Balancing Rations For Sheep and Goats: Animal Science
Balancing Rations For Sheep and Goats: Animal Science
Balancing Rations For Sheep and Goats: Animal Science
Extension
Program FSA9613
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
David Fernandez
Extension Livestock
To achieve the best production how much of the feed an animal will
Specialist
from your flock or herd of sheep or have to consume to meet its needs.
goats, you must provide them with For example, silage averages 34%
optimum nutrition throughout the DM, meaning that about twothirds of
production cycle. Unfortunately, some the silage is just water. The animals
of the most critical periods in the will drink less because they are get
production
cycle are also those during ting water from their feed, but they
which pastures are not available or will have to eat many more pounds of
are not at their peak. This means you silage than they will of hay, which
will have to feed your animals to tends to be about 88% dry matter. If
maintain their productivity. But feed our 100lb doe could get all of her
costs are high, and overfeeding your nutrients from silage or hay, she
sheep and goats will not only waste would have to consume 7.5 to 9 lbs of
feed and money, but it can cause silage to meet her needs. She would
problems,
especially at or around the only have to eat 2.8 to 3.4 lbs of 88%
time of birth. How do you meet the DM hay to do the same thing.
needs of your animals without spend
ing more than you have to? Balance The stage of the production cycle
a ration! is critical to know because animals
have different needs depending upon
To balance a ration you will need what you are asking their bodies to
to know how much your animals do. For example, during late summer
weigh, their stage of the production ewes and does are not usually still
cycle and the nutrient contents of producing milk and they have not yet
your available feeds. You will also been bred. Their nutritional needs are
need to be familiar with a few terms at the lowest point of the year, and
that are commonly used in nutrition. good pasture should meet or exceed
all of their needs. During late preg
You need to know your animals’ nancy their nutrient requirements
weights because feed requirements nearly double to meet the needs of the
are higher for larger animals than rapidly growing fetuses. Once they
they are for smaller ones. Ruminants kid or lamb, their needs will be triple
tend to eat 2.5% to 3% of their body their late summer levels to meet the
weight in dry matter (DM) each day. demands of milk production for their
So, a 100lb doe or ewe will eat about growing kids or lambs. Growing kids
2.5 to 3 lbs of DM per day on average, and lambs need roughly the same
and a 150lb doe or ewe will eat about amount of energy and protein as their
3 to 4.5 lbs of DM per day. dams, yet they are only half as big.
The National Research Council (NRC)
What is dry matter? Feeds are has developed tables you can use to
made up of proteins, carbohydrates, estimate the nutrient needs of your
fats, minerals, vitamins and water. animals depending upon their size
The amount of water in a feed alters and stage of production.
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating
Finally, you need to know the nutrient content of Nutrients, and it is measured as a percent of the DM
the feeds you are offering. It is not uncommon for in the feed. TDN is an approximation of the energy
goats and sheep to nibble on straw bedding or wood value of all of the carbohydrates, proteins and fats in
shavings, but they have little nutritional value. You the feed. Because neither TDN nor DE are required
can make a reasonable guess about nutrient quality to be on the feed label, you may have to calculate
by using values established by the NRC if you want the TDN.
If you already have the feed, you can look at the
guaranteed analysis on the feed tag. The Arkansas A pound of feed that is 50% DM and 80% TDN
Feed Law (Act 726 of 1997) requires feed mills to pro would have 0.4 lb of TDN (1 lb x 50% x 80% = 0.4 lb).
vide basic nutrient information on all livestock feeds Ruminants like sheep and goats convert excess
sold in Arkansas. Nutrient information required by
protein into energy in the rumen. DE is Digestible
Arkansas includes: Energy, a measure of the difference between the
gross energy in the feed and the gross energy left in
1. Minimum percentage of Crude Protein. the manure. DE is often reported in megacalories per
2. Maximum percentage of equivalent crude
kilogram (Mcal/kg) or per pound (Mcal/lb).
protein
from NonProtein Nitrogen (NPN)
when added.
