards-based behaviour and actions of all users connected to it –
and interoperable two-way communication and generators, consumers and those that do both – in
enhancing security and safety of all the key players. order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable
Historically, the electric grid has been planned and power systems with low losses and high levels of
designed based on a vertically integrated supply quality and security of supply and safety.
model with dispatchable centralized generation
and distributed consumption. Power flowed from Smart grid technology, market and customer
the generation source to the consumption sink(s). programs provide value that is largely realized
Increasingly, more supply and balancing resources on a local basis and rewarded through wholesale
are being installed near the consumption sink in the (Transmission System Operator (TSO)/Independent
distribution grid. These include but are not limited System Operator (ISO)/ or nominated Electricity
to renewables and non-fossil fuel sources, storage, Market Operators (NEMO)), retail (customer tariffs)
electric vehicles, and demand response. and emerging distribution system operator (DSO)
markets.
CIGRE convened the cross discipline Working
Group (WG) C5.24 with the purpose to explore, The purpose of the TB is to discuss and draw out
and report on the market-based value of smart grid best practices for establishing the market value
developments and their net benefits in the context of smart grids while accounting for the nuanced
of electricity markets and commercial risk mitigation. differences of power systems and markets across
The Technical Brochure (TB) documents the research the globe. While there are several types of benefits
findings through case studies and types of the market- and there are various cost-benefit models that have
based and strategic values associated with smart grid been developed to capture the value, this TB focuses
technologies from concrete demonstration programs on the benefits that are derived from the programs in
and build on previous work in this area 1 2 3 that the context of the markets, either wholesale power
provide smart grid program priorities and investment markets or those emerging distribution level. This TB
valuation approaches to cost benefit analysis. will evaluate and study the link between the smart •••

803 GT C5.24
coût/bénéfice mis au point pour capturer la valeur, on programmes sur les réseaux intelligents, ainsi qu’une
s’intéresse dans la BT aux bénéfices qui sont tirés des présentation générale des caractéristiques des
programmes de réseaux intelligents dans le cadre des réseaux intelligents, de leurs technologies et de leurs
marchés, soit les marchés de gros d’électricité, soit fonctions. On examine les analyses coût/bénéfice
les nouveaux marchés au niveau de la distribution. On usuelles avec l’objectif pour le GT d’explorer les
évalue et on étudie le lien entre ce que les réseaux perspectives de valeur des marchés de gros et des
intelligents permettent et la façon dont la valeur des marchés émergents de la distribution.
réseaux intelligents est matérialisée dans les offres
du marché, aux niveaux du marché de gros ou de Les valeurs marchandes sont analysées dans la seconde
la distribution, par le biais d’études de cas liés à des partie de la BT, avec des études de cas d’activités
activités de réseaux intelligents, en Australie - Nouvelles sur les réseaux intelligents. Ces cas d’étude ont été
Galles du Sud -, au Brésil, en France, dans le Conseil de fournis par des experts du GT C5.24, des membres
Coopération des Pays du Golfe, au Japon, au Portugal correspondants et d’autres confrères de l’industrie.
et aux Etats-Unis - Californie. Dans chaque étude de cas on essaie de présenter sous
forme résumée, dans une section donnant le contexte,
Description de la BT la capacité de production nationale ou régionale, le
système de transport et de distribution, les structures du
La BT débute par une introduction, suivie la marché d’électricité. Les raisons d’être des programmes
présentation du contexte, des objectifs, et d’une de réseaux intelligents sont ensuite exposées, ainsi
vue d’ensemble des réseaux intelligents. On donne que les interactions avec les marchés de gros et/ou
les principales définitions et les motivations des les marchés de distribution, et les impacts sur ou créés •••
Tableau 1 – Liens entre programmes/initiatives et technologie, mécanismes de contrôle, et les gains clés correspondants
Programme Technologie Equipement de contrôle Action de contrôle Priorités

ou d’automatisation ou automatisation
AMI Comptage Compteur intelligent Contrôle VAR – Volt Participe à l’exploitation

intelligent et Prix (Tarifs) (comptage, facturation, pertes,
technologies Nature de la gestion des coupures);
d’information consommation Impact sociétal et payeur
/ prévision de la (obligation du client, service,
demande DR/marché): services
Comptage net: permet complémentaires (DER, EV,
les DR; permet les EV solaire, éolien, intégration du
et le règlement stockage, tarifs)
Réponse de Intégration avec Compteur intelligent Contrôle direct des Ecrêtement et déplacement
la demande les fonctions AMI, Dispositifs de l’habitation et charges de la pointe
SCADA/OMS/GIS, Equipements domestiques Prix de l’énergie des Gestion des congestions
et les systèmes Systèmes C&I pointes critiques Report d’investissement de
C&I, résidentiels et Stockage/ EV, solaire, Facteur de charge production, de T&D
autres adjacents éolien (temps d’usage) TOU Moins d’énergie consommée
Portail client Moins de gaz GHG
Bâtiment intelligent
Réseau actif Intégration GIS, Régulations de la tension, Gestion volt-VAR Rendement, fiabilité
et intégration OMS, DMS, DRMS Bancs de condensateurs, Détection des défauts Intégration des DER/du
des DER et DERMS SCADA, Compteur – automatisation et stockage
intelligent, auto-correction, Reports de coûts de transport
Services et capteurs Isolation, restauration et de distribution
nouveaux EOL, EV, (FDIR ou FLSIR) Moins de coûts de capacité
stockage, solaire, éolien,
etc.
Intégration EV, DRMS, DR EV Contrôle direct des Participation au marché
des véhicules charges Pratiquement les mêmes
électriques Tarification dynamique gains que pour les DR
Offres regroupées
Intégration Stockage, DERMS, Stockage Contrôle direct des Participation au marché
du stockage DMS charges CAISO NGR
d’énergie Signaux de marché Tarification dynamique Pratiquement les mêmes
Offres regroupées gains que pour les DR
Cybersécurité Gestion d’identité Améliore le contrôle Sécurité plus élevée Marché plus intelligent
Dispositifs, Compagnie d’électricité plus
Réseaux, systèmes intelligente
Consommateur engagé

WG C5.24
grid offerings and how the value of smart grid is expert members, corresponding members and other
being realized through market offerings either at the industry colleagues. Each case study attempts
wholesale or distribution level through case studies of to summarize the country or regional generation
smart grid activities in Australia – New South Wales, capacity, transmission and distribution system and
Brazil, France, Gulf Council Cooperation Countries, power market structures in a background section. The
Japan, Portugal and USA – California. smart grid program(s) priorities are then described in
the next section, along with the interactions with and
Description of the TB impacts on or from the wholesale and/or distribution
markets as the investment valuation approach. Since
The TB starts with an Introduction and background, these case studies come from countries or regions
purpose and overview of smart grids. Included are with varying developments power markets and of
primary definitions and drivers of smart grid programs smart grids, all of the abovementioned sections may
as well as an overview of smart grid characteristics, not be present in each case study. Additionally, these
technologies and functions. Traditional cost benefits case studies are of different length and level of detail,
analyses are examined, with the purpose of the WG dependent upon the contributor. These case studies
to explore the wholesale and emerging distribution provide illustration of best practices and lessons
market value perspectives. learned from smart grid program implementation.
The market values are explored in the second part The case studies illustrate priorities of smart grid
of the TB with case studies of smart grid activities. programs that influence the value, such as de-
These case studies were provided by WG C5.24 carbonization and sustainability, grid resilience, •••
Table 1 - Linking program/initiatives to technology, control mechanisms and corresponding key benefits
Program Technology Control/ Automation Control/ Priorities

