FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE

(FEL)

SEMESTER / SEPT 2018

SBFS1103
THINKING SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING

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THINKING SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING

CONTENT
NO. SUBJECT PAGE

1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION

2. 2.0 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM

3. 3.0 SIX STEPS CONCEPTIONS OF PROBLEM SOLVING

BY HAYES 1981

4. 4.0 PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

5. 5.0 CONCLUSION

6. 6.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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It is recognized that in this 21st century, human life is packed with all sort of difficulties;
regardless of in close to home, social communication, or when managing something.
They generally confront issues because of the quick development of high advances and
everybody is by all accounts exceptionally occupied. As an up and coming age,
particularly the understudy network, is constantly viewed and commented as the one that
presented to question and contentions, since they are effectively performing in training
savvy, sports, and overseeing themselves in different circumstance. They are on the way
toward achieving adulthood, physically and rationally. Before they make each progression
or activity to conquer these stuffs, it is significant for them to have basic and imaginative
reasoning, since these predetermined reasoning aptitudes, encourage them to accomplish a
trustworthiness in a creative way.
Before we continue, first, I might want to portray the depiction of basic and innovative
reasoning. This is to refreshen our brain on the idea of these terms and to ensure that
perusers could comprehend the correct utilizations of these both reasoning aptitudes and
the significance of them in our every day life. Basic and inventive reasoning are as often
as possible assembled by inquires about who research higher request considering. The
request of the terms, that is, regardless of whether, basic or innovative seems first, is
normally unessential. These the two types of reasoning are really not the same as one
another yet there is a typical recognition that they really depend on one another and have
a cozy relationship shaped. Despite the fact that, they might just be diverse sides of a
coin, yet they are not indistinguishable (Beyer, 1989, p.35).
Critical thinking is viewed as the way toward discovering answers for troublesome
issues. The expression "critical thinking aptitudes" alludes not exclusively to one's
capacity to take care of math issues yet in addition to various scholarly and genuine
circumstances that require the capacity to analyze issues and adequately settle them.
Critical thinking abilities are additionally of extraordinary significance in the scholastic
setting since they are an unavoidable piece of one's examinations, compelling work and
life. Your educators, mentors, teachers, teachers will frequently give you critical thinking
assignments as methods for working up your life and scholarly skills. Internationally,
your whole instruction is based on critical thinking, and here is the reason: when you are
given an issue that ranges 1 out 3 on the multifaceted nature scale, you probably won't
have the capacity to manage it at first.
In any case, with a smidgen of assistance and information, we can split it up into an
arrangement of littler issues and understand them one by one. In the long run, you will

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have the capacity to take care of issues level 1 effortlessly. When you have achieved this
dimension, will be prepared to proceed onward to Level 2 and the cycle will rehash.
Training works the very same way: when you finish one critical thinking task, our
abilities develop and are prepared to move onto a more troublesome one. The higher we
are in this chain of command, the better your critical thinking abilities are and the more
mind boggling issues can resolve.
In this assignment a case study will be conducted and the solutions to the problem
mentioned will be solved by the Six Steps of Conceptions of Problems Solving by Hayes
1981.

2.0 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM

The initial phase in settling on a choice or tackling an issue is to characterize it. This
initial step is a standout amongst the most basic ones. We need to precisely and
satisfactorily characterize the imperatives, the present tasks, and the objectives. In the
event that we invest the energy forthright characterizing the prerequisites and limitations,
ywe'll have the capacity to decide if the arrangement ywe're thinking about is the correct
one. Numerous individuals need to avoid the characterizing step and get straight into
tackling the issue. Albert Einstein once said that on the off chance that he had a hour to
spare the world, he'd put in 55 minutes characterizing the issue and 5 minutes explaining
it. That suggests there is something else entirely to the definition venture than trying to
say you have an issue. In this issue the main case is I am a single parent with three young
children. M spouse has just passed away recently due to a motor-road accident. At work, I
heard people are talking about my company being downsized and some of the employees
will be need to resign very soon. I asked some of my colleagues about this. Rita, Shidi
and Janet said that the news is true since the company is in a lot of debts now. However,
according to Zana, Ramli and Jamil, the news is just a gossip; the company is still in a
good shape. I am so worried and do not know whether to wait or to apply a job
somewhere else. My main issue sound as this and now I need to define my problem and I
need to take steps to bring a solution for this.

