RC Filters: Certain Desirable Features Are Retained
RC Filters: Certain Desirable Features Are Retained
RC Filters: Certain Desirable Features Are Retained
RC Filters
9-1
input output
Filter
Filtering:
Certain desirable features are retained
Other undesirable features are suppressed
9-2
Filters
Filters have the property of removing unwanted frequencies
from our signal.
Classification of Filters
Signal Filter
High-Pass Band-Reject
9-4
Filters – Type of filters
Passive
filters
9-5
http://www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk/~pmr/teaching/ae/lectures/circuits1.htm
R XC
Vout = Vin ⋅ Vout = Vin ⋅
Z Z
Z = R 2 + X C2 Z = R 2 + X C2
1 1
XC = XC =
2πfC 2πfC
9-7
H ( jω ) =
1
jRCω + 1
The 3dB break-point is at:
1 1
f3dB = =
H (s ) =
1 2πRC 2πτ
RCs + 1
9-10
Guideline of Pass Filter Design
R Select resistor based on amplitude gain:
ZL
C G= = 0.95
Vin Vout RL ZF + ZL
0.05
ZF ≈ R = Z L = 0.053⋅ RL
0.95
Transfer Function Select capacitor based on cut-off freq:
H (s ) =
1
τs + 1 τ 1
C= =
R 2πRf3dB
Time Constant
τ = RC
9-11
R R1 R2
9-12
Active Filters
• Active filters employ Op-Amps to attenuate
select frequencies and amplify signal during
filtering process.
• Q factor of a filter is defined as the ratio of
the center frequency fc to the bandwidth fH -
fL :
fC
Q=
( fH − fL )
9-13
First
order
Second order
3rd order
5th order
9-14
Op Amp for everyone, Ron Mancini, Ed, Texas instrument, 2001.
Low-Pass Active Filter
Passive filters take up lots of space in a circuit and
cause signal to be lost. Combining a passive RC C1
filter with an op amp for amplification creates
what is known as an active filter. By “active”
we mean that the filter requires power RF
R1
to operate.
-
Here is an example of an R2
active low-pass filter. The signal +
is provided to the noninverted
input through an RC low-pass filter C2
made up of R2 and C2. Feedback to
limit gain comes through C1 and RF. The
parallel combination of C1 and RF presents
an impedance which decreases with increasing
frequency, meaning that more negative feedback is provided to the inverting input at
higher frequencies, reducing gain at those frequencies.
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9-17
9-20
Active Filters– High Pass Filters
9-21
Op Amp for everyone, Ron Mancini, Ed, Texas instrument, 2001.
9-22
Op Amp for everyone, Ron Mancini, Ed, Texas instrument, 2001.
Active Filters – Band Reject Filter
Active band
Passive band reject filter
reject filter 9-23
Op Amp for everyone, Ron Mancini, Ed, Texas instrument, 2001.
References
• Op Amp for everyone, Ron Mancini, Ed,
Texas instrument, 2001.
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