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    Atoms PDF

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    Bea Dacillo Bautista
    1. The document discusses several laws and models in the development of atomic theory, including the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson and Rutherford atomic models, and the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick. 2. It describes the modern atomic structure including electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the composition of the nucleus with protons and neutrons. 3. The development of atomic theory helped explain the laws of chemistry and properties of elements based on their atomic structure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Atoms PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bea Dacillo Bautista
    46 views5 pages
    1. The document discusses several laws and models in the development of atomic theory, including the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson and Rutherford atomic models, and the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick. 2. It describes the modern atomic structure including electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the composition of the nucleus with protons and neutrons. 3. The development of atomic theory helped explain the laws of chemistry and properties of elements based on their atomic structure.

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    Atoms pdf

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    1. The document discusses several laws and models in the development of atomic theory, including the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson and Rutherford atomic models, and the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick. 2. It describes the modern atomic structure including electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the composition of the nucleus with protons and neutrons. 3. The development of atomic theory helped explain the laws of chemistry and properties of elements based on their atomic structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views5 pages

    Atoms PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bea Dacillo Bautista
    1. The document discusses several laws and models in the development of atomic theory, including the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson and Rutherford atomic models, and the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick. 2. It describes the modern atomic structure including electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the composition of the nucleus with protons and neutrons. 3. The development of atomic theory helped explain the laws of chemistry and properties of elements based on their atomic structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    7/10/2019

    A. Law of Conservation of Mass B. Law of Definite Proportion


    - formulated by Antoine Lavoisier - proposed by Joseph Proust (1754 – 1826)
    (1743-1794) - states that any sample of a given
    compound will always be composed of the
    - States that in a chemical reaction, the same elements in the same proportion by
    mass of the substances produced mass
    (product) is equal to the mass of the - Example: A 100-g water sample contains
    substances reacted (reactant) 89% oxygen and 11% hydrogen by mass
    - “Mass can neither be created nor - Nitrous oxide “laughing gas” will always be
    destroyed by chemical means” composed of 64% nitrogen and 36% oxygen
    by mass

    C. Law of Multiple Proportions Chemistry is similar to cooking.


    - proposed by John Dalton (1766 - 1844) - You can use the same ingredients and
    - states that if two elements can combine to come up with different dishes
    form more than one compound, the masses - For example, a cake can be made from
    of one of the elements that combine with a flour, eggs, baking powder and water
    mass of the other element are in fixed ratios
    - The same ingredients can also be used to
    of whole numbers.
    make pancakes, crepes and even lumpia
    - for example, 100 g of carbon combines with
    wrappers
    either 133.3 g or 266.6 g of oxygen (1:2)
    - It all depends on the proportion of each
    - another example is hydrogen and oxygen,
    which can form H2O and H2O2 (1:2) ingredient

    “Nothing exists except atoms and empty 1. Elements are composed of small
    space. Everything else is opinion” particles called atoms.
    - Democritus
    - He believed that matter is composed 2. Atoms of an element are identical,
    tiny indivisible particle called atoms having the same properties such as
    mass, size and chemical properties.
    (from the Greek word, atomos which
    means “uncut”
    3. Compounds are composed of atoms
    of at least two different elements,
    and the ratio of each element is an
    integer or a simple fraction.

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    4. A chemical reaction results from Dalton’s Billiard Ball Model


    rearrangement of the atoms of
    reacting substances, giving new - Even Dalton proposed the existence of
    combinations of atoms. Atoms can atom, he had no exact idea of what
    neither be destroyed nor created in they looked like
    a chemical reaction. - He described it to be extremely small,
    featureless and indestructible spheres

    8 5 4 7

    Thomson Atomic Model (1903)


     An atom consists of a diffuse cloud of
    positive charge with the negative electrons
    embedded randomly in it. This model is
    often called PLUM (OR RAISIN)
    PUDDING MODEL.
     Observed cathode ray (produced at the
    negative electrode and repelled by the
    negative pole of an applied electric field.
     Cathode ray was a stream of negatively Deflection of Cathode Rays by an Applied Electric
    Field
    charged particles now called electrons

