RLC Seri

RLC circuits
Resonance/Notches/Bandpass
Cartoon from Agilent, www.educatorscorner.com

Inductors - how do they work?
R
Start with no current in the circuit.
When the battery is connected, the
V0
inductor is resistant to the flow of
L current. Gradually the current increases
to the fixed value V0/R, meaning that
the voltage across the inductor goes to
zero. In reality the inductor has a finite
dI
VL = L resistance since it is a long wire so it
dt will then be more like a pair of series
resistances.
Inductors - time constant L/R
VR Again the behavior of an inductor is seen
by analysis with Kirchoff’s laws.
Suppose we start with no current.
V0 dI
V0 = VR + VL = IR + L
VL dt
V0   Rt 
then I = 1 − exp − L  and
R  
 Rt   Rt 
VL = V0 exp −  VR = V0 1 − exp −  
 L   L 
There is a fundamental time scale set by L/R, which has units

of seconds (=Henry/Ohm)
RLC circuits with sinusoidal sources
The AC analysis of circuits with inductors is also easy, with the
effective resistance (impedance) of an inductor equal to i L.
From a phasor point of view this means that the inductor leads
the resistor by 90 degrees.
High pass and low pass filters can be made from inductors as
well. However the inductors are usually bulkier and relatively
expensive compared to capacitors (and more difficult to make in
an integrated circuit) so are not used as commonly.
Another limitation is that they are far from ideal. The impedance
is usually RL+i L, which means that in order to find the
breakpoint you use f = L/(2 (RL+R)).
Notch and Bandpass
A filter can also serve to select or eliminate a narrow band of
frequencies. Examples are radio (select) and parental control
“channel eliminator” circuits.
Vout Vout
Log10 f Log10 f
Mathematical analysis of a series LRC
circuit - bandpass filter
First find the total
impedance of the circuit
Z L = iL
Vin  1 
L Z = R + i  L − 
 C 
1 Using a voltage divider
ZC =
iC Vout R
−i =
C = Vin  1 
C R + i  L − 
 C 
R
Vout
The phase shift goes from
90°to -90°.
R
 = − tan −1
 1 
 L − 
 C 
Mathematical analysis of a series LRC
circuit - bandpass filter (2)
The magnitude of the gain, Av, is
Vout R
Vin L Av = =
Vin  1 
2
R 2 +  L − 
 C 
C Note that for high frequencies

L is dominant and the gain is
R R/ L or small. At low
Vout
frequencies the gain is RC
because the impedance of the
capacitor is dominant. At 2 =
1/LC the gain is one (assuming
ideal components).
Graphing for a series LRC circuit
RLC bandpass filter
1.2
Although the gain falls off
1 at 20 dB/decade at high and
1 f peak =
2 LC low frequencies (this
0.8
means that it is
Gain
0.6 proportional to ) it is more

0.4 typical to plot it as shown
0.2 on a semi-log graph, since
0
this emphasizes the peak.
0 2 4 6
Log10 Freq
Q factor for a Series LRC circuit
RLC bandpass filter The quality factor or Q is
1.2
defined as the energy
1 f peak stored divided by the
Q= energy loss/cycle. For an
0.8 f 3dB
Gain
L electronic bandpass it is the

0.6
=
0.4 R LC peak frequency divided by
the width of the peak or
0.2
bandwidth (defined by the
0
0 6
frequencies where the gain
2 4
Log10 Freq is 3 dB lower than the
maximum).
1 R
= R
Solve 2  1 
2 f 3dB =
R +  L −
2
 L
 C 
Parallel LRC circuit
1 L
Z = R+i = R+i
Vin 
 C −
1 

(1 −  2 LC )
 L 
R
Vout
=
R Av =
Vin R + i L  L 
2
R 2
+  
C 1 −  2 LC  1 −  2
LC 
R Vout
Measured across the resistor, this
circuit is a notch filter, that is it
attenuates a small band of
f peak frequencies. The bandwidth in this
Q=
f 3dB f valley =
1 case is defined by 3dB from the
=
RC 2 LC lowest point on the graph.
LC
Transients in a series LRC circuit - Ringing
Suppose instead of a sinusoidal source
we had a slowly varying square
Vin L waveform or a sharp turn on of
voltage. How would a LRC circuit
behave?
C We can start by using Kirchoff’s
laws again.
R dI Q
Vout V0 = VR + VL + VC = IR + L +
dt C
2
d Q dQ Q
=L 2 + R+
dt dt C
This is a second order differential equation that can be solve
for the general and particular solutions.
Transients in a series LRC circuit - Ringing (2)
1 1
x +
2
x+ =0
Vin RC LC
L
The solutions to the quadratic above
determine the form of the solutions.
We will just state the solutions for
C different value of R, L and C.
R  1  2
Vout   : Overdamped
 RC  LC
 1  2
 = : Critically damped
 RC  LC
 1  2
  : Underdamp ed
 RC  LC
Transients in a series LRC circuit - Ringing (3)
The last, underdamped, results in an
exponentially decaying envelope and a
Vin L sinusoidal oscillations. This ringing is
commonly observed. It can be thought of as
two parts: a loss of energy related to R and
C an oscillation related to the product LC.
This not exact so lets look at the
R mathematical solution.
Vout
 1 1   t 
VR (t ) = K1 cos  − 2 2 t  exp − 
 LC 4 R C   2 RC
When (RC)2>>LC the cos will oscillate several times at a

frequency almost equal to the resonant frequency.

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RLC circuits

Cartoon from Agilent, www.educatorscorner.com

There is a fundamental time scale set by L/R, which has units

C Note that for high frequencies

0.6 proportional to ) it is more

L electronic bandpass it is the

When (RC)2>>LC the cos will oscillate several times at a

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