2.1 Visualizing The Problem

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According to the news I heard the severe actions to be taken myself to avoid
further problems in caring my three childrens. In order of it I have taken into
account few questionaries to state the problems and actions to be taken as below:
i. What is the problem?
The main problem is my company going to shut down and I need to find a
true news about it whether it is from reliable source or not
ii. Is it my problem?
Yes, sure!
iii. Can I solve it? Is it worth solving?
I can not solve it but I can takeactions on my part to bring a safe
circumstance to myself and my financial care to look after my three
childrens. It will be worth in solving the issue if not I can not care after my
childrens financially and do the needs of them accordingly.
iv. Is this the real problem, or merely a symptom of a larger one?
This is a real problem as far as I have seen and experienced.
v. If this is an old problem, what's wrong with the previous solution?
There was no issue before and this is first time.
vi. Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait?
Immediate actions to be taken to avoid any filthy outcomes til spoils the
rice pot.
vii. Is it likely to go away by itself?
Seems not
viii. Can I risk ignoring it?
I can not taking risk by ignoring it.
ix. Does the problem have ethical dimensions?
Yes for sure
x. What conditions must the solution satisfy?
Another job will be satisfy as the solution offers.
xi. Will the solution affect something that must remain unchanged?
Yes for sure. The current company holloidays, incentives and some other
beneficial sources. But there is no choice in having a second option.
An issue is chosen by purposes. In the event that somebody needs cash and when
he or she has minimal expenditure, he or she has an issue. In any case, on the off
chance that somebody doesn't need cash, minimal expenditure isn't an issue. For

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instance, producing administrators are generally assessed with line-activity rate,

which is appeared as a level of worked hours to potential aggregate task hours. In
this way fabricating directors some of the time work lines without requests from
their business division. This activity may deliver more than interest and make
exorbitant inventories. The intemperate inventories might be an issue for general
administrators. In any case, for the assembling chiefs, the exorbitant inventories
may not be an issue. In the event that an object is distinctive between chiefs, they
see the indistinguishable circumstance in various ways. One may see an issue
however the others may not see the issue. Consequently, with the end goal to
distinguish an issue, issue solvers, for example, experts must elucidate the
distinctions of purposes. In any case, in many cases, issue solvers often neglect to
elucidate the distinctions of purposes and bring about disarray among their critical
thinking ventures. Along these lines issue solvers should begin their critical
thinking ventures from the meaning of purposes and issues.
In this issue the main purpose of the issue provoked is the company is resizing
the business because of the debt and also economical upheaval of the country.

3.0 SIX STEPS CONCEPTIONS OF PROBLEM SOLVING BY HAYES 1981

"Issues are just open doors in work garments", says American industrialist Henry Kaiser.
As indicated by Concise Oxford Dictionary (1995), an issue is " suspicious or
troublesome issue requiring an answer" and "something difficult to comprehend or
achieve or manage." Such circumstances are at the focal point of what numerous
individuals do at work each day.Whether to enable a customer to tackle an issue, bolster
an issue solver, or to find new issues, critical thinking is a pivotal component to the
working environment fixings. Everybody can profit by successful critical thinking
aptitudes that would make individuals more joyful. Everybody wins. Consequently, this
methodology is a basic component however how might you do it viably? You have to
discover an answer, yet not immediately. Individuals will in general put the arrangement
toward the start of the procedure however they really required it toward the finish of the
procedure.
3.1 DEFINE THE PROBLEM
Stage One is tied in with diagnosing the issue – the specific situation, foundation
and indications of the issue. When the gathering has a reasonable handle of what
the issue is, they examine the more extensive side effects to find the ramifications

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of the issue, who it influences, and how dire/imperative it is to determine the

indications. In this stage I have taken a few steps accordingly inyo brainstoeming
sections afetr interviewed few of relaible sources from my company regarding the
issue and the outcome is such below:

News from
colleagues

News from HR
Company Department
Downsizing

A few had
resigned the
job

3.2 DETERMINE THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM

In this section I need to do a fishbone diagram to find out the causes of the
problem.
High amout Economical
of Debt upheavals
Causes of
Company
Downsizing

Less Orders High number of

Foreign Workers

3.3 DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

In this step I have taken into consideration a few actions too be implemented as a
solution in regards as below:

Meet Department Discuss and Explain

Manager 7 the current situation
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Alternative Solutions
Looking for the Job Apply to another
Abroad company

Write to the
Management to offer
the job

3.4 SELECT A SOLUTION

In this step I decided to apply the same position job to another nearest compay
which can be provie me with the same capital amount to take care my childrens
financially. Furthermore. I decided to take the job if got offer to fulfill my all
those commitments without suffering and starving. After got all those causes and
judgments about the coompany resizing it is really wise action for me to go to
another company to f the offer and continue working foor my childrens.

