PD-Diagnosis Physical Basic Practical Experience With OWTS: April 2006

PD-Diagnosis Physical basic practical experience with OWTS
April 2006
What are Partial Discharges?
Simulation
Electrical description
PD in PILC and XLPE

Solutions
Practical Experiences
April 2006
Joint with Locations of possible PD Stress 1 Gap build up 2 Cavities / Voids 3 Cavities with conductive peaks
April 2006
Source: TU Delft
Paper insulated three phase cable joint with PD source

April 2006
Model to simulate partial discharges
Optical and accoustical Partial Discharges (PD)
April 2006
Model of a PD fault a)
b)
1
i(t) Test object
u C
u(t)
2 Dielectric material and capacitive equivalent circuit to model an inner fault a) High voltage insulation b) Equivalent circuit
April 2006
Current and voltage simulated for a PD fault

a) u 10 (t) i(t) +u z -u z u (t) t t u(t) b) u(t)
tt
tm
t t
tm
Voltage and current for the capacitive equivalent circuit a) Graphical simulation of the voltage on C b) Current and voltage shape measurable on the test lead
April 2006
Source: TU Delft
PD faults in paper insulated cables based on sharp edges on the conductor. The reason can be for example poor workmanship.
April 2006
Example of a cable insulation short time before a breakdown occurs

Impurities at the inner semicon lead to a growth of vented trees which often change into an electrical tree
April 2006
PD Faults in XLPE power cables

PD in a PE/XLPE cable insulation:
Impurities or changes in the outer semiconducting layer

change of water tree in electr. tree
old cables of the first generation
e.g. initiated with test voltages
Water Trees do not create PD at all !!

Mechanical damages of the outer semicon Due to external influences in polymeric cables sheet faults can be determined and localized easily
Electrical Trees lead to a breakdown of the insulation under service conditions in a time range of weeks/months
Except treeing based on migration and diffusion processes of additives; no measurable partial discharges !
April 2006
10
PD Faults in XLPE power cables

PD in joints and terminations:
Mounting faults
PD effects in terminations start later normally under service conditions Silikon is able to fill microvoids and holes for some time. Using shrink techniques PD are directly measurable, there are no HV PD-tests for all splices Reasons for an increase of faults in joints are mainly poor workmanship or additional high thermal stress.
Material faults
After thermal stress
The complexivity of mounting joints lead to a high risk of subjective failures
April 2006
11
PD Faults in PILC- cable segments

PD in joints and terminations:
Mounting failures, especially in transition joints Absence of mass in cable accessories Leakages in joints increase of the electrical field stress in bad conductor connections Impuritiy based increase of the electrical field stress at the outer semicon
Characteristical effects : Self healing due to mass wandering under high load PD-intensity up to 1000 pC has long term stability Basic rules: PD-levels at Uo in a range of several 100 pC can be accepted PD-levels in joints of 1000 pC at Uo repeat measurements later to check the trend!! Mapping recommended, replace at high levels Good cable segments are free of PD under service voltage Uo
April 2006
12
Overview PD inception voltage and PD faults in paper insulated cables

Cable joints
100%
20%
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% PDIV PD Localisation
Cable termination
51% 29%
Cable insulation PD activity above 1,3Uo PD activity upto 1,3Uo
33% 51% 16%

PD activity upto Uo
Source : Frank Wester ; Nuon Alkmaar

April 2006
13
Examples of values
April 2006
14
Why OWTS ?
The measuring system works with the resonant method and uses a sinussoidal oscillating wave test voltage (compact dimensions and low weight) The oscillating frequency depends on the cable capacitance and is fixed in a range of 50 Hz up to several 100 Hz The voltage stress of the test object is similar to the nominal service conditions The duration of the voltage stress is only several 100 ms and therefore nearly all long-term influences can be neglected. Analysing the decrease of the test voltage, the PD extinction voltage and the tan delta value can be determined easily. PD level measurement according to IEC 270 at a bandwidth 150 ..650 kHz PD fault locating and mapping feature with a bandwidth up to 3 MHz with semi- and fully automatic analysing Software
April 2006
15
April 2006
16
Compact-PD Cable test van with rear and interior view
April 2006
17
OWTS portable standalone unit with resonant coil and control unit
April 2006
18
OWTS - Function
Voltage Devider 1k Semi-Conductor Switch IGBT DC Source 0 ... 36 kV Inductance 0.7 H 150 M 1 nF Cable under Test
15 k
V t
10 F
Filter
PD Coupling Unit
PD
t
PC with Display and A/D Converter
OWTS block diagram
April 2006
19
PD-Diagnosis at 50 Hz AC and OWTS Method

