Dibt European Provisions
Dibt European Provisions
Dibt European Provisions
1 Introduction
3 ETAG 001 - Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete
3.1 General
3.2 ETAG 001 Part 1 – Anchors in general
3.3 ETAG 001 Parts 2, 3 and 4 – Torque-controlled expansion anchors, undercut anchors and
deformation-controlled expansion anchors
3.4 ETAG 001 Part 5 – Bonded anchors (adhesive anchors)
3.5 ETAG 001 Part 6 – Anchors for the multiple use for nonstructural applications
3.6 ETAG 001 Annexes A, B and C
3.7 Technical reports of ETAG 001
7 Conclusion
Klaus Laternser • John Silva • Andra Hoermann-Gast
The Beton Kalender (Concrete Compendium) is an annual publication summarizing design and construction information relevant to concrete
1.
construction in Europe.
2.2 EOTA
The European Organization for Technical Approvals (EOTA) [5] is composed of Approval Bodies (also
referred to as EOTA Bodies) nominated to issue European Technical Approvals (ETAs) by EU Member States and
EFTA States who have contracted to the European Economic Area Agreement. The role of EOTA is primarily to
monitor and progress the drafting of new guidelines and to coordinate all activities related to the issuing of ETAs.
The guidelines are developed based on a mandate of the European Commission and an approved work program
formulated by EOTA working groups.
2.3 European Technical Approval Guidelines (ETAGs) for Anchors
Following the formation of the working group for mechanical anchors, additional groups were established in the
ensuing decade to address other anchor types. Working groups for other construction products have been formed
in the interim period as well. The working groups continue to issue new Guidelines and revise existing ones as
required. Guidelines pertaining to anchorage are currently as follows:
• ETAG 001 Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete
• ETAG 014 Guideline for European Technical Approval of Plastic Anchors for Fixing of External Thermal Insulation
Composite Systems with Rendering
• ETAG 020 Guideline for European Technical Approval of Plastic Anchors for Multiple Use in Concrete and
Masonry for Nonstructural Applications
• ETAG 029 Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Injection Anchors for Use in Masonry (not yet
endorsed by the EC)
2.4 CUAPs for cast-in anchors, power actuated fasteners and special fasteners
Given the logistical hurdles involved in developing ETAGs for all possible construction products, EOTA has
developed an alternate path, the Common Understanding of Assessment Procedure (CUAP), for securing
approvals for construction products not covered by an existing ETAG (or for an ETAG that is in development).
The CUAP describes the assessment criteria for the product and its intended use. Although there is no mandate
issued by the European Commission for CUAPs, the approval body applying for the CUAP must receive consent
from the European Commission. Similar to a Guideline, a CUAP comprises the required tests, the assessment and
the evaluation of the test results. Because the existence of a CUAP can lead to greater requests for approvals for a
specific product type, it can serve as an alternative to or a precursor to the development of a guideline. The CUAP
draft is sent to all European Approval Bodies for comments and can only be used for issuing an ETA after all the
approval bodies have given their consent.
2.5 ETAs for anchors and fasteners
ETAs are granted on the basis of ETAGs and CUAPs by the European Approval Bodies — e.g., in Germany by the
DIBt.
2.6 Comprehension Documents and Progress Files
EOTA Comprehension Documents are EOTA internal working documents used to update reference documents
and to provide clarification regarding the application or interpretation of particular elements in an issued
ETAG. Comprehension Documents are discussed within the Working Group. Once they are endorsed by EOTA,
Comprehension Documents are effectively part of the ETAG to which they refer.
In contrast to Comprehension Documents, Progress Files contain actual changes or amendments to an ETAG.
The Progress File procedure is similar to that used for Comprehension Documents.
3 ETAG 001 - Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete
3.1 General
ETAG 001 for the assessment of concrete anchors (e.g., expansion and undercut anchors) was the first approved
Guideline for the issuance of European Technical Approvals. The Guideline consists of six parts:
Part 1 - Anchors in general Part 2 - Torque-controlled expansion anchors
Part 3 - Undercut anchors Part 4 - Deformation-controlled expansion anchors
Part 5 - Bonded anchors Part 6 - Anchors for multiple use for nonstructural applications.
All well-established metal anchors for use in concrete available on the European market are included in these
parts. The term metal anchors includes all post-installed anchor types, exclusive of plastic anchors and power-
actuated fasteners, but including bonded (adhesive) anchors.
