` KUMASI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY - CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING TRAINING REPORT

STUDENT NAME: SEIDU-OBO ADIZATU

STUDENT INDEX NUMBER: 051700595

PROGRAM: CIVIL ENGINEERING

TRAINING INSTITUTION: STEEEL, ROAD AND CONCRETE (SRC) ENGINEERS

FROM 8TH JANUARY TO 8TH JULY, 2019.

0
STUDENT DECLARATION

I declared that this internship report on sub and super-structural construction works of a proposed
2-storey 12 unit classroom block and 2-storey dormitory block was been prepared by me. A student
of Kumasi Technical University; civil engineering department.

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, thanks to the Almighty God for helping me to complete the practicum work and
practicum report, leading to the Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering.

I am very thankful to the SRC Engineers for having given me the opportunity to undertake my six
months Internship with them. It was a very good learning experience for me to have worked with
them. I would also thank my Academic supervisors Mr. Gadhafi and Dr. Adutwum and my external
supervisors; Ing. Joseph, Ing. Issac, Ing. Ezekiel and Ing. Norbert for their help.

I will also like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the contractor and the consultant side
staring from the Engineers to the daily laborers. Also to those who are not listed in the above but
supported me in different areas; I will like to say thank you.

2
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING…………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

RESPONSIBILITIES ASSIGNED……………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

PURPOSE OF THE INTERNSHIP…………………………………………………………………………………………………...7

GOALS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….7

CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8

HISTORY OF COMPANY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…8

COMPANY’S OVERVIEW...................................................................................................................8

CURRENT PROJECTS.........................................................................................................................8

MY PROJECT DETAILS.......................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

DESCRIPTION OF JOB DONE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………10

DESIGN PROCESS............................................................................................................................12

SLAB DESIGN………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

SITE WORKS AND SUPERVISION…………………………..... .....................................................................33

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOTH PROJECTS……………………………………………………………………….….33

CONSTRUCTON OF BEAMS AND SLAB ………………………………………………………………………………………..36

GENERAL (BEAMS AND SLAB)………………………………………………………………………………………..……………36

FORMWORK/SHUTTERINGOFTH BEAMS AND SLAB ……………………………………………………………………36

REINFORCEMENTPLACING FOR BEAMS AND SLAB ………………………………………………...…………………..371

CASTINGTHE BEAMS AND SLAB………………………………………………………………………………..………………..38

CONSTRUCTIONOF STAIRCASE (HALF TURN)……………………………………………………………………………….38

GENERAL……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………....38

SHUTTERING OF THE STAIRCASE………………………………………………………………………………………..…….….39

REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENT FOR THE STAIRCASE……………………………………………………………....39

SHUTTERINGOF THE TREAD AND RISERS……………………………………………………………………….……………..392

CASTING AND CURING OF THE STAIRCASE…………………………………………………………………………..….…...44

CHAPTER4………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………….448

3
NEW
SKILLS……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………..….448

MANAGERIAL SKILLS ........................................................................................................................ 448

TAKING OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................ 448

READING STRUCTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS............................................................. 448

USES OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................. 448

TEAMWORK ..................................................................................................................................... 448

CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 459

COMMENTS......................................................................................................................................... 459

IMPRESSION ........................................................................................................................................ 459

CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................... 459

4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The internship report contains two parts which are; office work and practical training in the field of
civil Engineering; with different chapters. In the chapters, I tried to explain my six months experience
with my hosting company. The content of all the chapters is broadly explained and it is constructed
from the office work and practical basis of site during my six months with my hosting company.

In the opening chapter 1, I give introduction of full report including the objectives of the internship,
my responsibilities as well as the company’s profile.

I also tried explaining each activity that I witnessed on site during my time on site. From the project
specifications to the construction processes that was practiced.

This report go into details the designing of a building and the construction processes. I also took time
to explain the process that a structural Engineer or civil Engineer goes through to come out with a
structural drawing, by using a full project which, I was given to design and do the detailing as an
example.

5
CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Kumasi Technical University, department of Civil Engineering under the competency base concept
allows students to undergo six months of industrial attachment which allows the students to gain
practical experience in addition to the theory learnt in class. I spent my six months with SRC (steel,
Road and concrete Engineers). I managed to learn a lot about construction and design of buildings;
which form part of a branch of Civil Engineering called structural engineering. My internship was in
two parts; office works and site works. I spent a couple of months in the office, in order to have fair
knowledge on how structural designs are made as well as detailing of structural elements and I was
then sent to site, on a project (A proposed 2-storey twelve unit classroom block).

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING

 It helps the students to acquire work consciences such as; good habit, attitude and
value, such as; reliable attendance, punctuality, responsibilities, ability to meet deadline
and expectations, effective relationship with supervisor, co-operative relationship in
delegated team placement.

 Building self-confidence in technical operations, problem solving, team work and

working with professional in the job market.

 Exposing student to technologies which are not available to them in their institution.

 It opens chances for student to use their ideals to convert theory learnt in school and
execute duties on field.

1.3 RESPONSIBILITIES ASSIGNED

 Study all structural and architectural drawings of the project we were supervising.

 Ensure the contractors are doing as specified for them per the project.

 Ensure good construction processes are employed.

 Ensure materials being used were as specified.

 Help the quantity surveyors to take measurement.

 Help the safety officer to ensure safety on the construction site.

 Report any problems pertaining the project to senior Structural Engineer.

 Help in doing structural detailing in the office.

 Designing of structural elements manually and also using a software.

 Calculating the strength of structural elements of the project.

6
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE INTERNSHIP

 Get a hand – on experience

 To understand why certain subjects are studied in class

 Gain a practical perspective

 Find out which branch of civil engineering suits you

 It help you to grow your network

1.5 GOALS

 Learn how to use Auto Cad effectively.

 Learn how to design structural elements such as, Beams, columns, slab and foundation
manually.

