Korekcioni Faktor Za Kablove
Korekcioni Faktor Za Kablove
Korekcioni Faktor Za Kablove
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Owing to the respective characteristics of LV and MV conductors, they have been dealt with in
separate paragraphs.
(Insulated) cable
Assembly comprising:
- one or more insulated conductors
- their eventual individual screening
- any eventual assembly protection
- any eventual protective shielding
It may also comprise one or several bare conductors.
Multi-core cable
Cable comprising more than one conductor, which may eventually include bare conductors.
Note: the term three-core cable is used to designate the cable making up the phases of a three-phase
system.
Single-core cable
Cable comprising a single insulated conductor.
Note: the term single-core cable is especially used to designate a cable making up one of the phases of a
three-phase system.
Wiring system
Assembly made up of one or more electric conductors and the devices ensuring their fixation and, if
necessary, their mechanical protection.
Cable channel
Ventilated or enclosed duct located above or in the ground, having dimensions preventing persons from
moving around inside it but allowing access to the cables over their entire length during and after
installation.
Note: a cable channel may or may not form part of the building construction.
Cable tray
Holder made up of a base and sides but no cover.
Note: A cable tray may be perforated or unperforated.
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(Insulated) conductor
Assembly comprising the conductor, its insulating envelope and eventual screens.
(Circular) conduit
Enclosed envelope, having a circular cross-section, designed for the installation or the replacement of
insulated conductors or cables by capstan, in electrical installations.
Ducting
Assembly of closed envelopes having a non circular cross-sectional area, designed for the installation or
the replacement of insulated conductors or cables by capstan, in electrical installations.
Brackets
Horizontal cable supports fixed at one of their ends, arranged from point to point and on which the cables
rest.
Cable ladder
Cable support made up of a series of non-touching elements firmly fixed to main vertical rods.
Sheath
Enclosure located above ground level having dimensions preventing persons from moving around inside
it but allowing access to the cables over their entire length. A sheath may or may not be built into the
masonry.
Trough
Assembly of envelopes closed by a cover and ensuring mechanical protection of insulated conductors or
cables not installed or removed by a capstan and which allow other electrical equipment to be added .
Building void
Space in a structure or building parts which is only accessible at certain places.
Note: - spaces in walls, supported floors, ceilings and certain types of window or door frames and
jamb linings are examples of building voids.
- specially built building voids are also called "ducts".
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- carry the maximum design current and its normal transient peaks
- protect the wiring system against any overcurrents up to the short-circuit current
The logigram in figure 6-1 sums up the principle of the method which may be described by the
following stages:
1st stage:
- using the load power, the maximum design current I B is calculated and the rated current
I n of the protective device is deduced from this
- the maximum short-circuit current Isc at the origin of the circuit is calculated and the
breaking capacity of the protective device is deduced from this.
2nd stage:
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3rd stage:
- the thermal withstand of the conductors in the event of a short circuit is checked
- for TN and IT systems, the maximum length relating to the protection of persons against
indirect contact is checked.
The conductor cross-sectional area meeting all these conditions is then chosen.
Note: an economic cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area determined above may
be chosen if necessary (see § 6.3).
maximum wiring
system length chek
TT earthing
system
economic
cross-sectional
area possibly chosen
Figure 6-1: wiring system cross-sectional area and protective device choice logigram
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In the case of individual power supply to a device, the current I B will be equal to the rated
current of the device being fed. On the other hand, if the wiring system feeds several devices,
the current I B will be equal to the sum of currents absorbed, taking into account the
installation utilisation and coincidence factors.
In the case of motor starting or cyclical operating conditions of loads (spot welding station,
see § 3.4.2), current inrushes must be taken into account when their thermal effects are
cumulated.
Some installations are subject to future extensions. The current corresponding to this
extension will be added to the existing value.
S S
In alternating current: I = in single-phase and I = in three-phase.
U U 3
S : apparent power consumed (VA)
U : . voltage between the two conductors for a single-phase power supply
. phase-to-phase voltage for a three-phase power supply
When high harmonic currents circulate in the conductor, they must be taken into account. In
order to choose the cross-sectional area, the following must therefore be taken:
1
∞
I r .m.s. =
∑ I p2
(see § 8)
p =1
- assuming that compensation is in operation: in case of failure of the capacitors, the wiring
system is placed out of service
- assuming that compensation is out of service; in case of failure of the capacitors, the
conductor cross-sectional area is sufficient and availability is thus improved.