Most sheep and goat producers use TDN because
3. Minimum percentage of Crude Fat. it is easier to work with. But the requirements of
4. Maximum percentage of Crude Fiber. sheep and goats are often listed using DE. To convert
5. Minimum and maximum percentage of
DE to TDN, use:
Calcium.
OR
6. Minimum percentage of Phosphorus.
% TDN = Mcal/lb ÷ 2
7. Minimum and maximum percentage of Salt
(if added).
8. Minimum and maximum percentage of total
Sodium shall be guaranteed only when total For example, a feed containing 2.42 Mcal/kg DE
Sodium exceeds that furnished by the maxi would contain 1.1 Mcal/lb DE, which would be
mum salt guarantee.
equivalent to 55% TDN.
9. Minimum and maximum Copper in parts per
OR
million (ppm) (if added, or if total copper
exceeds 20 ppm).
10. Minimum Selenium in parts per million (ppm).
11. Minimum Vitamin A, other than precursors of
Vitamin A, in International Units per pound
Crude protein (CP) is a measure of the amount of
(if added).
nitrogen in a feed. Nitrogen is the key element in
Information about energy content of the feed is not
protein. Nitrogen is easy to measure and is used as a
substitute for actual protein. Labels on feeds in
required to be on the label. Arkansas must state how much CP and how much
nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) is in the feed. Ruminants
In the case of hays, silages or pastures, you can
have the ability to convert cheap NPN into protein
collect a sample and take it to your county Extension
because of the bacteria in the rumen. You should
agent. Your agent will send the sample in for analysis
avoid feeding too much NPN though, because it can
for $18 in Arkansas at the time of this writing. Once
cause digestive upset. CP is what you will use to
you have this information, you are ready to create a
develop your ration.
ration for your sheep or goats.
Worksheet 1
Hay
52 TDN Requirement
Total
Worksheet 2
Hay Hay (88 – 65.6)
52 TDN Requirement
22.4
Ground corn 65.6 Corn (65.6 – 52)
88 13.6
Total 36
Worksheet 3
Hay/corn ration
7.8 CP Requirement
10.6
Total
Worksheet 4
Hay/corn ration Hay/corn ration (24.4 – 10.6)
7.8 CP Requirement
13.8
Whole cottonseed
10.6 Whole cottonseed (10.6 – 7.8)
24.4 2.8
Total 16.6
Divide the number you got for the hay/corn ration Remember that your hay/corn ration is made up
you made earlier by the total and multiply by 100 to of 62.2% hay and 37.8% ground corn. Since your new
get the percent of the final ration that will be hay: ration is 2.66 lbs of the hay/corn ration, your final
(13.8 ÷ 16.6) x 100 = 83.1%. Do the same for the num ration will be:
Summary References
Sheep and goats have different nutritional needs Arkansas Feed Regulations. Arkansas State Plant
depending upon size and stage of production. Feeds Board. http://plantboard.arkansas.gov
provide nutrients to meet these needs, but the nutri /FeedFertilizer/Documents/FeedLaws
ents in feeds can vary greatly from one source to /Feed%20Reg.pdf. Accessed 2/26/2014.
another. Feeds, especially forages, should be tested Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research
to make sure you are feeding enough to meet the Council. Nutrient Requirements of Small
animals’
needs. Begin by balancing your ration for Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and
how much they can eat, the DM energy (TDN or DE) New World Camelids. 2007. The National
and/or DM CP. Remember to convert the final results Academies Press.
from DM to an asfed basis. By balancing a ration, University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension
you will meet your livestock’s needs while avoiding Service. Arkansas Feedstuffs Database 20Year
overfeeding, wasting feed and high feed bills. Summary.
Feed 2 Feed 2
Total
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DR. DAVID FERNANDEZ is Extension livestock specialist with the Issued in furtherance of Extension work, Act of September 29, 1977, in
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