Intro 1

BASIC
ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY1
An Introduction to the Human Body
 Anatomy
 science of structure
 relationships revealed by dissection (cutting
apart)
 imaging techniques
 Physiology
 scienceof body functions
 normal adult physiology is studied in this class
 some genetic variations occur
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEFINED
 Anatomy
 the study of structure and the relationships
among structures.
 Subdivisions
 surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic
anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic
anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology,
cytology, and pathological anatomy
Gross Anatomy
 Regional – all structures in one part of the
body (such as the abdomen or leg)
 Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied
by system
 Surface – study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin

Microscopic Anatomy
 Cytology – study of the cell
 Histology – study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy
 Traces structural changes throughout life
 Embryology – study of developmental

changes of the body before birth
LEVELS of Organization for the Human Body
1. Chemical Level
a. Atoms
(Proton, Neutron, electrons)
b. Molecules
(Two or more atoms joined
together by either covalent or
ionic bonds)
Four biologically important
organic molecules in the
human body
a. Proteins which are made
from 20 different Amino
Acids
b. Complex Carbohydrates
made from simple sugars
c. Nucleic Acids made for
nucleotides
d. Lipids made from fatty acids
and glycerol
2. Organelles – small structure
within the cell that performs one or
more functions
3. Cells
(Smallest structural and functional
units of the human body)
4. Tissues
group of cells and the
materials surrounding them
that work together to
perform a particular
function
5. Organs
composed of two or more
tissues work together to
provide specific functions
and they usually have
specific shapes
6. Organ systems 7. Organism

consist of one or more organs - any living thing considered
that provide a common function
as a whole
a. Reproductive system
b. Endocrine system
c. Muscular system
d. Integumentary system
e. Nervous system
f. Digestive system
g. Excretory/Urinary system
h. Respiratory system
i. Skeletal system
j. Cardiovascular system
k. Lymphatic system
Basic Life Processes
4. Growth
1. Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical Increase in number of cells, size of
processes of cells, tissues, cells, tissues, organs, and the body.
organs, and organ systems Single cell to multicellular complex
2. Responsiveness organism
Ability to detect and respond to 5. Differentiation

changes in the internal and Process a cell undergoes to develop
external environment
from a unspecialized to a
3. Movement specialized cell
Occurs at the intracellular, 6. Reproduction
cellular, organ levels
Formation of new cells for growth,
repair, or replacement, or the
production of a new individual.
Basic Life Processes
 Homeostasis
Equilibrium of the body’s internal
environment produced by the
interaction of organ systems and
regulatory processes (feedback
systems).
Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in
response to changing conditions.
The two body systems that largely
control the body’s homeostatic state:
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
Control of Homeostasis
 Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by

 external stimuli
◼ intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
 internal stimuli
◼ psychological stresses
◼ exercise
 Disruptions are usually mild & temporary

 If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result
CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS
 Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from

the external or internal environments.
 Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and
endocrine system, acting together or independently.
 The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve
impulses to counteract the disruption.
 The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting
hormones.
 Whereas nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones
usually work more slowly.
 Examples: CO2, O2, temperature, pH, blood pressure, …
ANATOMICAL POSITION
 The anatomical position is a
standardized method of
observing or imaging the body
that allows precise and
consistent anatomical
references.
THE
ANATOMICAL
POSITION
ANATOMICAL POSITION
 When in the anatomical position,
the subject stands erect facing the
observer, the upper extremities are
placed at the sides, the palms of
the hands are turned forward, and
the feet are flat on the floor.
Anatomical Position
 Body erect
 Feet slightly apart
 Palms facing forward
 Thumbs point away from
body
Figure 1.7a
TERMINOLOGY
Reclining Position

If the body is lying face down, it is in

the prone position.
If the body is lying face up, it is in
the supine position.
PLANES
 Planes are imaginary flat
surfaces that are used to
divide the body or organs
into definite areas &
include:
 Midsagittal (medial)
and parasagittal, frontal
(coronal), transverse
(cross-sectional or
horizontal) and
oblique.
SECTIONS
 Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body

structures. They are named according to the plane on which the
cut is made and include transverse, frontal, and midsagittal
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
 Directional terms are used to
precisely locate one part of the
body relative to another and to
reduce length of explanations.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
➢ Superior/Cephalic/
Cranial
➢ Inferior/Caudal
➢ Anterior/Ventral/
Posterior/Dorsal
➢ Superficial: toward
surface
➢ Deep: away from
surface
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
➢ Medial: toward
midline
➢ Lateral: away from
midline
➢ Intermediate:
between 2 points
➢ Ipsilateral: same side
➢ Contralateral:
opposite side
➢ Proximal: near origin
➢ Distal: away from
origin
Directional Terms Table 1.1
Directional Terms Table 1.1
REGIONAL NAMES
 Are names given to specific

regions of the body for reference.
 Examples: include cranial (skull),
thoracic (chest), brachial (arm),
patellar (knee), cephalic (head),
and gluteal (buttock)
Regional Terms: Anterior View
 Axial – head,
neck, and trunk
 Appendicular –
appendages or
limbs
 Specific regional
terminology
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b

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BASIC

relate to the overlying skin

 Cytology – study of the cell

 Histology – study of tissues

 Traces structural changes throughout life

 Embryology – study of developmental

6. Organ systems 7. Organism

Ability to detect and respond to 5. Differentiation

 Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by

 Disruptions are usually mild & temporary

 Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from

If the body is lying face down, it is in

 Sections are flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body

 Are names given to specific

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