 Learn how to design structural elements such as, Beams, columns, slabs, using a
structural software.

 Learn how to detail structural elements.

 How to interpret structural drawings and its bending schedules.

 How to supervise civil engineering construction.

7
CHAPTER 2

HISTORY OF COMPANY
2.1 GENERAL

Steel, Road and Concrete (SRC) Engineers Limited is one of the leading Civil Engineering firm in the
Ashanti Region having its office located at one of the most attractive areas in Kumasi at Asokwa near
Pentecost McKeon Church. The Company has been in existence since 2006 till date and are into
consultancy of civil structural design and supervision of civil structures.

2.2 COMPANY’S OVERVIEW

SRC Engineers Limited is into all civil works being design or construction of structures. The ultimate
objective of design is to provide all the information necessary for the construction of the building.
This objective is achieved by the operation of design drawing, showing what are to be constructed
and its specifications stating the quality of materials that should be assimilated in the building.

Over the years of existence, they have been designing and supervising a whole lot of buildings and
civil structures. Currently they are into construction and design of a number of projects.

The company works in two sections;

 CIVIL ENGINEERS (office works): those in charge of design and analysis of all civil
works.

 CIVIL ENGINEERS (Supervisors): they are on site to see to it that works on site are
done in accordance with the drawings.

2.3 CURRENT PROJECTS

 A proposed residence for Henery Oroh North Labone Estate LAD.M.A .ACCRA plot
NO. 130

 Youth in sports community ICT and counselling Centre for selected district in
Ghana.(popular stand A)

 Proposed 2-storey 12 unit classroom Block for (Kpandai S.H.S , Yaa Ashantewaa Girls
SHS, T.I.Ahmadiyya SHS, Serwaa Nyarko and Konongo Odumase )

 Proposed 2-storey Administration Block for ( Jachie pramso and Beposo SHS)

 A proposed warehouse and administration block, at Tema Industrail area.

 A proposed 2-storey dormitory block at T.I Ahmadiyya SHS.

MY PROJECT DETAILS

Apparently I was on two projects on the same site. The projects were;

 A proposed 2-storey 12 unit classroom block with ancillary facilities at T.I Ahmadiyya
SHS.

Client for the projects: Get fund.

Contractors: Amalgamated grup and SRC Engineers Limited.

8
CHAPTER 3

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF JOB DONE

Below are the architectural drawings of the proposed 2-storey 12 unit classroom block.

(Figure 3.1.1) (Figure 3.1.2)

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN

(Figure 3.1.3)

ROOF PLAN

Through the above architectural drawings, the following structural drawings were then generated.

(Figure 3.1.4)

9
 (Figure 3.1.5) (Figure 3.1.6)

DESIGN PROCESS

SLAB DESIGN

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

BS 8110-
1:1997 DESIGN OF A SLAB ON GRIDLINE 41,43 AND NN,QQ

PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Strength of concrete, fcu = 25N/mm2
Characteristic strength of mild steel, fy = 250N/mm²
Reinforcing bar diameter = 12mm
Reinforcing link bar diameter = 10mm
Concrete density = 24KN/m³
Grade of concrete = C30
Table 3.2 For mild environmental weather exposure,
and 3.3
nominal cover = 25mm
Table 3.4
For 1 hour fire resistance nominal cover = 20mm
Therefore chose nominal cover = 25mm
BS 8110-
1:1997 Depth

Slab Section

Span / effective depth ratio = 26 × MF

d = 6000⁄(26 × 2)
Table 3.2
and 3.3 = 115.384mm

Calculating for min actual depth (D)

10
Table 3.4 D = d + cover + ∅⁄2
= 115.384 + 25 + 12⁄2
BS 8110- = 146.384mm
1:1997
Assume D = 150mm

DETAIL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Dead load
Self-weight of slab =slab thickness x unit weight of concrete
= 0.15m × 24KN/m³
= 3.6 KN/m2
PARTITIONS AND FINISH
Slab finishes = screed thickness x unit weight of concrete
Table 3.2 = 0.05m x 24KN/m³
and 3.3 = 1.2KN/m2
Sandcrete block of mix = block thickness x unit weight of
Table 3.4 s Ratio 1:4 sandcrete block
= 0.15m x 22KN/m³
=3.3KN/m2

Total dead loads (GK) = 3.6 +1.2+3.3

Table 3.2
= 8.1 KN/m2
and 3.3
Live loads
Table 3.4
BS 6399-1,live load of a classroom block is 3.0KN/m2
Design load(N) = 1.4GK + 1.6QK
= 1.4(8.1) + 1.6(3.0)
= 16.14KN/m2

Load effect
The slab to be designed has three sides continuous and one side
discontinuous
Determination of slab
Ly/lx = 6000/5000
= 1.2
Since ly/lx is less than 2, therefore the slab is a two way slab.

Hogging moment
Short span(Negative moment at continuous edge)
Msx = βsxnLx2
βsx = 0.048

Msx = (0.048 x 16.14 x 52)

= 19.36kNm

Long span
Msy = βsynLx2

11
βsy = 0.037
Msy = (0.037 x 16.14 x52)
= 14.92kNm

Sagging moment(Positive moment at mid-span)

Short span
Msx = βsxnLx2
βsx = 0.037
Msx = (0.036 x 16.14 x52)
= 14.52kNm

Long span
Msy = βsynLx2
βsy = 0.028
Msy = (0.028 x 16.14 x52)
= 11.29kNm

Shear force
Short span (continuous edges)
Vsx = βvxnLx
βvx (Continuous edge)
= 0.42
Vsx = (0.42 x 16.14 x5)
= 33.89kN
Long span(continuous edge)
Vsy = βvxnLx
Bvy (Continuous edge)
= 0.36
Vsy = (0.36 x 16.14 x5)
= 29.05kN
Discontinuous edge
Vsy = βvxnLx
Bvy (Discontinuous edge)
= 0.24
Vsy = (0.24 x 16.14 x5)
= 19.36kN

