CHAPTER 13

WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

1. Water Supply and treatment capacity is being increased in Delhi in almost in each five year plan
taking into account the requirement of drinking water for the population increasing at a very high
rate, almost more than double to the rate of increase at national level. Inspite of best efforts
made by the Government, water supply front remained a matter of concern due to various reasons
like raw water scarcity and related problems, transmission and distribution losses, supply with less
pressure, uneven distribution, depleting ground water level, non-recharge of ground water due to
rapid urbanization, increasing cost of water treatment and increasing gap between water supply
cost & tariff, etc.

2. The water treatment and supply capacity, which was 66 MGD in 1956, was raised to 240 MGD in
1979, 437 MGD in 1990 and 650 MGD in 2002. The target for Tenth Five Year Plan ( March, 2007)
is 950 MGD water treatment and supply by DJB in Delhi. However, due to non receipt of 300
cusec of raw water from Tehri Dam through Upper Ganga Canal, Sonia Vihar Water Treatment
Plant could not start functioning and as such water treatment and supply capacity remained at
650 MGD in March, 2006. (Table No.13.7)

3. Out of total 25.54 lakh households in Delhi in 2001, about 19.24 lakh households were provided
piped water supply system. About 5.60 lakh households were provided water supply through
tubewells/deep bore hand pumps /public hydrants. Thus, about 75.33% households met their
water requirement through piped water supply system and about 21.91 % household through
tubewells/deep bore hand pumps/public hydrants. Remaining 2.76% households depended
on other sources like wells, river, tanks, canal, ponds etc. (Table No.13.9)

4. WATER REQUIREMENT

4.1 Based on a norm of 60 gallon per capita per day as per CPHEEO norms prescribed in MPD 2001,
the water requirement for 2005-06 would be 963 MGD. As per CPHEEO manual, the per capita
per day water requirement is 60 GPCD as per details given in the Statement No.13.1

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 147

 Statement No.13.1

PER CAPITA PER DAY WATER REQUIREMENT - CPHEEO NORMS

1. Domestic 172 lpcd
2. Industrial, Commercial and Community requirement
based on 45000 litres per hect. per day 47 lpcd
3. Fire protection based on 1% of the total demand 3 lpcd
3. Floating population and special uses like hotels and Embassies 52 lpcd

4. Total 274 lpcd (60gpcd)

4.2 Draft MPD –2021 propose water requirement with the norm of 80 GPCD as per details given in the
Statement NO.13.2.

Statement No. 13.2

Break up of water requirement as proposed in MPD-2021

Norm Quantum (in gpcd) Source for non-

Potable Non-potable potable water
Domestic @ 50 gpcd 30 20 –
Residential 30 20 Recycling and
permissible GW
extraction at
community level
Non-domestic @ 30 gpcd 5 25 –
Irrigation, horticulture, - 10 Recycling from STPs
recreational, construction, and permissible GW
Fire @ 6.75 lpcd) extraction.
Public-semi public, industrial, 5 15 Recycling from CETPs
commercial

TOTAL @ 80 gpcd 35 45 –

With the proposed norm of 80 gpcd, water supply requirement, for projected population of 23
million in 2021 in Delhi, will be 1840 MGD as per MPD-2021.

148 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

5. WATER SUPPLY TARGETS 2005-06

5.1 Delhi Jal Board has proposed to increase the Water Supply capacity from 650 MGD as on 31.03.04
to 850 MGD as on 31.03.2006 as per details given below:

Statement No.13.3

WATER SUPPLY CAPACITY

S.No. Name of Plant Existing Capacity Proposed Capacity

as on 31.03.2004 at the end of 31.03.06
(MGD ) (MGD)
1. Chandrawal Water House no. I & II 90 90
2. Wazirabad I,II & III 120 120
3. Haiderpur 200 200
4. North Shahadra (Bhagirathi) 100 100
5. Bawana — 20
6. Nangloi 40 40
7. Sonia Vihar — 140
8. Renney Wells and Tube Wells 81 90
9. Optimization of WTPs 19 40
10. Recycling of Waste water at Chandrawal, — 10
Bhagirathi, Haiderpur and Wazirabad

