ASSIGNMENT NO #1

Name: Muhammad Rayan

Section: BSCS-1B AFTERNOON
Subject: English Comp.
Roll No: NUML-F23-48559

SUBMITTED TO: Mam Irum

NOUN:

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Man, Punjab College, house, happiness.

A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with an
article (the, a, an), but not always.
Proper nouns always start with a capital letter; common nouns do not.
Kinds of Nouns:
Nouns can be classified into five kinds:
1. Proper nouns
2. Common nouns
3. Collective nouns
4. Material nouns
5. Abstract nouns

Proper nouns:
A proper noun is the name of a particular person or thing, i.e. a name used for an
individual person or place, river, or mountain, for example:
Adnan, Rayan, Islamabad, Pakistan, Karakoram.
Common nouns:
A common noun refers to any and every person or thing of the same kind or class,
not to a particular person or thing, for example:
Cow, dog, girl, boy, man, woman.
Collective nouns:
A collective noun is the name of a collection, group of people, or things of the
same kind, for example:
Class, team, government jury, federation.
Material nouns:
A material noun is the name of a material, substance, or ingredient things are made
of. They can be articles of food or drink as well, for example:
Iron, copper, steel, gold, coal, silver.
Abstract nouns:
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state, or concept. For example:
Beauty, sweetness, childhood, love.
Nouns (Countability):
Nouns are of two kinds from the viewpoint of countability:
a) Countable nouns b) Uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns:
Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns.
Generally a noun used in answer to the question how many? For example:
How many films did you watch?
I watched ten films.
Uncountable nouns:
Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. A noun used in
answer to the question how much?
When we want to refer to the quantity of these items we use values of
measurement which are countable, for example:
How much milk do you need?
We need a litre of milk.
Nouns: Gender:
Gender is of four kinds:
Masculine (denotes male)
Feminine (denotes female)
Common (denotes both male and female)
Neuter (denotes neither male nor female)
Masculine and feminine forms:
The feminine of nouns is formed in two ways:
1) By adding “ess” to the masculine form, for example:
Baron – Baroness
Waiter – Waitress
2) By adding she/girl/woman to the masculine form, for example:
Businessman – Businesswoman
Policeman – Policewoman
Sportsman – Sportswoman

VERB:
A verb expresses action or being.
Jump, is, write, become.
The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and
sometimes one or more helping verbs. A verb must agree with its subject in
number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to
express tense.
Kind of Verbs:
a) Main verbs
b) Helping verbs
c) Linking verbs
d) Transitive verbs
e) Intransitive verbs

Main verbs:
Main verbs or action verbs are used to express action: something that an animal, a
person or a thing does.
For example:
The sun shines.

Helping verbs:
Helping verbs help or support the main verb.

For example:
We are in the green house club.

Linking verbs:
Linking verbs explain a link between the subject of the sentence and a noun or
adjective being linked to it.

For example:
The flowers are bright.

Transitive verbs:
A transitive verb expresses an action directed towards a person, place or thing.
The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from the doer or the subject to the
receiver of the action. Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are
called objects.

For example:
The teacher made the question paper.

Intransitive verbs:
A verb which does not need an object to make complete sense is called an
intransitive verb. An intransitive verb expresses action without the action passing
to a receiver or object. It can stand alone in the predicate because its meaning is
complete.

For example:
The wind blew strongly.

Exercise for Verbs

Q#1 Underline the verbs (or verb phrases) in the following sentences.
1) The dog runs and jumps.
2) We are studying biology.
3) The tennis player is going to hit the ball.
4) We like to sing, dance, and play.
5) I do not know if I should go to the party tonight.
6) The first car couldn’t have avoided hitting the second car.
7) Hmmm, right now I am thinking about thinking!
Q#2 Now make your own sentences that use verbs.
1. She baked a delicious chocolate cake for the family.
2. The birds sang melodious songs in the morning.
PRONOUN:

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

She, we, they, it.
Pro means 'for' or 'acting as.' A pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun or a noun
phrase. In other words, it has all the characteristics of a noun: it can function as a
subject/object/complement in a sentence.
But a pronoun is different from a noun in that it cannot take a pre-modifying
adjective nor can it take a determiner or a prefix/suffix. The form of a pronoun is
fixed.

