Class: 09th Chapter 2

Q. No. 1 Choose the correct answer:

1. Scientists that use scientific method to make new theories:
(a) Biologist (b) Chemists
(c) Physicists (d) All of these
2. The scientific method in which biological problems are solved is called:
(a) Geological problem (b) Biological method
(c) Non-biological method (d) All of these
3. Era of Biological method in scientific research:
(a) 400 years (b) 500 years
(c) 600 years (d) I 000 years
4. Biological Method comprises of steps:
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 8
5. Galileo performed his experiments in:
(a) 1690's (b) l 790's
(c) 1590's (d) 1650's
6. The problem related to living organisms :
(a) Chemical (b) Geological
(c) Biological (d) Physical
7. Quantitative observation s are considered:
(a) Less accurate (b) Invariable
(c) More accurate (d) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
8. The freezing point of water:
(a) 10°C (b) 0°C
(c) 5°C (d) 15°C
9. Weight of one kilogram of water:
(a) 900 grams (b) 1000 grams
(c) 800 grams (d) 700 grams
10. Weight of one kilogram of ethanol:
(a) 879 grams (b) 789 grams
(c) 987 grams (d) 768 grams
11. A proposition that might be true:
(a) Deduction (b) Theory
(c) Law (d) Hypotheses
12. The tentative explanation of observation is called:
(a) Hypothesis (b) Theory
(c) Deduction (d) Result
13. Which one of the following in not the characteristic of a good hypothesis?
(a) Must be consistent with available data (b) Must be testable
(c) Must be correct (d) Must have prediction
14. Logical consequence drawn from hypothesis:

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 (a) Observation (b) Deduction
(c) Experimentation (d) Result
15. In biological method the next step of hypothesis is called:
(a) Deduction (b) Observation
(c) Result (d) Experiment
16. "If I examine cells from a blade of grass, then each one will have a nucleus". This statement is:
(a) Theory (b) Hypothesis
(c) Deduction (d) Law
17. ________ is most basic step of biological method:
(a) Observations (b) Hypothesis
(c) Experimentation (d) Deductions
18. Physicians were familiar with malaria ________ years ago :
(a) 2000 (b) 2500
(c) 1500 (d) 2100
19. The word Malaria is derived from which language?
(a) German (b) Italian
(c) French (d) Greek
20. The word "mala" means:
(a) Air (b) Bad
(c) Poor (d) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
21. When was America discovered?
(a) 16th century (b) 17th century
th
(c) 13 century (d) 20th century
22. Which disease has killed more people than any other disease?
(a) Cancer (b) AIDS
(c) Tuberculosis (d) Malaria
23. Bark of Quina- Quina was used for treating:
(a) Typhoid (b) Malaria
(c) Tetanus (d) Fever
24. The bark of which tree was very suitable for curing malaria?
(a) Cedrus (b) Cinchona
(c) Pinus (d) Cactus
25. Quinine is obtained from:
(a) Cinchona bark (b) Quina-uina bark
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ (d) None of these
26. The bark of cinchona contains a chemical:
(a) Gum (b) Quinine
(c) Glue (d) Honey
27. Quinine is an effective remedy for:
(a) Diabetes (b) Malaria
(c) Cholera (d) Diarrhoea
28. Most effective remedy against malaria until 20th century:
(a) Ranitidine (b) Quinine
(c) Amoxicillin (d) All of these
29. French Army Physician who worked on malaria in 1878:
(a) Laveran (b) Ronald Ross
(c) A.F.A King (d) Mendel
30. Who started to know the reason of malaria?
(a) Hackel (b) Laveran
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 (c) Ronald Ross (d) Mendel
31. Laveran began to search for cause of malaria in:
(a) 1978 (b) 1870
(c) 1878 (d) 1880
32. Who discovered Plasmodium?
(a) Laveran (b) A.F.A King
(c) Ronald Ross (d) Darwin
33. Plasmodium was discovered in:
(a) 1876 (b) 1878
(c) 1880 (d) 1882
34. Malaria is caused by:
(a) Plasmodium (b) Entamoeba
(c) Paramecium (d) E.coli
35. "If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all the person illwith malaria should have plasmodium
in their blood". This statement is:
(a) Hypothesis (b) Deduction
(c) Theory (d) Law
36. Mark the incorrect observation about malaria:
(a) Malaria is associated with marshes (b) Quinine is an effective drug for treating malaria
(c) Drinking water of marshes causes malaria (d) Individuals who slept near a smoky fire usually
did not get malaria
37. In which year, A. F. A. King listed his 20 observations:
(a) 1881 (b) 1882
(c) 1883 (d) 1884
38. How many observations were presented by A.F.A king?
(a) 14 (b) 18
(c) 20 (d) 22
39. Ronald Ross belonged to:
(a) Germany (b) Great Britain
(c) Holland (d) America
40. Ronald Ross performed experiments in:
(a) 1878 (b) 1880
(c) 1885 (d) 1888
41. "Mosquitoes transmit plasmodium and are involved in spread of malaria" who suggested this
hypothesis?
(a) Laveran (b) Aristotle
(c) Redi (d) A.F.A King
42. Female Mosquitoes used by Ross in his experiments:
(a) Anopheles and Aedes (b) Aedes and culex
(c) Culex and Anopheles (d) All of these
43. Female mosquitoes need the blood of _____ for the maturation of their eggs:
(a) Mammals (b) Birds
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ (d) Reptiles
44. Anopheles mosquito causes a disease:
(a) Dengue fever (b) Malaria fever
(c) Typhoid fever (d) Flu fever
45. Malaria in sparrows spread by:
(a) Ordinary mosquito (b) Culex mosquito
(c) Anopheles mosquito (d) Aedes mosquito
46. The malaria is spread in birds by:
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 (a) Anopheles (b) Dengue
(c) Aedes (d) Culex
47. Plasmodium is transferred by:
(a) Fly (b) Virus
(c) Mosquito (d) Bacteria
48. An irrefutable theory:
(a) Duduction (b) Law
(c) Hyphothesis (d) All of these
49. A relation between two numbers in terms of quotient is called:
(a) Proportion (b) Ratio
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ (d) None of these
50. Summarizing data through the calculation of a mean value:
(a) Mathematics (b) Statistics
(c) Physics (d) Economics

