Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Senior High School Department

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that
extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
Rough ER is ER with ribosomes attached to it. A large amount of rough ER in a cell

indicates that it is synthesizing large amounts of protein for export from the cell.
On the other hand, ER without ribosomes is called smooth ER. Smooth ER is a site for
lipid synthesis and also participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells.
In skeletal muscle cells, smooth ER stores calcium ions.
The Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus consists closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs. It
collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER.
For example, proteins produced at the ribosomes enter the Golgi Apparatus from the ER.
In some cases, the Golgi Apparatus chemically modifies the proteins by attaching
carbohydrate or lipid molecule to them. The proteins then are packaged into membrane
sacs that pinch off from the margins of the Golgi Apparatus.
Secretory Vesicle
A Vesicle is a small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within the
cells.
Secretory Vesicles pinch off from the Golgi Apparatus and move to the surface of the
cell. Their membranes then fuse with the cell membrane, and the contents of the vesicles
are released to the exterior of the cell.
In many cells, secretory vesicles accumulate in the cytoplasm and are released to the
exterior when the cell receives a signal.
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi Apparatus. They
contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems. Vesicles
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formed by endocytosis may fuse with lysosomes. The enzymes within the lysosomes
break down the materials in the endocytotic vesicle.
Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down
fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Hydrogen Peroxide is a by-product of fatty acid and amino acid break down and can be
toxic to the cell.
The enzymes in peroxisomes break down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Cells are active in detoxification, such as liver and kidney cells, have many peroxisomes.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, or long, threadlike organelles with
inner and outer membranes separated by a space.
The outer membranes have numerous folds called cristae, which project like shelves into
the interior of the mitochondria.
Mitochondria are the major sites of adenosine triposphate (ATP) production within cells.
ATP is the major energy source for most chemical reactions within the cell, and cells
with a large energy requirement have more mitochondria than cells that require less
energy.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton consists proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable
the cell to change shape. The Cytoskeleton consists od microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments.
Microtubules are hollow structures formed from protein subunits. They perform a variety
roles, such as helping to provide support to the cytoplasm of cell, assisting in the process
of cell division, and forming essential components of certain organelles such as cilia and
flagella.
Microfilaments are small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the
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cytoplasm. Some microfilaments are involved with cell movements.
Intermediate filaments are fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in
diameter than microtubules bit larger in diameter than microfilaments. They provide
mechanical support to the cell.
Centrioles
The centrosome is a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that is the center
of microtubule formation. It contains two centrioles, normally oriented perpendicular to
each other. Each centriole is a small, cylindrical organelle composed of nine triplets, each
consisting of three parallel microtubules joined together.
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

Cilia project from the surface of cells, are capable of moving and vary in number from
none to thousands per cell.
Cilia have a cylindrical shape, contain specialized microtubules similar to the orientation
in centrioles, and are enclosed by the cell membrane.
Flagella have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and usually occur
only one per cell. Sperm cells each have one flagellum, which functions to propel the
sperm cell.
Microvilli are specifialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by
microfilaments, but they do not actively move like cilia and flagella.

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LYCEUM OF ALABANG

Senior High School Department

Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER is ER with ribosomes attached to it. A large amount of rough ER in a cell

In skeletal muscle cells, smooth ER stores calcium ions.

The Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

cytoplasm. Some microfilaments are involved with cell movements.

Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli

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