The following appendices (Annexes) are part of the guideline:
- Details of tests
- Tests for admissible service conditions - Detailed information
- Design methods for anchorages
In addition, the ETAG mandate contains a system of Attestations of Conformity (AoC), which defines the art
and manner of quality control for the product. The AoC system is established by the EC on the basis of such
considerations as the consequences of failure and the sensitivity of the product. The different AoC systems make
use of a set of methods of conformity control. When the AoC procedure demonstrates conformity with the ETA
the manufacturer is permitted to use the CE marking on the product. The required AoC level for anchors qualified
under Parts 1 through 5 is 1 [7], whereas for anchors approved under the redundant fastener criteria in Part 6 it is
2+ [8]. Refer to Table 1 for the specific components of quality control associated with these two AoC levels.
In the following, details regarding the content of ETAG 001 are provided.
Table 1 – Link between quality control and AoC level2
A concrete strength class is typically defined with a prefix C for normal and heavy-weight concrete or LC for lightweight concrete, the
5
Bonded Anchor
3.2.4 Tests
The tests involved in the assessment of anchors fall into three primary categories:
- Tests for confirming anchor suitability (reliability tests)
- Tests for evaluating the admissible service conditions (service-condition tests)
- Tests for checking anchor durability
Suitability tests are of vital importance for the evaluation of the anchor. These tests establish whether the anchor
demonstrates safe and consistent behavior in service. The following unfavorable conditions, both during site
installation and in service, are considered in the tests:
- Installation safety: influence of installation defects (e.g., deviation from the specified hole diameter, interference of
reinforcement during drilling, incomplete cleaning of the hole, or inadequate mixing of the adhesive components)
- Response of the anchor to variations in those factors deemed most relevant for the anchor resistance (concrete
strength, presence of cracks, moisture content, etc.)
- Reliability under repeated load and sustained loading
Note that gross errors (e.g., use of the wrong drill bit diameter, inappropriate drilling or setting tools, or omission
of hole cleaning) are not covered by suitability tests. Gross errors should be avoided by appropriate training of the
installers and provision of adequate supervision on the construction site. A well-defined but limited reduction of
the anchor capacity is typically allowed in suitability tests. Tests for admissible service conditions, on the other
hand, are intended to reflect normal construction site conditions.
The characteristic anchor resistance for specified concrete strength classes in cracked and uncracked concrete
is evaluated. A crack width of w = 0.3 mm (0.012 in.) represents the 95% fractile of all cracks occurring in a
structure under semipermanent loads. Large variations in the recorded anchor strength in admissible service
condition tests are not permitted.
3.3 ETAG 001 Parts 2, 3 and 4 – Torque-controlled expansion anchors, undercut anchors and deformation-
controlled expansion anchors. Parts 2, 3 and 4 contain additional requirements and assessment procedures as
well as exceptions to Part 1.
Suitability tests for torque-controlled expansion anchors include installation tests,
tests in low- and high-strength concrete, reliability under repeated loads as well
as maximum torque-moment tests. For anchors to be used in cracked concrete,
additional tests for sensitivity to crack-movements (opening and closing) as might
Expansion Anchor occur over the life of the anchorage are required. Suitability tests for undercut
anchors depend on the anchor type and the type of installation. For displacement-controlled or torque-controlled
installation of anchors, the effect of incomplete expansion as well as the influence of the hole diameter are checked.
Field Application
3.4 ETAG 001 Part 5 – Bonded anchors (adhesive anchors)
3.4.1 General
Inasmuch as a specific length of time must elapse before adhesives will cure and thereby attain their maximum
bond strength, adhesive anchors typically cannot be loaded immediately after setting. The required curing time
(between setting and loading) usually depends on the type of adhesive and the concrete temperature at the time
of installation. Additionally, variations in the temperatures in the concrete during the anchor service life may have
an impact on the bond strength of the adhesive. Supplemental requirements and tests for adhesive anchors are
provided in Part 5 to assess these factors. In addition, tests for the durability of the adhesive vis-à-vis exposure
to chlorides and sulfur are required.
3.4.2 Scope
Part 5 [10] of ETAG 001 covers common adhesive and capsule systems as
well as undercut and torque-controlled adhesive anchors. Details for torque-
controlled adhesive anchors are specified in Technical Report TR 018 [11].
Adhesive anchors are generally installed in cylindrical holes drilled by means
Adhesive Anchor
of rotary impact hammers (electric drilling machine or driven by compressive
air) equipped with carbide bits or diamond core drills. The drilling method and cleaning process, in as much as
they are essential to the anchor performance, must be considered in the evaluation.