    Rutherford Atomic Model


    (1911)
    - Proposed a Nuclear Model of Atom
    - An atom is mostly empty space, accounting
    for the undeflected particles passing through,
    but also containing a concentrated, dense
    center (nucleus)
    - large deflections are only possible if the center
    contains most of the atom’s mass, thus,
    accounting for the presence of positively
    charged particles known as protons
    The Plum Pudding Model of the Atom

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    Radioactivity
    Spontaneous emission of radiation
     Gamma () rays: high energy light
     Beta () particles: high speed electron
     Alpha () particles (He2+): 2+ charge,
    charge twice that of electron and with
    opposite sign. The mass of an  -
    particle is 7300 times that of the Rutherford’s Experiment on -particle Bombardment of Metal
    electron Foil

    James Chadwick (1891 – 1974)


    - Discovered neutrons
    - Beryllium Foil Experiment
    - He observed that there was less deflection of
    particles, implying the existence of neutral
    particles in the nucleus together with protons.
    - Thus, the mass of the protons and neutrons
    account for the atomic mass
    Expected and Actual Results of Rutherford’s Experiment

    The Modern View of Atomic


    Bohr’s Planetary Model (1885-1962) Structure
    The atom contains:
    - Proposes that electron not only  Electrons: move around the nucleus
    surrounds the nucleus of the atom as (mass: 9.109410 X 10-28 g, Charge 1-)
    Rutherford proposed, but specifically  Protons: found in the nucleus, they have
    a positive charge equal in magnitude to
    surrounds the nucleus in orbits the electron’s negative charge (mass:
    1.6726 X 10-24 g, charge 1+)
     Neutrons: found in the nucleus, virtually
    same mass as a proton but no charge.
    (mass: 1.6749 X 10-24 g, charge: 0)

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    The Chemists’ Shorthand Atomic Symbols


    Mass number  39

    Atomic number  19
    K  Element Symbol

    Atomic number (Z): number of protons,


    gives the symbol of the element (X)
    Mass number (A): Total number of
    protons and neutrons
    Elemental form = Zero net charge
    Nuclear Atom Viewed in Cross Section Therefore, # electrons = # of protons

    Molecules and Ions


    Ions
     Chemical Bonds: The forces that hold atoms
    together in compounds. H2O, NO, CO2  Ions: An ion is an atom or group of
     Covalent bonds: Covalent bonds result from atoms that has a net positive charge or
    atoms (nonmetal and nonmetal) sharing negative charge particle (an unequal
    electrons. Cl2 number of protons and electrons) is
     Ionic bonds: Force of attraction between obtained by removing or adding
    oppositely charged ions (metal and nonmetal). electrons. Na+, Cl-
     Molecule: A collection of covalently-bonded
    atoms. H2, O2

    Ions Isotopes
    Atoms with the same number of protons but
     A positive ion results from the loss of one
    or more electrons. different number of neutrons. In nature
     A negative ion results from the gain of most elements contain mixtures of isotopes
    one or more electrons.
    23 Na :
     Cation: A positive ion (Na+, Mg2+,) 11
     Anion: A negative ion (Cl-, O-2) 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 12 neutrons
    24 Na :
     Polyatomic ions: (C2H3O2- , NH4+) 11
    11 protons, 11 electrons, and 13 neutrons

    4
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    Sample Problem

    The radioactive decay of cobalt-60


    emits gamma radiation, which is used to
    kill microorganisms in raw food.
    Determine the number of electrons,
    protons and neutrons of the isotope.
    Write its isotopic symbol.

    Two Isotopes of Sodium

    Practice Exercises

    Bismuth-213 is an isotope used in Average Atomic Mass =


    radiation therapy to treat leukemia, while (mass1 x % abundance) +
    strontium-89 is used to treat bone (mass2 x % abundance) + ……..
    metastasis. Write their isotopic symbols.
    How many protons and neutrons do they
    have?

    Boron has two naturally occurring


    isotopes: boron-10 with an atomic mass
    of 10.0129 amu and 0.198 abundance:
    and boron-11 with an atomic mass of
    11.0093 amu and 0.802 abundance.
    What is boron’s average atomic mass?
    Write the isotopic symbol.

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