Kinds of Pronouns:
There are seven kinds of pronouns:
1) Personal Pronouns
2) Possessive Pronouns
3) Demonstrative Pronouns
4) Reflexive Pronouns
5) Relative Pronouns
6) Interrogative Pronouns
7) Indefinite Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
I, we, you, he, she, it, they
These seven pronouns are called personal pronouns. On the basis of their role in a
speech act, these can be divided into three: First Person, Second Person, Third-
Person.
Possessive pronouns:
My, our, your, his, her, their, its, mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
They are used to express ownership/possession/relationship. For example:
This is my book.
Reciprocal pronouns:
Each other, one another.
These are used to express mutual/reciprocal relationship. For example:
They love each other.
Demonstrative pronouns:
This, that, these, those,
They are used to point to people or things they stand for. For example:
This is our new house.
Reflexive pronouns:
A reflexive pronoun is formed by attaching self/selves to the objective form of the
pronoun:
Myself, ourselves, yourself/selves, himself, herself, themselves, itself.
For example:
I saw myself in the mirror.
Relative pronouns:
Who, whom, which, what, that.
A relative pronoun relates or refers back to a noun or pronoun called its antecedent.
It also joins clauses. So it is a pronoun as well as a conjunction. Relative pronouns
introduce relative clauses and noun clauses.
For example:
I don’t know who stole my pen.
Indefinite pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns constitute a heterogenous set. One can go about classifying
them differently using different criteria.
A) Universal pronouns:
 Each, every, all.
Each refers to two or more people or things, whereas, Every refers to three
or more.
All can occur immediately before a noun. Therefore it is more like a
determiner.
B) Assertive pronouns:
There are five sub-classes in this:
a) Much, many more.
For example:
He uses more Milk then required in the tea.
b) Little, less, least, few, fewer, fewest.
Less goes with uncountable nouns and fewer with countable nouns.
For example:
There are fewer public holidays this year.
c) Several, enough.
Several occurs with plural countable nouns only. Enough can occur with
both countable and uncountable nouns. Enough, unlike several, can precede
or follow the head noun.
For example:
Dani and I met and spoke to several craftsperson at the fair.
d) One.
One should love one's neighbour.
e) Someone, somebody, something.
Some usually goes with positive statements/questions.
For example:
Something must be done before it’s too late.

Exercise for demonstrative Pronoun

1. Try to make your own sentence using the pronoun “This”.
Answer) This is an apple.
2. Try to make your own sentence using the pronoun “That”.
Answer) That is a very beautiful phone cover.
3. Try to make your own sentences using the pronoun “These”.
Answer) These fruits are rich in vitamins.
4. Try to make your own sentence using the pronoun “Those”.
 Answer) Those people are very illiterate.
5. Try to make your own sentence using the pronoun “Here”.
Answer) Here are the keys to my apartment.
6. Try to make your own sentence using the pronoun “There”.
Answer) There is your new Lamborghini.

ADJECTIVE:

An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.

Pretty, old, blue, smart.
An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It usually
answers the question of which one, what kind, or how many. (Articles (a, an, the)
are usually classified as adjectives.
Kinds of Adjectives:
Adjectives are of nine kinds:

Adjectives of quality:
Black, white, long, short good, bad, hot, cold.
They describe the shape, or size, or colour etc. of a person or thing.
E.g: Milk is white.
Comparative adjectives:
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two different people or things to each
other.
For example:
Whales are larger animals than dolphins.

Superlative adjectives:
Superlative adjectives are used to compare more than two people or things by
indicating which one is the most supreme or extreme.
For example:
Adrian is the fastest member of our team.

Predicate adjectives:
Predicate adjectives are adjectives that appear in the predicate of a sentence as a
subject complement rather than directly next to the nouns or pronouns that they
modify. Predicate adjectives follow linking verbs in sentences and clauses.
For example:
The steak looks delicious.
Compound adjectives:
Compound adjectives are adjectives that are formed from multiple words, which
are usually connected by hyphens.
For example:
She had enough of the double-dealing salesman.
Possessive adjectives:
Possessive adjectives are often used to express possession or ownership. The most
commonly used possessive adjectives are my, your, its, her, his, our, their, and
whose.
For example:
My favorite food is pizza.

Demonstrative adjectives:

Demonstrative adjectives are used to express relative positions in space and time.
The most commonly used demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those.
For example:
This watch is cheaper than that one.

Proper adjectives:
Proper adjectives are adjectives formed from proper nouns. In general, proper
adjectives are commonly used to say that something is related to a specific person
or place.
For example:
He was reading a Pakistani newspaper.

Participial adjectives:
Participial adjectives are adjectives that are based on participles, which are words
that usually end in -ed or -ing and derive from verbs. Participial adjectives include
words like amazing, impressed, and fascinating.
For example:
Travis was late for his swimming lessons.