3.4.3 Use categories
In addition to the durability categories established for metal anchors, the following use categories are offered for
adhesive anchors:
Use category 1:
- Installation in dry or wet concrete
- Service life in dry or wet concrete
Use category 2:
- Installation in dry or wet concrete or in water-flushed holes (not sea water)
- Service life in dry or wet concrete or under water (not sea water)
The manufacturer can choose between the following three temperature ranges, the minimum service temperature
being -40°C (-40°F) in all cases:
- Maximum short-term temperature +40°C (104°F) and a maximum long-term temperature6 of +23°C (73°F)
- Maximum short-term temperature +80°C (176°F) and a maximum long-term temperature +50°C (122°F)
- Maximum long-term temperature 60% to 100% of short-term temperature, whereby the maximum short-term
temperature is established by the applicant
6Short-term temperatures are assumed to occur within a relatively brief time span (e.g., owing to diurnal cycles), whereas long-term
temperatures are sustained for extended periods.
3.4.4 Tests
Suitability tests (reliability tests) take into account use categories (installation, intended use and temperature)
as well as the influence of hole cleaning, insofar as these may be of great importance for the functioning of the
anchor. Installation safety tests are conducted under various use scenarios that present unique conditions for
the installation: dry concrete, wet (saturated) concrete and submerged concrete. Installation safety tests are
conducted with a reduced cleaning process to measure the influence of incomplete cleaning. The cleaning of
the hole must be reduced to two blowing operations and one brushing operation, provided the manufacturer’s
installation instructions specify hole cleaning with at least four blowing and two brushing operations. If the
instruction specifies less than this the number of hole cleaning operations is reduced proportionally to the next
whole number. If the manufacturer’s installation instructions specify two blowing and one brushing operation,
the suitability tests are carried out without the brushing operation. The hole cleaning equipment specified by the
manufacturer is used. If the hole cleaning or the equipment is not sufficiently specified, the tests are conducted
without hole cleaning.
Tests for evaluating sensitivity to freeze/thaw conditions, as well as sustained load tests at standard ambient
temperature and at maximum long-term temperature, are required for checking bonding behavior. Tests for
functioning in low-strength and high-strength concrete, crack width cycling and repeated loads are similar to the
tests for metal anchors outlined in Part 1.
For determination of the influence of concrete variability, tests are conducted in the following test members:
- Concrete C20/25 (2,900 psi) originating from at least three different batches if the concrete is delivered from
different concrete suppliers and from at least four different batches if the concrete is from the same concrete supplier
- Concrete C50/60 (7,250 psi) originating from at least two different batches
Reference tension tests have to be conducted as so called confined tests (close supports) in all concrete batches.
The results of reference tension tests are used when determining the influence of the different concrete parameters.
The durability of the adhesive is verified by slice tests. In these tests, the sensitivity of the installed anchor to
different environmental exposures is investigated. The test is conducted as follows: A medium diameter anchor is
installed in a concrete member (cylinder/cube). After the adhesive material has hardened, the concrete member
is cut into 30 mm (1.2 in.) thick slices. Slices are stored in an alkaline fluid (pH = 13.2) for 2000 hours; optionally,
80 cycles are carried out on slices in a sulfur dioxide atmosphere (Kesternich Test). Other slices are stored under
normal environmental conditions. Subsequently, the residual bond strength of the slice is measured by punching
the threaded rod out of the slice.
If a decrease in bonding strength appears because of the storage in alkaline fluid or under sulfur dioxide
atmosphere, the characteristic tension resistance of the anchor is reduced accordingly.
3.5 ETAG 001 Part 6 – Anchors for the multiple use for nonstructural applications
3.5.1 General
Part 6 [12] of ETAG 001 was adopted in January 2003. Whereas Parts 1 through 5 of ETAG 001 cover the general
use of anchors and, in particular, single anchors, Part 6 provides additional utility for the approval of anchors used
in redundant applications.
The intended use of anchors approved under Part 6 is for the anchorage of nonstructural component applications,
such as the suspension of ceilings and pipes where multiple anchors are used in series. In these applications,
the failure of one fastening point is unlikely to cause the collapse of the component, insofar as the load can
redistribute to adjacent anchors. In view of this, Part 6 mandates a reduced test program that is intended to
result in a probability of failure that is consistent with that established for single anchor applications under Part
2 though 5. In addition, anchors covered by Part 6 extend to smaller diameters, smaller anchorage depths and a
reduced system of conformity.
3.5.2 Scope
Part 6 covers post-installed metal anchors with a minimum thread size M5 and a minimum drill hole diameter
of 5 mm (0.2 in.). The minimum effective anchorage depth in concrete is 30 mm (1.2 in.). It can be reduced to
25 mm (1.0 in) for special cases, e.g., where dry internal conditions exist. Anchors under Part 6 are qualified for
use in normal weight concrete of strength classes C12/15 (1,700 psi) through C50/60 (7,250 psi). The minimum
member thickness is 80 mm (3.2 in.) and must be at least twice the anchorage depth.
