ACES Seminar, 2018

Design and Construction of Retaining

Wall using Hat Steel Sheet Pile

March 8, 2018

Nippon Steel ＆ Sumitomo Metal

Southeast Asia Pte, Ltd

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 Outline

 Introduction (Features of Hat Steel Sheet Pile)

 Interlocks Integrity of Steel Sheet Pile

 Design of Steel Sheet Pile

(National design code in Singapore)

 Actual-Scale Field Test (Horizontal Loading Test)

 Conclusions

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 Features of Steel Sheet Pile

・Structural Reliability

・Rapid Construction, Easy to construct

・Extraction

It can be applied not only Permanent structure

but also Temporary structure

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 Application of HAT Steel Sheet Pile
Example 1 : Singapore PUB Outlet Drains
(HAT ： NS-SP-10H, L=12-16m)

Cost Effective, Relocation cost, Installation Method

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 Application of HAT Steel Sheet Pile
Example 2 : Singapore MRT Thomson line T228
(HAT+H : NS-SP-10H+HY700, HY750 L=20,21m)

［Sheet Pile + Solider Pile]

［HAT+H Sheet Pile]

Possible to extract,
High stiffness,Cost effective

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 Features of HAT Steel Sheet Pile
・Type
U typeⅢ
170
340
400 170
(IV)

HAT type
・NS-SP-10H
300
(25H)
900

■ Characteristic of Hat-type sheet piles

・Effective width is 900mm
(Widest in the world as hot rolled piles)
・Direction of piling are same
・Slender and effective section
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 Sectional Properties of Hat

◆Hat steel sheet pile has 4 types

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 Easy Preparation for Piling
- Vibratory pile driving
(Crane type, Excavator type)
- Press-in method

U type Turn
Unstable in
guide frame

Guide frame
HAT type
Stable in
guide frame

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 Piling Method (Crane-Vibro hammer)
Conventional vibratory-hammer can be used
U type Hat type

[Rotation during piling ]

6°
6°

400
400

900

900

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 Piling Method (Excavator-vibro hammer)

Conventional excavator vibratory-hammer

can be used

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 Piling Method (Hydraulic press-in Method)

Environmentally Construction Method

(Low vibration and low noise)
Hydraulic press-in method is appropriate to construction work
in urban areas where low vibration and low noise construction
work are required or where the construction space is confined.

[Hard Layer] [Normal Layer]

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 Interlock integrity of steel sheet pile

・No interlock reduction

for sheet pile wall stiffness

Hat type U type

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 Interlock Integrity of Sheet Pile
HAT Type U Type

Slip

13
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 Interlock integrity of sheet pile (Theory)
・Type
U type Ⅲ

400
Neutral axis of a single pile
Neutral axis of a wall
・NS-SP-10H

900 M

Q Share Stress
(a) full shear (c) partial shear (b) zero shear
Distribution transfer condition transfer condition transfer condition
τ

Because of the interlock slippage, the stiffness has to be decreased.

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 Interlock integrity of sheet pile (Theory)
・Type
U type Ⅲ

400
Neutral axis of a single pile
Neutral axis of a wall
・NS-SP-10H

900 M

Q Share Stress
(a) full shear (c) partial shear (b) zero shear
Distribution transfer condition transfer condition transfer condition
τ

Because of the interlock slippage, the stiffness has to be decreased.

HAT type

900

Because of no interlock slippage, it doesn’t need to decrease

the stiffness of the wall.

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 Eurocode 3 - Design of Steel Structures- Part 5: Piling

 Design moment resistance in the Eurocode

Class 1 or 2 Class 3

M c,Rd  BWpl f y  M0 M c,Rd  BWel f y  M0

where :
Wel is the elastic section modulus determined for a continuous wall;
Wpl is the plastic section modulus determined for a continuous wall;
γM0 Partial safety factor (=1.0)
βB is a reduction factor that account for a possible lack of shear force
transmission in the interlocks.
βB = 1.0 for Z-piles and triple U-piles
βB ≤ 1.0 for single and double U-piles

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 Eurocode 3 - Design of Steel Structures- Part 5: Piling

 Design effective flexural stiffness in the Eurocode

 EI eff   D  EI 
where:
I is the second moment of area of the continuous wall
E is Young’s modulus
βD is to account for the possible reduction due to insufficient shear force
transmission in the interlock.
βD = 1.0 for Z-piles and triple U-piles
βD ≤ 1.0 for single and double U-piles

The numerical value for βD are given in the National Annex.

