Abstract:

In this report you will find how to calibrate some of most

important device like (analog meter, dial gage, gage
pressure), how to write it is equation, calculate percentage
error, apparatus used and how to used it
Introduction:
Calibration is the process of comparing a reading on one
piece of equipment or system, with another piece of
equipment that has been calibrated and referenced to a
known set.
To get good calibration you have to study the device you
want to calibrate what it read what phenomena affected it.
One of most important phenomena is hysteresis
Hysteresis is difference in reading ascending and
descending due to energy (loss or stored) in the device as
shown in figure 1

Fig (1)
In this experiment we will calibrate two device
 Analog voltmeter (for ac and dc)
 Pressure gage

Materials and procedures:

1. Ac function generator (figure 2)
2. Dc power supply (figure 3)
3. Analog meter (figure 4)
4. Digital multimeter (figure 5)
5. Negative pressure tester (figure 6)
6. Dead weight tester (figure 7)

Fig. 2 fig. 3

Fig. 4 fig.5

Fig.6
 Fig.7
Part 1
 Connect the digital multimeter with analog meter in parallel
then connect them with DC power supply
 Turn on the DC power supply and set dc value record the
value of digital multimeter and analog meter
 Repeat for difference value of dc
Repeat the previous for AC power supply
Part 2(negative pressure)
 Turn on the compressor
 Set the value of vessel pressure by manometer reading
 Record the value of gage pressure
 Repeat for different value by increasing the pressure value
using controlling valve
 Repeat the same procedure but in this time take it by
decreasing pressure value

Part 3 (dead weight tester)

  Make sure there are no pressure on the piston
 Add weight and rotate the hand carefully until the weight
start moving
 Record reading of dial gage
 Repeat by adding weight
 Repeat by removing weight

Data and results:

Table 1
(Actual and gage reading of the AC &DC analog & digital meter and error percentage)
AC scale DC scale
Actual Digital Gage Actual Gage
(V) Analog(V Digital(V Analog(V AC error DC error
) ) ) (100%) (100%)
1.014 0.9 1.041 1 0.11 0.09
2.014 1.9 2.036 1.95 0.057 0.04
3.00 2.9 3.012 2.9 0.34 0.04
4.00 3.95 4.1 4 0.0125 0.02
5.08 4.9 5.03 4.95 0.035 0.02
6.03 5.85 6.05 5.9 0.30 0.02
7.07 6.85 7.09 6.95 0.03 0.02
8.08 7.85 8.12 8 0.028 0.047
9.07 8.9 9.12 9.05 0.20 0.01
10.00 9.8 10.06 9.9 0.02 0.02
 DC Scale
12

10
f(x) = 1.01 x + 0.07
Actual Digital(V)

8
DC Scale
6
Linear (DC Scale)
4

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Gage Analog(V)

Fig .8

AC Scale
12

10
f(x) = 1.01 x + 0.01
Actual Digital (V)

6 AC Scale
Linear (AC Scale)
4
Linear (AC Scale)
2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Gage Analog(V)

Fig .9
 Table 2(actual and gage reading of the mercury level in the manometer versus the corresponding)
Gage Actual Error Actual Gage Error
reading Manometer (100%) Manometer reading (100%)
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
pressure pressure
Gage Gage
2 3 0.33 15 16 0.07
6 6 0 12 12 0
10 9 0.011 9 10 0.0
13 12 0.08 6 5 0.17
16 15 0.067 3 1 0.67

negative pressure
16

14 f(x)f(x)
= 0.8 x + 1.96
= 0.85 x + 0.99
Actual Manometer (cm)

12

10
Increasing
8 Linear (Increasing)
Decreasing
6 Linear (Decreasing)
4

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Gage reading (cm)

pressure Gage

Fig 10
Table 3 (actual and gage reading of the dead weight)
dead weight (Positive Pressure )
Actual Gage Dial Error Actual Gage error
Weights (psi) Weights Dial
(psi) (psi) (psi)
20 45 1.25 180 200 0.11
40 65 0.625 160 175 0.094
60 85 0.41 140 160 0.142
80 95 0.1875 120 140 0.167
100 120 0.20 100 125 0.25
120 140 0.16 80 95 0.1875
140 160 0.14 60 70 0.167
160 180 0.125 40 60 0.50
180 200 0.05 20 40 1.00

Dead weight (Positive Pressure )

200
Actual Weights (psi)

180
f(x) = 1.09 x − 4.76
160 f(x) = 1.12 x − 31.91
140
120 Increasing
100 Linear (Increasing)
80 Decreasing
Linear (Decreasing)
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Gage Dial (psi)

Fig 11
Discussion:
The term "RMS" stands for "Root-Mean-Squared", also
called the effective value of alternating current, is equivalent
to a DC voltage that would provide the same amount of heat
generation in a resistor as the AC voltage would if applied to
that same resistor. RMS is not an "Average" voltage, and its
mathematical relationship to peak voltage varies depending
on the type of waveform. The RMS value is the square root
of the mean (average) value of the squared function of the
instantaneous values figure 12 show the difference between
Vrms & Vavg.

Fig. 12

 In table 1 figure (8 &9)

- We didn’t take reading forward and downward because there
are no hysteresis.
-the difference between digital and analog was very small
(Diff= 1.014-0.9=0.114)But this small number is very critical in
some application.
-same device need calibration for AC&DC
-the analog meter device was very precise but not accurate
 In table 2 &figure (10)
-this device not accurate but very precise so we can calibrate it.
-hysteresis was not clear
 In table 3 &figure (11)
- This device not accurate but very precise so we can calibrate it
-hysteresis was very clear in this device
Conclusion:
 The main problem of instrumentational devices is that they
need calibration periodically, so the purpose of this
experiment is the goal of calibration is to minimize any
measurement uncertainty by ensuring the accuracy of test
equipment. Calibration quantifies and controls errors or
uncertainties within measurement processes to an
acceptable level.
 Even new device need to be calibrated
 Between summer and winter you have to check your device
 Calibration error is not the same of human error