PARTS OF SPEECH:

1. NOUN
2. PRONOUN
3. VERB
4. ADJECTIVE
5. ADVERB
6. PREPOSITION
7. CONJUNCTION
8. INTERJECTION

NOUN:
A person, place, thing or idea.
EXAMPLE:
Cat, firemen, house, pencil, Chicago.
TYPES OF NOUNS:
1. Concrete Nouns
2. Abstract Nouns
3. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
4. Collective Nouns
5. Compound Nouns
6. Possessive Nouns
7. Regular Plural Nouns
8. Irregular Plural Nouns

CONCRETE NOUNS:
Are people, places, or things that we can experience with our five senses.
Concrete nouns can be divided into common nouns and proper nouns
EXAMPLES:
 Armchair
 Aunt
 Ball
 Bermuda’s
 Beans
 Balloon
 Bear
 Blouse
 Bed
 Baby

ABSTRACT NOUNS:
refer to abstract objects which you cannot see, hear, touch, smell, or
taste (ideas or concepts).

EXAMPLES:
 Awareness
 Awe
 Beauty
 Belief
 Childhood
 Clarity
 Cleverness
 Confusion
 Contentment
 Courage

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABE NOUNS:

vary from language to language. In some languages, there are no
countable nouns. In addition, some nouns that are uncountable in English
may be countable in other languages.
are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.

EXAMPLES:
 Apple
 School
 Student
 Picture
 House
 Tree
 Box
 Book
 Customer
 Friend
 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
are substances, concepts, materials, information… that we cannot
divide into separate elements. They can’t be counted.

EXAMPLES:
 Access
 Adulthood
 Alcohol
 Business
 Blood
 Botany
 Bacon
 Chaos
 Clothing
 Confidence

COLLECTIVE NOUNS:
are names for a collection or a number of people or things. Words like
group, herd, and array are collective noun examples.

EXAMPLES:
 Herd
 Pack
 Flock
 Swarm
 Shoal
 Group
 Crowd
 Gang
 Mob
 Staff

COMPUND NOUNS:
are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of
two or more words. Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have
been modified by adjectives or other nouns.
EXAMPLES:
 Airline
 Airport
 Aircraft
 Armchair
 Boyfriend
 Battlefield
 Briefcase
 Butterfly
 Countdown
 Comeback

POSSESSIVE NOUNS:
are nouns that show ownership or possession. Normally these words
would be a singular or plural noun, but in the possessive form they are
used as adjectives to modify another a noun or pronoun.
EXAMPLES:
 Cat’s toy
 Charles’s car
 Chris’s exam
 Children’s clothes
 Men’s shoes
 Babies’ shoes
 Lemons’ acidity
 Owls’ eyes
 Sister’s room
 Jim’s pen

REGULAR PLURAL NOUNS:

 Most singular nouns are made plural by adding -s to the end of the
singular form.
 When a noun ends in a sibilant sound – /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ –
the plural is formed by adding -es, or -s if the singular already ends in -e.
 The plural form of some nouns that end in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ is made by changing
the ending to -V(es).
 When a noun ends in “o” preceded by a consonant, the plural in many
cases is spelled by adding -es.
 Nouns that end in ‘o’ preceded by a vowel are made plural by adding -s.
 When the ‘y’ follows a consonant, changing ‘y’ to ‘i’ and adding -es.
 When the ‘y’ follows a vowel, the plural is formed by retaining the ‘y’
and adding -s.

EXAMPLES:
 car – cars
 bag – bags
 table – tables
 house – houses
 dog – dogs
 kiss – kisses
 dish – dishes
 witch – witches
 judge – judges
 half – halves

IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS:

are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -es, as most
nouns in the English language do. For example, the plural form
of man is men, not mans. The plural form of woman is women,
not women.
EXAMPLES:

 Aircraft – aircraft
 Barracks – barracks
 Deer – deer
 Gallows – gallows
 Moose – moose
 Salmon – salmon
 Hovercraft – hovercraft
 Spacecraft – spacecraft
 Series – series
 Species – species
PRONOUN:
A pronoun is used instead of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. A
pronoun may take place of the name of a person, place or thing.

EXAMPLES: I, me, we, they, you, he, she, it, yours, himself, ourselves, its, my, that,
this, those, us, who, whom…

TYPES OF PRONOUN:
1. Personal
2. Indefinite
3. Reflexive
4. Reciprocal
5. Possessive
6. Demonstrative
7. Interrogative
8. Relative.

PERSONAL PRONOUN:
are used as a substitute for a person's name. There are two kinds:
subjective and objective pronouns. That is, they either act as the subject of
the sentence or the object of the sentence.
As the subject of a sentence, they are

 I
 you
 he
 she
 it
 we
 they

EXAMPLES:
 They went to the store.
 I don't want to leave.
 He runs a great shop in town.
 You can't leave, either.

As the object of the sentence, they are:

 me
 you
 her
 him
 it
 us
 them

EXAMPLE:
 Please don't sit beside me.
 Go talk to her.
 Mary put the gift under it.
 Don't look at them.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
show ownership or possession of a noun. They are:
 my
 our
 your
 his
 her
 its (note there is no apostrophe)
 their
EXAMPLES:
 Is that my book?

