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    DC Machine S: Solomon G.G

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    gudetagenene
    DC machines can operate as motors or generators. They work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy in generators, and electrical energy to mechanical energy in motors. The key parts of a DC machine are the magnetic field system and conductors that move within the magnetic field. The magnetic field is produced by field windings on poles, and the conductors are located on the armature. DC machines come in different types depending on how the field and armature circuits are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.

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    DC Machine S: Solomon G.G

    Uploaded by

    gudetagenene
    25 views9 pages
    DC machines can operate as motors or generators. They work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy in generators, and electrical energy to mechanical energy in motors. The key parts of a DC machine are the magnetic field system and conductors that move within the magnetic field. The magnetic field is produced by field windings on poles, and the conductors are located on the armature. DC machines come in different types depending on how the field and armature circuits are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.

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    DC machines can operate as motors or generators. They work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy in generators, and electrical energy to mechanical energy in motors. The key parts of a DC machine are the magnetic field system and conductors that move within the magnetic field. The magnetic field is produced by field windings on poles, and the conductors are located on the armature. DC machines come in different types depending on how the field and armature circuits are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views9 pages

    DC Machine S: Solomon G.G

    Uploaded by

    gudetagenene
    DC machines can operate as motors or generators. They work by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy in generators, and electrical energy to mechanical energy in motors. The key parts of a DC machine are the magnetic field system and conductors that move within the magnetic field. The magnetic field is produced by field windings on poles, and the conductors are located on the armature. DC machines come in different types depending on how the field and armature circuits are connected, including shunt, series, and separately excited machines.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    DC

    Machine
    s
    ADAMA UNIVERSITY Solomon G.G.
    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM2
    SOLOMON G.G.

    INTRODUCTION
    DC machine is an electrical machine that can be used either in generator or motor mode. DC
    generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, while DC motor
    converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The energy conversion is based on the
    principle of motional induced emf.

     When armature conductors move in a magnetic field produced by the current in stator field
    winding, voltage is induced in the armature conductors.
     When current carrying armature conductors are placed in a magnetic field produced by the
    current in stator field winding, the armature conductors experience a mechanical force.

    Every DC machine has two essential parts

     Magnetic field
     Conductors which so move as to cut the flux

    CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES
    The essential parts of DC machines are:

    i. Yoke
     It is the outer frame of the machine which serves as:
     Mechanical supporting and protecting cover
     It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.

    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY THERAJA


    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM3
    SOLOMON G.G.

    ii. Pole
    Salient pole on the stator
    Two types of poles
    a. Main pole :
     Have poles cores and pole shoes.
     It carries pole coils in which main magnetic field is produced. These coils are
    called main field winding. Main field winding can be series field winding or
    shunt field winding
     Contains compensating winding to reduce armature reaction effect.
     Pole shoes serves in
     In spreading out the flux in the air gap so as to reduce the reluctance
     Support exciting (main field winding).

    b. Commutating pole
     Placed at the half way between main poles ( a place where the main
    magnetic flux is zero)
     Caries commutating winding which is used to reduce the effect of armature
    reaction
    iii. Armature
     It’s the rotating part of the machine.
     It has core which

    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY THERAJA


    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM4
    SOLOMON G.G.

     Houses armature coils


     Provide the path of very low reluctance to the flux through the armature
    from N pole to S pole
     It is cylindrical or drum shaped built up of circular sheet steel discs or
    laminations.
     Armature conductors are arranged in such a way that the distance between
    two legs of coil is 180 electrical degrees.
    𝚹e=P/2*𝚹m where P is number of poles, 𝚹e is electrical degree,
    𝚹m is mechanical degree.
    iv. Commutator
     It’s located on the rotor
     It’s made of wedge shaped segments of copper and it’s cylindrical in
    structure.
     The segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica. The
    number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils.
     Each Commutator segments are connected to armature conductors by
    means of copper strip or risers.
     It’s function is to facilitate the collection of current from armature
    conductors
     It serve as rectifier ( converts AC to DC power)

    v. Brushes
     Its function is to collect the current from the Commutator
     It’s made of carbon or graphite.
     It’s placed in the neutral zone (where main magnetic flux is zero) to reduce
    arcing

    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY THERAJA


    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM5
    SOLOMON G.G.

    PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC MACHINES


    a. Generator mode
    The armature of the machine is driven by a prime mover in the CW direction and the
    stator field is excited by DC source so as to produce the stator poles. When conductors
    of the armature cuts the magnetic field produced by field circuits voltage is induced in
    them. Then a current starts to flow in the armature winding. When the current carrying
    conductor moves in a magnetic field it experiences a force. Then the rotor experiences a
    torque (electromagnetic torque) which opposes the driving torque from prime mover.
    Then the prime mover produces extra torque in order to cancel out the effect of
    electromagnetic torque. The voltage induced in the armature winding is collected by
    the help of Commutator and brushes.
    b. Motor mode
    The field circuit of the machine is excited by DC source so as to produce main field in the
    machine. When a DC source is connected to the armature winding, a current starts to
    flow in the armature conductors. When a current carrying conductor is moving in a
    magnetic field it experiences a force and the torque that rotates the machine is
    produced. As the machine is rotating, a magnetic field is produced due to rotor current.
    This magnetic field induces voltage (back emf) in armature winding which direction is
    opposite to applied voltage to the armature. The applied voltage has to over come back
    emf. It is this electrical work done in overcoming opposition due to back emf is
    converted to mechanical energy. The armature current is given by

    Where Ia is armature current, V is the applied voltage, V b is back emf. Back emf depends
    on armature speed . if speed is high back emf is large and armature current will be
    small. The power developed by the armature is proportional back emf.
    Power developed by the armature= VbIa

    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY THERAJA


    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM6
    SOLOMON G.G.

    Power Division in DC Machines

    Arm. copper loss


    Ia2Ra+brush contact loss

    Input from Elec-magnetic Arm. terminal Output power


    DC Generator prime-mover power = Vta Ia
    Power =EaIa = Vt IL

    No-load rotational loss (friction Series field loss IL2Rs


    +windage+core)+stray load loss
    +shunt field loss If2Rf

    Arm. copper loss


    Ia2Ra+brush contact loss

    Input power from Arm. terminal Elec-magnetic Output available


    DC Motor mains =Vt IL power = Vta Ia Power =EaIa at the shaft

    Series field loss IL2Rs No-load rotational loss (friction


    +shunt field loss If2Rf +windage+core)+stray load loss

    TYPES OF DC MACHINES
    Both the armature and field circuits carry direct current in the case of a DC machine.
    Types:
     Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own excitation of the field
    windings. In this machine, residual magnetism must be present in the
    ferromagnetic circuit of the machine in order to start the self-excitation process.

    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY THERAJA


    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM7
    SOLOMON G.G.

    IL
    + +
    If IL
    + Ra
    Ra
    Rf
    DC Supply Rf
    + Vt Vt

    - Ea Ea Ia
    - -
    Separetely excited Self Excited
     Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be separately excited
    from an eternal DC source.
     Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel. Shunt
    generator can be separately-excited or self-excited.
     Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.

    DC Generator
    Equivalent circuit
    The magnetic field produced by the stator poles
    induces a voltage in the rotor (or armature)
    coils when the generator is rotated.
    This induced voltage is represented by a
    voltage source.
    The stator coil has resistance, which is
    Vbrush
    Rfconnected in series. Ra Load
    The pole max flux is produced by the DC
    I excitation/field current, Iwhich
    ag is magnetically
    Vf f Eag Vdc
    coupled
    READ TEXT to TECHNOLOGY
    BOOK OF ELECTRICAL the rotorBY THERAJA

    The field circuit has resistance and a source


    power out
    by a power in
    battery
    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM8
    SOLOMON G.G.

    Equivalent circuit of a separately excited


    dc generator.
    When the generator is loaded, the load
    current produces a voltage drop on the rotor
    winding resistance.
    In addition, there is a more or less constant
    1–3 V voltageEag =Vdrop
    +I R on
    +V the brushes.
    dc ag a brush
    DC Motor Equivalent
    These two voltage drops reduce the terminal
    voltage of the generator. The terminal
    circuit
    voltage is;
    Vbrush Electrical
    Rf Ra power in
    max
    DC Power
    V f If Iam Vdc
    Eam supply

    Mechanical
    power out

    • Armature voltage equation

    V =E +I R +V
    dc am amTECHNOLOGY
    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL a brush BY THERAJA
    12/25/2010 7:07:14 AM9
    SOLOMON G.G.

    READ TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BY THERAJA

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