Total 650 850

5.2 Nangloi Water Treatment Plant could not function upto its full capacity of 40 MGD due to non-
supply of raw water through WJC System by Haryana Government inspite of raw water supply
available from BBMB. Haryana Government is constructing two Acua-ducts on WJ canal to enable
the system to carry additional raw water. However, only one Acua-duct could be constructed so
far against the target of completion of both by March, 2004. Further, non-release of 300 cusec of
raw water for Sonia Vihar Plant by UP Government also adversely affected the achievement of
water supply target in 2005-06.

5.3 Two new Water Treatment Plants are proposed to be constructed at Dwarka (40 MGD) and Okhla
(20 MGD) during the 10th Five Year Plan. Raw water for the two plants will be available on construction
of the pucca parallel channel from Munak to Haiderpur.

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 149

6. WATER CONSUMPTION
6.1 DJB supplies treated water in bulk to the NDMC (New Delhi Municipal Council) and to the DCB
(Delhi cantonment Board), both of which are responsible for the distribution of water within their
own territories. The water supply infrastructure in these territories is owned by them and, consequently,
is not the responsibility of the DJB. MCD area is the responsibility of DJB.

6.2 The 2001-02 water production by the DJB was 2911 mld (640 MGD) with water obtained from a
range of sources such as river Yamuna, Bhakra storage, Upper Ganga Canal and from underground
water resources. The distribution of the produced water was as follows as reported by a study
carried out for Reforms Plan of DJB.

Statement 13.4

System Authorized Billed Billed Metered 13% Revenue

Input Consumption Authorised Consumption Water 50%
Volume 58% Consumption (including water
exported in bulk)
Billed Unmetered 37%
Consumption
Unbilled Unbilled Metered 0% Non-
Authorized consumption Revenue
Consumption Water (NRW)
50%
Unbilled Unmetered 8%
Consumption
Water Apparent Unauthorised 2%
Losses 42% Losses 2% Consumption
Metering Inaccuracies 0%
Real Losses Leakage on 16%
40% Transmission Mains
Leakage and 0%
Overflows at Utility’s
Storage Tanks
Leakage on Distribution 24%
Mains and Service
Connections upto Point
of Customer Metering

Source: Delhi Water Supply & Sewerage Project Preparation Study Report

150 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

6.3 The total number of private tube wells (domestic, commercial and industrial) in Delhi is estimated
at around 200,000. In addition to private tube wells, there are supplies of bottled water as well as
through numerous hand pumps. No consumption figures are available for hand pump and bottled
water supplies. The willingness-to-pay survey carried out under a study project estimates that 23%
of the households use such sources for at least part of their water requirement.

6.4 According to DJB data for 2001-02 and 2005-06, 1498 Thousand Cubic Meters Daily (TCMD) (330
MGD) water was distributed and charged to various categories of customers as follows:

Statement 13.5

Category No. of Sales Percentage of Sales

Connections
2005-06
2001-02 2005-06 2001-02 2005-06
TCMD MGD MGD
Domestic 14,79,211 1124 247 214.67 75% 76.81%
Commericial 95,214 157 34 23.68 10.5% 8.47%
and institutional
Industrial 24,482 59 13 7.45 4%‘ 2.66%
Bulk supplies — 158 36 33.70 10.5% 12.06%
to DCB and NDMC

Total 15,98,907 1498 330 279.50 100% 100%

In addition, the following free, non-metered supplies were given by DJB:

Standposts (11,533 no.); 221 TCMD (49MGD) (consultant’s estimation)
Water tankers (493 no.); 10 TCMD (2 MGD) Consultant’s estimation).

6.5 Inspite of increase in water treatment and supply capacity in each five year plan in Delhi, the
average per capita availability of water remained at 38 GPCD in 2004-05. (Table No.13.1)

7. WATER RESOURCES

7.1 The water supply treatment plants of DJB treated 569 MGD surface water and 81 MGD ground
water as on March, 2005. The water resources of DJB are indicated in Statement No.13.6.