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P
S= in kVA
η × Fp
P : active power in kW
η : efficiency
Fp : power factor
1
We define the coefficient: a =
η × Fp
In an industrial installation, it is assumed that loads will never be used at their full power level.
A utilisation factor ( b ) is therefore introduced which generally varies from 0.3 to 1.
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n coincidence factor: c
In an industrial installation, the loads (of a workshop, for example) fed by the same wiring
system do not operate simultaneously in all cases. To take this phenomenon, which is linked to
the operating conditions of the installation, into account, the coincidence factor is applied to
the sum of the load powers in conductor sizing.
In the absence of precise indications resulting from experience of standard installations, the
values of tables 6-1 et 6-2 may be applied:
Lighting 1
2 and 3 0.9
4 and 5 0.8
5 to 9 0.7
The value of factor d must be estimated according to the foreseeable extensions of the
installation.
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IB = P × a × b × c × d × e
P : active power in kW
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n general rule
In compliance with IEC 364, a protective device (circuit-breaker or fuse) correctly fulfils its
function if the conditions outlined below are met.
This must be between the design current and the current carrying capacity I a of the wiring
system:
case of circuit-breakers
I2 = 1.45 In
I2 = 1.30 I set
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case of fuses
Standard IEC 269-1 specifies that I 2 is the current which ensures that the fuse fuses in the
conventional time (1 h or 2 h); I 2 is referred to as the conventional fusing current (see § 6.3.1
of the Protection guide).
k2
k3 =
1.45
I
In ≤ a
k3
For gG fuses:
- I n ≤ 10 A à k3 = 1.31
- 10 A < I n ≤ 25 A à k3 = 1.21
- I n > 25 A à k3 = 1.10
o breaking capacity
This must be higher than the three-phase maximum short-circuit current ( Isc 3 ) at its
installation point:
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The use of a protective device having a breaking capacity below the short-circuit current at the
point where it is installed is permitted by standard IEC 364 under the following conditions:
- there is another device upstream having at least the necessary breaking capacity
- the energy that the device placed upstream lets through is lower than the energy that the
downstream device and wiring systems protected by these devices can withstand without
being damaged.
. in circuit-breaker/fuse associations
. in the cascading technique which uses the high current limitation capacity of certain
circuit-breakers (e.g. the Compact).
The possible associations resulting from actual tests performed in a laboratory are given in
manufacturer catalogues.
- using tables 6-3 to 6-5, define the installation method, its associated selection number and
letter, and correction factors to be applied
- using the installation conditions, the correction factor values which must be applied are
determined (see tables 6-6 to 6-15)
- calculate the overall correction factor f equal to the product of the correction factors
- using table 6-16 for selection letters B, C, E, F and table 6-17 for selection letter D, the
maximum current I 0 that the wiring system can carry under standard conditions
( f0 to f10 = 1 ) is determined
- calculate the maximum current that the wiring system can carry in relation to its installation
conditions: I a = f I 0 .
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n installation methods
Tables 6-3 to 6-5 give the main installation methods used in industrial networks.
Factor f 0 corresponds to the installation method; factors f1 to f10 are explained below
(see tables 6-6 to 6-15).
- fixed on a wall 11 C 1 f1 f4 f5
- on unperforated trays 12 C 1 f1 f4 f5
cables
multi-core single-
core
- on brackets 14 E F 1 f1 f4 f5
- on ladders 16 E F 1 f1 f4 f5
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Single or multi-core
conductors :
- in false ceilings
25 B 0.95 f1 f4 f5 --
- in suspended ceilings
- run horizontally
31A B 0.9 f1 f4 f5 --
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n correction factors for ambient temperatures other than 30 °C (wiring systems above
ground): f1
When electrical wiring systems are built into walls having heating elements, it is generally
necessary to reduce current-carrying capacities by applying the reduction factors in table 6-6.
This supposes that the distribution of temperatures inside the heated walls in contact with the
electrical wiring system is known.