 No, that's his book.

 That's its shelf.
 I'd like to see their bookshelves.

However, there are also independent possessive pronouns. These

pronouns refer to a previously named or understood noun. They stand
alone and aren't followed by any other noun. They are:

 mine
 ours
 yours
 his
 hers
 its
 theirs
EXAMPLES:

 That's mine.
 Wrong. It's ours.
 So, I suppose those clothes are yours?
 No, it's theirs.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
don't point to particular nouns. We use them when an object doesn't
need to be specifically identified. As such, it can remain indefinite. They
include:
 few
 everyone
 all
 some
 anything
 nobody
EXAMPLES:
 Most wealth is held by a select few.
 Everyone is here already.
 I don't have any paper napkins. Can you bring some?
 He's nobody.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. We often
see them when we need to add more information. They are:
 who
 whom
 which
 whoever
 whomever
 whichever
 that
EXAMPLES:
 The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.
 I don't know which pair of shoes you want.
 Take whichever ones you want.
 No, not that one.
emphasize, or intensify, nouns and pronouns. Typically, we find them right
after the noun they're intensifying. These pronouns typically end in -self or -
selves. They are:
 myself
 himself
 herself
 themselves
 itself
 yourself
 yourselves
 ourselves
EXAMPLE:
 I myself like to travel.
 He himself is his worst critic.
 She approved the marriage herself.
 We went to hear W.B. Yeats himself speak.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:
take the place of a noun that's already been mentioned. They can be
singular or plural. There are five of them. They include:
 these
 those
 this
 that
 such
FOR EXAMPLE:
 These are ugly.
 Those are lovely.
 Don't drink this.
 Such was his understanding.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
do just what they say. They work in sentences that are posing a
question. They are:
 who
 whom
 which
 what
 whoever
 whomever
 whichever
 whatever
FOR EXAMPLE:
 Who is going to arrive first?
 What are you bringing to the party?
 Which of these do you like better?
 Whatever do you mean?
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:
are similar to intensive pronouns. the difference between the two is that
intensive pronouns aren't essential to a sentence's meaning. meanwhile,
reflexive pronouns are. also, they're used when the subject and the object
of a sentence refer to the same person or thing. these pronouns end in -self
or -selves. they are:
 myself
 yourself
 himself
 herself
 itself
 ourselves
 yourselves
 themselves
FOR EXAMPLE:
 I told myself not to spend all my money on new shoes.
 You're going to have to drive yourself to the restaurant today.
 We gave ourselves plenty of extra time.
 They bought themselves a new car.

VERB:
A verb is a doing word that shows an action, an event or a state. A
sentence may either have a main verb, a helping verb or both. In other
words, a verb is a word that informs about an action, an existence of
something or an occurrence.
TYPES OF VERBS:

 Main Verbs (or Action Verbs)

 Helping Verbs
 Linking Verbs
 Transitive Verbs
 Intransitive Verbs
MAIN VERBS OR ACTION VERBS
Main verbs or action verbs are used to express action; something that an
animal, a person or a thing does. In each of the following sentences, we
only have a main verb.

 The sun shines.

 The horse neighs.
 The monkey jumps.
HELPING VERBS:
As the name suggests, helping verbs help or support the main verb.

 We are learning about helping verbs. (are: helping verb; learning: main
verb)
 We are in the Green House Club. (are: helping verb)
 You should complete the work by tomorrow. (should: helping verb;
complete: main verb)

State of Being Verbs (Linking Verbs)

State of Being verbs state that something 'is'. State of being verbs also
known as linking verbs. Linking verbs explain a link between the subject of
the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it.
List of Example Sentences

 The flowers are bright.

 Diamond is the hardest substance.
 I feel scared.

Understanding Verbs
The words: am, is, are, was, and were, belong to the verb "to be". We use
'am' or 'was' with the pronoun 'I'. We use 'is' or 'was' when the subject of
the sentence is singular. We use 'are' or 'were' when the subject of the
sentence is plural.
List of Example Sentences
1. I was late for school yesterday.
2. I am twelve years old.
3. She is a wonderful singer.
4. These questions are difficult.
5. He was planning to meet the doctor.
6. The Hollywood actors are famous.
7. They were winners last year.
8. It is a great feeling to win the trophy.
We use 'is' with singular nouns and pronouns 'he, she, it'.
LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
1. My school is near my house.
2. This restaurant is closing down.
3. She is writing a postcard.
4. Dog is a faithful animal.
5. Ottawa is the capital of Canada.
6. He is acting strange today.

We use 'are' with plural nouns and pronouns 'we, you, they'.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES

1. The balloons are colourful.
2. They are best friends.
3. The kites are flying high in the sky.
4. They are planning to go by train.
5. We are going to win the match.
6. You are writing so untidily!

we use 'are' when we join two or more nouns.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES

1. John and Sam are brothers.
2. Joseph and we are neighbors.
3. Anne and Sue are enjoying the play.
4. Sharon and Jenny are competing for the gold medal.
5. Mrs. and Mr. Lee are planning to visit New Zealand.