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 151

 Statement No.13.6

Water Resources of DJB

(March, 2005)

SN Source Quantity (MGD)

1 Yamuna 229
2 Ganga 100
3 Bhakra Storage 240
SUB TOTAL 569
4. Ranney Wells/Tube wells (Ground water) 81
TOTAL 650

GROUND WATER

7.2 The decreasing ground water level in Delhi has become a matter of serious concern. At some
places in south and south west Delhi, the water level has gone 20-30 meter mark below the land
surface. The quality of underground water is deteriorating and in several places it has been found
to be unfit for human consumption. The salinity of ground water is increasing in south-west and
north-west Delhi. In some areas of Shahdara and Kanjhawala, nitrate content has been found to
be more than 1000 mg/litre. Fluoride and chemical concentrations, more than prescribed limits,
have also been found in ground water at various locations in Delhi (Table No.8.7). To tackle these
problems, the Central Ground Water Board has taken steps to regulate the number of tube-wells
being commissioned in Delhi.

7.3 As on March 2006, DJB has 2425 functional Tubewells and 21 Ranney Wells. The Flood prone area
upstream of Wazirabad barrage is being exploited for commissioning of more tube wells by DJB.
The deepening of the Najafgarh drain between Kakrola and Dhansa Regulator, preserving and
developing old lakes and other water bodies, preserving and developing the forest area in Delhi,
construction of check dams at Asola Wild Life Sanctuary and plantation of trees, are some of the
steps being taken to improve ground water resources.

152 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

 SURFACE WATER

PARALLEL CHANNEL FROM MUNAK TO HAIDERPUR

7.4 About 30% of the raw water discharged from Tajewala headworks is lost in the present water carrier
system through the Yamuna river and the Western Yamnua Canal system. To prevent this loss, a
parallel pucca channel is under construction from Munak to Haiderpur. This channel of 102 kms.
length is being constructed by the Haryana Government. The estimated cost is Rs. 314.15 crores
and it is targetted to be completed in 2006. The entire cost of the project will be financed by Delhi
Govt. Water availability will increase by 80 MGD on construction of this channel.

RESERVOIRS

7.5 Renuka Dam, Kishau Dam and Lakhwar Vyasi Dam are proposed to be constructed so that Delhi
gets its share in Yamuna water as per Yamuna Water Sharing Agreement signed in May, 1994. The
approved allocation of Yamuna Water to each State may be seen at Statement No. 13.7. About
275 MGD of water will be available to Delhi from Renuka Dam. Delhi will also get 372 MGD water
from Kishau reservoir and 135 MGD from Lakhwar Vyasi reservoir (Map 13.1).

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 153

 MAP. 13.1

154 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

 Statement No. 13.7

Allocation of Yamuna Water

SN States Allocation (BCM) TOTAL (BCM)
July to October Nov. to Feb. March to June
1 Haryana 4.107 0.686 0.937 5.730
2 Uttar Pradesh 4c.3.216 0.343 0.473 4c.4.032
3 Rajasthan 0.963 0.070 0.086 1.119
4 Himachal Pradesh 0.190 0.108 0.080 0.378
5 Delhi 0.580 0.068 0.076 0.728
(Consumptive) (Consumptive) (Consumptive) (Consumptive)
(1926+495 (231+495 (255 +495 (806 +495
return flow) return flow) return flow) return flow) or
or 2421cusec or 726 cusec or 750 cusec 2350 cusec

7.6 Uttranchal Government entered into an agreement with NHPC for implementation of Lakhwar Vyasi
Project. NHPC prepared project report and estimated its cost of about Rs.10,000 crores. The cost
of electricity generation was found very high and non-saleable. NHPC proposed to transfer part of
electricity generation cost to water component cost. This approach is not acceptable to
Government of Delhi and CWC has been requested to take care of water component cost.

7.7 Renuka Project approval is held up for want of clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India. An area of about 50 Hects of a wild life sanctuary falling within the area of
proposed Renuka Project has delayed the clearance process.