Q. No. 2 Short Questions/Answers: steps:

 Recognition of a biological problem
1. Do you think that "Man has always been
a biologist" ? If so why?  Observations
 Hypothesis formulation
A man has always been a biologist. He had to
be a biologist in order to live. Early in  Deductions
history, he was hunter of animals and a  Experimentation
gatherer of fruits, seeds, roots etc. The more  Summarization of results (tables, graphics
he knew about animals and their habitat, the etc.)
more successful hunter he was. The more he  Reporting the results
knew about plants, the better he distingu ished 5. Define Biological Problem.
between edible and non-edible plants. "A question related to living organisms
2. Define Biological Method. that is either asked by someone or
"The scientific method, in which biological comes m biologist's mind by himself is
problems are solved, is termed as Biological
called biological problem". Example:
Method." It compri ses the steps a biologist
adopts in order to solve a biological problem. Malaria
3. How biological method has played an 6. What is the difference between qualitative
important part in scientific research? and quantitative observations?
Qualitative Quantitative
The biological method has played an
Observation Observation
instrumental role in scientific research for
Qualitative Quantitative
almost 500 years.
observations are observations are
 From Galileo's experiment back in the considered less considered more
1590's to current re earch, the biological accurate. accurate.
method has contributed to advancements These observations These observations
in medicine, ecology, technology, etc. are variable and less are invariable and
measurable. measurable.
 The biological method ensures the quality These cannot be These can be
of data for public use. recorded in terms of recorded in terms of
4. Write steps of Biological Method in a numbers. numbers.
Examples: The Examples: The
sequence.
freezing point of freezing point of
Biological method involves the following main water is colder than water is 0°C and the