The design of the attached component (pipe, ceiling runner, etc.) must be such that in case of excessive slip or
failure of one anchor the load will be transmitted to neighboring anchors. The design of the component may
specify the number n1 of attachments per component and the number n2 of anchors per attachment. In addition,
by limiting the design load Nsd on any one attachment to a value ≥ n3 up to which the available strength and
stiffness of the fixture is assumed to fulfill the requirement for load transfer in the case of excessive slip or failure
of one anchor, the necessity of explicitly checking the attachment is eliminated. The definition of multiple use
according to the Member States is given in Annex 1 of ETAG 001, Part 6. If a Member State does not provide a
definition, the following default values are applicable:
n1 ≥ 4; n2 ≥ 1 and n3 ≤ 3.0 kN (670 lbf) or
n1 ≥ 3; n2 ≥ 1 and n3 ≤ 2.0 kN (450 lbf).
These default values are based on research into the behavior of redundant fastenings; they also comply with
existing German approvals. The probability of failure of these nonstructural applications in case of excessive slip
or failure of one anchor is in the same range as the probability of failure of a single anchor according to ETAG 001
Parts 2 through 5.
3.5.3 Tests and Evaluation
As in the other parts of the Guideline the type and number of required suitability tests and the criteria for the
assessment are specified in tables. In general, all the tests are conducted as tension tests on single anchors not
influenced by spacings or edge distances.
Tests for admissible service conditions are conducted as tension tests in cracked concrete with a crack width of
0.2 mm (0.008 in.) Three possible design methods are given in ETAG 001, Annex C. If design method C is used,
the tests for the minimum required spacing and edge distance may be omitted, provided the spacing and edge
distances comply with the values in Table 4. In addition, the admissible service condition tests depend on the
design method. Hence, the choice of the design method is a precondition for assessing the anchor.
The peak loads achieved in the suitability tests must meet, dependent on the type of test, a minimum threshold of
75% to 100% of the maximum load of the reference tests under standard conditions. Where this is not the case,
a reduction factor similar to the other parts of the Guideline must be applied when determining the characteristic
resistance of the anchor.
Part 6 mandates reduced requirements on the load/displacement behavior compared to ETAG 001 Parts 1 through
5. A reduction in load and/or a horizontal or near-horizontal part in the curve caused by uncontrolled slip of the
anchor is not acceptable up to a load of 40% of the maximum load (compared to 70% of the maximum load for
the other parts of the Guideline). Unlike Parts 1 through 5, Part 6 specifies no limits on the scatter of the load/
displacement curves in ETAG 001, Part 6.
Table 4 – Spacings, edge distances and concrete member thickness according to ETAG 001
3.6 ETAG 001 Annexes A, B and C
The three annexes are mandatory parts of the Guideline.
Annex A “Details of tests” contains all information necessary for the performance of approval tests. As the
concrete has a great influence on the test results, the concrete test members must be documented precisely
regarding the composition (aggregates, type of cement, cement content and water/cement ratio), concrete
strength, dimensions and casting/curing to show compliance with the Guideline. Furthermore, the anchors and
their installation are defined, as well as the required test equipment. The test procedures for the different tests
are explained, and the required data to be included in the test report are listed.
Annex B “Tests for admissible service conditions, detailed information” sets out the number and type of tests that
are required for the determination of the admissible service conditions. These depend on the option chosen by
the manufacturer (see Table 1) and on the current experience available regarding the load-bearing behavior of the
anchors. Provided that current experience exists for a certain anchor type, the simplified approach stated in Annex
B may be used to evaluate the characteristic failure loads. The number of tests can be reduced substantially when
using this simplified method.
Annex C “Design methods for anchorages” describes the three different design methods for anchorages. The
design methods correlate with the chosen option according to Table 2. The information given in the ETA includes
only the characteristic values for approved single anchors. The design of the anchorages (e.g., arrangement of
anchors in a group of anchors, effect of edges or corners of the concrete member) is carried out according to the
respective design method. The design method for anchorages in concrete according to Annex C will in future be
superseded by the CEN standard CEN/TC 250/SC 2/WG 2 in “Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete” [13]
which addresses both post-installed as well as cast-in anchors. This document has recently been published as an
Annex to Eurocode 27. It is to be expected that, in future, ETAs for anchors will make reference to this standard
instead of Annex C.
