Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan Batangas City

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
Laboratory Exercise No. 3

DC GENERATORS
Submitted by:
Botardo, Joseph Jeremy B.
Submitted to:
Engr. Darwin M. Marasigan
February 27, 2018

What is a DC Generator?
Device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy is known as a Generator. DC
generator being a type of generator produces DC power. It uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction to do the conversion process.
Principle of Generator
According to the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, a conductor moving in a magnetic field
cuts the magnetic lines of force. This causes an emf to be induced in the conductor. This induced emf
will cause a current to flow if the circuit of the conductor is in closed condition.
From the principle of DC generator, the most important parts of the DC generator are:
 Magnetic Field
 Conductor moving inside a magnetic field.
Parts of a DC Generator
Important parts of a DC generator are:
1. Stator
It is the fixed and main part of the DC generator. The function of the stator is to supply the magnetic
fields were the coils rotate. Stator consists of permanent magnets (two of them with opposite poles
facing) which is placed to fit around the rotor.
2. Rotor (Armature Core)

Rotor is the next main part of the DC generator. It consists of slotted iron laminations which are stacked
so as to form a cylindrical armature core. The laminations are usually provided to reduce the loss due
to eddy current.
3. Armature Windings:
The slots of the armature core are used to hold the armature windings. It is in the form of a closed
circuit winding connected in series –parallel to increase the amount of current generated.
4. Yoke
It is the outer frame of the DC generator made using steel or cast iron. It provides the required
mechanical strength and helps in carrying the magnetic flux given by the poles.
5. Poles
Poles are used to support the field windings. Generally, the field windings are wound on the poles and
they are parallel or serially connected with the armature windings. Also, the poles are given joint to the
yoke using welding process or by using screws.
6. Pole shoe
The main function of the pole shoe is to spread the magnetic flux and to prevent the field coil from
slipping.
7. Commutator
Commutator acts as a rectifier converting AC voltage in the armature winding to the DC voltage
across the brushes. It is made of segments of Cu. Each Cu segment is insulated from each other using
sheets of mica and is placed on the shaft of the machine.
8. Brushes
It ensures electrical connections between the commutator and the external load circuit.
Single Loop Generator

Consider a loop, say, ABCD. Assume it is rotating in clockwise direction in a uniform magnetic field
with a constant speed. When the loop ABCD starts rotating, flux linked to the coil to the sides CD and
AB will start changing. Now the emf induced to the sides of the coil also starts changing. In actual, the
emf induced on one of the coil side will add to the emf induced to the other coil.
Case1: At position 1
 Here the emf is zero.

 This is because the magnetic flux lines are moving parallel.
 Here a low emf is induced.

 The coil sides are at an angle w.r.t the flux.
 Here the emf generated is maximum.

 The coil sides are at right angles with the flux.
 The emf generated is low.

 The coil sides are at an angle w.r.t the flux.
 No magnetic lines are cut.

 The emf induced is zero.
Case 6: At position 6
 The direction of emf generated is reversed.