3.5 IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION

In this section according to the Hayes 1981, once I was heard from the reliable
source that the company is really going to downsizing I will implement thea action
as soonest by sending the job application with all my good conduct letter from the
company to another company in order to have a better positions there without any
delayness. It is confirmed that my company is going to downsize ang my wise
action will be to apply the new job to financially secured.

3.6 EVALUATE THE OUTCOME

In this step I will have to post all my letters to the HR department of my company
and will meet the departmental managers to have a discussion with them about my
decisions and will have to accept the point of views of them in order to view my
actions whether commits their’s perspectives or not. By this way I could evaluate
my actions and the solutions I have taken in order to be feeling financially secured

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to care after my three childrens. I also will be providing them my ideas and why
do I am taking these actions and leaving the company before they advises me to
do. Some of the compensations also will be looking forwarded from them in order
to help myself and my family as myself is a single parent with three kids at the
moment. Surely will accept the offer if my peresent company willing to not harm
my position when resizing the company.

4.0 PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

Procedures are things that Pólya would have us pick in his second phase of critical
thinking and use in his third stage (What is Problem Solving?). In undeniable reality he
called them heuristics. To Pólya they were things to attempt that he couldn't ensure would
take care of the issue in any case, obviously, he truly trusted they would. So they are a
type of general thoughts that may work for various issues. And after that again they may
not. As talking in questions isn't probably going to be of much help to you, how about we
get down to a few models. There are various regular techniques that offspring of essential
age can use to enable them to take care of issues. We examine underneath a few that will
be of an incentive for issues on this site and in books on critical thinking. In this site we
have connected the critical thinking exercises to the accompanying groupings of critical
thinking systems. As the site creates we may include some more yet we have attempted to
keep things basic until further notice.
With the same number of issues as we are altogether looked with in our work and life,
it appears as though there will never be sufficient time to settle every one without
managing some difficulty en route. Issues continue mounting so quick that we wind up
taking alternate routes to briefly ease the pressure focuses – so we can move onto the
following issue. All the while, we neglect to take care of the center of every issue we are
managed; in this way we constantly get captured in the snare of an endless cycle that
makes it hard to locate any genuine goals.

Critical thinking is the embodiment of what pioneers exist to do. As a specialist in an

organization, the objective is to limit the event of issues – which implies we should be
sufficiently fearless to handle them head-on before conditions pressure us to disclose
more than what would have been prudent. We should be strong in our mission to make
and continue force for the association and individuals we serve. In any case, the truth of
the working environment discovers us managing individuals that confound matters with

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their corporate politicking, self-advancement, strategic maneuvers and ploys, and envy.
Storehouses, absence of spending plans and assets, and numerous other irregular acts or
conditions likewise make it harder for individuals to be profitable.
Contenders similarly make issues for us when they out of the blue proselyte a long-
standing customer, set up another industry relationship, or dispatch another item, mark or
corporate system. Mergers and acquisitions keep us on our toes and further occupy us
from taking care of existing issues by making new ones.
As Karl Popper, a standout amongst the most compelling twentieth century savants of
science, once expressively expressed, "All life is critical thinking." I've frequently fought
that the best pioneers are the best issue solvers. They have the tolerance to venture back
and see the current issue through expanded perception; round vision. They see around,
underneath and past the issue itself. They see well-past the self-evident. The best pioneers
approach issues through a viewpoint of chance.
Specialists who come up short on this insight approach issues with straight vision –
along these lines just observing the issue that lies specifically before them and obstructing
the conceivable outcomes that exist in the issue. Accordingly, they never observe the
totality of what the issue speaks to; that it can really fill in as an empowering agent to
enhance existing prescribed procedures, conventions and standard working methods for
developing and contending in the commercial center. They never understand that, at last,
all issues are the equivalent – simply bundled in an unexpected way. A specialist should
never see an issue as a diversion, but instead as a vital empowering influence for ceaseless
enhancement and openings already inconspicuous. When I my initial phase in this
organization in the sustenance business, we had an issue with the attachment of the names
to the glass container bundling of our items that influenced about 20% of an underlying
shipment. As conditions would have it, this was the primary shipment to another customer
that was "trying" our new items in 200 stores with a chance to extend our dissemination to
more than 2500 stores broadly. Rather than freezing, we adopted a critical thinking
strategy that included different advances and brought about an out and out change
administration exertion with our name provider, maker, trucking organization and
customer. Instead of survey this issue just as an obstacle that could conceivably lose us
the customer, we took proactive measures (and a monetary venture) to demonstrate our
new customer that we were equipped for tackling the issue – as well as winning their trust
by reacting immediately and proficiently with a far reaching well ordered episode report
that incorporated our change administration endeavors. This experience shown us