Asset Automation
Mechanism
AMI Smart Metering Smart Meter Volt-Var Control Direct Operational
Infrastructure Pricing (Tariffs) (Metering, Billing, Losses,
and IT EV Management Outage handling); Rate
Load Usage/Demand Payer Societal (Customer
Forecasting Engagement, service, DR/
Net Metering market); Additional Services
Enable DR (DER, EV, Solar, Wind,
Enable EMV & Storage integration, Tariffs)
Settlement
Demand Integration with Smart Meter Direct Load Peak Shaving and Shifting
Response AMI, SCADA/ Home devices & Control Congestion Management
OMS/ GIS, C & I, Appliances Critical Peak Deferred Generation
Residential and other C & I Systems Pricing Capacity; Deferred T & D;
adjacent systems. Storage/ EV Time of Use Avoided Energy; Avoided
Solar, Wind (TOU) GHG Gases
Customer Portal
Smart Buildings
Active Network GIS, OMS, Voltage Regulators, Volt-Var Efficiency, Reliability
& DER DMS, DRMS, & Cap Banks, Management Integration of DER/ Storage
Integration DERMS SCADA, Smart Fault Detection, Deferred Transmission and
integration Meters/ EOL edge Automate and Self Distribution costs
devices, sensors, Heal - Isolation, Avoided Capacity Costs
EV, Storage, Solar, Restoration (FDIR
Wind, etc., or FLISR)
Electric Vehicle EV, DERMS, EV Direct Load Market Participation
Integration DR Control Most DR benefits apply
Aggregated
bidding
Dynamic Pricing
Energy Storage, Storage Direct Load Control CAISO NGR Market

Storage DERMS, DMS, Dynamic Pricing Participation
Integration Market Signals Aggregated bidding Most DR benefits apply
Cybersecurity Identity Enhances Control Improved Security Smarter Market, Smarter