 Coil sides move under a pole of opposite polarity.
Case 7: At position 7
 Maximum emf is generated here.
The cycle will then repeat. Here the emf generated is an alternating one. This alternating voltage is
then converted into dc voltage by a device known as the commutator. After the conversion of ac to dc
by the commutator, the dc generator is obtained.
Consider the figure3 below, the sides of the coil AB and CD is under North Pole and South Pole
respectively. Segment c1 of thecommutator connects the coil side AB to the point R as shown in the
figure below. Also segment c2 connects the coil side CD to the point T. c1 is in contact with the
negative brush and c2 is in contact with the positive brush. Current flows from T to R through the load.
Thus we can say, the coil gets short circuited for a short time by the brushes. This period is known as
Commutation Period.
Now after the first rotation of 180 degree, AB is under South Pole and CD is under North Pole. c1 is
in contact with positive brush and c2 is in contact with negative brush. Here now AB is connected with
point T by segment c1. CD is connected with point R by segment c2. Current flows through the load
from T to R. After this, we get the DC current from the brush terminals.
Types of DC Generator
DC generator can be classified as:
1. Separately Excited
In this case, the coils are energized by the help of an external DC source. In the figure, armature
current is Ia, load current Il, V is the voltage and E is the emf generated.
2. Self- Excited
Here, the coils are energized by the current produced from the DC generator itself. Self-excited
generator is divided into:
 Series Wound: Here the field winding is series with the armature winding. In the figure, Rsc is the
series winding resistance, Isc is the current, Ra is the armature resistance, Ia represents the
Armature Current, Il is the load current, E is the generated emf and V is the voltage.
 Shunt Wound: Here the field winding is parallel with the armature winding. In the figure, Rsh is
the shunt winding resistance, Ish is the current, Ra is the armature resistance, Ia represents the
Armature Current, Il is the load current, E is the generated emf and V is the voltage.
?
 Compound Wound: It is the combination of the seires and shunt wound generators.
Applications of DC Generators
There are various types of DC generators available for several types of
services. The applications of these DC generators based on their
characteristic are discussed below:
Applications of Separately Excited DC Generators
This type of DC generators are generally more expensive than self-excited DC
generators because of their requirement of separate excitation source.
Because of that their applications are restricted. They are generally used where
the use of self-excited generators are unsatisfactory.
1. Because of their ability of giving wide range of voltage output, they are
generally used for testing purpose in the laboratories.
2. Separately excited generators operate in a stable condition with any
variation in field excitation. Because of this property they are used as supply
source of DC motors, whose speeds are to be controlled for various
applications. Example- Ward Leonard Systems of speed control
Applications of Shunt Wound DC Generators

The application of shunt generators is very much restricted for its dropping
voltage characteristic. They are used to supply power to the apparatus
situated very close to its position. These type of DC generators generally give
constant terminal voltage for small distance operation with the help of field
regulators from no load to full load.
1. They are used for general lighting.
2. They are used to charge battery because they can be made to give constant
output voltage.
3. They are used for giving the excitation to the alternators.
4. They are also used for small power supply.
Applications of Series Wound DC Generators

These types of generators are restricted for the use of power supply because
of their increasing terminal oltage characteristic with the increase in load
current from no load to full load.
e can clearly see this characteristic from the characteristic curve of series
wound generator. They give constant current in the dropping portion of the
characteristic curve. For this property they can be used as constant current
source and employed for various applications.
1. They are used for supplying field excitation current in DC locomotives for
regenerative breaking.
2. This types of generators are used as boosters to compensate the voltage
drop in the feeder in various types of distribution systems such as railway
service.
3. In series arc lightening this type of generators are mainly used.
Applications of Compound Wound DC Generators

Among various types of DC generators, the compound wound DC generators
are most widely used because of its compensating property. Depending upon
number of series field turns, the cumulatively compounded generators may be
over compounded, flat compounded and under compounded. We can get
desired terminal voltage by compensating the drop due to armature reaction
and ohmic drop in the in the line. Such generators have various applications.
1. Cumulative compound wound generators are generally used for lighting,

power supply purpose and for heavy power services because of their
constant voltage property. They are mainly made over compounded.
2. Cumulative compound wound generators are also used for driving a motor.
3. For small distance operation, such as power supply for hotels, offices,
homes and lodges, the flat compounded generators are generally used.
4. The differential compound wound generators, because of their large
demagnetization armature reaction, are used for arc welding where huge
voltage drop and constant current is required.
At present time the applications of DC generators become very limited

because of technical and economic reasons. Now a days the electric power is
mainly generated in the form of alternating current with the help of various
power electronics devices.
Reference/s: https://www.electrical4u.com/applications-of-dc-generators/
https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/399/electrical/dc-generator

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Laboratory Exercise No. 3

February 27, 2018

2. Rotor (Armature Core)

Single Loop Generator

 Here the emf is zero.

 Here a low emf is induced.

 Here the emf generated is maximum.

 The emf generated is low.

 No magnetic lines are cut.

 The direction of emf generated is reversed.

Applications of Shunt Wound DC Generators

Applications of Series Wound DC Generators

Applications of Compound Wound DC Generators

1. Cumulative compound wound generators are generally used for lighting,

At present time the applications of DC generators become very limited

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