7.8 Uttranchal Government has signed an MOU with THDC for construction of Kisau Dam Project. As
such THDC will now prepare a fresh Detailed Project Report for Kisau Dam and will also obtain
environmental clearance from M/o Environment and Forest and project approval from CWC,
Government of India.

8. WATER ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

8.1 Till now DJB was using old system for measuring the quantity of raw water available at water treatment
plants and the quantity of treated water supplied by treatment plants for distribution. Similar was
the position at under ground water tanks, reservoirs and booster pumping stations. Due to this
system, DJB was not able to assess exact amount of water distribution losses. To overcome this
situation, DJB has started a comprehensive programme for installation of bulk meters at all water

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 155

 treatment plants. About 66 bulk meters have already been installed and remaining 20 bulk meters
will be installed by June, 2006.

8.2 DJB has also decided to install bulk meters on all distribution mains, underground reservoirs and
booster pumping stations for correct measurement of water supply from these points upto different
localities,/consumer points. Under this project 231 sophisticated bulk meters will be installed by
March, 2007.

8.3 Complete and correct water supply accounting could not be maintained by DJB due to the following
facts :-

a) Out of total 15.48 lakh water connections in March,2005 more than 3.35 lakh connections
were without meters.

b) And even out of 12.13 lakh metered connections, more than 5 lakh meters were defective
or non-functional.

8.4 DJB has streamlined its system for obtaining water connections along with installation of water
meter. The existing system of supply of water meters along with water connections approval has
been amended and now consumer can purchase water meters of the selected companies from
the market. Authorized Meter Testing Laboratories have also been notified. This revised system
may help DJB in converting all non-metered connections to metered connections.

9. WATER TARIFFS

9.1 Prior to January, 2005,on an average DJB was charging only Rs.1 per k.ltr. as against the estimated
cost of treated water supply of Rs.7 per kilo ltr. DJB has revised water tariffs in Delhi w.e.f. 29.01.2005.

9.2 The revised water tariffs are in two parts as against the single rate under the 1998 plan. The revised
plan consists of a fixed access charge in one part and water use charges on the basis of actual
consumption in other part. Fixed access charges are payable by all registered consumers towards
the cost of accessing the network and for its operation and maintenance.

9.3 The water usage charges have been fixed in different categories for different slabs of consumption
on a sliding scale. Under CI, there are four slabs, namely upto 6 Kl/month, above 6 to 20 Kl and
above 20 to 40 Kl. and above 40 Kl./months. The new tariffs per Kl.for these slabs are nil, Rs. 2,Rs.5
and Rs.10 respectively. For a family size of say 4 persons consuming 30 Kl/month, the revised tariff
is calculated as indicated in Statement No.13.8.

156 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

 Statement No.13.8

Consumption Slab Rate (Rs. Kl) Total Usage

(In kl/per Month) Charges (Rs./Month)
Upto 6 Nil Nil
Above 6 and up to 20 2.00 28
Above 20 and up to 30 5.00 50

Total 78

The water bill will be calculated as under:

Fixed Access Charges + 1.5 X Usage Charges or
Rs.75 + 1.5 X Rs.78 or Rs.192 per month.

9.4 The factor 1.5 to the usage charge is towards maintenance of sewerage system, which means that
50% of the total usage charge of Rs.78/- in this case goes for sewerage. Therefore, out of total
monthly bill of Rs.192/-, the amounts for water and sewerage are Rs.153/- and Rs.39/- respectively.

9.5 The impact of the establishment cost of DJB on the cost of production of water can be very well
realized from the fact that as against the production cost of Rs.7/Kl in DJB, this cost is only Rs.2.40/
Kl. in Mumbai, which has a lot of similarity with Delhi in terms of water supply operations and
treatment capacity. The present manpower strength of DJB makes it a highly oversized organization
as compared to the similar organizations in the other mega-cities of Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore,
Kolkata and Hyderabad. The annual establishment cost of water supply set up of DJB is estimated
at Rs.260 crore

10. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

10.1 All Government Departments, Local Bodies and Public Sector Undertakings have been directed to
install rain water harvesting system in their buildings/complexes. Buildings norms have also been
modified and now all new buildings with 100 sq.meters and above area will have to provide rain
water harvesting system in their lay out plan for approval to Local Bodies. PWD, MCD, DJB have
installed rain water harvesting system in the buildings/complexes being maintained by them.