SLAB CAPACITY
In calculating the capacity of the section, the first concern shall be with
the ULS capacity and the SLS checks. The ULS capacity will comprise
of bending and then shear force capacity

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (Bending capacity)

Hogging
Short span
Effective depth (d) = D – cover – ∅⁄2
= 150 – 25 – 12⁄2
= 119mm

12
 M
K=
bd2 fcu
6
= 19.36 × 10 ⁄1000 × 1192 × 25
= 0.054 < 0.156

Since 0.0154 < 0.156 hence no compression bars required

Calculating for liver arm Z

Z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − K⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95d

= 119 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.054⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95 × 119

= 111.37 ≤ 113.05

Asreq = M⁄0.95f z
y

= 19.36 × 106⁄
0.95 × 250 × 111.37
= 731.93mm2
Hence Asprov = 754mm2 (R12 @150 c⁄c)

Long span
Effective depth (d) = D – cover – Ø − ∅⁄2
= 150 – 25 – 12 –12⁄2
= 107mm

M
K = bd2 f
cu
6
= 14.92 × 10 ⁄1000 × 1072 × 25
= 0.052 < 0.156

Since 0.0133 ≤ 0.156 hence no compression bars required

Calculating for liver arm Z

Z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − K⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95d
= 107 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.052⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95 × 107
= 100.41 ≤ 101.65

Asreq = M⁄0.95f z
y
6
= 14.92 × 10 ⁄0.95 × 250 × 100.41
= 625.64mm2
Hence Asprov = 646mm 2 (R12
@175 c⁄c)

Sagging
Short span
Effective depth (d) = D – cover – ∅⁄2

13
 = 150 – 25 – 12⁄2
= 119mm

M
K = bd2 f
cu
6
= 14.52 × 10 ⁄1000 × 1192 × 25
= 0.041 < 0.156

Since 0.0115 < 0.156 hence no compression bars required

Calculating for liver arm Z

Z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − K⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95d
= 119 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.041⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95 × 119
= 113 ≤ 113.05

Asreq = M⁄0.95f z
y

= 14.52 × 106⁄
0.95 × 250 × 113
= 541.03mm2
Hence Asprov = 565mm2 (R12 @200 c⁄c)

Long span
On the longer span of the slab, bars are placed on top the shorter bars.
Effective depth (d) = D – cover –Ø − Ø⁄2
= 150 – 25 – 12 − 12⁄2
= 107mm

M
K = bd2 f
cu
6
= 11.29 × 10 ⁄1000 × 1072 × 25
= 0.039 < 0.156
Since 0.039 < 0.156 hence no compression bars required

Calculating for liver arm (Z)

Z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − K⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95d
= 107 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.039⁄0.9)} ≤ 0.95 × 107
= 102 ≤ 102

Asreq = M⁄0.95f z
y

= 11.29 × 106⁄
0.95 × 250 × 102
= 466.04mm2
Hence Asprov = 503mm2 (R12 @225 c⁄c)

SHEAR FORCE CAPACITY

14
Short span
v = Vsx /(bv d)
= 33.89 × 103 /(1000 × 119)
= 0.28 N/mm2 < min(5 or 0.8√25 = 4)N/mm2

1⁄3 1⁄4 1⁄3

vc = 0.79 {100As⁄(b d)} {400⁄d} /1.25 × {fcu⁄25}
v

= {100 × 754⁄(1000 × 119)}

=0.633

= {400⁄119}
= 3.36

1⁄3
=0.79 (0.28)1⁄3 (3.36)¼)/1.25{25⁄25}
vc = 0.55N/mm2

From table 3.16

v < vc
0.28 < 0.55 is ok

Long span
v = Vsy /(bv d)
= 19.36 × 103 /(1000 × 107)
= 0.18 N/mm2 < min(5 or 0.8√25 = 4)N/mm2

1⁄3 1⁄4 1⁄3

vc = 0.7 {100As⁄(b d)} {400⁄d} /1.25 × {fcu⁄25}
v

= {100 × 503⁄(1000 × 119)}

= 0.422

= {400⁄119}
= 3.36

1⁄3
= 0.79(0.422)1⁄3 (3.36)¼)/1.25{25⁄25}
= 0.64N/mm2

From table 3.16

v < vc
0.18 < 0.64 is ok

15
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
Check for deflection and cracks

Deflection
Actual span/effective depth ratio < basic span/effective depth ratio
5000/119 < 26 x Mod factor
42.01 < 26 x Mod factor

(477−fs )
MF = 0.55 + M
{120(0.9+ )}
bd2

2fyAsreq
fs = × (1⁄β )
3Asprov b

moment at the section after redistribution

βb = ratio; moment at the section before redistration

= 1 since there was no redistribution moment

2𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞
fs = ⁄
3Asprov × (1⁄β )
b
= 2 × 250 × 541.03⁄
3 × 565 × (1⁄1)
= 159.5N/mm2

(477 − fs )
MF = 0.55 + ⁄ M
{120 (bd2 )}
(477−159.5)
= 0.55 + 14.52×106
{120(0.9+ )}
1000×1192
=1.92

42.01 < 26 × Mod factor

42.01 < 26 × 1.92
42.01 < 49.92 Hence, deflection is ok.

Crack
Crack width may not be checked if the clear bar spacing is less than
three times the effective depth.
Thus 200 − 12 < 3d
188 < 3 x 119
188 < 357
Hence crack width is adequate

SUMMARY

16
The purpose of the design is to obtain an adequate section and
reinforcements for the intended slab. The diagram below is the result
of the above calculations and check that have taken place in the
preliminary and detail design.

