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    Introduction To Human Anatomy & Physiology: Prepared by Mr. Abhay Shripad Joshi Yash Institute of Pharmacy Aurangabad

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    Mourian Aman
    This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the physical structure of the human body and physiology as the study of the internal workings of living things, including functions like metabolism. It describes the six levels of structural organization from atoms to the whole organism. It lists the 11 major organ systems of the human body and the 6 basic life processes. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions and the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems in regulating homeostasis. It concludes by describing some basic anatomical terminology including anatomical position, regional names, sections, directional terms, and body cavities.

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    Introduction To Human Anatomy & Physiology: Prepared by Mr. Abhay Shripad Joshi Yash Institute of Pharmacy Aurangabad

    Uploaded by

    Mourian Aman
    54 views18 pages
    This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the physical structure of the human body and physiology as the study of the internal workings of living things, including functions like metabolism. It describes the six levels of structural organization from atoms to the whole organism. It lists the 11 major organ systems of the human body and the 6 basic life processes. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions and the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems in regulating homeostasis. It concludes by describing some basic anatomical terminology including anatomical position, regional names, sections, directional terms, and body cavities.

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    This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the physical structure of the human body and physiology as the study of the internal workings of living things, including functions like metabolism. It describes the six levels of structural organization from atoms to the whole organism. It lists the 11 major organ systems of the human body and the 6 basic life processes. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions and the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems in regulating homeostasis. It concludes by describing some basic anatomical terminology including anatomical position, regional names, sections, directional terms, and body cavities.

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    54 views18 pages

    Introduction To Human Anatomy & Physiology: Prepared by Mr. Abhay Shripad Joshi Yash Institute of Pharmacy Aurangabad

    Uploaded by

    Mourian Aman
    This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the physical structure of the human body and physiology as the study of the internal workings of living things, including functions like metabolism. It describes the six levels of structural organization from atoms to the whole organism. It lists the 11 major organ systems of the human body and the 6 basic life processes. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions and the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems in regulating homeostasis. It concludes by describing some basic anatomical terminology including anatomical position, regional names, sections, directional terms, and body cavities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    INTRODUCTION TO

    HUMAN ANATOMY &


    PHYSIOLOGY
    Prepared by
    Mr. Abhay Shripad Joshi
    Yash Institute of Pharmacy
    Aurangabad
    [email protected]
    DEFINATION
    • Human Anatomy:
    It is the branch of science that studies the physical structure of
    human body.
    • Physiology:
    It is the branch of biology that deals with the internal working of
    living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration and
    reproduction.
    STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

    All multicellular organisms are organized at different levels, starting


    with the cell and ending with the entire organism.

    ATOM MOLECULE CELL TISSUE

    ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGAN


    LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
    ORGANIZATION
    • There are six levels of organization (from smallest to largest)
    1. The chemical level
    2. The cellular level
    3. The tissue level
    4. The organ level
    5. The organ system level
    6. The organism level
    SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
    • There are 11 systems of the human body
    1. Integumentary system (hairs, nails, sweat glands, oil glands)
    2. Skeletal system
    3. Muscular system
    4. Endocrine system
    5. Cardiovascular system
    6. Lymphatic system
    7. Respiratory system
    8. Digestive system
    9. Nervous system
    10. Urinary system
    11. Reproductive system
    BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
    • There are 6 most important life processes of human body are :
    1. Metabolism: It is the sum of all chemical processes that occurs in the
    body.
    a) Catabolism: breakdown of complex chemical substance into simpler
    components e.g. digestion of protein into amino acids.
    b) Anabolism: building up of complex chemical substance from smaller, simpler
    components e.g. use of amino acids to build new proteins of the body.
    2. Responsiveness: It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
    3. Movement: It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single
    cells etc.
    4. Growth: It is an increase in body size and weight
    5. Differentiation: It is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a
    specialized state.
    6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or to the production of a new individual.
    HOMEOSTASIS
    • Homeostasis- the self-sustaining mechanisms in organisms that tries to
    maintain stable internal conditions.
    • Without homeostasis, organisms would not be able to have stable
    internal conditions, and therefore would not be able to survive.
    • Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing
    conditions.
    The two body systems that largely control the body’s homeostatic
    state:
    1. Nervous system
    2. Endocrine system
    • Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by
    • external stimuli
    • intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
    • internal stimuli
    • psychological stresses
    • exercise
    • Disruptions are usually mild & temporary
    • If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result
    CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS
    • Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the
    external or internal environments.
    • Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine
    system, acting together or independently.
    • The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to
    counteract the disruption.
    • The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting
    hormones.
    • Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones usually work
    more slowly.
    BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
    ANATOMICAL POSITION
    • The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or
    imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical
    references.
    TERMINOLOGY
    • Reclining Position
    • If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position.
    • If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.
    REGIONAL NAMES
    1. Head: It consist of skull and face.
    2. Neck: It supports the head.
    3. Trunk: It consist of chest, abdomen and pelvis.
    4. Upper limb: It consist of the shoulder, armpit,
    arm, forearm, wrist.
    5. Lower limb: It consist of thigh, ankle, and foot.
    SECTIONS
    Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures.
    They are named according to the plane on which the cut is made and
    include
    1. Sagittal
    2. Frontal
    3. Transverse
    DIRECTIONAL TERMS
    • Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body
    relative to another and to reduce length of explanations.
    • Superior/Cephalic/Cranial
    • Inferior/Caudal
    • Anterior/Ventral/Rostral
    • Posterior/Dorsal
    • Superficial: toward surface
    • Deep: away from surface
    BODY CAVITIES

    1. Cranial
    2. Thoracic
    3. Abdominal
    4. Pelvic
    THANK YOU

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