Management, Utility, Engaged Customer
Devices,
Networks, Systems

803 GT C5.24
par ces marchés, comme approche de la valorisation des il n’a trouvé, entre les différents systèmes électriques,
investissements. Comme ces cas d’étude viennent de qu’une cohérence limitée en matière de valorisation.
pays ou de régions avec des développements différents Les résultats des recherches ont montré que la valeur
du marché de l’électricité et des réseaux intelligents, économique de l’infrastructure des réseaux intelligents
les éléments énumérés auparavant peuvent ne pas dépend de la nature du réseau et des besoins de
être disponibles pour tous les cas d’étude. En plus les développement futurs du réseau. Dans beaucoup de
cas d’études peuvent être présentés de façon moins cas les dépenses évitées de capacité de production et
longue et moins détaillée, en fonction du contributeur. d'ouvrages de réseau (T&D), constituent pour le marché
Ces cas d’étude illustrent les meilleures pratiques les gains les plus recherchés et les plus élevés. Le gain
et les enseignements tirés de la mise en œuvre des peut être monétisé par le biais des mécanismes de
programmes de réseaux intelligents. capacité du marché, et le report des charges de transport
et de distribution liées à la demande. La régulation de la
Les cas d’étude illustrent les objectifs prioritaires des tension et la réduction des pertes économisent l'énergie,
programmes de réseaux intelligents qui influent sur alors que les possibilités de flexibilité procurent des
la valeur, comme la décarbonation ou la durabilité, gains de services système.
la résilience du réseau, la sécurité d’alimentation, le
confort ou la commodité pour le client, la desserte de Ces modèles de rémunération traditionnels, parmi
zones d’activité ou industrielles, des investisseurs lesquels la création de nouvelles activités commerciales
ou propriétaires diversifiés, l’optimisation de service par le concessionnaire/DSO, doivent être revus. En
combiné chaleur/électricité (CHP), le chauffage urbain absence de valorisations robustes il existera toujours un
et/ou l’air conditionné, et le stockage d’énergie. Pour risque de sur investissement ou de sous-investissement
chaque cas on s’attache à résumer le contexte, à savoir, dans une solution impliquant des technologies de
les capacités de production nationales ou régionales, la réseau intelligent. Dans les métropoles et les zones
consistance du réseau de transport et de distribution. urbaines les plus développées, un nouveau modèle de
Les priorités des programmes de réseaux intelligents rémunération devrait encourager des investissements
sont ensuite décrites avec les interactions et impacts qualifiés prioritaires en matière de gestion innovante
réciproques des marchés de gros ou de distribution, et de technologies d’optimisation des systèmes
pour apprécier la valorisation de l’investissement. électriques existants, couvrant l’intégration des sources
décentralisées telles que des sources renouvelables
Dans la conclusion de la BT on essaie de résumer les nouvelles, des productions décentralisées, des
enseignements tirés des cas d’étude par le GT, de pratiques de consommation efficientes, l’automatisation
faire le lien entre les programmes de réseau intelligent et l’intelligence dans les utilisations finales, pour
et/ou les initiatives en matière de technologie, les promouvoir la flexibilité qui convient là où il faut. Ainsi
mécanismes de contrôle associés et les bénéfices clés les politiques énergétiques et évolutions de régulation
correspondants. Les mécanismes de contrôle peuvent qui en découlent pourraient être explorées plus avant,
ensuite être rapprochés des mécanismes du marché de prenant en compte de nouveaux concepts de marché,
gros d’électricité. parmi lesquels ceux où plusieurs agents peuvent agir
de manière indépendante, par le biais de transactions
Conclusions et principales suites transparentes, qui à la préférence de la transition
technologique. Les leçons tirées de ces programmes
Les coûts des programmes de réseaux intelligents et pilotes et de ces démonstrations de réseau intelligent
des technologies semblent pouvoir être immédiatement pourraient être utilisées pour informer l'industrie, au
identifiées, alors que la valorisation des avantages dépend moyen d'exemples d'éléments de valorisation, lorsque
fortement de l'impact sur les tarifs de détail, sur les gains des décisions d'investissement sont à prendre.
de fiabilité, réels ou estimés, pour les consommateurs et
le réseau, et sur les produits du marché que sont l'énergie, Références
la capacité, l'équilibre, les services système ou supports. 1 “Estimating the costs and benefits of the smart grid in
Il n’a pas été trouvé une méthodologie cohérente de United States”, Clark W. Gellings, Electra décembre 2011,
No. 259
valorisation des développements de réseau intelligent.
2 “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid,”
Comme les marchés de DSO commencent seulement à EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2011. 1022519
apparaître, il n’existe pas beaucoup de mécanismes bien 3 “Microgrids 1 Engineering, Economics, & Experience”,
définis de marché de distribution, en plus des structures GT CIGRE C6.22 Microgrids Evolution Roadmap, octobre
2015, C. Marnay (US), Chef de file, avecC. Abbey (CA) et
des tarifs de vente existantes et de l’approche des coûts
G. Joos (CA), Secrétaires, et 22 membres contributeurs,
de capital évités. ISBN: 978-2-85873-338-5
4 “Position Paper on Smart Grids-An ERGEG Public
Alors que le GT a examiné les développements des Consultation Paper”, Ref: E09-EQS-30-04, 10 décembre
réseaux intelligents dans beaucoup de pays de par le 2009 et Réf: E10-EQS-38-05, 10 juin 2010 
monde, et avec des marchés de l’électricité différents,

WG C5.24
energy security, customer comfort/convenience, under investment in a technology including smart
powering of economic/industrial zones, diversified grid technologies. A new remuneration model should
investors/owners, optimization of combined heat and encourage, in the most developed metropolitan
power (CHP), district heating and/or cooling, and and urban areas, priority qualified investments
storage. Each case study attempts to summarize in advanced management and optimization
the country or regional generation capacity, technologies of existing electrical systems, including
transmission and distribution system and power the integration of distributed resources such as new
market structures in a background section. The renewable sources, distributed generation, efficient
smart grid program(s) priorities are then described use practices, automation and end-use intelligence,
along with the interactions with and impacts on or in order to promote right flexibility in the right place.
from the wholesale and/or distribution markets as the Thus, energy policy and consequent regulation
investment valuation approach. evolutions could be further explored, considering
new energy market concepts, including those, where
The Conclusion of the TB attempts to summarize several agents act in disaggregated way and through
the WG findings from the case studies, link the transparent bilateral transactions, favored by the
smart grid programs and/or initiatives to technology, technological transition. The lessons learned from
the associated control mechanisms and the these smart grid programs, pilots and demonstrations
corresponding key benefits. The control mechanisms can be used to inform the industry with examples of
can then be linked to the wholesale power market market valuation components while making smart
mechanisms. investments decisions.
Conclusions and Main Follow-up References