3.7 Technical Reports of ETAG 001
3.7.1 General
Technical Reports (TRs) amend the Guidelines in certain details, e.g., by establishing special test methods.
Technical Reports are developed as supporting reference documents to European Technical Approval Guidelines
(ETAG). Technical Reports go into detail in some aspects and express the common understanding of existing
knowledge and experience of the Approval Bodies at a particular point in time. Where knowledge and experience
is developing, especially through approval work, such reports can be amended and supplemented. The following
Technical Reports are available in the field of anchorages to concrete:
- TR 018 Assessment of torque-controlled bonded anchors (March 2003)
- TR 020 Evaluation of anchorages in concrete concerning resistance to fire (May 2004)
- TR 023 Assessment of post-installed rebar connections (November 2006)
- TR 029 Design of bonded anchors (June 2007).
3.7.2 TR 020 - Evaluation of Anchorages in Concrete Concerning Resistance to Fire
Tests with fire exposure as well as fundamental research have shown that in case of fire not only is the resistance
of the exposed unprotected metal parts of the anchors reduced, but in addition the resistance to pull-out and
concrete breakout failure is diminished. Technical Report [14] includes reduction factors for the different failure
modes as well as test procedures under which a design for fire exposure can proceed on the basis of ETAG 001, Annex
C. The Technical Report includes a simplified design method using reduction factors developed by fundamental
research (tests with fire exposure) as well as an experimental determination of the duration of the fire resistance
of anchorages in cracked and uncracked concrete. The characteristic tension strength (characteristic resistance)
of an anchor in case of steel failure is given in tables in TR020. These values are also valid for the unprotected
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures is one of a set of ten European standards that contain common structural rules for the design of
7
+ Also covers units with vertical perforations comprising up to 15% of the unit cross section.
* Also includes use category dry/wet (d/w).
All categories may be combined arbitrarily.
The tests involved in the assessment of anchors are:
- Tests for confirming their suitability (reliability tests),
- Tests for evaluating the admissible service conditions (service-condition tests), and
- Tests for checking durability of the adhesive and the metal parts.
The following suitability tests are necessary for these anchors:
- Setting capacity in dry and wet base material,
- Reliability under the influence of different temperatures,
- Reliability under sustained and repeated loads,
- Reliability under freeze/thaw conditions, and
- Determination of the maximum torque moment.
As with other anchor types, a certain reduction in failure load, scatter of test results and deviation of load/
displacement behavior in comparison to the behavior under normal conditions is acceptable.
Tension and shear tests for single anchors are conducted to determine the admissible service conditions and
the minimum edge distance. The minimum spacing may be determined on anchor groups if deviating from the
recommended values.
Annex A “Details of tests” is analogous to Annex A for other anchor types.
Annex B (informative) “Recommendations for tests to be carried out on the construction works” is similar to the
corresponding annex for plastic anchors. In lieu of pull-out tests, a determination of the characteristic capacity
via proof load testing is possible.
In addition to the standard design procedures, Annex C “Design methods for anchorages” includes a simplified
procedure that establishes a value for all load directions. A reduction factor is applied in both design methods for
masonry with nonfilled joints or where the joint condition is not verifiable (plastered walls). Additionally, it must
be shown that the extraction of a single masonry unit from the wall under anchor tension loading is precluded.
5 Common Understanding of Assessment Procedure (CUAPs)
As discussed in Section 2.4, European Technical Approvals may be generated with Guidelines or, alternately, with
CUAPs. Unlike Guidelines, which are placed in their entirety in the public domain by EOTA, CUAPs are identified
only by title [5, 18]. The specific CUAP provisions must be obtained from the approval bodies. Some representative
CUAPs are described below.
5.1 CUAP for anchor channels
Anchor channels are comprised of segments of C-shaped channel profiles fabricated from
hot-rolled or cold-formed steel with at least two anchor elements attached to the channel
web. The anchors must be attached to the channel during anchor fabrication at the plant (i.e.,
may not be welded on site). The number of anchors that may be attached to the channel is
not limited. Anchor channels are set in the formwork so that the rim of the channel is flush
with the concrete surface. They accept various forms of T-bolts, spring nuts or other forms of
Anchor Channel interlocking attachments.
The anchor channels, anchors, screws, nuts and washers are fabricated from carbon or stainless steels. Anchor
channels addressed by the CUAP range in length from 100 mm to 6 m (4 in. to ca. 20 ft.). The channel profile must
have a depth of 15 to 50 mm (0.6 to 2 in.), and a width of 25 to 75 mm (1 to 3 in.). The anchor length as measured
from the attachment point to the channel should be at least 60 mm (2.4 in.).