17
REFERENCE
BEAM DESIGN
BS 8110 DESIGN OF BEAM ON GRIDLINE MM (28-52) OUTPUT

The effective span of continuous beams should be taken as

the distance between centers of support. The sketch below
shows the beam design on gridline MM (28-52)

PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Strength of concrete, fcu = 25N/mm2
Characteristic strength of mild steel, fy = 250N/mm²
Table 3.2 and Concrete density = 24KN/m³
3.3
Table 3.4
DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE Cover = 25mm
Nominal Cover
For mild environmental weather condition the cover is
25mm
For 1.5hours fire resistance the nominal cover is 20mm bw = 200mm
Hence cover chosen is 25mm

Width (b)
For 1.5 hours’ fire resistance nominal width = 200mm
Chosen value of 200mm is adequate
Bar sizes
Links = 10mm ∅
reinforcement bars = 16mm ∅

Depth
bf

hf

bw

bf = bw + 0.7Lz/10
= 200 + 0.7 × 5000/10
= 550 mm
Flange width = 550mm
Thus basic span / effective depth ratio
bw/b = 200/550 = 0.3 ≤ 0.3
Effective depth
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 20.8
Effective depth ratio

18
 5000
Eff. depth=
20.8
d = 240.3mm

∅
min actual depth D = d + cover + 2 + stirrups
16
D = 125.43+ 25 + + 10
2
= 283.3mm
Hence chosen D = 450mm
∅
Effective depth (d) = D – cover - 2 – stirrups
d = 450 – 25 – 16/2 - 10
d = 407mm

LOADINGS.

Self-weight of beam= 0.45m x 0.200m x 24KN/m3

= 2.16KN/m

Wall loads =Lxhxδ

= 0.150m x 3m x 22KN/m3
= 9.9KN/m

Wall finishes = total thickness of wall finishes x

height x δ
= 0.05m x 3m x 20KN/m3
= 3KN/m

Total wall load and beams self-weight

= (2.16+9.9+3) KN/m
= 15.06KN/m

LOAD MULTIPLIER FACTOR

Beam on GL B/1-2

Triangular slab load going onto beam

Load Converting factor(Lm) = Area / Length
= LX /4
= 5.0/4
= 1.25m
Beam (32-34)

Rectangular slab load going onto beam

Load Converting factor(Lm) = Length x Breadth

19
 = (5 x 0.975)/5
= 0.975m

DESIGN LOAD (W)

Loadings Between the span 28-32

Self-weight of slab
Gk slab= Slab thickness x density x Lm
= 0.150m x 24KN/m3 x1.25
= 4.5KN/m

Slab finishes = 1.2KN/m2 x 1.25m

=1.5 KN/m
Total imposed load QK = 3.0KN/m2 x 1.25m
= 3.75KN/m

Design Load N = 1.4(GK) + 1.6(QK)

= 1.4(15.06+4.5+1.5) +1.6(3.75)
= 35.48KN/m

Loadings Between the span 38-41

Self-weight of slab
Gk slab= Slab thickness x density x Lm
= 0.150m x 24KN/m3 x0.975
= 3.51KN/m

Slab finishes = 1.2 x 0.975

=1.17 KN/m
Total imposed load QK = 3.0KN/m2 x 0.975m
= 2.92KN/m

Design Load N = 1.4(GK) + 1.6(QK)

= 1.4(15.06+1.17+3.51) +1.6(2.92)
= 32.3KN/m
Total design load on beam = 35.48+32.3
= 67.78KN/m

MOMENT SHEAR

At outer support 0 0.45F = 0.45 x

67.78
= 30.50
Near middle of 0.09Fl = 0.09 x 0
end span 67.78 x 5
= 30.50
At first interior -0.11Fl = -0.11 x 0.6F = 0.6 x 67.78
support 67.78 x 5 = 40.66
= -37.27

20
 At middle of 0.07Fl = 0.07 x 0
interior span 67.78 x 5
= 23.72
At interior -0.08Fl = -0.08 x 0.55F = 0.55 x
support 67.78 x 5 67.78
= -27.11 = 37.27

Adequacy of the section to take maximum moment

The depth of the beam required to take maximum moment
(37.27KN/m) is given by:
dreq = √M/Kb , where k = 0.156fcu = 0.156 x 25 = 3.9N/mm² and
b = 200mm
dreq = √37.27 x 106/3.9 x 200
= 218.5mm
Overall depth required
Dreq = dreq + ½(bar size) + link + cover
= 218.5 + ½(16) + 10 + 25
= 264.5mm
Therefore, we require 261.5mm depth of beam to take the
maximum moment; however at the initial stage we selected
450mm (satisfactory).

AREA OF STEEL
a) Near the middle of the end span
M = 30.5KN/m (sagging).The bottom of the beam is
under tension
Effective depth (d) = D – (cover + ½ bar size + link)
= 450 – (25 +8 + 10)
= 407mm
K = M/bd2fcu
= 30.5 x 106
200 x 4072 x 25
= 0.036
K’ = 0.156
K<K’, therefore no compression steel is needed.
Z1 = d{0.5 + √0.25 – K/0.9}
= 407{0.5 + √0.25 – 0.036/0.9}
= 390mm
Z2 = 0.95 x d
= 0.95 x 407
= 386.65
Z1 > Z2
Therefore choose Z2
As(req) = M/0.95fyz2
= 30.5 x 106 /0.95 x 250 x 386.65
= 332.13mm2
As(prov) = 402mm2 (2R16 bars)
Therefore provide 2R16 reinforcement bars.
b) At the first interior support

21
 M = -37.27KNm (hogging). The top of the beam is
under tension.
K = M/bd2fcu
= 37.27 x 106/200 x 407² x25
= 0.044
Therefore K<K’, therefore no compression steel is
needed.
Z1 = d{0.5 + √0.25 – K/0.9}
= 407{0.5 + √0.25 – 0.044/0.9}
= 386.0
Z2 = 389.65
Therefore Z1≤ Z
As(req) = M/0.95fyz1
= 37.27 x 106/0.95 x 250 x 386
= 406.5
As(prov) = 603mm2 (3R16 bars)
Therefore provide 3R16 reinforcement bars.
c) At the middle of the interior span
M = 23.72KNm (sagging). The bottom of the beam is
under tension.
K = 23.72 x 106/200 x4072x 25
= 0.028
Therefore K<K’, therefore no compression steel is
needed.
Z1 = d{0.5 - √0.25 – K/0.9}
= 407{0.5 + √0.25 – 0.028/0.9}
= 393.91
Z2 = 389.65

Z1 > Z2
Therefore choose Z2

As(req) = M/0.95fyz2
= 23.72 x 106 /0.95 x 250 x 386.65
= 258.3mm2
As(prov) = 402mm2 (2R16 bars)
Therefore provide 2R16 reinforcement bars.