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numerous exercises about our organization and helped us to maintain a strategic distance
from numerous unexpected issues. The ROI from how we taken care of this issue helped
open our eyes to numerous components that were beforehand being ignored – and over
the long haul it empowered us to develop the business. Regardless of whether you are a
pioneer for an expansive organization or an entrepreneur, here are the four best
approaches to take care of issues.
4.1 Transparent Communication
Critical thinking requires straightforward correspondence where everybody's
worries and perspectives are uninhibitedly communicated. I've seen one too often
that it is so hard to get to the base of the issue in an opportune way when
individuals don't talk up. Indeed, correspondence is a key need. That is the reason
when those associated with the issue would preferably not convey what needs be –
dreading they may compromise their activity or potentially uncover their very own
or another person's wrong-doing – the critical thinking process turns into a fortune
chase. Successful correspondence towards critical thinking happens in view of a
pioneer's capacity to encourage an open exchange between individuals who trust
her goals and feel that they are in a protected domain to share why they trust the
issue occurred and in addition particular arrangements. When the sum total of
what voices have been heard and all perspectives represented, the pioneer (with
her group) can all things considered guide out a way toward a reasonable and
manageable arrangement. As principal as correspondence may sound, absolutely
never expect that individuals are happy with sharing what they truly think. This is
the place a pioneer must believe herself and her instinct enough to challenge the
group until the point that responsibility can be genuinely implemented and an
answer can been come to
4.2 Break Down Silos
Straightforward correspondence expects you to separate storehouses and empower
a limit less association whose culture is centered around the improvement of a
more beneficial entirety. Superfluous storehouses welcome concealed plans
instead of welcome effective cross-utilitarian coordinated effort and critical
thinking. Hierarchical storehouses are the main driver of most working
environment issues and are the reason a large number of them never get settled.
This is the reason the present new working environment must grasp an
enterprising soul where representatives can unreservedly explore and cross-team

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up to associate the critical thinking dabs; where everybody can be an energetic

traveler who realizes their own work environment speck and its convergences.
When you realize your work environment spot, you have an a lot more noteworthy
feeling of your effective reach. This is relatively difficult to measure when you
work in storehouses that possibly shield you from having any impact whatsoever.
In a working environment where storehouses exist, critical thinking is more
troublesome in light of the fact that you are more probable managing self-
advertisers – instead of cooperative individuals cultivated by a cross practical
condition.. When you work in a siloed situation where everybody needs to be a
star, it turns out to be progressively hard to help improve anything or anybody.
This is when critical thinking turns into a debilitating undertaking. Separating
storehouses enables a pioneer to all the more effortlessly connect with their
workers to get their hands messy and take care of issues together. It turns out to be
less about corporate politicking and more about discovering goals and making the
association more grounded.

4.3 Open Minded Peoples

Separating storehouses and correspondence boundaries expects individuals to be
receptive. At last, critical thinking is about individuals cooperating to make the
association and the general population it serves better. In this way, in the event
that you are stuck working with individuals that are shut disapproved, successful
critical thinking turns into a long and twisting street of wretchedness.