Exercise for Adjectives

Q#1 Bold the adjectives in the following sentences.
1) The motorcycle is old.
2) Today is cloudy, hot, and humid.
3) The man wearing a blue suit is young.
4) The runner is very fast.
5) He is a good basketball player.
6) Alamance Community College is a great place to learn.
7) The blue bus is late.
8) The rusty truck has an oversized trailer.
9) Jaime is so smart!
10) The job was difficult, but manageable.
11) The house has new plumbing and running water.
12) The silly man laughed uncontrollably.
13) The boy said he was sorry.
14) The intoxicated gentleman wasn’t sure if the clock was fast or slow.
15) “A cleaner environment,” he trenchantly stated, “Is the key.”
Q#2 Now make two of your own sentences using adjectives.
1. The spacious garden was filled with colorful flowers and buzzing bees.
2. Her beautiful presentation captivated the audience and earned her a standing
ovation

ADVERB:
An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Gently, extremely, carefully, well.
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never
a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what
conditions, or to what degree.
a) Adverbs of time:
ago, since, back, before, early, soon, already, yet, still, today, tomorrow,
then, lately, recently, once, one of these days, some day, now, by now, right
away, nowadays.
They indicate the time of an action and answer to the question when.
For example:
When did you sold this car?
I sold it a week ago.
b) Adverbs of place:
Here, there, near, by, up, down, in, out, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere,
anywhere, nowhere-else.
They are used to indicate the place of an action and answer the question
where.
For example:
Where is your watch?
 It's here.
c) Adverbs of manner:
Boldly, bravely, quickly, slowly, easily, badly, hard, fast, well.
They express the manner of an action and answer to the question how?
For example:
How is she typing?
She is typing carefully.
d) Adverbs of frequency:
Always, ever, never, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, occasionally,
usually, normally, frequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely, once/twice a week.

They express the frequency of an action. They answer the question how
often?
For example:
She has always helped me.
e) Adverbs of degree:
Almost, very, very much, too, enough, so such, just, of course, etc.
They answer the question how much/how far/to what extent?
For example:
He is too ill to go to the Art Exhibition.

f) Relative adverbs:
When, where, why whenever, wherever.

Relative adverbs, like relative pronouns, relate or refer back to their

antecedent and also join clauses. A relative adverb plays a double role
because it functions as an adverb as well as a conjunction.
For example:
When will he pick me up from college?
g) Interrogative adverbs:
When, since when, where, why, how, how many etc.
They are used for asking questions about time/place etc.
For example:
How long did you wait at the bus stop?
h) Exclamatory adverbs:
How! , What!
They are used in exclamations to express degree/extent.
 For example:
How dirty this place is!

Exercise for Adverbs

Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.
1) The fire spread rapidly.
2) Astronauts are really cool.
3) He did rather well on the test.
4) He told us to talk quietly in the library.
5) We swam right before the storm.
6) The old man drank the juice slowly.
7) It is exactly 3:00 in the afternoon.
8) The cat quickly pounced on the mouse.
9) We walked happily through the forest.
10) Jenna is always so late.
11) Will you please just leave me alone?
12) The race car is extremely fast.
13) He seldom did poorly on tests.
14) Blue is definitely my favorite color.
15) He carried the bowl of soup very carefully.
16) It is getting rather late.
17) I am never leaving.
18) When will we finally be done?

PREPOSITION:
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase
modifying another word in the sentence.
By, with, about, until.
(By the tree, with our friends, about the book, until tomorrow).
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase
modifying another word in the sentence. Therefore a preposition is always part of a
prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase almost always functions as an
adjective or as an adverb.
Kinds of Prepositions:
a) Simple
b) Complex or compound

a) Simple prepositions:
Simple prepositions consist of only one word:

Aboard, behind, like/unlike, save, about, below, minus, since etc.

For example:
He is behind the wall.
b) Complex prepositions:
Complex or compound prepositions consist of more than one word:

Onto, as for, out of, into, upto, etc.

For example:
He is out of the tournament.
Exercise for Prepositions.
Q#1 Underline the prepositions in the following sentences.
1) The mouse ran across the room.
2) The chair is beside the table.
3) I am at the University of North Carolina.
4) The crocodile is under the water.
5) We are in English class.
6) The stoplight hangs above the street.
7) The children are running around the room as fast as they can.
8) My cat jumped onto the table.
9) When you sing, sound comes out of your mouth.
10) The river runs over the rocks.
Q#2 Now make your own sentences. Try to use prepositions.
1) They are at the museum.
2) The delivery person is at the front door.

CONJUNCTION:

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses.

And, but, or, while, because.