Subject-Verb Agreement
It is very important to take care of the subject and verb agreement while
framing a sentence. It is very important that a verb must be compatible and
agree with its subject to make a correct and valid sentence.

LET US UNDERSTAND WITH THE HELP OF AN EXAMPLE.

If we write:
 Phil is playing with a ball. (Correct)!
 Phil are playing with a ball. (Incorrect) X
In the first sentence, the subject (Phil) is singular, so we need a singular
verb (is playing). The sentence is correct. In the second sentence, the subject
(Phil) is singular, but the verb is plural (are playing). The sentence is
incorrect.

RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Rule 1 – Subject-Verb agreement with a singular noun

If the subject is a singular noun or a pronoun (he, I, she, it), we must ensure
that we use a singular verb to write a correct sentence.
LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES

1. She is playing the guitar.

2. The postman is asking for your signature.
3. The movie has caught everyone’s attention.
4. Does he know the minister well?
5. She is cheering the team.
6. He enjoys music.
7. My mom drives carefully.
8. The moon revolves round the earth.
9. Is it raining?

Rule 2 - Subject-Verb agreement with plural noun

If the subject is plural (we, they, those, you), we need a plural verb to write a
correct sentence.
LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES

1. The boys were dancing in the corridor.

2. The children are playing in the garden.
3. The students were writing their exam.
4. Two of our girls have won the quiz.
5. We have finished our homework.
6. Both the boys have worked hard.
7. Philip and Luke are swimming.
8. The teachers are correcting the answer sheets.
9. Farmers work in the fields.

Rule 3 - Subject-Verb agreement with collective nouns

The collective nouns are considered as singular. We use singular verbs with
them.
LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
1. The crowd was very noisy.
2. Our team has to win the match.
3. The audience is having a gala time.
4. The band is playing the school song.
5. The choir is singing beautifully.
6. My family is from Poland.
7. Our cricket team is the best in the whole town.
8. A bouquet of flowers was presented to the chief guest.

Rule 4 - Subject-Verb agreement with 'either/or' or 'neither/nor'

The verb must agree with the noun or the pronoun that is closer to
'either/or' or 'neither/nor'.
List of Example Sentences
1. Neither he nor I am guilty.
2. Neither Bob nor his friends want the party.
3. Either you or your sister is telling a lie.
4. Either Nancy or Mary is typing the letter.
5. Neither Julia nor her parents know the way to the passport office.
Rule 5 - Subject-Verb agreement with indefinite pronouns
Indefinite pronouns like 'nobody', 'everybody', 'someone', 'somebody', 'one'
are always singular.
List of Example Sentences
1. Everybody is liking the new car.
2. Someone is calling for you.
3. Nobody is allowed to enter that room.
4. Everybody likes Mrs. Ola, the new History teacher.
5. One of the passengers was asking for tomato soup.
6. Somebody is knocking at the door.
Rule 6
We use singular verbs for uncountable nouns.
LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES

1. There is sufficient food in the refrigerator.

2. Cold weather is a problem in this part of the country.
3. Sugar is yet to get over in the container.
4. Salt is obtained from sea water.
5. Milk with cornflakes is one of my favourite breakfast options.

Rule 7
A plural noun takes a singular verb when it is a name such as Paris, China,
Arabian Nights, and so on.

1. China is the most densely populated country.

2. Norway is a very cold country.
3. 'The Power of Positive Talk' is a good book.

Types of Action Verbs

There are two types of action verbs:

1. Transitive Verbs
2. Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb expresses an action directed towards a person, place or
thing. The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from the doer or the
subject to the receiver of the action. Words that receive the action of a
transitive verb are called objects.
For example:
1. The teacher made the question paper.
2. Peter cut the cake.
In the above two sentences, we can see that the words in green colour 'the
question paper' and 'the cake' complete the sense of the sentence or work
as objects. The two sentences would not make complete sense without the
objects.
1. The teacher made .................... what? (the question paper)
2. Peter cut .................... what? (the cake)
In the above sentences, the verbs 'made' and 'cut' are transitive verbs. A
transitive verb needs a direct object to complete its meaning.
Example Sentences of Transitive Verb
1. Birds have feathers.
2. The teacher praised the pupil.
3. She is eating a pear.
4. I like English.
5. They are playing football.
6. The potter has made a beautiful pot.
7. Dennis bought a bicycle.
8. She is writing an essay.
Intransitive Verbs
A verb which does not need an object to make complete sense is called
an intransitive verb. An intransitive verb expresses action (or tells something
about the subject) without the action passing to a receiver or object. It can
stand alone in the predicate because its meaning is complete.
Example Sentences of Intransitive Verb
1. Mr. Becker jogs every day.
2. The wicked hunter was hiding.
3. Anne looks very beautiful.
4. Mr. John speaks loudly.
5. The ship sank rapidly.
6. The department store opens at six o'clock.
7. Mr. Ben is driving carefully.
8. The wind blew strongly.
(Theidioms.com)