There are numerous individuals in the work environment that appreciate making
pointless turmoil with the goal that their wasteful aspects are never uncovered.
These are the kinds of individuals (loafers and parasites) that make it troublesome
for issues to get unraveled in light of the fact that they back the procedure off
while endeavoring to make themselves look more vital. Find the lifters and high-
potential pioneers inside the association and you will see precedents of the
advantages of being receptive and how this in the end prompts more development
and activity. Receptive individuals see past the undeniable points of interest before
them and view chance as their closest companion. They handle issues head-on and
continue ahead with the matter of driving development and advancement. Close-
disapproved of representatives turn things around to make it more about

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themselves and less about what is required to change over an issue into another
chance. In view of this clarification, painstakingly watch the activities of others
whenever you are managed a genuine issue.

4.4 Solid Foundational Strategy

Without methodology, change is just substitution, not development. A strong
procedure must be executed with the end goal to tackle any issue. Numerous
pioneers endeavor to analyze an issue instead of recognize the methodology for
change that exists in the issue itself. Successful pioneers that are OK with critical
thinking dependably realize how to accumulate the ideal individuals, assets,
spending plan and information from past encounters. They move individuals to lift
their diversion by making the critical thinking process exceedingly collective; for
them, it's a chance to unite individuals. I've generally trusted that you don't have
the foggiest idea about the genuine potential and character of a man until the point
that you see the manner in which they take care of issues. Successful pioneers
draw an obvious conclusion and guide out a sensible arrangement of activity
ahead of time. They have a methodology that fills in as the establishment for how
the issue will be drawn nearer and overseen. They foresee the unforeseen and use
the qualities of their kin to guarantee the methodology prompts a maintainable
arrangement.

Never shoot from the hip when critical thinking. Abstain from speculating. Make
enough time to stride back and survey the circumstance and the open doors that
every issue speaks to. Make the critical thinking process more productive by
perceiving that every issue has its own subtleties that may require a particular
technique towards a feasible goals. You realize that you have incredible initiative
in your association when critical thinking turns into a consistent procedure that
empowers the general population and the association to develop and show signs of
improvement. On the off chance that critical thinking makes turmoil, you may
have a genuine authority lack. Critical thinking is the best empowering agent for
development and opportunity. This is the reason they say disappointment fills in
as the best exercise in business and throughout everyday life. Be the pioneer that
indicates development, acts valiantly, and requires responsibility. Applying every
one of these exercises can enable you to wind up an ace issue solver. Each

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experience shows every one of us new things. Grasp critical thinking and the
numerous inconspicuous fortunes it speaks to.

5.0 CONCLUSION
The problem solvng and decision making is the aftereffect of critical thinking important
to be done in a dependable way. It is identified with the responses to these inquiries
concerning what to do 'et cetera components of arranging choices. Can likewise be
contended that the choice was to be sure the aftereffect of the point of view as a
determination between a few options that can be utilized to take care of issues. When the
significance of the outcomes exhibited, if important, was trailed by a feeling of "basic
leadership". There are a few meanings of the choice, for this situation meaning a similar
choice in basic leadership, for example, the meaning of elective determination choice is
the conduct of at least two option (initiative activity to take care of the issues in the
association prompted the choice of an option between-conceivable choices). From the
clarification that we appear in this paper we can infer that the choice is a purposeful
demonstration, not a mischance and can not be self-assertive with the end goal to take
care of the issues looked by an association. Where this choice and chosen by the

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administration endured associations concerned and to use sound judgment that need finish
data about the issues, substance issues, critical thinking, and the effect of the choice made.
Notwithstanding data, in critical thinking are required in the plan of the issue well. At that
point make an issue of choice options are joined by the impacts of positive and negative
edges. On the off chance that everything it very well may be submitted and sought
precisely, the issue will be simpler to determine.

6.0 REFERENCES
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4. Arokiasamy, A. R. R. (2013). A qualitative study on causes and effects of
employee turnover in the private sector in Malaysia. Middle East Journal of
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5. DeCenzo, D. A. & Robbins, S. P. (2005). Fundamentals of human resource
management. John Wiley and Sons.

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6. Garner, G. (2008). Five attrition factors and what you can do about them.
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7. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. (2008). Developing an integrated
talent management: A human resource management framework. Available from
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8. Griffeth, R. W. et.al. (2000). Meta analysis of antecedents and correlates of
employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next
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9. Lalitha, C. (2012). Managing employee attrition-The HR role and challenge.
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10. Maslow, A. H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Rough Draft Printing.
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