The anchors are either welded or cold-forged to the channel web. Welded anchors may consist of T-profiles, shear
studs or headed bolts. Cold-forged anchors consist of round bolts (minimum diameter 5 mm) with a forged head
at the embedded end. (The head may also consist of a nut threaded onto the end of a stud.) During manufacture,
the anchor elements are inserted into holes in the back of the channel and secured by a cold forging process.
Anchor channels are intended for use under predominantly static load or semistatic load in reinforced or
unreinforced normal weight concrete of strength class C12/15 to C90/105 (1,700 to 13,000 psi). Anchor
channels may be qualified for use in concrete that may crack over the anchor service life. They may be used for
the transmission of tension, and shear or oblique loads, as long as the loads act perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of the channel.
Verification and evaluation of suitability.
The CUAP addresses only loads applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel. Uses where the
load acts along the channel axis are not addressed. Characteristic resistances are determined through tests
specified in the CUAP and ETAG 001 [6] in conjunction with the design method according to CEN/TC 250/SC
2/WG 2 [13]. Design for both cracked and uncracked concrete is included; however, all tests are conducted in
uncracked concrete.
In addition to the usual anchor failure modes, anchor channels exhibit the following additional failure modes:
- Failure of the connection of the anchor to the channel;
- Failure of the spring nut, T-bolt, etc., used to transfer loads to the channel;
- Failure by local distortion of the channel flange and subsequent extraction of the spring nut, T-bolt, etc.; and
- Flexural failure/buckling of the channel.
Depending on the kind of steel used, various durability categories are applicable. For proof of durability no special
verifications are necessary if the following conditions are met:
- All steel parts are protected by a minimum concrete cover according to the national provisions of the Member
States;
- For dry, interior locations: Channels and anchors fabricated from carbon steel are hot-dip galvanized (coating
≥ 50 µm), and the threaded fasteners are electro-galvanized (plating ≥ 5 µm) and/or mechanically zinc-coated
(plating ≥ 10 µm);
- For dry interior conditions as well as humid internal conditions, external atmosphere, industrial atmosphere
and marine environments, if no particularly aggressive conditions exist: All parts fabricated from a suitable
austenitic stainless steel (1.4401, 1.4404 or 1.4571); and
- For dry interior conditions, humid internal conditions, external atmosphere, industrial atmosphere, marine
environments and particularly aggressive conditions: All parts fabricated from high-grade stainless steel
(1.4529 or 1.4547). Aggressive conditions may include permanent or alternating immersion in seawater (e.g.,
coastal splash zones), chloride atmosphere of indoor swimming pools or atmosphere with extreme chemical
pollution (e.g., in desulphurization plants or road tunnels where deicing salts are used).
If other corrosion protection measures are employed, the effect of the corrosion protection must be separately
verified taking into account the various environmental influences.
The following admissible service conditions for the channel bar are set forth in the ETA:
- characteristic resistances of all steel parts under tension and shear loading,
- geometric data of the channel,
- factors for the load distribution,
- characteristic and minimum spacing and edge distances of the anchor,
- characteristic spacing and edge distances for splitting,
- minimum thickness of the concrete member,
- anchorage depth,
- required torque,
- existence of supplementary reinforcement, and
- admissible displacements under tension and shear loading.
Verifications are carried out for the following failure modes:
- Characteristic resistances under tension load:
• concrete cone failure
• splitting failure
• blow-out failure
• design tension resistance of supplementary reinforcement
- Characteristic resistances under shear load:
• steel failure with lever arm
• concrete pry-out failure
• concrete edge failure
• design shear resistance of supplementary reinforcement
- Influence length of load distribution to the individual anchors
5.2 The CUAP for embed plates with welded studs
This CUAP deals with anchor assemblies consisting most generally of one or several anchors, usually shear studs,
welded to a steel plate. Depending on the welding method, the welding is performed either in the manufacturing
plant or on the construction site. The steel plate with the welded-on anchor bolts is mounted in the formwork,
producing a surface-flush anchorage to which other components can be welded. The plate and anchors may
consist of carbon steel or suitable stainless steels.
The following anchor bolts may be used:
- Headed studs of nonalloy or stainless steel for stud arc welding with the dimensions and the symbol “SD”
according to clauses 4 and 6, Table 13 of EN ISO 13918-1998 [19]. It is also permitted to use stacked headed
studs welded on top of each other by means of stud arc welding. A padded ring is to be placed underneath the
head of the first headed stud. The padded ring is intended to prevent load transfer through the upper bolt head.