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the relationship

between the elements joined. Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically
equal elements: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. Subordinating conjunctions connect
clauses that are not equal: because, although, while, since, etc. There are other
types of conjunctions as well.
Kinds of Conjunctions:
There are three kinds of conjunctions:
a) Coordinating conjunctions
b) Correlative conjunctions
c) Subordinating conjunctions.
a) Coordinating conjunctions:
And, but, or, nor, neither, for, yet, still, so
They are used to join grammatical units of the same class, rank or pattern.
For example:
Jawad and Shaiman are coming to visit us.
Exercise for coordinating conjunction:
Q#1 Circle or Bold each independent clause in the sentences below (Some
sentences may only have one). Next, say whether the conjunction is used to show
an agreement, disagreement, or reason.
1. I normally like to run, but today I am walking.
(Reason)
2. I like strawberry and chocolate ice cream.
(Agreement)
3. I am smarter than my brother, yet he still got a higher grade on the test.
(Disagreement)
4. I don’t make good grades, nor do I try very hard in school.
(Agreement)
5. It is raining outside today, so I think I will wear my raincoat.
(Reason)
6. He is always crying, for he is very sad.
(Reason)
7. I don’t like yellow or blue.
(Disagreement)

Q#2 Now say whether the conjunction is used to show an agreement,

disagreement, or reason.
1. And (Agreement)
2. But (Reason)
3. Or (Disagreement)
4. Yet (Disagreement)
5. For (Reason)
6. Nor (agreement)
7. So (Reason)
Q#3 Try to fill in the blanks using the appropriate conjunction. Use commas if
necessary.
1. My dad and I are going fishing this afternoon.
2. The old man doesn’t have much money, yet he always seems to have nice
things.
3. Either we are going to win or they are going to win.
4. I don’t have much time, so hurry up!
5. He wasn’t a popular king for all of his country men hated him.
6. I want to get there early, so we should leave soon.
7. It doesn’t matter whether they get the job or not.
8. We don’t like red nor do I like blue.
9. I ran after the cat, yet could not catch her.
10. We played very well, but we still lost the game.
Q#3 Now practice creating your own sentences using the conjunctions list above.
1. They were short on team members, so they wanted me on their team.
2. He is a good player, but he still got out.
3. She is a good singer, so she got selected for the auditions.
b) Correlative conjunctions:
Both, and not only, but also either, or neither, nor, no/not/never, or
They are called correlatives because they go in pairs.
For example:
These shoes are not only cheap but also of top quality.
c) Subordinating conjunctions:
They are used to introduce subordinate clauses and join them to main clauses.
There are three kinds of subordinating conjunctions:
1) Simple subordinating conjunctions:
After, although/though, as, because, before, if, etc.
For example:
He came after I had left.

2) Compound Subordinating conjunctions:

I. as far as, as long as, as soon as, so long as, etc.
For example:
She grounded him as soon as he arrived.

3) Correlative subordinating Conjuctions:

No sooner… than, hardly… when, scarcely… when, whether … or, though… yet,
if... then.
For example:
If I don't return in an hour then call the police.

Exercise for Subordinating Conjunctions

Q#1 Fill in the blanks using the appropriate conjunction. Use commas where
necessary.
1. He behaves as if he rules the world.
2. We started moving when he took his foot off the brake.
3. I am going to go unless my parents say I can't.
4. Since I can't bear to kill living animals for food, I am going to become a
vegetarian.
 5. I waited until my mom paid for the groceries.
6. I ran because I was scared.
7. We will go running after we tie our shoes.
8. We can eat lunch whenever you like.
9. Whenever I get happy, I smile.
10.I'm not leaving until you say you're sorry.
11.We cannot go skiing unless we have skis.
12.I turned the key in order to start the car.
13.I want to go where money grows on trees.
14.We got to the scene of the crime right after the robbers ran away.
15.If we can't find work here, we'll have to move to a place where we can.
16.Although I am only 5’3” tall, I still love playing basketball.
17.Once you finish eating your vegetables, you may eat cake.
18.Instead of complain about not being able to do the things I want, I will work
to achieve my dreams.
19.Even though it is cold out, I'm not going to wear my jacket.
20.We will start work after the sun rises.
Q2# Now practice creating your own sentences using the conjunctions list
above.
1. Since it was raining heavily, we decided to stay indoors and watch a movie.
2. After I finish my homework, I'll go for a walk in the park.
3. Although I felt tired, I managed to complete the marathon.
4. Because she worked hard, she aced her final exams.
5. While he was cooking dinner, his phone rang with an important call.

Exercise for Correlative Conjunctions

Q#1 Try to fill in the blanks using the appropriate conjunction. Use commas
where necessary.
1 Both my brother and my sister live in China.
2. Both my dog, and my cat are sick.
3. Both my mother and my father were born in this country.
4. Either I will go to the store or you will.
5. Both soccer and tennis are sports.
6. Both my car, and my truck needs to be repaired.
7. Either I will come there, or you will come here.
8. Neither you nor your friend are old enough to enter.

INTERJECTION:

An interjection is a word used to express emotion.

Oh! , Wow! , Oops!

An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often followed by an

exclamation point.
For example:
Oh! I can't believe I forgot my keys at home.