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 its boiling point. boiling point of water Formulation: For this purpose, a hypothesis is
A liter of water is is 100°C. taken as true and expected results are drawn
A liter of water
heavier than a liter of from it. Generally, in a biological method, if a
ethanol. weighs 1000 grams particular hypothesis is true, then one should
and a liter of ethanol expect (deduction) a certain result. It involves
weighs 789 grams. the use of "if-then" logic.
7. Why quantitative observations are better 13. Develop a deduction from the following
in biological method? hypothesis. "All plant cells have a
Quantitative observations are better because nucleus."
these are invariable and measureable and "IfI examine cells from a blade of grass, then
can be recorded in terms of numbers. each one will have a nucleus."
Example: The freezing point of water is 14. Why a biologist go for experimentation
0°C and the boiling point is 100°C. during solving a biological problem?
8. How did Darwin formulate the theory of A biologist performs experiments to see if
evolution? hypothesis are true or not.
Darwin not only observed and took notes
during his voyage, but he also read the works The deductions which are drawn from
of other naturalists to form his theory of hypothesis are subjected to rigorous
Evolution. testing. Through experimentation, a
9. Define hypothesis. biologist learns which hypothesis is
"A tentative explanation of the observations is correct.
called hypothesis." 15. What is control in an experiment?
OR
In science, when doing an experiment, it
"A proposition that might be true is called must be a controlled experiment. A
hypothesis." Example: Plasmodium is the cause scientist must contrast an 'experimental
of Malaria. group' with a 'control group'.
10. How hypothesis is framed? The two groups are treated
A great deal of careful and creative thinking is exactly alike except for the
necessary for the formulation of a hypothesis. one variable being tested.
Biologists use reasoning to formulate a Example:
hypothesis. In an experiment to test the necessity for
11. What are the characteristics of a good carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, one
hypothesis?
can contrast the control group (a plant with
A good hypothesis should have the following
characteristics: freely available carbon dioxide) with an
experimental group (a plant with no
 It should be a general statement
carbon dioxide available). The necessity
 It should be a tentative idea.
of carbon dioxide will be proved when
 It should agree with available observations. photosynthesis occurs in the control group
 It should be kept as simple as possible. and does not occur in the experimental
 It should be testable and potentially group.
falsifiable. In other words, there should 16. What are different ways of reporting
be a way to show that the hypothesis is results of biological method?
false, a way to disprove the hypothesis. Biologists publish their findings in scientific
journals and books, in talks at national and
12. Define deductions. How deduction are
formed? international meetings and in seminars at
"The logical consequences of a hypothesis are colleges and universities.
called deductions".
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 Importance: Publishing of results is an microscope. He noticed some tiny living
essential part of the scientific method. It creatures. His discovery was not believed by
allows other people to verify the results or other scientists.
apply the knowledge to solve other problems. Confirmation:
17. How did physicians describe malaria in  Two years later, another physici an saw
early days? the same creatures in the blood of
 The early physicians described malaria another malarial patient.
as a disease of chills and fevers with  Three years later after this second
recurring attacks. discovery, the same creatures were
 They also observed that the disease was observed for the third time.
more common among people living in  Naming of Organism: The organism was
low, marshy areas. named 'Plasmodium '.
18. What was the possible cause of malaria in 22. What were observations for malaria u ntil
early days? 19th century?
It was thought in early days that stagnant
In the last part of 19th century, many d" fferent
water of marshes poisoned the air and as a causes of malaria were being suggested. By
result of breathing in this 'Bad Air', people got that time there were four major observa ions
malaria. about malaria.
19. What does the word malaria  Malaria and marshy areas have some
mean? relation.
The word malaria has been derived from two  Quinine is an effective drug for treating
Italian words: 'Mala' means 'bad''Aria' means malaria.
'air'  Drinking water from marshes does not
cause malaria.
20. What was the treatment of malaria in
early days?  'Plasmodium' is seen in the blood of
malarial patients.
In the 17th century, when the New World
(America) was discovered, many plants
from America were sent back to Europe to be 23. What is incubation period?
used as medicines. The bark of a tree known "The period between the entry of parasite in
as 'quina-quina' was very suitable for curing host and the appearance of symptoms is called