10.2 A plan scheme to promote rain water harvesting is being implemented by DJB. Technical know-
how is being provided to all willing individuals, RWAs, institutions, Housing Societies, etc. Financial
incentive of Rs.50,000/- or 50% of cost, whichever is less, is also being provided under the Scheme.
A number of RWAs have found very encouraging results from rain water harvesting system introduced
in their respective areas.

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 157

11. WATER CONSERVATION

11.1 Delhi has a network of about 9,000 Kms. of water supply mains of which, a significant portion is as
old as 40 to 50 years and prone to higher leakage losses. Normally water losses are calculated by
water billed or consumed subtracted from the water produced. In the case of Delhi, water billed or
consumed and leakage losses there from can not be calculated exactly as a majority of houses
do not have working meters. According to the estimates of DJB, the total distribution losses are of
the order of 40% of the total water supplied. These are quite high as compared to 10-20% in the
developing countries. The distribution losses include losses due to (a) leaking pipes and (b) theft of
water through unauthorized connections.

11.2 DJB has taken several steps to minimize leakage losses. To address this problem, a leak detection
and investigation (LDI) cell was set up. Initially, the leak detection cell started functioning with the
help of a very few conventional equipments viz. sounding rods, micro-correlates and pipe/ cable
locators. More sophisticated sonic and electronic equipments were subsequently acquired and
are now being used regularly. The Board has replaced about 1200-Km length of the old, damaged
and leaking water mains during the last five years. As a result of these initiatives, the Board expects
to bring down the distribution losses to 20 % level in the near future.

11.3 DJB has formulated a programme for recycling of backwash water in three major water treatment
plants at Haiderpur, Bhagirathi and Wazirabad. The work for commissioning of Recycling Plant at
Bhagirathi and Haiderpur has been started. On completion of programme of all 3 Water Treatment
Plants, about 46 MGD water supply will be available without any additional raw water.

12. SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY

12.1 The sewage treatment capacity of DJB has been increased from 402.4 MGD as on 31.3.2001 to
512.40 MGD by March, 2006 as per details given below:

158 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

 Statement No.13.9

SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY

SN Name of STP Capacity (MGD) Capacity (MGD) Actual treatment in
As on 31.3.2001 By 31.3.2006 MGD as on 31.3.2006
1. Okhla 140 140 119
2 Keshopur 72 72 68.6
3 Coronation Pillar with
Oxidation ponds
at Timaarpur 46 46 26.0
4 Rithala 40 80 42.0
5 Kondli I,II,III,IV 45 45 43.50
6 Yamuna Vihar I,II 10 20 7.6
7 Vasant Kunj 5 5 4.10
8 Ghitorni 5 5 -
9 Pappankalan 20 20 8.2
10 Narela 10 10 2.3
11 Najafgarh 5 5 0.2
12 Delhi Gate 2.2 2.2 2.4
13 Sen Nursing Home 2.2 2.2 2.5
14 Rohini - 15 -
15 Nilothi - 40 5.10
16 Mehrauli - 5 1.50
Total 402.4 512.40 333.00

12.2 These STPs are not functioning up to their full installed capacity due to various reasons such as low
flow of sewage to STPs, trunk and peripheral sewer lines still to be connected to STPs, etc. The
sewage generation at present is estimated to be around 640 MGD = [675 (water production) x
0.8) + 100 (Pvt. Ground water entroction)] and treatment is around 333 MGD only. This untreated
sewage (307 MGD) falling in river Yamuna is the major cause of river pollution.

12.3 DJB has a network of branch, peripheral sewers of about 6000 kms. Also there is network of 147
kms of trunk sewers. About 91 kms of trunk sewers was settled and silted. The status of trunk sewers
may be seen at table No. 13.5.