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT OR LINKS

Design shear stress, v = V/bvd, where V is the shear force at
the section under consideration.
From the bending moment and shear force table, maximum
shear is 40.66KN.
v = V/bd
= 40.66 x 103/200 x 407
= 0.499Nmm2
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.8 √fcu
= 0.8 √25
= 4N/mm²
V = 0.499N/mm²< 4N/mm²
This means the depth of the beam is OK.

22
Thus shear stress is within acceptable limits.

Design concrete sher stress, Vc

Vc = 0.79[100As/bd]1/3(400/d)1/4 X (fcu/25)1/3
Ym
= 0.79[100x603/200x407]1/3(400/407)1/4 X (25/25)1/4
1.25
= 0.56N/mm2
From table 3.7 of BS 8110
0.5Vc < v < (Vc + 0.4)
(0.5 x 0.56 = 0.28) < 0.499 < (0.56 + 0.4 = 0.96)
Hence Asv > 0.4bSv/(0.95fy)
Maximum Sv ≤ 0.75d
≤ 0.75 x 407
≤ 305.25mm
Use Sv = 300mm
Asv > 0.4 x200 x300/(0.95 x 250)
> 113.68mm² for the two legs of the link.
Thus for one leg Asv = 57mm² hence 10mm Ø is adequate for
the who length of the beam.
DEFLECTION
We shall check deflection at the longer spans.
Actual deflection = span = 5000 = 12.2
d 407
Allowable deflection = Ratio x MF
= 26 x MF
Service stress in steel (fs) = fy As(req) = 250 x 258.3
As(prov) 402
= 160.6
477−𝑓𝑠
MF = 0.55 + 𝑀
120(0.9+
𝑏𝑑²
477−160.6
= 0.55 + 23.72 𝑥 10
120(0.9+
200 𝑥 407²
= 2.18
Hence , choose MF = 2
Allowable deflection = 26 x 2
= 52
Since the actual deflection (12.2) is less than the allowable
deflection (52), deflection is satisfactory.

23
COLUMN DESIGN

REFERENCE OUTPUT
CALCULATION

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Locations of column types C1 are shown in the AutoCAD

fcu = 25N/mm2
fy = 250N/mm2
Main bar = 16mm
Link = 10mm
Durability and fire resistance
Grade of concrete chosen = C30
Minimum cover for mild exposure = 25mm
Thus cover chosen = 25mm
Minimum width for one and half hours fire resistance
(bmin) = 200mm
ROOF TO FIRST FLOOR
Column size
Column sizes selected,
b = 300mm
h = 200mm
Column type
Column is supported on both sides by walls and designed to resist
all lateral forces. Strong. Hence design column as braced.
End conditions
The column is monolithically connected to beams of depth
450mm x 200mm on either side. Which are deeper than the
overall dimension of the column in the x-plane thus satisfying
condition 1 at the top and bottom in the x-x. Therefore,  =0.75
in x-plane.
Slenderness
Clear heights (lo) = 3300mm
Effective height
lex = ley =  l0x
= 0.75 x 3300
= 2475 mm
𝑙𝑒𝑥 2475
= = 12.37
ℎ 200
ley 2475
= = 8.25
b 300

24
 𝑙𝑒𝑥 ley
Since both and are less than 15, design column as Short
ℎ b

braced column.
Loading
Using the software, ultimate loads from the roof = 93.172KN
Ultimate design load, n = 93.172KN
Total Axial Load, N = 93.172KN
Column width (b)
For 1.5 hour fire resistance, minimum width = 200mm
Main reinforcement
N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.8Ascfy
(𝑁−0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐) (93.172−0.4(25 𝑥 300 𝑥200)
Asc = = = -2999.53mm2
0.8𝑓𝑦 0.8 𝑥 250

The negative sign implies that the compressive strength of the

column can resist the axial load hence provide nominal
reinforcement.
For nominal reinforcement
100Asc/Ac ≤ 0.4
Asc ≤ 0.4Ac/100
Asc ≤ 0.4 x 300 x 200/100
Asc ≤ 240mm²
Asc(prov) = 402mm² (2R16)
Hence provide 4R16 (Asc(prov)= 804) bars.
Area of steel check
0.4Ac/100 ≤ Asc ≤ 4Ac/100
0.4 x (300 x 200)/100 ≤ 804 ≤ 4 x (300 x 200)/100
240mm² ≤ 804mm² ≤ 2400mm²
Hence steel is satisfactory.
Diameter of link ≥ max (¼ x diameter of longitudinal bar)
≥ ¼ x 16
≥ 4mm
Spacing of links ≤ 12 x diameter of longitudinal bar
≤ 12 x 16
≤ 192mm

25
Provide R10mm @ 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
Deflection
Lo ≤ 60b
3300 ≤ 60 x 300
3300 ≤ 18000
Slenderness limit are not exceeded, hence deflection is OK.
Cracking
N > 02fcuAc
Where N = 93.172KN
0.2fcuAc = 0.2 x 25 x 300 x 200
= 300000
Therefore 93.172 < 300000
Since N is less than 0.2fcuAc, then crack is OK.
Hence cracking is adequate
FIRST FLOOR TO GROUND FLOOR
Column size
Column sizes selected,
B= 300mm
H= 300mm
Column type
Column is supported on both sides by walls and designed to resist
all lateral forces. strong. Hence design column as braced.
End conditions
The column is monolithically connected to beams of depth
450mm x 200mm on either side. Which are deeper than the
overall dimension of the column in the x-plane thus satisfying
condition 1 at the top and bottom in the x-x. Therefore,  =0.75
in x-plane.