fevers. It was so beneficial that it soon incubation period."
became impossible to carry enough bark to 24. Design a deduction from following
Europe. Some dishonest merchants began to
hypothesis. "Plasmodium is cause of
substitute the bark of another tree, the
'cinchona' which closely resembled quina- malaria"
quina. One of the deductions from the above
This dishonesty proved much valuable for hypothesis can be:
mankind. The cinchona bark was found to be 'If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then
excellent for treating malaria. The cinchona
all persons ill with malaria should have
bark contains quinine which is effective in
treating the disease. Quinine was the only Plasmodium in their blood'.
effective remedy for malaria from 17th_2oth 25. Write down observations of A.F.A king
century. about malaria.
21. Describe the contributions of Laveran in In 1883, a physician, AF.A King, listed 20
discovery of Plasmodium. observations: Some of his important
In 1878, a French army physician Laveran observations were:
began to search for the cause of malaria.  People who slept outdoors were more
Experiments: likely to get malaria than those who slept
He took a small amount of blood from a indoors.
malarial patient and examined it under a  People who slept under fine nets
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 were less likely to get malaria than When a female mosquito pierces the skin with
those who did not use such nets. her mouth parts, she injects a small amount of
 Individuals who slept near a smoky fire saliva into the wound before drawing blood.
usually did not get malaria. This saliva prevents the blood from clotting in
26. What is required for the maturation of her food canal.
eggs of female mosquito?
Female mosquitoes need blood of mammals or 30. Why do welts appear after mosquito
birds for the maturation of their eggs. bite?
27. Why Ronald Ross used sparrow in The welts that appear after the mosquito
his experiment? leaves is not a reaction to the wound, but an
Ronald Ross used sparrow in his allergic reaction to the saliva. In most
experiment because scientists avoid using cases, the itching sensation and swellings
human beings for experiments when subside within several hours.
results could be so serious. 31. What is scientific law? Give two
28. How did Ross prove that mosquitoes transmit examples?
plasmodium and spread malaria? "If a theory survives doubtful approach and
Ronald Ross, a British army physician continues to be supported by experimental
working in India, in 1880's, performed evidence, it becomes a law or principle."
important experiments. A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact
Experiment 1: of nature. It is an irrefutable theory.
Examples: Hardy-Weinberg law and Mendel's
 He allowed a female Anopheles mosquito to
laws of inheritance.
bite a malarial patient.
32. Define data.
 He killed the mosquito some days later.
"The information such as names, dates, or
 On examining the mosquito,
values made from
Plasmodium was found multiplying observations
mosquito's stomach. and experimentation is called data."
Experiment 2: 33. In which formats data is organized?
Data is organized into different formats like:
 He allowed a female Culex mosquito to
 Graphics
bite the sparrows suffering from malaria.
 Some of the mosqu itoes were killed and  Tables
studied at arious times.  Flow-charts
 Ross found that Plasmodium  Maps
multipli ed in the wall of mosquito's
 Diagrams
stomach and then moved into the 34. What is the difference between theory and
mosquito 's salivary glands. law?
 He kept some of the Theory Law
mosquitoes alive and allowed A hypothesis that A scientific law is a
stands the test of uniform, constant
them to bite healthy sparrows. time (often tested fact of nature. It is
Results: and never rejected) irrefutable theory.
Ross found that saliva of the infected is called theory. A law cannot be
mosquitoes contained Plasmodia and these A theory may be challenged.
challenged. A law is already an
entered sparrow's blood. Whe:m he examined A theory can be established and
the blood of these previously healthy sparrows, altered in case of definite entity. It
he found many Plasmodia in it. new evidence. cannot be altered.
29. Why female mosquito does injects small A theory is always A law is not
amount of saliva into the wound? subjected to new subjected to further
testing. testing.
Example: Darwin’s Example: Mendel’s
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 theory of evolution. law of segregation. the knowledge o f Mathematics u s e d ?
Major biological problems, in
35. Define ratio. which knowledge of mathematics
"When a relation between two numbers e.g. 'a'
is used include:
and 'b' is expressed in terms of quotient (a/b) it
is called the ratio of one number to the other."  Gene finding
Expression of a ratio:  Protein structure
A ratio is expressed by putting a division (-;-)  Protein-protein interactions
or colon ( : ) mark between two numbers. 37. Define Bioinformatics.
Example: The ratio between 50 malarial "The use of the computational and statistical
patients and 150 normal patients is I :3. techniques for the analysis of biological data is
36. In what m a j o r biological p r o b l e m s i s called bioinformatics."

Long Questions
Q. No. 1 Describe the steps involved in biological method.
In solving a biological problem, biologist takes following steps:
1. Recognition of a biological problem
2. Observations
3. Hypothesis formulation
4. Deduction
5. Experimentations
6. Summarization of result
7. Reporting of result
1. Recognition of a biological problem:
A question related to living organisms that is either asked by someone or comes in biologist’s mind by himself is
called biological problem”.
2. Observations:
A biologists recalls his/her previous observations or makes new ones by using his five senses i.e. vision, hearing,
smell, taste, touch.
There are two types of observations: Qualitative observation and Quantitative observation.
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
A tentative explanation of the observations is called as Hypothesis.
Or
A proposition that might be true is called Hypothesis.
Following are the characteristics of a good hypothesis.
 It should be a general statement.
 It should be a tentative idea.
 It should agree with available observations.
 It should be kept as simple as possible.
 It should be testable and potentially falsiable.
Reasoning: A great deal of careful and creative thinking is necessary for the formulation of a hypothesis.
Biologists use reasoning to formulate a hypothesis.
4. Deductions:
The logical consequences of a hypothesis are called deductions.
A hypothesis is assumed as true and expected results are drawn from it. It involves “if-then” logic.

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 Example: “If plasmodium is the cause of malaria then all persons ill with malaria should have plasmodium in
their blood”.
5. Experimentation:
A biologist performs experiments to see if hypothesis are true or not.
Testing of hypothesis: The deductions which were drawn from hypothesis are subjected to rigorous testing. The
incorrect hypothesis are rejected and the one which proves correct is accepted.
6. Summarization of results:
Biologist gathers actual, quantitative data from experiments. Data for each of the group are then compared
statistically. Biologist also uses statistical analysis to draw conclusions.
7. Reporting of results:
Biologists publish their findings in scientific journals and books, in talks at international and national meetings
and in seminars at colleges and universities.
Q. No. 2 Describe the steps involved in biological method taking malaria as an example.
Malaria has killed more people than any other disease. Steps taken to solve this problem were as follows:
1. Recognition of problem:
In ancient times, physicians were familiar with malaria. They described it as a disease of chills and fevers with
recurring attacks.
2. Observations about Malaria:
 Malaria and marshy areas have some relations.
 Quinine is an effective drug for treating malaria.
 Drinking water from marshes does not cause malaria.
 ‘Plasmodium’ is seen in the blood of malarial patients.
3. Hypothesis:
The hypothesis made in this case was:
“Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”.
4. Deductions:
One of the deductions from above hypothesis was:
“If plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all persons ill with malaria should have plasmodium in their blood”.
5. Experimentations:
Experimental group: Blood of 100 malarial patients was examined under microscope.
Control group: Blood of 100 healthy persons was examined under microscope.
6. Results:
All malarial patients has Plasmodium in their blood while 7 out 100 healthy persons also had Plasmodium in their
blood in incubation period.
Results proved that the hypothesis ‘Plasmodium is the cause of Malaria’ was true.
The next biological problem was to learn about “How plasmodium gets into the blood of a man”?
a. Observations:
 Malaria is associated with marshes.
 Drinking water of marshes does not cause malaria.
Observations of A.F.A King:

 People who slept outdoors were more likely to get malaria than those who slept indoors.
 People who slept under fine nets were less likely to get malaria than those who did not use such nets.
 Individuals who slept near a smoky fire usually did not get malaria.
b. Hypothesis:
“Mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium and so are involved in the spread of malaria”.
c. Deductions:

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 “If mosquitoes are involved in the spread of malaria, then Plasmodium should be present in
Plasmodium”.
 “If mosquitoes are involved in the spread of malaria, then a mosquito can get Plasmodium by biting a
malaria patient”.
d. Experimentation:
Experiment of Ronal Ross:
 He allowed a female Anopheles mosquito to bite a malarial patient.
 He killed the mosquito some days later.
 On examining the mosquito, Plasmodium was found multiplying in mosquito’s stomach.
Next
 He allowed a female Culex mosquito to bite the sparrows suffering from malaria.
 Some of the mosquitoes were killed and studied at various time.
 Ross found that Plasmodium multiplied in the wall of mosquito’s stomach and then moved into the
mosquito’s salivary glands.
 He kept some of the mosquitoes alive allowed them to bite healthy sparrows.
e. Results:
Ross found that saliva of the infected mosquitoes contained Plasmodia and these entered sparrow’s blood. When
he examined the blood of these previously healthy sparrows, he found many Plasmodium in it.
Experimentation on Man:
Hypothesis was tested by direct experimentation on human beings. In 1898 Italian biologists took these steps for
confirmation.

 They allowed an Anopheles mosquito to bite a malaria patient.

 The mosquito was kept for a few days.
 Then it was allowed to bite a healthy man.
Results:
The person later became ill with malaria. In this way it was confirmed that mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium and
spread malaria.

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