12.4 The Consultant for World Bank funded “Delhi Water Supply & Sewerage Project” estimated 5259
MLD water supply requirement for Delhi in 2021 and waste water generation from this level of water
supply will be about 3760 MLD as per statement No.13.10.

ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006 159

 Statement 13.10

PROJECTED SEWAGE FLOWS

Sources of wastewater Volumes, mld
2004 2005 2006 2011 2021

Total water demand 2685 3763 4090 5181 6272

Total net water supply 2265 2362 2461 3573 5259

Wastewater generated 1812 3010 3272 4144 5017

Treated at CETP 200 217 234 346 755

Proportion not sewered 14% 13% 13% 10% 5%
Outside sewered area 254 302 302 294 210
Net generated wastewater 1358 1722 1798 2218 3242
Infiltration 518 518 518 518 518
Gross wastewater to treatment 1876 2240 2316 2736 3760

13. WASTE WATER REUSE

13.1 The main opportunities for reuse of treated wastewater in and around the city are considered to be
irrigation and horticulture. There is also some demand for use as cooling water in the power
stations. Other options include groundwater recharge, return to the raw water source, and the
treatment and reuse of sullage water, i.e. water that does not contain human excreta, for flushing
toilets, etc.

13.2 Presently DJB supplies about 138 MGD of treated wastewater to the Irrigation Deptt. This is discharged
directly to the irrigation channels from the sewage treatment plants.

13.3 A number of small effluent reuse projects are in the planning or implementation stages. They
comprise horticultural, irrigation and industrial uses, and will use up to 46 MGD (210 Mld).

13.4 DDA is responsible for 4,451 hectt. of open spaces, all of which are irrigated via tubewells. There is
also irrigation of MCD open spaces, central government properties, private parks and properties,
road verges, sports stadiums, etc. The details of the green areas being maintained by the various
agencies is indicated in Statement No.13.11.

160 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006

 Statement 13.11

AGENCY-WISE GREEN AREA

Agencies Green Areas(in Hectare)
NDMC 445
MCD 2,428
DDA 4,451
CPWD 2,200
FOREST Department 11,000
Total 20,524

Source : DUEIIP-2021

13.5 WASTER WATER UTILISATION STATUS

Statement No. 13.12

1 Treated effluent supplied to CPWD for horticulture purposes in 20.00 MGD

Lutyen Delhi from Okhla STP
2. Treated effluent supplied to Pragati Power Plant form Dr.Sen 4.00 MGD
Nursing Home Nalla and Delhi Gate Nalla STPs
3. Treated effluent supplied to DDA for Japanese Park in Rohini form Rithala STP 5.00 MGD

4. Treated effluent supplied to Minor Irrigation Deptt., Govt. of National Capital 80.5 MGD
Territory of Delhi from Okhla STP-42 cusecs Keshavpur STP – 37 cusec Coronation
Pillar STP 70 cusec for irrigation purposes.
TOTAL 109.5 MGD

14. WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

14.1 Due to the continuous inflow of migrants and the mushrooming growth of unauthorized colonies
and JJ clusters, the landscape of Delhi is spotted with different types of settlements. More than
45% population is residing in such unplanned settlements where sewerage system is not provided.
The estimated waste water generation in Delhi in January, 2000 and the population served with
sewerage system may be seen at Table No.13.2. Now, plan schemes to provide sewerage systems
in regularised-unauthorised colonies, JJ resettlement colonies, and urbanised villages, are being
implemented and the present status of these colonies may be seen at Table 13.4. DUEIIP-2021
projections for waste water generation in Delhi in 2021 are indicated in Statement No.13.13.

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 Statement No.13.13

WASTE WATER GENERATION IN DELHI IN 2021

• Predicted population in 2021 = 220 lakh

• Total water demand (excluding losses) = 4370 mld
• Total wastewater generation (assumed at
80% of demand) = 3600 mld
• Wastewater going to STPs* = 3600 mld
• Wastewater going to CETPs* = 350 mld

* ignores any local recycling and reuse of wastewater, etc., but allows for future
transfer of some existing industries in non-conforming areas to conforming areas

162 ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI, 2005-2006