Slenderness
Clear heights (lo) = 3300mm

Effective height
lex = ley =  l0x

26
 = 0.75 x 3300
= 2475 mm
𝑙𝑒𝑥 2475
= = 8.25
ℎ 300
ley 2475
= = 8.25
b 300
𝑙𝑒𝑥 ley
Since both and are less than 15, design column as Short
ℎ b

braced column.
Loading
Slab area = 5 x 3.975= 19.875m2
Dead load = 8.1KN/m² x 19.875m² = 160.987KN
Self-weight of beam = 0.45 x 0.2 x 24 = 2.16 KN/m
Load from beam = (2.16x 5) + (2.16 x 3.975) = 19.386KN
Weight of column = 0.3x 0.3 x 3.3 x 24= 7.128KN
Live load = 3 x 19.875 = 59.625KN
Gk =160.987 +19.386 +7.128= 187.5KN
Qk = 59.625KN/m2
Ultimate design load, n = (1.4 × 187.5) + (1.6 × 59.625)
= 357.9KN
Total Axial Load, N = 93.172+357.9= 451.07KN
Main reinforcement
N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.8Ascfy
(𝑁−0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐) (451.07−0.4(25 𝑥 300 𝑥300)
Asc = = = -4497.7mm2
0.8𝑓𝑦 0.8 𝑥 250

The negative sign implies that the compressive strength of the

column can resist the axial load hence provide nominal
reinforcement.
For nominal reinforcement
100Asc/Ac ≤ 0.4
Asc ≤ 0.4Ac/100
Asc ≤ 0.4 x 300 x 300/100
Asc ≤ 360mm²
Asc(prov) = 402mm² (2R16)
Hence provide 4R16 (Asc(prov)= 804) bars.
Area of steel check

27
0.4Ac/100 ≤ Asc ≤ 4Ac/100
0.4 x (300 x 300)/100 ≤ 804 ≤ 4 x (300 x 300)/100
360mm² ≤ 804mm² ≤ 3600mm²
Hence steel is satisfactory.
Diameter of link ≥ max (¼ x diameter of longitudinal bar)
≥ ¼ x 16
≥ 4mm
Spacing of links ≤ 12 x diameter of longitudinal bar
≤ 12 x 16
≤ 192mm
Provide R10mm @ 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
Deflection
Lo ≤ 60b
3300 ≤ 60 x 300
3300 ≤ 18000
Slenderness limit are not exceeded, hence deflection is OK.
Cracking
N > 02fcuAc
Where N = 451.07KN
0.2fcuAc = 0.2 x 25 x 300 x 300
= 450000
Therefore 451.07 < 450000
Since N is less than 0.2fcuAc, then crack is OK.
Hence cracking is adequate.

28
SITE WORKS AND SUPERVISION

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOTH PROJECTS

GENERAL

Certain specifications and codes of practice, as well as construction requirement were given as
general notes for the construction of the projects. The specifications were based on;

 Concrete grade

 Cement

 Formwork

 Water

 Reinforcement

 How to treat isolation joint

 Foundation

 Lap length

 Minimum bar spacing

 Hooks of rebar

 Spacer blocks for various cover

All these were specified by the structural engineers for the contractor, during and before the project
started.

The table below shows various structural members, minimum cover, mixed ratio, water cement ratio
and volume of water per bag of cement as specified for the project.

Table 1: 2-storey 12 unit classroom block and 2-storey dormitory block project.

STRUCTURAL MINIMUM MIXED WATER VOL.OF

MEMBERS COVER(mm) DESIGN CEMENT RATIO WATER
RATIO PER BAG
OF
CEMENT
STRIP FOOTING - 1:2:4 0.60 30l

FOUNDATION PAD 50 1:2:4 0.55 30l

BEAMS 25 1:2:4 0.55 30l

SLABS 25 1:2:4 0.55 30 l

COLUMNS 25 1:2:4 0.55 30 l

29
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS

GENERAL

In order for the project to be successful, various materials and equipment were used during the
construction processes. I arrived at the site during the construction of the first floor.

MATERIALS

Below are some materials that was used on site.

CEMENT

Cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adhere to other
materials, binding them together. There are different types of cement, on the construction site we
used; for masonry works Portland limestone (PLC) of grade 32.5 R which was a product of Ghacem
cement. Also for concrete works we used Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of grade 42.5 R also a
product of Ghacem.

COARSE AGGREGATE

Different sizes of aggregates were used on site, examples are what we call 0.40, boulders of different
size. The coarse aggregates were used for concrete and for ground stabilizer on the site.

FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate means “sand”, is a mixture of small particles of grains and minerals used for
construction. It is mixed with other materials to obtain a results. (Concrete and mortar)

Below shows some fine aggregate used on site.

REINFORCEMENT STEEL / REBAR

30
Rebar or reinforcement steel are used to help concrete withstand tension forces. On site, different
rebar sizes were used. 10mm, 16mm, 20mm bars were used on site. This bars were either high yield
or mild steel depending on the specification. Below also show some examples of the steel bars used
on site.

WATER
For construction works, water used for construction should clean and free from impurities. Bore hole
was dug and water pump into poly-tank which was used for the construction. Water on site was not
a problem at all.

Below shows the tanks that were used to store water for the construction.