- Headed anchor bolts of generic type
- Headed deformed reinforcing bars of grade B 500 B
For steel plates that are loaded by tensile forces in the through-thickness direction, the risk of lamellar tearing of
the plate needs to be considered. For fatigue loading applications, only ultrasonic inspected plates may be used.
Headed studs for stud arc welding according to EN ISO 13918:1998 are welded to the steel plate by means of
drawn stud arc welding with ceramic ferrules or protective gas. Welding of the headed studs via stud arc welding
may be performed in the manufacturing plant or on site. Other anchor bolts or headed reinforcing bars are welded
to the steel plate via metal inert gas welding (MIG welding) at the manufacturing plant.
Verification and evaluation of suitability.
The test program is similar to that used for headed bolts and undercut anchors. The design procedure is similar
to that used for metal anchors in Annex C of ETAG 001 [6]. The necessary tests serve to check the calculated
verifications, which were derived from tests on headed bolts.
Welded connections using stud arc welding are checked in accordance with EN ISO 14555 Table 10. For MIG
welded specimens (Process 135) tensile tests and impact bending tests ≥ 60° are performed.
The following tests are performed for the determination of the characteristic tension resistance of the headed
bolts:
- Determination of the steel capacity
- Concrete cone failure of a single anchor without influence of spacing and edge distance
- Blow-out failure of a single anchor at the member edge.
The characteristic shear capacity of a single anchor is checked at the member edge. The minimum edge distance
of the at least 160 mm long headed bolts with a diameter of at least 25 mm is 100 mm, and the concrete strength
is at least C20/25 (2,900 psi).
No special tests are required for the verification of the durability of the steel plate with cast-in anchors if one of
the following applies:
- Nonalloy steel is used and installation is limited to dry interior conditions.
-Suitable stainless steels (Steel plate 1.4571, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4439 and headed bolt 1.4401, 1.4301, 1.4303)
in external atmospheric exposure (including industrial and marine environment) if no particularly aggressive
conditions exist.
Design and Installation.
Design must consider all loading conditions. If a design method other than that given in the CUAP is used, the test
program must be revised as required. Verifiable calculations and drawings are established by taking account of
the loads to be transferred. The position of the embed plate is shown on the drawings together with all adjoining
reinforcement. The following installation conditions are assumed:
- The installation is carried out by qualified personnel under the supervision of the site manager.
- The embed plate corresponds to that tested without substitution, including the dimensions of the steel plate,
size and length of the anchors, grade of steel and welding method.
- The embed plate is placed in the formwork such that no movement of the plate occurs during the placement and
compaction of the concrete.
- Complete compaction of the concrete under the steel plate and around the anchor heads.
- Compliance with the prescribed installation parameters.
- All welding of steel components to the embed plate is performed by a contractor meeting the corresponding
quality requirements for welding according to EN 729 “Quality requirements for welding – fusion welding of
metallic materials”.
5.3 The CUAP for concrete screws for anchorage in normal-weight concrete
Screw anchors (concrete screws) are fabricated with a thread possessing
sufficient hardness to enable the screw anchor to be screwed into a predrilled
cylindrical drill hole in the concrete. The anchor head (hexagon head, counter
sunk, etc.) is designed to permit manual installation with a wrench or setting
Concrete Screw with an impact screw driver. The thread of the screw cuts a matching thread
into the concrete during setting. Tension forces are resisted by mechanical interlock over the threaded length.
Screw anchors may be fabricated from galvanized, coated or stainless steel. The CUAP addresses screw anchors
with a minimum drill hole diameter of 6 mm; the minimum effective embedment depth is 40 mm.
Verification and evaluation of suitability.
The tests set out in the CUAP are based on ETAG 001 Part 3 – undercut anchors. Additionally, setting tests are
conducted to demonstrate that neither steel failure of the screw nor stripping of the internal thread occurs during
setting. The CUAP does not address the removal and resetting of screw anchors.
Reliability tests (suitability tests) and service-condition tests are conducted in accordance with ETAG 001 Part 3.
The additional setting tests to verify the installation process are as follows:
- Setting tests in high-strength concrete, C50/60 (7,250 psi) with the smallest admissible drill diameter.
- Setting tests in low-strength concrete, C20/25 (2,900 psi) with the largest admissible drill diameter.
- Setting with impact screw driver.
- Repeated load tests according to ETAG 001, Part 3. In these tests, a beveled washer is used to check the head
for susceptibility to premature fracture.
