Today's Lecture: - Permeability (Chapter 7)
Today's Lecture: - Permeability (Chapter 7)
Today's Lecture: - Permeability (Chapter 7)
Today’s Lecture
• Permeability (Chapter 7)
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What is permeability?
A measure of how easily a fluid (e.g., water)
can pass through a porous medium (e.g.,
soils)
water
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Bernoulli’s Equation
From fluid mechanics, according Bernoulli’s
equation, The energy (head) of a fluid particle
is made of:
1. Kinetic energy fluid particle
‐ due to velocity
z
2. Strain energy
‐ due to pressure
datum
3. Potential energy
‐ due to elevation (z) with respect to a datum
Bernoulli’s Equation
2 fluid particle
Velocity head
2g
+ z
Total
head (h) = Pressure head u
w
+ datum
Elevation head z
2 u
h z
2g w
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Bernoulli’s Equation
For flow through soils, velocity (and thus velocity head) is
very small. Therefore,
0
fluid particle
Velocity head
+
z
Total head = Pressure head
+ datum
Elevation head
Total head = Pressure head + Elevation head
u
h7 z
w
Some Notes
If flow is from A to B, total head is higher at A
than at B.
Energy is dissipated in water
overcoming the soil
resistance and hence B
A
is the head loss.
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Some Notes
At any point within the flow regime:
Pressure head = pore water pressure/w
Elevation head = height above the selected datum
Piezometrics= standpipes installed at points to
measure the pressure of the water.
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h hA hB
Loss of Head
u u
h A z A B z B
w w
Some Notes
The head loss can also be expressed in a nondimensional
for as
Hydraulic gradient (i) between A and B is the total head
loss per unit length.
water
hA hB h
i A
B
l AB l AB
length AB, along the
stream line 12
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Variation of the velocity with
the hydraulic gradient
•Fractured rocks, gravels and very coarse sand,
turbulent conditions may apply
•For most soils, the flow of water through the
void spaces is considered laminar.
v i
Darcy’s Law
Darcy’s Law
Velocity (v) of flow is proportional to the
hydraulic gradient (i) – Darcy (1856)
v i
v k i
Coeficient of Permeability
• or hydraulic conductivity
• unit of velocity (cm/s)
The amount of water flowing through the
soil in unit time (seepage q) can be
determined as: Where A is the cross
q vA 14
sectional area of the soil
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Permeability Importance?
Soil permeability and infiltration rates influence:
• irrigation strategies
• fertilizing strategies
• pesticide applications.
• Water Quality
• Ponds
• Slope stability
• Soil strength
• Quick sands?
• Dikes, Dams…..
TYPICAL PERMEABILITIES
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Permeability Importance?
Permeability Importance?
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Permeability Importance?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVldbCIY8
os
• http://www.ebaumsworld.com/video/watch/
646784/
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWEWVw
7TGk4&feature=related
Permeability – Hydraulic Conductivity
Depends on several factors:
• Fluid Viscosity
• Grain‐size distribution
• Void Ratio
• Degree of Saturation
• Others
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Viscosity?
• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance
to flow.
Viscosity?
• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to
flow.
– It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid.
– A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its
molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction.
– A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its
molecular makeup results in very little friction when it
is in motion.
– It is affected by Temperature
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Viscosity?
Variation of Viscosity with
Temperature
Viscosity?
Permeability varies with viscosity, then depending on
the temperature k should be adjusted accordingly. It is
conventional to express k at 20oC.
k 20o C T C k o
o
o TC
20 C
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Measuring Permeability
[A] Laboratory
• Constant head test
• Falling head test
[B] Field
• Pumping tests
• Borehole infiltration
tests
Measuring Permeability
[A] Laboratory
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Test Apparatus
Permeameters
Ruler
Vacuum Source
Balance
Watch (or Stopwatch)
Thermometer
Filter
Constant Head Permeameter
Suitable for clean sands
and fine gravels
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Constant Head Permeameter
Q Avt
Q A(ki)t
h
i
L
h
Q A k t
L
QL
k
Aht
Correct based on Temperature
Constant Head Permeameter: Example
Table 7.2
Temp=22oC
i=75/100=0.75
A=(75.69/2)2=4500mm2=4.5x10‐3m2
75 mm QL Q L 1
k
Aht t h A
k
q
(i ) A
Outflow
100 mm
is 1 liter k 4.95 x10 3 m / s
every
minute Temperature Correction?
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Correction by Temperature
Permeability varies with viscosity, then depending on
the temperature k should be adjusted accordingly. It is
conventional to express k at 20oC.
k 20o C T C k o
o
o TC
20 C
Constant Head Permeameter: Example
Table 7.2 Factor=0.953
Temp=22oC
i=75/100=0.75
A=(75.69/2)2=4500mm2=4.5x10‐3m2
75 mm QL Q L 1
k
Aht t h A
k
q
(i ) A
Outflow
100 mm
is 1 liter k 4.95 x10 3 m / s
every
minute k 0.953 x 4.95 x10 3 m / s
k 4.72 x10 3 m / s
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Suited to low
permeability
materials ‐ silts
and clays
aL h1
t ln aL h1
Ak h2 k ln
At h2
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Field testing – drawdown test
Field testing – drawdown test
Pumping well
q r1
Water
r2 table
h1
h2
Impermeable boundary
Drawdown -
phreatic line
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