1 “Estimating the costs and benefits of the smart grid in the
The smart grid program and technology costs seem United States”, Clark W. Gellings, Electra December 2011
No. 259
to be readily identified, while the monetization of
2 “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid,”
benefits relies largely on the impact of retail tariffs, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2011. 1022519
actual and estimated reliability benefits to consumers 3 “Microgrids 1 Engineering, Economics, & Experience”,
and the grid, and wholesale market mechanisms such Working Group C6.22 Microgrids Evolution Roadmap,
October 2015, C. Marnay (US), Convenor, with C. Abbey
as energy, capacity, balancing and ancillary/support
(CA) & G. Joos (CA), Secretaries, and 22 Contributing
services. We did not find a consistent methodology to Members, ISBN: 978-2-85873-338-5
value smart grid developments. Since DSO markets 4 “Position Paper on Smart Grids-An ERGEG Public
are just beginning to emerge, there are not many Consultation Paper”, Ref: E09-EQS-30-04, 10 December
defined distribution market mechanisms beyond 2009 and Ref: E10-EQS-38-05, 10 June 2010 
existing retail tariff structures and avoided capital
cost approach.
BROCHURE N° 803
While the WG explored smart grid developments
in a variety of countries and power markets across
the globe, there is limited consistency in regards (en anglais seulement)
to valuation across these different power systems.
The research findings show that the economic (in English only)
value of the smart grid infrastructure depends
on the grid nature and on future needs in grid
development. In many cases, the avoided capacity
expenditures on generation and T&D equipment
present the most sought after and highest market www.e-cigre.org
value benefits. The value can be monetized through
the market mechanisms for capacity, deferred T&D
and distribution system demand charges. Voltage Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
regulation and reduction in losses saves energy while
flexibility features provide ancillary services benefits.
110 €
These traditional remuneration models, including the
creation of new businesses by the concessionaires/ Purchase (non-members)
DSOs, should be revisited. In the absence of robust
valuations there will always be a risk of over or

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N° 310 - Juin / June 2020

CIGRE Ordinary & Extraordinary

N° 310 Juin | June 2020

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SUMMARY - TB 798 - WG B4.66 RÉSUMÉ - BT 800 - GT B5.47

RÉSUMÉ - BT 799 - GT C4.31 SUMMARY - TB 800 - WG B5.47

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Strategy and decisions during

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I hope to see you at a CIGRE event when the crisis is a memory. 

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Our great family of CIGRE endured a Session in 1939 whereby

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Heavy storm clouds already threatened the world.

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Those are excellent methods, which I advise you to maintain.

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Before closing, I still have a particularly agreeable duty to fulfil.

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System Operations impact of

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2. COVID impact on demand

Figure 1 - Load decrease in France

Figure 2 - Load curves with different shapes in France

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Figure 4 - RES infeed Germany March 2020 in comparison to March 2019

Figure 5 - Comparison of electricity demand before and after the lockdown

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Figure 6 - hourly curves of a typical weekday of 2019 vs 2020

Figure 7 - Electricity demand in Spain, years 2019 and 2020

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3. National Aspects and Impact

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 to participate in meetings, necessary appointments and examinations;

Specific steps adopted by the Italian TSO:

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The mastering of large

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International interconnections must be developed, but to what

REE: Will we go as far as intercontinental interconnections?

Rotating machines (thermal, hydroelectric, or nuclear power stations)

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A limit rate of renewables reached around 2030?

Some solutions to push the limits a little

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There is still room for improvement in system management

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But I’m not a clairvoyant...

Jacques Horvilleur and Bruno Meyer 

Leaders in HVDC & FACTS

They use the RTDS® Simulator

How do you de-risk HVDC and FACTS system integration?

CIGRE Electra Ad - Half Page - 2020.indd 1 2020-03-05 12:54:10 PM

The Emissions Gap: The current

Unprecedented annual greenhouse gas emission

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