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 Reduction Factor in Singapore National Annex

It is needed to reduce the sectional performance due to

Interlocks integrity when using U type steel sheet pile
Reduction factor βB and βD
Number of Highly
Type of U-pile Unfavorable Favorable
structural unfavorable
unit conditions conditions
support levels conditions
βB βD βB βD βB βD
0 0.40 0.30 0.50 0.35 0.60 0.40
Singles or
uncrimped 1 0.55 0.35 0.60 0.40 0.70 0.45
doubles
>1 0.65 0.45 0.70 0.50 0.80 0.55
0 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.65 0.80 0.70
Crimped or
welded 1 0.80 0.70 0.85 0.75 0.95 0.80
doubles
>1 0.90 0.80 0.95 0.85 1.00 0.90

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 High Structural Reliability
Consider the reduction factor due to Interlock slippage
U-type Slip→Reduction of
performance
Hat-type No Slip

・Brochure Value ◆ Design Value

Sheet Pile Moment of Section Reduction Moment of Section
Inertia Modulus Factor Inertia Modulus
I (cm4/m) Z (cm3/m) βD βB I (cm4/m) Z (cm3/m)

Hat 10H 10,500 902 1.0 1.0 10,500 902

16,800 1,340
＝
U typeⅢ
×
0.4 0.6 6,720 804
Hat 25H 24,400 1,610 1.0 1.0 24,400 1,610
U typeⅣ 38,600 2,270 0.4 0.6 15,440 1,362
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 Advantage of reduction of total wall weight

◆By considering the reduction factor,

Hat steel sheet pile is about 35-40% lighter
(cm4/m) than U type steel sheet pile
70000 High stiffness
(remove struts)
Moment of Inertia

60000 50H
Reduction
50000 45H factor β= 0.6
Reduction of
40000 Unit weight
25H 35-40% Ⅴ
30000
20000 10H Ⅳ
10000
Ⅲ
0 Ⅱ
80 120 160 200 240 (Kg/m2)
Unit weight per 1m wall width
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 Advantage of total construction costs

■ Unit weight of Steel sheet pile

35-40% could be reduced
■ Reduction of number of Steel sheet pile (4/9)

■ Construction periods could be shorten

⇒ Advantage of Material and Piling costs
+Possible to Optimize of Structural Design
+Possible to Improve Construction
Productivity in Singapore
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 Horizontal Loading Test in Singapore (2017)
in collaborate with Prof. Chiew (SIT)
- To verify the sheet pile wall stiffness considered interlock slippage.
Sheet pile height
G.L.+1.5m
Loading height
G.L.+1.0m

FILL
(Silt, Clay) -2

-4
Estuarine clay Strain gauges
[KALLANG -6
FORMATION] c=45.2kPa
HAT type
G.L. (m)

-8
c=41.1kPa U type(IV) (25H)
-10

Silt c=46.1kPa Embedded depth

-12
[JURONG G.L.-15m
FORMATION]
-14

-16
10 0 20 30
22 SPTCORPORATION
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 Prediction of reduction factor (National Annex in Singapore)
• Test condition is considered as cantilever.
Reduction factor for U-type sheet piles in the National Annex
Reduction factor βB and βD
Number of Highly
Type of U-pile Unfavorable Favorable
structural unfavorable
unit conditions conditions
support levels conditions
βB βD βB βD βB βD
0 0.40 0.30 0.50 0.35 0.60 0.40
Singles or
uncrimped 1 0.55 0.35 0.60 0.40 0.70 0.45
doubles Assumed
>1 0.65 value
0.45 0.70 0.50 0.80 0.55
0 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.65 0.80 0.70
Crimped or
welded 1 0.80 0.70 0.85 0.75 0.95 0.80
doubles
>1 0.90 0.80 0.95 0.85 1.00 0.90

βB :reduction factor for section modulus, βD :reduction factor for moment of inertia

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 Horizontal Loading Test: Loading situation (25H & IV)

U (Ⅳ) HAT(25H)

HAT(25H)

Interlock slippage
No slippage

U (Ⅳ)

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 Horizontal Loading Test: Load-disp. (25H & IV)
• Although the moment of inertia of HAT (25H) is smaller than that of
U(IV) as a single pile, the wall stiffness composed by 25H was higher
than that of IV.
• Interlock slippage of IV decreased the wall stiffness composed by IV.
250
100

200
HAT(25H) 80
Jack load (kN/m)

Jack load (kN/m)

150 HAT(25H)
60

100 HAT HAT

40 U(IV)
IV IV
50 U(IV)
20

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 20 40 60 80 100
horizontal displacement(loading point) (mm) horizontal displacement(loading point) (mm)

Moment of inertia as a single sheet pile

25H : 24,400(cm4/m)
IV : 38,600(cm4/m)* *not consider the lack of interlock integrity

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 Horizontal Loading Test: strain distribution (25H & IV)
• The strains were increased with increasing the load.
HAT(25H) U(IV)
2 2

1 1

0 72kN 0

-1 129kN
-1
72kN
176kN
-2 129kN
G.L.(m)

-2

G.L.(m)
307kN
176kN
-3 -3
369kN 307kN
-4 467kN -4 369kN
519kN 467kN
-5 -5
519kN
-6 -6

-7 -7
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
strain(μ） strain(μ）

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 Horizontal Loading Test: sectional strain (25H & IV)
Jack load Jack load

