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Filter

Date: 22/02/2022 Date:

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International

Institute of Information Technology, Naya
Raipur 

International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur

 Filter
Filters are circuits that are capable of passing signals within a
band of frequencies while rejecting or blocking signals of
frequencies outside this band.

This property of filters is also called “frequency selectivity”.

Filters Response

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 Filters
Background:

. Filters may be classified as either digital or analog.

. Digital filters are implemented using a digital computer

or special purpose digital hardware.

. Analog filters may be classified as either passive or

active and are usually implemented with R, L, and C
components and operational amplifiers.
 Filters
Background:

. An active filter is one that, along with R, L, and C

components, also contains an energy source, such
as that derived from an operational amplifier.

. A passive filter is one that contains only R, L, and

C components. It is not necessary that all three be
present. L is often omitted (on purpose) from
passive filter design because of the size and cost
of inductors – and they also carry along an R that
must be included in the design.
 Filters
• Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing
functions, specifically intended to remove unwanted signal
components and/or enhance wanted ones.

• Common types of filters:

– Low-pass: deliver low frequencies and eliminate high
frequencies
– High-pass: send on high frequencies and reject low
frequencies
– Band-pass: pass some particular range of frequencies,
discard other frequencies outside that band
– Band-rejection: stop a range of frequencies and pass all
other frequencies (e.g., a special case is a notch filter)
5
Bode Plots of Common Filters
Low Pass High Pass

Gain

Gain
Frequency Frequency

Band Pass Band Reject

Gain

Gain
Frequency Frequency

6
 Passive Analog Filters
Background: Four types of filters - “Ideal”

lowpass highpass

bandpass bandstop
 Passive Analog Filters
Background: Realistic Filters:

lowpass highpass

bandpass bandstop
 Passive Analog Filters
Low Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.

R +
+
V I C VO
_
_

Low pass filter circuit

1
VO ( jw) jwC 1
 
Vi ( jw) 1 1  jwRC
R
jwC
 Passive Analog Filters
Low Pass Filter

0 dB
-3 dB . Bode

1/RC  Passes low frequencies

Attenuates high frequencies

1
x
0.707 Linear Plot

0 1/RC 
 Passive Analog Filters
High Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.

+
C
+
Vi R
_ VO
_

High Pass Filter

VO ( jw) R jwRC
 
Vi ( jw) R 1 1  jwRC
jwC
 Passive Analog Filters
High Pass Filter

0 dB
. -3 dB
Passes high frequencies
Bode
1/RC Attenuates low frequencies

1/RC 

1
0.707 x.

Linear

0 1/RC 
 Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter Consider the circuit shown below:

C L +
+
Vi R VO
_
_

When studying series resonant circuit we showed that;

R
VO ( s) s
 L
Vi ( s) s 2  R s  1
L LC
 Passive Analog Filters
Bandpass Pass Filter
We can make a bandpass from the previous equation and select
the poles where we like. In a typical case we have the following shapes.

0 dB
-3 dB
. . Bode

lo hi 
1 . .
0.707
Linear

0 lo hi 
 RLC Band stop Filter
Consider the circuit below:

R +
+ L
Vi VO
_
C
Gv (s ) 

The transfer function for VO/Vi can be expressed as follows:

2 1
s 
Gv ( s )  LC
R 1
s2  s 
L LC
 RLC Band Stop Filter
Comments
The band stop filter possesses complex zeros on the jw axis.

1
j
LC

From the characteristic equation we see we have two poles. The poles
an essentially be placed anywhere in the left half of the s-plane. We
see that they will be to the left of the zeros on the jw axis.
Low Pass Filter in series with High
Pass Filter
= Band Pass Filter

Low Pass Filter in parallel with High

Pass Filter
= Band stop/reject Filter

17
 Advantage and Disadvantage of active RC
filter
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
•reduced size and weight •limited bandwidth of active devices
•increased reliability and improved limits the highest attainable frequency
performance (passive RLC filters can be used up to
500 MHz)
•simpler design than for passive filters
•require power supplies (unlike passive
and can realize a wider range of
functions as well as providing voltage filters)
•increased sensitivity to variations in
gain
•in large quantities, the cost of an IC is circuit parameters caused by
less than its passive counterpart environmental changes compared to
passive filters

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 Bode Plots
• Bode plots are important when considering the frequency
response characteristics of amplifiers
• They plot the magnitude or phase of a transfer function in dB
versus frequency

Bode plots use a logarithmic scale for

frequency. One decade

.1 10

where a decade is defined as a range of

frequencies where the highest and lowest
frequencies differ by a factor of 10.
 The decibel (dB)
Two levels of power can be compared using
a unit of measure called the bel.
The decibel is defined as:

1 bel = 10 decibels (dB)

 A low-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies
from 0Hz to critical frequency, fc and significantly
attenuates all other frequencies.

Actual response Ideal response

 Ideally, the response drops abruptly at the critical frequency,

f
Passband of a filter is the range
of frequencies that are allowed to roll-off rate
pass through the filter with
minimum attenuation (usually
defined as less than
-3 dB of attenuation).

Transition region shows the area where the fall-off occurs.

Stopband is the range of frequencies that have the most attenuation.

Critical frequency , fc, (also called the cutoff frequency) defines the end
of the passband and normally specified at the point where the response
drops – 3 dB (70.7%) from the passband response.
 Vo

At low frequencies, XC is very high and the capacitor circuit can be considered
as open circuit. Under this condition, Vo = Vin or AV = 1 (unity).

At very high frequencies, XC is very low and the Vo is small as compared with Vin.
Hence the gain falls and drops off gradually as the frequency is increased.

 The bandwidth of an ideal low-pass filter is equal to fc: BW fc

The critical frequency of a low-pass RC filter occurs when XC =R

 A high-pass filter is a filter that significantly attenuates or rejects all
frequencies below fc and passes all frequencies above fc.
 The passband of a high-pass filter is all frequencies above the
critical frequency.

Actual response Ideal

response Ideally, the response rises abruptly at the critical
frequency,
 fL frequency of a high-pass RC filter occurs when XC
The critical =R
and can be calculated using the formula
 A band-pass filter passes all signals lying within a band between a
lower-frequency limit and upper-frequency limit and essentially rejects all
other frequencies that are outside this specified band.

Actual response Ideal response

 The bandwidth (BW) is defined as the difference between the upper
critical frequency (fc2) and the lower critical frequency (fc1).

BW  f f
c 2 is centered
 The frequency about which the pass band c1 is called the
center frequency , fo and defined as the geometric mean of the critical
frequencies.
fo 
fc1 fc2
  Band-stop filter is a filter which its
operation is opposite to that of the band-
pass filter because the frequencies within
the bandwidth are rejected, and the
frequencies above fc1 and fc2 are passed.

Actual response
 For band stop filter the bandwidth is
a band of frequencies between the
3 dB points, just as in the case of
the band-pass filter response.

Idealresponse
 Figure below shows the basic Low-Pass filter circuit
At critical frequency,
Resistance = Capacitance i.e. R  Xc

1
R
cC
1
R
2fcC
So, critical frequency ;
1
fc 
2R
C
 Figure below shows the basic High-Pass filter circuit :

At critical frequency, Resistance = Capacitance

R  Xc

1
R
 cC
1
R
2fcC
So, critical frequency ;
1
fc 
2R
C
..

Thank You!!!

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International

Institute of Information Technology, Naya
Raipur 

21/02/23 International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur 30