Lect 08 PDF
Lect 08 PDF
Lect 08 PDF
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Lect-8
In this lecture...
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Cycle components
• Jet engine cycle has several salient
components
– Air intake/diffuser: decelerates air and
delivers it to the compressor
– Fan: present in turbofan engines, drives the
bypass mass flow
– Compressor: compresses ingested air to
high pressure and temperature
– Combustion chamber: fuel is added here,
combustion results in high temperature and
pressure at turbine inlet
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Cycle components
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
P0a
0a 02 P02
T P2 V22/2cp
02s 2
2s
V02/2cp
P1
1 Pa
h02 s − ha T02 s − Ta
ηd = ≅
h0 a − ha T0 a − Ta
• This efficiency can be related to the total
pressure ratio (πd) and Mach number
γ − 1 2 (γ −1) / γ
1 + M π d −1
ηd = 2
[(γ − 1) / 2]M 2
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Compressor/fan performance
• Compressors are to a high degree of
approximation, adiabatic.
• Compressor performance is evaluated using
the isentropic efficiency, ηc
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Compressor/fan performance
T
P03
T03 03
03s
T03s
P02
T02 02
Compressor/fan performance
=
(π C )(γ −1)/ γ − 1
τ C −1
• The isentropic efficiency is thus a function
of the total pressure ratio and the total
temperature ratio.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Compressor/fan performance
• Besides isentropic efficiency, there are
other efficiency definitions, stage
efficiency and polytropic efficiency that are
used in assessing the performance of
multistage compressors.
• Stage efficiency will be discussed in detail
during the lectures on compressors.
• The three efficiency terms can be related
to one another.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Compressor/fan performance
• The polytropic efficiency, ηpoly, is defined as
Ideal work of compression for a differential pressure change
η poly =
Actual work of compression for a differential pressure change
dwi dh0i dT0i
= = =
dw dh0 dT0
For an ideal compressor, the isentropic relation gives,
T0i = P0(iγ −1) / γ × constant. Therefore,
dT0i γ − 1 dP0i
=
T0 γ P0
dT0i dT0i / T0 γ − 1 dP0i / P0
η poly = = =
dT0 dT0 / T0 γ dT0 / T0
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Compressor/fan performance
Rewriting the above equation,
dT0 γ − 1 dP0
=
T0 γη poly P0
Integrating between states 02 and 03,
( γ −1) /( γη poly )
τC = πC
or ,ηC =
(π C )(γ −1)/ γ − 1 (π C )(γ −1)/ γ − 1
= (γ −1) /(γη )
τ C −1 πC poly
−1
The above equation relates the isentropic efficiency
with the pressure ratio assuming a constant polytropic
efficiency.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Combustion efficiency, ηb
ηb =
(m + m f )h04 − m h03 (m + m f )c p 4T04 − m c p 3T03
=
m Q m Q
f f f f
=
(m + m )cf T − m c paT03
pg 04
m Q
f f
Turbine performance
• The flow in a turbine is also assumed to be
adiabatic, though in actual engines there
could be turbine blade cooling.
• Isentropic efficiency of the turbine is
defined in a manner similar to that of the
compressor.
Actual work of compression for given pressure ratio
ηt =
Ideal work of compression for given pressure ratio
wt h04 − h05 1−τ t
= = =
wti h04 − h05 s 1 − π t(γ −1) / γ
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Turbine performance
T
P04
T04 04
P05
T05
T05s 05
05s
Turbine performance
• The polytropic efficiency, ηpoly, is defined
as
Actual turbine work for a differential pressure change
η poly =
Ideal turbine work for a differential pressure change
dw dh0 dT0
= = =
dwi dh0i dT0i
For an ideal turbine, the isentropic relation gives,
T0i = P0(iγ −1) / γ × constant. Therefore,
dT0i γ − 1 dP0i
=
T0 γ P0
dT0 dT0 / T0 dT0 / T0
η poly = = =
dT0i dT0i / T0 [(γ − 1) / γ ]dP0 / P0
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Turbine performance
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Nozzle performance
• The flow in the nozzle is also adiabatic.
• However losses in a nozzle could occur due
to incomplete expansion (under or over-
expansion).
• Friction may reduce the isentropic
efficiency.
• The efficiency is defined by
h06 − h7
ηn =
h06 − h7 s
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Nozzle performance
P06
h
06 P6
P7
7
7s
Afterburner performance
• Afterburner is thermodynamically similar to
a combustion chamber.
• The performance parameters for an
afterburner is thus the combustion
efficiency and the total pressure loss.
• In case of engines with afterburning, the
corresponding performance parameters for
an afterburner needs to be taken into
account.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
Mechanical efficiency
• Mechanical efficiency is sometimes used to
account for the loss or extraction of power on
that shaft.
• Mechanical efficiency is defined as
power leaving the shaft to compressor WC
η m= =
power entering the shaft from turbine Wt
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
In this lecture...
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-8
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay