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    Sequence Words Action Verb Determiner Material/ Ingredient/ Tool/ Pronoun Details

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    Zuraimi Mohd Zuber
    Bricks are manufactured through a process involving several steps: 1. Clay and shale are extracted from pits using heavy machinery and stockpiled for blending. 2. The materials are crushed, blended, and ground to reduce particles to 3-5mm. 3. The clay is shaped, often through extrusion, and cut into brick sizes. 4. Bricks are dried in the sun, tunnels, or chambers to reduce moisture before firing. 5. Firing bakes the bricks between 1000-1200°C depending on the clay, which strengthens them.

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    Sequence Words Action Verb Determiner Material/ Ingredient/ Tool/ Pronoun Details

    Uploaded by

    Zuraimi Mohd Zuber
    106 views5 pages
    Bricks are manufactured through a process involving several steps: 1. Clay and shale are extracted from pits using heavy machinery and stockpiled for blending. 2. The materials are crushed, blended, and ground to reduce particles to 3-5mm. 3. The clay is shaped, often through extrusion, and cut into brick sizes. 4. Bricks are dried in the sun, tunnels, or chambers to reduce moisture before firing. 5. Firing bakes the bricks between 1000-1200°C depending on the clay, which strengthens them.

    Original Description:

    Formula for making passive sentences

    Original Title

    Passive Active Formula

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    Bricks are manufactured through a process involving several steps: 1. Clay and shale are extracted from pits using heavy machinery and stockpiled for blending. 2. The materials are crushed, blended, and ground to reduce particles to 3-5mm. 3. The clay is shaped, often through extrusion, and cut into brick sizes. 4. Bricks are dried in the sun, tunnels, or chambers to reduce moisture before firing. 5. Firing bakes the bricks between 1000-1200°C depending on the clay, which strengthens them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    106 views5 pages

    Sequence Words Action Verb Determiner Material/ Ingredient/ Tool/ Pronoun Details

    Uploaded by

    Zuraimi Mohd Zuber
    Bricks are manufactured through a process involving several steps: 1. Clay and shale are extracted from pits using heavy machinery and stockpiled for blending. 2. The materials are crushed, blended, and ground to reduce particles to 3-5mm. 3. The clay is shaped, often through extrusion, and cut into brick sizes. 4. Bricks are dried in the sun, tunnels, or chambers to reduce moisture before firing. 5. Firing bakes the bricks between 1000-1200°C depending on the clay, which strengthens them.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    https://civilblog.

    org/2015/04/28/how-bricks-are-manufactured/

    When you are giving an instruction for doing or making something (the product is not produced yet, you are just telling how to make it), you can
    use sentences in ACTIVE VOICE. We call it ACTIVE VOICE because it starts with the action first (ACTION VERB).

    SEQUENCE ACTION DETERMINER MATERIAL/ DETAILS


    WORDS VERB INGREDIENT/
    TOOL/
    PRONOUN
    Firstly, To a , an, the EXAMPLES OF WITH Together with (what
    begin MATERIALS WHAT material/ingredient?)
    this, that WHEN? Before, after, while
    these, those Sand
    Secondly, My, Your, His, Her, Glue WHY? To, in order to, so that, so as to
    Thirdly Their, Our, Its Paper
    one, ten, thirty Shells HOW? By + (VERB+ing) + Object
    Into (what condition?)
    Next, Then, a few, a little, much, EXAMPLES OF HOW For (how long)
    After that, many, a lot of, most, INGREDIENTS LONG?
    Subsequently, some, any, enough (duration)
    Later all, both, half, either, Salt HOW
    neither, each, every Chicken MUCH?
    other, another Tomato WHICH Which …
    While…, Rice ONE? That …
    During this ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES OF WHERE? In, into, onto, at, on top, under,
    process, At TOOLS inside, alongside, through etc.
    the same time Colour – red, blue, pink
    Knife
    Size – small, big etc Ruler
    Before…, Prior PRONOUNS USING Using (what tool?)
    to that, Material – metal, WHAT With (what tool?)
    plastic It
    Them
    Origin – Chinese, Thai
    https://civilblog.org/2015/04/28/how-bricks-are-manufactured/

    However, when you are describing a process (talking about how a finished product is produced), you can use PASSIVE VOICE.

    SEQUENCE INGREDIENT/ MATERIAL IS / ARE VERB (IN PAST DETAIL


    WORDS PARTICIPLE)

    SEQUENCE INGREDIENT/ MATERIAL IS / ARE VERB (IN PAST DETAIL


    WORDS PARTICIPLE)