- Embrittlement tests. The manufacture of screw anchors typically involves processes intended to achieve the
necessary hardness in the threads, which may also lead to a greater likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement and
stress corrosion fracture. Therefore, in these tests, a sufficient safety margin must be demonstrated against
brittle fracture of the screw anchor. No failure may occur during the setting tests, even when the recommended
installation torque by the manufacturer is exceeded by a defined margin.
Design and installation.
The design procedures for screw anchors follow from those used for other mechanical anchors according to ETAG
001, Annex C, Method A. When installing screw anchors, special attention must be paid to the use of a calibrated
torque wrench or an impact driver with a defined torque limit.
Furthermore, it should be verified that the screw head comes in complete contact with the fixture and that the
screw head is not damaged.
7 Conclusion
In the field of anchors, four European Guidelines for different anchor types for use in masonry and concrete and 10
CUAPs for cast-in anchors, power actuated fasteners and special anchors were acquired. The existing Guidelines
are being adjusted on account of new knowledge and conclusions. They will be amended—e.g., with regulations
for dynamic and seismic loading—in the future.
Literature
[1] Laternser, K., “Europäische Regelungen für Befestigungssysteme (European Provisions for Anchorages)”,
Beton-Kalender 2007, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2007 (in German)
[2] “First ETAG, first ETA, First CE Marking, ” EOTA News, Issue No. June 12, 1998, Brussels.
[3] C
PD: The Construction Products Directive (Council Directive 89/106/EEC) of December 21, 1988 on
the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to
construction products
[4] Laternser, K., “Dübel mit allgemeiner bauaufsichtlicher und mit europäischer technischer Zulassung, ”
(Anchors with General Approval for Use in Construction and with European Technical Approvals) Mauerwerk-
Kalender 2000, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 2000 (in German).
[5] http://www.eota.be
[6] E
TAG 001 - Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete, Part 1: General, March 5, 2007; Part 2: Torque-Controlled
Expansion Anchors, March 5, 2007; Part 3: Undercut Anchors, October 28, 1997; Part 4: Deformation-
Controlled Expansion Anchors, March 5, 2007; Part 5: Bonded Anchors, February 1, 2008; Annex A, Annex
B, March 5, 2007; Annex C, March 5, 2007; Part 6 : Anchors for multiple use for non-structural applications,
February 2, 2004
[7] Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 254/65, October 8, 1996: Decision of the Commission of
June 24, 1996 about the attestation of conformity of building products according to article 20 paragraph 2 of
directive 89/106/EWG concerning Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete (96/582/EC)
[8] Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 62/41, March 8, 1997: Decision of the Commission of
June 24, 1996 about the attestation of conformity of building products according to article 20 paragraph 2 of
directive 89/106/EWG concerning Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete (97/161/EC)
[9] Eligehausen, Rolf; Mallée, Rainer; Silva, John F.: Anchorage in Concrete and Masonry Construction; Ernst &
Sohn, Berlin, 2005.
[10] Feistel, G.: Leitlinie für die europäische technische Zulassung für Verbunddübel; (Guideline for European
Technical Approval of adhesive anchors) DIBt News Vol. 3/2002; Ernst & Sohn, Berlin (in German)
[11] EOTA TR 018, Assessment of Torque Controlled Bonded Anchors, March 2003
[12] Laternser, K.: ETA-Leitlinie Metalldübel für die Verwendung als Mehrfachbefestigung von nichttragenden
Systemen verabschiedet (Guideline for European Technical Approval of redundant fasteners adopted); DIBt-
News Vol 5/2003; Ernst & Sohn, Berlin (in German)
[13] CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009: Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete; June 2009
[14] EOTA, TR 020, Evaluation of Anchorages in Concrete concerning Resistance to Fire, May 2004
[15] E
OTA, ETAG 020 Plastic Anchors, Part 1: General, Part 2: for Use in Normal Weight Concrete, Part 3: for Use
in Solid Masonry Materials, Part 4: for Use in Hollow or Perforated Masonry, Part 5: for Use in Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete and Annexes A, B and C, July 17, 2006
[16] EOTA, ETAG 014 Plastic Anchors for ETICS, January 16, 2002
[17] EOTA, ETAG 029 – Metal Injection Anchors for Use in Masonry, not yet published
[18] http://www.dibt.de
[19] ISO 13918: 2008-02, Welding - Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding
[20] EOTA, TR 023, Assessment of Post-Installed Rebar Connections, November 2006
[21] EOTA, TR 029, Design of Bonded Anchors, June 2007
This article is intended to provide information about the European Provisions for the Testing Assessment and Design of Anchors in Concrete and
Masonry. It should not be construed as an endorsement or procedural recommendation by ICC-ES®.