FORMWORK MATERIALS

Formworks are used to create temporary moulds into which concrete is poured and formed. On site
only the wooden formworks were used. The wooden formwork was mostly made with marine
board.

Below shows the formwork use on site.

31
MAIN EQUIPMENTS USED ON SITE

Construction equipment; help in executing construction works easily. On the site different
equipment was used. Below are some of the equipment used.

STATIONARY CONCRETE MIXING MACHINE

In mixing a good concrete on site, we used the concrete mixing machine. Hand mix concrete was
also used on site.

BACK HOLE

Back hole was also used on site; for excavation.

CUTTING AND BENDING OF BARS

Cutting and bending of reinforcement bars were done on site. These were done manually by the
steel benders. The figures below show how the cutting and bending of bars were done on site.

ROLLER COMPACTOR

Roller compactor is use for compaction of soil. On site roller compactor help in effective compaction.

2-STOREY 12 UNITS CLASSROOM BLOCK CONSTRUCTION.

COLUMN CONSTRUCTION

32
GENERAL

The 12 unit classroom block is a two storey building .Since it has two floors, there is a need for
column erection. The columns are structural elements which help to support slab and beams as well,
in order words, helps to support axial loads. In order to erect the remaining floors, columns need to
be erected first. The columns of the classroom comes in different dimensions. (300x200, 300x150,
and 200x200 starter columns serving as stiffeners’).

COLUMN KICKERS SETTING OUT AND CASTING

Before columns are erected from the ground floor or any other floor, there is a need for a kicker. The
column kicker is a small concrete step used at the bottom of columns to make sure that correct
coordinates of columns are maintained between floor slabs. Column kickers used at all positions
were constructed during the construction process. During the setting out I helped to make sure the
kickers are set in their rightful position.

Below shows the process.

33
REINORCEMENT PLACEMENT FOR COLUMNS.

Columns require steel reinforcements and a concrete, after the column kickers are casted and left to
dry. The column reinforcement bars are placed either by manpower or crane. On site, most of the
lifting of the things were being done by manpower. The reinforcement bars were placed to lap the
already started reinforcement bars of the columns.

Below show the placement of the rebar of the columns.

SHUTTERING / FORMWORK OF COLUMNS

After the erection of the reinforcement bars for the columns, the next step is to begin with the
shuttering of the columns which was done with wooden for both the first and the second floor.
Some props are also use to stabilize the column formworks. During this process, I helped by directing
the carpenters as to which locations the formworks are needed.

Below shows the processes.

34
COLUMN CASTING

After the shuttering process, we began with the casting of the columns. From table 1 the mix ratio as
well as the cover for the column were given for the classroom block.

The mix ratio for the classroom block columns is 1:2:4.

The ratio means 1 part of cement: 2 part of fine aggregate: 4 part of coarse aggregate. With about
30 liters of water in order to achieve a strength of about 35-40N/mm2 at the end of 28 days.
1
Using the wheelbarrow the ratio is converted as2: 1: 2. I ensured the mix was as specified. The
concrete was mixed using a concrete mixing machine using he given ratio.The next day after the
columns have been casted, I organized the workers in order for curing to be done.

35
CONSTRUCTON OF BEAMS AND SLAB
GENERAL (BEAMS AND SLAB)
The beams of the classroom block projects were mostly flange beams; they were casted together
with the slab. Meaning the formwork and shuttering of the beams were done together with the slab.

Beams are structural element that primarily resist load applied laterally to the beam‘s axis.

Slabs are also structural element. . The beams of the classroom comes in different dimensions.
(300x225 and 300x150 for ground floor, 450x200 and 450x150 for first floor and 300x200 for roof
beams).

FORMWORK/SHUTTERING OF THE BEAMS AND SLAB

After the columns were erected, next process was to create a formwork for the slab and beams since
it is a storey building. On site the formwork for most of the beams and columns were created with
marine board. The marine board gives a very smooth finish on the structural element. . It was then
cut into specific shapes and sizes, and then placed on H-beams which were also supported below by
the anchor jacks. If the beam was 450mm in depth the distance from the surface of the slab
formwork to the bottom of the beam was 300mm. Because the concrete thickness of 150mm
thickness from the slab surface would let us achieve our beam depth of 450mm. After the
carpenters had finished with the slab and beam formwork, I was assigned to measure each of the
panels created and the beam depths, to see if they correspond to the structural drawing. The steel
benders would be in charge and arrange the reinforcement bars of 12mm for the slab. Whiles the
slab bottom and top reinforcement bars are being arranged, the steel benders had already brought
the beam reinforcement bars of 25mm in sizes. After the steel benders, the whole was cleaned with
water to make the area debris free. The concrete was then brought in by the crane and poured it on

36
the area prepared, by the help of the rotary level we gave the concrete height which was
150mm.The formwork was struck after 28 days, all this time curing was being done.

REINFORCEMENT PLACING FOR BEAMS AND SLAB.

The reinforcement for the beams were then placed. After the arrangement of the beams; I was told
to do inspection of the beam reinforcement bars arrangement to see if they correspond to the
drawings. I also checked the various lapping done in the beam. After inspection, the beam
reinforcement bars were then lowered into the beam‘s formwork. After all the beams were
completed, the slab reinforcement also began. In the reinforcement of the slab, main bars were to
place in the shorter direction, whiles the distribution bars follows. On the drawings of my hosted
company the reinforcement bars for the slab are given names such as B1, B2, T1 and T2. Which
signifies bottom and top bars respectively. In the beam reinforcement, all bottomed bars are lapped
in the middle of the beam due to sagging and all top bars are not lapped at the joint due hogging.

Blow shows the reinforcement process.

37
CASTING THE BEAMS AND SLAB.
After the reinforcement bars have be placed for the beams and slab, it was then casted. The mix
ratio for the beams and slab was 1:2:4 with a required strength of about 20N/mm2. During the
casting of the beam and slab, poker vibrator was used to poker, in order to remove void air trap in
the concrete.

CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (HALF TURN)

GENERAL
Staircase is a set of steps or flight leading from one floor to another. It is the common means of
access between floors of storey building.

Before the construction of staircase begins, there must be formworks, followed by the
reinforcement arrangement, creating of the riser and tread and then casting.

38
 SHUTTERING OF THE STAIRCASE
Before the construction of the staircase, the formwork of the staircase was done. I took time to also
study the staircase drawing since I was to supervise its construction. Shuttering was done with
marine board and wooden props. This is to enable the reinforcement work to be done. Below shows
the process.

REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENT FOR THE STAIRCASE.

Bars from the key of the stairs, were used as the main bars to help support the staircase. The first
flight of the staircase was supported by the key and the half landing, and the second flight was also
supported by the landing and the first floor slab. I ensured the stairs reinforcement was as specified.
Pictures showing the process.

SHUTTERING OF THE TREAD AND RISERS.

After the reinforcement for the stairs was completed, I called the carpenters to help create the risers
and tread before casting is done. Pictures showing how the riser was created.

39
 CASTING AND CURING OF THE STAIRCASE
The mix for the staircase was done by a concrete mixer on site. The mix ratio used was 1:2:4 with.
After the mix was used to lift the concrete for casting. Poker vibrator was also used during the
casting.

Curing of the stairs.

LAYING OF BLOCKS
After the formworks were striped from the column, blocks were laid in stretcher bond at
three course high on spread mortar spaces for windows and doors were left and then the
laying of blocks continue to shoulder level where dependent scaffold was introduce to
enable the work continue to higher level.

40
ROOF CONSTRUCTION

Roof refers to the framework of either a steel, timber, or concrete on which a covering is placed.
Roof is the top most part of a building, which prevents the building from bad weather conditions like
rain and sun and also supported the dead load of the roof structure.

We constructed a pitched roof. A pitch roof is a roof which has slope greater than 10 degrees.

MATERIALS FOR THE ROOF CONSTRUCTION

Galvanized aluminum roofing sheet

Nails

Wood (Timber members)

Quarter rod

TREATMENT FOR THE WOODS USED

The woods used for the roof construction were welled seasoned in order to reduce the moisture
content which would have caused excessive shrinkage, decaying and also reduce the rusting process
of nails. The seasoning was done by kiln drying.

41
PRESERVATION

This is the method of protecting or preventing the timber from destruction. This was done by
immersing the timber in a tank filled with timber chemical preservative which when dries to prevent
the timber from going bad and also prolongs the life span of the timber.

METHOD USED FOR THE ROOF CONSTRUCTION

A timber wall plate of 100mm x 50mm was fixed onto the walls by steel brackets. The wall plate
provided a platform for the rafters (150mmx50mm) and purlins

(150mmx50mm) to be fixed and also transmits loads from the entire roof to the whole structure.

After placing the wall plate, 100mm x 50mm joist were placed across wall plates and nailed to the
wall plate. They were spaced at the same centers as the rafters.

Ridge board was introduced to provide a means of fixing the top of pairs of the rafters. A soft-wood
was fixed with its long axis vertical and its length horizontal.

After that, the top of rafters was cut on the splay with the help of ripsaw. Then the pairs of rafters
were fit closely to opposite sides of the ridge board to which they were nailed.

Each side of the rafters was nailed to the central ridge board. The lower part of the rafters was
nailed to the wall plate.

150mm x 50mm purlins were placed on top of the rafter perpendicular to each other to on which
the roof cover was to be laid. After that fascia board was fixed to cover the ends of the rafters.

After the timber frame work of the roof, a galvanized aluminum sheets was used to cover the timber
framework of the roof.

42
43
CHAPTER 4
NEW SKILLS
This industrial attachment has really helped me to acquire much skills. Below are a few of the skills I
acquired;

 MANAGERIAL SKILLS
I got a little skills of how management was done, I found out that the site was
properly managed that’s why the project was progressing smoothly. I also discovered that
management was planning, timing, organizing, directing, supervising and controlling when given
the authority.

 TAKING OF MEASUREMENT
The time I spent at the site was mostly used to taking of measurement. Even though we are
taught metric system of measurement in school and most of the drawings at the site were in
metric. I had to learn the imperial system too, because the labourers and some carpenters
understood the imperial better compared with the metric.

 READING STRUCTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

The constant open, reading and working with the structural and architectural drawings at the
site, has made it very easy for me to read other structural drawings. I think this is a very efficient
skills I had acquired.

 USES OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

This attachment has made me known the functions of many tools and equipment I had seen at
certain construction sites. I also got the chance to use these equipment efficiently and naturally.

 TEAMWORK
At the site I found out that in order for the project to go on, everybody was friendly with the
other. At the site we shared ideas and solved problems together, and laughed with one another
in order to prevent the buildup of pressure between members.

 GOOD COMMUNICATION SKILLS

 ANALYTICAL THINKING TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN SKILLS, BOTH MANUAL AND WITH A COMPUTER SOFTWARE.

44
CHAPTER 5
COMMENTS
 I think our department (civil engineering), should endeavor to have links with the civil
engineering firms, since those firms are the employers at the end of our academic works.
 I also think our academic supervisors should try and have cordial relationship with the
industry supervision to help facilitate our placement of internship.

OBSERVATION

 I observed that, every worker on a construction site have personal protective equipment
during the construction process.
 contractors trying to cut corners
 Challenges in interpreting drawings on field due to certain situations on site.

IMPRESSION
I am very impressed with my six months internship at SRC engineers limited, they taught me a lot.
Now I feel very confident in my field. I also learnt a lot of skills as well and also learnt how to blend
what was taught in class with the practical wok.

CONCLUSION
Industrial attachment, in order words engineering training for civil engineering students is very
beneficial and should be maintained and enhanced.

45