HAT(25H) G.L. -2.6m U(IV) G.L. -2.6m

1 1

0.8 72kN 0.8

0.6 129kN 0.6

Ratio of height

0.4 72kN

Ratio of height
0.4
176kN 129kN
0.2 0.2
307kN 176kN
0 0
369kN 307kN
-0.2 -0.2
369kN
-0.4 467kN -0.4
467kN
-0.6 -0.6
519kN 519kN
-0.8 -0.8
-1 Two Neutral axes638kNmeans -1
638kN

-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000

Sheet
strain(μ）
piles moved separately. -1500 -1000 -500 0
strain(μ）
500 1000 1500

Neutral axis stayed Interlock was slip

the center of the wall
M

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 Horizontal Loading Test: estimating reduction factor
U(IV) G.L. -2.6m
1
Neutral axis of a single sheet pile
0.8 (zero shear transfer condition)
0.6
0.4 e Actual neutral axis
72kN
Ratio of height

129kN
0.2 y0 with partial interlock slippage
176kN
0
307kN
-0.2 Neutral axis
369kN
-0.4 without
467kN interlock slippage
-0.6
519kN
-0.8
638kN
-1
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
strain(μ）

I I  y0 eA
Factor accounting for the possible reduction D   1
of the moment of inertia I 0 I1  Ay0 2
Factor accounting for the possible reduction
of the section modulus (select higher stress side) Zw y  y1
w   0 D
Reduction factor calculated from the web side Z w0 y1  e
Zt y  y1
Reduction factor calculated from the interlock side t   0 D
Z w0 y0  e
I1: moment of inertia as a single sheet pile
y0, y1, e: shown in upper figure
28 A : section area of sheet pile
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 Horizontal Loading Test: sectional strain (25H & IV)
G.L. -2.6m G.L. -2.6m
HAT(25H) U(IV)
1 1

0.8 72kN 0.8

0.6 129kN 0.6

Ratio of height

0.4 72kN

Ratio of height
0.4
176kN 129kN
0.2 0.2
307kN 176kN
0 0
369kN 307kN
-0.2 -0.2
369kN
-0.4 467kN -0.4
467kN
-0.6 -0.6
519kN 519kN
-0.8 -0.8
638kN 638kN
-1 -1
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
strain(μ） strain(μ）

• Because the interlock of HAT wasn’t slip, it doesn’t need to reduce the
stiffness of the wall composed by HAT type.

• The stiffness of the wall composed by U is needed to reduce, because

the interlock of U was slip and U type sheet piles moved separately.

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 Horizontal Loading Test: calculated reduction factor
• Average of reduction factor for the moment of inertia: D = around 0.4
• Reduction factor for section modulus: βB = around 0.5
• Decrease of the section modulus till 335kN means the maximum stress
shifted from the web to the flange side.

Reduction factor
HAT Reduction factor HAT
for the moment of inertia for the section modulus
1.0
0.9
0.8
G.L.+0m
0.7
0.6
G.L.-2.6m
0.5 avarage
βD

0.4
G.L.-4m
0.3
0.2
Averag e Evaluation line
0.1
(minimum)
0.0
0 200 400 600 800
Jack load (kN)

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 Horizontal Loading Test : conclusions
• It was verified that interlock of HAT wasn’t slip and that of U was slip.
• Although the moment of inertia of HAT (25H) is smaller than that of
U(IV) as brochure value, the wall stiffness composed by 25H was
higher than that of IV in structural design.
• The interlock position of HAT is rational in the viewpoint of wall
stiffness.
Reduction
Moment of inertia (cm4/m)
Factor
Brochure value Design value (result) D B
Hat 25H 24,400 24,400 1.0
U IV 38,600 11,580 - 15,440 0.3 - 0.4
Reduction
Section Modulus (cm3/m)
Factor
Brochure value Design value (result) D B
Hat 25H 1,610 1.610 1.0
U IV 2,270 908 – 1,362 0.4 - 0.6

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 Horizontal Loading Test : conclusions
• Reduction factors obtained by the test fit the design value in National
Annex.(test result: D=0.3~0.4, B=0.4~0.6)
Reduction factor for U-type sheet piles in the National Annex
Reduction factor βB and βD
Number of Highly
Type of U-pile Unfavorable Favorable
structural unfavorable
unit conditions conditions
support levels conditions
βB βD βB βD βB βD
0 0.40 0.30 0.50 0.35 0.60 0.40
Singles or
uncrimped 1 0.55 0.35 0.60 0.40 0.70 0.45
doubles
>1 0.65 0.45 0.70 0.50 0.80 0.55
0 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.65 0.80 0.70
Crimped or
welded 1 0.80 0.70 0.85 0.75 0.95 0.80
doubles
>1 0.90 0.80 0.95 0.85 1.00 0.90

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 Conclusions:

Importance of Design and Construction

for Retaining Structures

Structural Reliability of Steel sheet pile

Important to Design in Compliance with

National Annex in Singapore
For Structural Reliability and Construction Productivity

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 Conclusions:

◆ Hat Steel Sheet Pile

+Structural Performance of Hat Steel Sheet Pile

(Reduction factor = 1.0, Full sectional performance,
Structural Reliability is very high)

+Possible to Optimize of Structural Design

+Possible to Improve Construction
Productivity in Singapore

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