Ac 50 Hz 20 ms <2 s 20 ms PD registration 1...20ms 1...20ms Energizing OWTS
PD signal PD magnitude [pC], [nC] All cycles PD pattern
PD analysis input information
PD signal PD magnitude [pC], [nC] All cycles PD pattern

20
April 2006
PD Calibrator
April 2006
21
Localization of the PD source with the pulse reflection method
impuls
Q x : t1 2
reflected impuls
Q 2l x : t2 2 2l x time difference: t t 2 t1
April 2006
22
OWTS - Calibration (1)
A / D Converter for PD Mapping
April 2006
23
OWTS - Calibration (2)
A / D Converter for IEC Standard measurements
April 2006
24
Use of the calibration data after saving under e.g. L1_1000pC
April 2006
25
OWTS Measuring window
Test voltage
Partial discharges
April 2006
26
PD- Inception- and extinction voltage and service voltage
April 2006
27
April 2006
28
Dissipation factor measurement
Determination of the tan d value which results from the decrease of the test voltage Sensitivity: 1 E-3
April 2006
29
Step by step evaluation of measured PD data
April 2006
30
Zooming in on original pulse and first reflection
April 2006
31
1100m cable, type NKBY 3x120 6/10 kV nominal voltage 6/10 kV, manual evaluation
April 2006
32
PD threshold level for evaluation
April 2006
33
April 2006
34
Automatical evaluation with TDR Software-Tool
April 2006
35
XLPE cable segment with joint problems at 110 m L2 and L3, and L1 at 450 m
Cable length: Installation:
940 m 1982
Service voltage: 15 kV Test frequency: 423 Hz Capacitance: 0,22 F
April 2006
36
New 120m long 15 kV paper cable with mass problems on phase L3 from 2 m to 30 m distance from the test setup.
April 2006
37
Mixed cable segment, 22kV, with increased PD intensity on phase L1 and customer recommondation to check the transition joints at 360, 1234, 1850 m distance from the test setup
April 2006
38
PD pattern at 8 kV in a 20 kV cable TEAG PD measurement, 8 kV on L2
Example for a surface discharges in a splice

Mapping histogram at 8 kV
April 2006
39
LEW PD fault location, L2 , 20 kV XLPE cable Two detected faults, termination and splice
Discharges in a joint
Number of PD events versus location
April 2006
40
Splice at 570 m Phase L1, 17 kV PD level 1200pC
20 kV on L1 PD level 6500pC
PD measurement 20 kV mixed section
Needle-Plane PD in transition joint
April 2006
41

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PD-Diagnosis Physical basic practical experience with OWTS

What are Partial Discharges?

PD in PILC and XLPE

Paper insulated three phase cable joint with PD source

Model to simulate partial discharges

Optical and accoustical Partial Discharges (PD)

i(t) Test object

Current and voltage simulated for a PD fault

Example of a cable insulation short time before a breakdown occurs

PD Faults in XLPE power cables

Impurities or changes in the outer semiconducting layer

old cables of the first generation

e.g. initiated with test voltages

Water Trees do not create PD at all !!

PD Faults in XLPE power cables

The complexivity of mounting joints lead to a high risk of subjective failures

PD Faults in PILC- cable segments

Overview PD inception voltage and PD faults in paper insulated cables

Cable insulation PD activity above 1,3Uo PD activity upto 1,3Uo

33% 51% 16%

Source : Frank Wester ; Nuon Alkmaar

Compact-PD Cable test van with rear and interior view

PC with Display and A/D Converter

OWTS block diagram

PD-Diagnosis at 50 Hz AC and OWTS Method

PD signal PD magnitude [pC], [nC] All cycles PD pattern

PD analysis input information

PD signal PD magnitude [pC], [nC] All cycles PD pattern

Localization of the PD source with the pulse reflection method

OWTS - Calibration (1)

A / D Converter for PD Mapping

OWTS - Calibration (2)

A / D Converter for IEC Standard measurements

Use of the calibration data after saving under e.g. L1_1000pC

OWTS Measuring window

PD- Inception- and extinction voltage and service voltage

Dissipation factor measurement

Step by step evaluation of measured PD data

Zooming in on original pulse and first reflection

PD threshold level for evaluation

Automatical evaluation with TDR Software-Tool

Cable length: Installation:

Service voltage: 15 kV Test frequency: 423 Hz Capacitance: 0,22 F

PD pattern at 8 kV in a 20 kV cable TEAG PD measurement, 8 kV on L2

Example for a surface discharges in a splice

Splice at 570 m Phase L1, 17 kV PD level 1200pC

PD measurement 20 kV mixed section

Needle-Plane PD in transition joint

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