When the air temperature is other than 30 °C, the correction coefficient to be applied is given
in the formula:
θ p −θ0
f1 =
θ p − 30o
Insulation
Ambient Elastomers PVC XLPE and EPR
temperatures (°C) (rubber)
θ0 θ p = 60 °C θ p = 70 °C θ p = 90 °C
10 1.29 1.22 1.15
15 1.22 1.17 1.12
20 1.15 1.12 1.08
25 1.07 1.06 1.04
35 0.93 0.94 0.96
40 0.82 0.87 0.91
45 0.71 0.79 0.87
50 0.58 0.71 0.82
55 - 0.61 0.76
60 - 0.50 0.71
65 - - 0.65
70 - - 0.58
75 - - 0.50
80 - - 0.41
85 - - -
90 - - -
95 - - -
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When the ground temperature is other than 20°C, the correction coefficient to be applied is
given in the formula:
θ p −θ0
f2 =
θ p − 20
10 1.10 1.07
15 1.05 1.04
25 0.95 0.96
30 0.89 0.93
35 0.84 0.89
40 0.77 0.85
45 0.71 0.80
50 0.63 0.76
55 0.55 0.71
60 0.45 0.65
65 - 0.60
70 - 0.53
75 - 0.46
80 - 0.38
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n correction factors for buried wiring systems, in relation to the soil thermal
resistivity: f 3
The soil thermal resistivity depends on the type and humidity of the ground. The correction
factor to be applied according to the soil resistivity is given in table 6-8.
- both touching and arranged in several layers (see fig. 6-3); correction factors f 4 and f5
must then be applied.
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The factors in table 6-9 are to be applied to homogenous groups of cables, equally loaded, for
the given installation methods.
When the horizontal distance between neighbouring cables is greater than twice their external
diameter, no reduction factor is necessary.
- to multi-core cables.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 16 20
11, 12 1.00 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.70 No extra
11A 1.00 0.85 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 reduction
13 1.00 0.88 0.82 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 factor for
14, 16 1.00 0.88 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 more than 9 cables
When cables are arranged in several layers, the correction factors in table 6-10 must be
applied.
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n correction factors in relation to the number of conduits in air and their arrangement
(see table 6-11): f 6
Table 6-11: correction factors in relation to the number of conduits in the air and their arrangement
n correction factors in relation to the number of conduits buried or built into concrete
and their arrangement (see table 6-12): f 7
Table 6-12: correction factors in relation to the number of conduits buried or built into concrete and their
arrangement
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Table 6-13: correction factors for non-touching buried conduits run horizontally or vertically on the basis
of one cable or group of 3 single-core cables per conduit
a
multi-core cables
a
single-core cables
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n correction factors in the case of several circuits or cables in the same buried conduit
(see table 6-14): f 9
This is applicable to groups of cables with varying cross-sectional areas but having the same
allowable maximum temperature.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 16 20
Installed in a buried
1 0.71 0.58 0.5 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22
conduit
n correction factors for a group of several cables installed directly in the ground - single
or multi-core cables arranged horizontally or vertically (see table 6-15): f10
Table 6-15: correction factors for a group of several cables installed directly in the ground -
single or multi-core cables arranged horizontally or vertically
a a
multi-core cables single-core cables
The current carrying capacities given in table 6-16 are valid for simple circuits made up of the
following number of conductors:
Selection letter B:
Selection letter C:
E E F F
The number of conductors to be considered in a circuit is that of the conductors through which
the current actually flows. When, in a three-phase circuit, the currents are assumed to be
balanced, it is not necessary to take into account the corresponding neutral conductor.
When the current value of the neutral conductor is close to that of the phases, a reduction
factor of 0.84 is to be applied. Such currents may, for example, be due to the presence of third
harmonic currents in the phase conductors (see § 6.2).
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Table 6-16: current carrying capacities (in amps) of wiring systems in standard installation conditions
( f0 to f10 = 1) for selection letters B, C, E, F
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The number of conductors to be considered in a circuit is that of the conductors through which
the current actually flows. When, in a three-phase circuit, the currents are assumed to be
balanced, it is not necessary to take into account the corresponding neutral conductor.
When the current value of the neutral conductor is close to that of the phases, a reduction
factor of 0.84 is to be applied. Such currents may, for example, be due to the presence of third
harmonic currents in the phase conductors (see § 6.2).
Table 6-17: current carrying capacities (in amps) of wiring systems in standard installation conditions
( f0 to f10 = 1) for selection letter D (buried wiring systems)
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I z1 I z2
Figure 6-7: logigram for determining the cross-sectional area of a LV wiring system
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