Notes

Henry Murray
Murray’s Principles of Personology (Study of personality)
1. Personality is rooted in the brain. The brain controls every aspect of ones personality.
2. Tension reduction: people act the way they do to reduce
3.
4.
Group Project (due at the end of the semester)

At least 5 chapters, 2 areas
5 theories that will be covered in game
Interactive game
Allow more than one player
Dungeons and dragons

Cards against psychologists
BIG 5
Jung (archetypes)
Adler (birth order theory)
Eriksson (stages)
Horney (Neurotic trends)
McCrae and Costa (trait and factor)
Theory of Personality
-More empirical and scientific
-Adopted Freud’s id, ego and superego
Eventually caused him to unfollow Jung because Jung was more interested on finding things that
supported his ideas
Id: directs behavior, motivates
Both unacceptable and acceptable (empathy, imitation, etc.) impulses
People varied in ID energies, control therefore also varies
Superego: not always in conflict with the id, internalization of culture’s values and norms,
develops throughout life
Ego: arbiter between id and superego, organizer of behavior, consciously reasons, decides and
directs behavior
Murray’s needs
Needs are physicochemical force in the brain that organizes and directs intellectual and
perceptual abilities
Energize (creates tension) and directs behavior (reduction)
1. Viscerogenic: primary, arising from the body

2. Psychogenic: secondary, emotional satisfaction
Ambition needs
Achievement needs: to accomplish difficult tasks, overcoming obstacles and achieving expertise
Exhibition: to impress others through one’s actions and words, even if what is said or done is
shocking
Materialistic needs
Acquisition: to acquire things
Retention: to keep things that have been acquired
Order: to make things clean, neat and tidy
Construction: to make and build things
HORNEY
Psychoanalytical Social Theory
Emphasis on social and cultural influences
Culture  we live in a culture of competitiveness
Hostility creates sense of isolation and need for affection
We engage in the pathological search for love
Many problems (lack of warmth and affection) originate from childhood
Negative relationship with parents  child experiences basic hostility (towards
parents)
Repressed anger towards the parents, eventually manifested as anxiety, then
develops defenses to cope with the anxiety
1. Moving towards people
2. Moving against people
3. Moving away from people
Coverage of LT: Introduction, Freud, Adler, Jung, Erikson (Don’t study biography,
just theories)
Personality Notes (April 11)

Abraham Maslow
-tolerated his father and despised his mother
-his personal life was full of both physical and psychological pain
-mother was a religious woman who threatened him with God’s punishments
-he became an atheist
-grades were a little above average
-applied for City College of New York  Cornell University
-enrolled in law school because of his dad but eventually left
-did well in college, especially philosophy
-became a student of Edward Titchener (invented structuralism)
-married Bertha Goodman (his freakin cousin)
-enrolled at the U. of Wisconsin
-was interested in John B. Watson, that’s why he got into Psychology
-got PhD in Psychology in 1934
-died due to a heart attack at age 62
The hierarchy of needs

-an arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, which activate and direct behavior
-even if we are equipped with these needs at birth, the behaviors we use to satisfy them are
unique to each person
-the failure to satisfy the lower needs (deficit needs) produces a deficiency in the body
Physiological needs
-basic needs (food, water, air, sleep and sex)
-most prepotent of all, recurring nature, can be completely satisfied
-have a greater impact as motivating forces in cultures
Safety needs
-physical security, stability, protection, freedom from fear, chaos, danger, illness
-can never be satiated
Love and belongingness needs
-childhood experiences of being loved becomes important
-for adults, the way they address this need can be cleverly disguised
Which child were you?
-needs for love satisfied: does not feel devastated when rejected
-needs for love not met: unable to give love, devalues love
-small doses of love: motivated to seek love, stronger needs for affection and acceptance
Esteem needs
A. Reputation- perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame in the eyes of others
B. Self esteem- own feelings of worth and confidence, desire for competence, achievement,
independence, etc.
Self actualization
Not necessarily achieved once lower needs are satisfied
-individuals must embrace the b values
-realization of one’s potential; to become creative
-natural and become fully human, become independent from lower needs
Maslow’s Holistic- Dynamic Theory
Assumptions:
Its hierarchical (lower needs have prepotency over higher needs)
Activation of higher needs depends on the (relative) satisfaction of lower needs
Other needs:
Aesthetic needs
-Not universal
-Desire for beauty and order
Cognitive needs
-necessary to each of the five conative needs
-just for the satisfaction of knowing
Neurotic needs
-non productive need
-when other needs become too much or too little
-leads to stagnation and pathology
-usually compensation for unsatisfied basic needs
needs and pathology

physiological: malnutrition, fatigue, obsession w sex
safety: fear, insecurity, dread
love: defensive, overly aggressive
esteem: self doubt
self actualization: lack of values, fulfillment, loss of meaning in life
Some needs are innate  instinctoid needs (not learned)
Are there differences between higher and lower level needs?
All needs in the hierarchy are instinctoid
Higher needs appear later than lower needs
Quality of happiness is different (more of pleasure in lower level needs)
About the needs

Some needs are innate  instinctoid needs (not learned)
Are there differences between higher and lower level needs?
All needs in the hierarchy are instinctoid
Higher needs appear later than lower needs
Quality of happiness is different (more of pleasure in lower level needs)
The self- actualizing person is… (criteria)

Free from psychopathology
Has progressed through the hierarchy of needs
Embracing the B-Values
Fulfilled their needs to grow and become what they are capable of becoming (full use of
capacities, talents, etc)
15 characteristics of the self actualizing individual
-More efficient perception of reality.
-Detection of whats genuine and fake
-Acceptance of self, others, and human nature

-Does not demand perfection, tolerates weakness, not threatened by strengths of others
-Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness (unpretentious, not afraid to express their emotions);
childlike
-Problem centering
-Need for privacy

-Autonomy
-Continued freshness of appreciation
-Democratic character structure
-Discrimination between means and ends
-Philosophical sense of humor
-Creativeness
-Resistance to enculturation
Aim of Psychotherapy
Emrace being valies
Cannot be value free
Must take into consideration the fact that everyone has an inherent tendency to move toward a
better, more enriching condition, namely self actualization
Love needs addressed in therapeutic relationship (emphasis on relationship)
CARL ROGERS
The fundamentals: Rogers believed in humanism
-People are born good
-They can direct their own behavior
-They have the capacity to reach their fullest potential
the moderating variable= society

Parents, employers, teachers, friends

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Henry Murray

Murray’s Principles of Personology (Study of personality)

Group Project (due at the end of the semester)

Dungeons and dragons

1. Viscerogenic: primary, arising from the body

Personality Notes (April 11)

The hierarchy of needs

needs and pathology

About the needs

The self- actualizing person is… (criteria)

-Acceptance of self, others, and human nature

-Need for privacy

-Continued freshness of appreciation

-Democratic character structure

-Discrimination between means and ends

-Philosophical sense of humor

the moderating variable= society

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