    1. EXTRACTING
    https://civilblog.org/2015/04/28/how-bricks-are-manufactured/

    Heavy earth-moving equipment such as bulldozers, scrapers and mechanical shovels are used to extract the clay and shales.
    2. CRUSHING AND BLENDING
    After being transported from the pit by truck or endless conveyor, the materials are stockpiled to enable blending of the various types
    of clay.
    The clays are fed separately by hopper or conveyor to the primary crushers. These reduce the particle size down to 3 – 5 mm or
    less. The mixing of clays follows, to impart the desired proper ties, such as colour and strength.
    3. GRINDING
    Conveyors carry the mixed clay away for secondary crushing, which is usually done by means of a pan mill. The pan mill has two
    heavy steel wheels on an axle that is connected to a central vertical spindle around which they rotate, crushing the clay against the
    base of the pan.
    The base is perforated to allow the crushed material to fall through. This process, when done with dry clay, shatters the brittle
    particles into smaller pieces. When the pan mill is used with wet clay, the plastic material is squeezed through the perforations and
    then falls between high-speed rollers which complete the grinding process.
    4. SCREENING – DRY PROCESSING
    Before being shaped, the clay is screened and oversize pieces are returned to the pan mill for further crushing.
    5. SHAPING
    Bricks are hand formed, pressed or extruded into their final shape. The method used to shape the bricks affects their final
    appearance and texture, and sets certain limitations on the handling methods employed during manufacture.
    6. EXTRUDED BRICKS (COMMON METHOD IN SOUTH AFRICA)
    Clay with 18-25% water content is forced by an auger into a horizontal cone-shaped tube that tapers down to the die. Two
    compaction stages are commonly incorporated, with a vacuum chamber between them to remove any air in the clay that would
    reduce the strength of the end product.
    The extruded clay column is cut into brick-sized pieces by an arrangement of wires. Extruded bricks, although often smooth, may be
    mechanically patterned or textured. Most bricks of this type have anything from 3-12 perforations that, by increasing the surface area,
    reduce the required drying, firing, and cooling times. Any internal stresses are relieved by the perforations and prevent distortion of
    the bricks during firing.
    7. DRYING OF BRICKS
    https://civilblog.org/2015/04/28/how-bricks-are-manufactured/

    In the brick-making process, the clay is refined and water is added in order to mould the brick. Before the bricks can be fired, they
    must be dried properly: the moisture content has to be reduced to 8% of volume for the clamp kiln.
    Bricks are sun dried, making full use of this free source of energy by placing the bricks on open hack lines. This operation has the
    disadvantage that it may make the process time-consuming, especially in the rainy season.
    To reduce the drying cycle, brick makers have introduced some mechanical means of drying. The two most common methods are
    tunnel or chamber driers. The energy (heat) for the drying is produced in a supplementary coal heater or recycled off the kiln and the
    heated air is fed into the driers. These methods work as follows:

     Tunnel driers: The bricks are produced and then off-set on flat rail trolleys or kiln cars. The cars are pushed through the tunnel.
    This operation can take up to 40 to 50 hours, from green to dry.
     Chamber driers: Patented chamber driers are large rooms where bricks are packed onto pallets. The chambers may have a
    capacity of 50 000 to 60 000 bricks. Hot air is fed into the chamber.

    Drying time is between 30 and 45 hours – much quicker than the 14 to 21 days needed for solar drying.
    8. FIRING
    Bricks are fired at temperatures between 1 000° and 1 200°C, depending on the clay. Light-colored clays usually require higher firing
    temperatures than dark-colored ones. Of the many known types of ceramic kilns, four common types used are
    1. The Down Draught kiln,
    2. The Hoffman-type Transverse Arch kiln (T.V.A.),
    3. The Tunnel kiln and
    4. The Clamp kiln
    However, the Down Draught types of kilns have been discontinued because of their uneconomical firing procedure (labor, coal etc.).
    Down-draught kilns consist of a rectangular space with a barrel-vaulted roof and a slotted or perforated floor open to flues below.
    Green bricks (40 000 to 100 000 at a time) are stacked in the kiln. Fires are lit in fireboxes along the sides and the hot gases fire up
    to the curved roof, down through the bricks and from there to the chimney stack. Fires are fueled by coal, gas or oil. When the
    desired temperature has been reached, the temperature is maintained for a specific period and the fires are then allowed to die. The
    kiln cools down, the fired bricks are removed and another batch of green bricks is placed in the kiln for firing.
    https://civilblog.org/2015/04/28/how-bricks-are-manufactured/

    Firing in the T.V.A. kiln is continuous. Each day, green bricks are placed, in cleared chambers, in front of the fire and fired bricks are
    removed from behind it, with two or three adjacent wickets being kept open for this purpose. When a chamber is full, the wicket is
    bricked up and fuel (coal, oil or gas) is fed in among the bricks through holes in the crown or roof of the kiln.
    The fire is made to move forward by “taking on” a row of fire holes at the front and dropping a row at the back, every 2 to 4 hours in
    an average sized kiln. In this way the fire moves right around the kiln every 10 to 14 days. The hot gases from the firing zone are
    drawn forward to preheat and dry out the green bricks, while the fired bricks are cooled down by the flow of air passing from the open
    wickets behind the firing zone.
    The tunnel kiln is also a continual kiln, but the fire is stationary while the bricks move past it on kiln cars. As in the T.V.A. kiln, the
    unfired bricks are preheated by the spent combustion gases. After the fire, heat released by the cooling bricks may be drawn off for
    use in the associated driers. With this interchange of heat, the tunnel kiln uses less fuel than the intermittent type of down-draught
    kiln. It has several other advantages. For example, cars can be loaded and unloaded in the open factory, and always at the same
    loading points, so that handling problems are simplified; and the kiln car acts as a conveyor belt so the bricks are fired as they pass
    through the firing zone.
    In clamp kilns, some fuel is placed into the body of each brick. The bricks are packed into a pyramid shaped formation. The clamp
    has a layer of coal, equivalent to two courses of bricks, packed at the bottom. This layer is set alight, it ignites the fuel in the base
    layer of bricks and progressively, each brick in the pack catches alight.
    Clamp kiln firing can take up to three weeks and although the bricks might have finished burning in that time, it may take longer
    before they are cool enough to be sorted. Temperatures can be as high as 1 400°C in the centre of the clamp.
    CONCLUSION
    Modern clay brick making is a capital intensive ceramic process that requires long-term planning sensitive to the cyclical nature of the
    building and construction industries.
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