Septic o and Mass

Registration form
Septic Operations and Maintenance CEU Training Course $200.00

48 HOUR RUSH ORDER PROCESSING FEE ADDITIONAL $50.00
Start and finish dates: _____________________________________

You will have 90 days from this date in order to complete this course
List number of hours worked on assignment must match State requirement. ________
Name________________________________Signature_______________________________
I have read and understood the disclaimer notice on page 2. Digitally sign XXX
Address: ______________________________________________________________
City_________________________________State_________________Zip________________
Email____________________________________ Fax (____)_______________________
Phone:
Home (____)_______________________ Work (____)___________________________
Operator ID #____________________________________Exp. Date______________
Please circle/check which certification you are applying the course CEU’s/PDH’s.
Wastewater Collection____ O and M____________ Onsite Installer ____
Oregon CCB ($50 additional fee) __________ Other ____________________

Your certificate will be e-mailed to you in about two weeks.
Technical Learning College PO Box 3060, Chino Valley, AZ 86323

Toll Free (866) 557-1746 Fax (928) 272-0747 [email protected]
If you’ve paid on the Internet, please write your Customer#______________
Please invoice me, my PO#_________________________________________
Please pay with your credit card on our website under Bookstore or Buy Now.
Or call us and provide your credit card information.
We will stop mailing the certificate of completion so we need either your fax number or
e-mail address. We will e-mail the certificate to you, if no e-mail address; we will fax it
to you.
DISCLAIMER NOTICE
I understand that it is my responsibility to ensure that this CEU course is either
approved or accepted in my State for CEU credit. I understand State laws and rules
change on a frequent basis and I believe this course is currently accepted in my State
for CEU or contact hour credit, if it is not, I will not hold Technical Learning College
responsible. I also understand that this type of study program deals with dangerous
conditions and that I will not hold Technical Learning College, Technical Learning
Consultants, Inc. (TLC) liable for any errors or omissions or advice contained in this
CEU education training course or for any violation or injury caused by this CEU
education training course material. I will call or contact TLC if I need help or
assistance and double-check to ensure my registration page and assignment has
been received and graded.
Professional Engineers; Most states will accept our courses for credit but we do not
officially list the States or Agencies. Please check your State for approval.
You can obtain a printed version of the course manual from TLC for an additional
$69.95 plus shipping charges.
AFFIDAVIT OF EXAM COMPLETION

I affirm that I personally completed the entire text of the course. I also affirm that I
completed the exam without assistance from any outside source. I understand that it
is my responsibility to file or maintain my certificate of completion as required by the
state or by the designation organization.
Grading Information
In order to maintain the integrity of our courses we do not distribute test scores,
percentages or questions missed. Our exams are based upon pass/fail criteria with the
benchmark for successful completion set at 70%. Once you pass the exam, your
record will reflect a successful completion and a certificate will be issued to you.
Rush Grading Service

If you need this assignment graded and the results mailed to you within a 48-hour
period, prepare to pay an additional rush service handling fee of $50.00. This fee may
not cover postage costs. If you need this service, simply write RUSH on the top of
your Registration Form. We will place you in the front of the grading and processing
line.
Do not solely depend on TLC’s Approval list for it may be outdated.
A second certificate of completion for a second State Agency $50 processing

fee.
All downloads are electronically tracked and monitored for security purposes.
2
Septic Operations and Maintenance Assignment 5/1/2018 TLC
Septic Operations and Maintenance Answer Key
Name___________________________________
Phone# ___________________________
You are solely responsible to ensure that this course is accepted for credit by
your State. Did you check with your State agency to ensure this course is
accepted for credit? No refunds.
Method of Course acceptance confirmation. Please fill this section
Website __ Telephone Call___ Email____ Spoke to________________________
Did you receive the approval number, if applicable? ________________
What is the course approval number, if applicable? ____________________

Do not solely depend on TLC’s Approval list for it may be outdated.
You can also fill this assignment out electronically in Adobe Acrobat DC
Please circle, underline, bold or X only one correct answer
1. A B C D E F 17. A B C D E F 33. A B C D E F
3
4
5
6
346. A B C D E F 379. A B C D E F
347. A B C D E F 380. A B C D E F
348. A B C D E F 381. A B C D E F
349. A B C D E F 382. A B C D E F
350. A B C D E F 383. A B C D E F
351. A B C D E F 384. A B C D E F
352. A B C D E F 385. A B C D E F
353. A B C D E F 386. A B C D E F
354. A B C D E F 387. A B C D E F
355. A B C D E F 388. A B C D E F
356. A B C D E F 389. A B C D E F
357. A B C D E F 390. A B C D E F
358. A B C D E F 391. A B C D E F
359. A B C D E F 392. A B C D E F
360. A B C D E F 393. A B C D E F
361. A B C D E F 394. A B C D E F
362. A B C D E F 395. A B C D E F
363. A B C D E F 396. A B C D E F
364. A B C D E F 397. A B C D E F
365. A B C D E F 398. A B C D E F
366. A B C D E F 399. A B C D E F
367. A B C D E F 400. A B C D E F
368. A B C D E F
369. A B C D E F
370. A B C D E F
371. A B C D E F
372. A B C D E F
373. A B C D E F
374. A B C D E F
375. A B C D E F
376. A B C D E F
377. A B C D E F
378. A B C D E F
7
This course contains general EPA’s CWA federal rule requirements. Please be aware
that each state implements wastewater/safety/environmental /building regulations that
may be more stringent than EPA’s regulations. Check with your state
environmental/health agency for more information. These rules change frequently and
are often difficult to interpret and follow. Be careful to not be in non-compliance and do
not follow this course for proper compliance.
Additional certificate for another Agency – additional fee $50
Please fax the answer key to TLC

(928) 272-0747
Rush Grading Service

If you need this assignment graded and the results mailed to you within a 48-hour
period, prepare to pay an additional rush service handling fee of $50.00. This fee may
not cover postage costs. If you need this service, simply write RUSH on the top of
your Registration Form. We will place you in the front of the grading and processing
line. Thank you…
8
SEPTIC OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
CEU TRAINING COURSE
CUSTOMER SERVICE RESPONSE CARD
NAME: __________________________
E-MAIL _________________________________ PHONE _____________________
PLEASE COMPLETE THIS FORM BY CIRCLING THE NUMBER OF THE

APPROPRIATE ANSWER IN THE AREA BELOW.
1. Please rate the difficulty of your course.

Very Easy 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Difficult
2. Please rate the difficulty of the testing process.

Very Easy 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Difficult
3. Please rate the subject matter on the exam to your actual field or work.
Very Similar 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Different
4. How did you hear about this Course? ____________________________________
5. What would you do to improve the Course?
_____________________________________________________________________
How about the price of the course?
Poor_____ Fair ____ Average ____ Good____ Great_____
How was your customer service?
Poor___ Fair ____ Average ____ Good _____ Great_____
Any other concerns or comments.
9
10
Septic Operations and Maintenance CEU Training Course
Assignment
The Assignment (Exam) is also available in Word on the Internet for your Convenience,
please visit www.ABCTLC.com and download the assignment and e- mail it back to
TLC.
You’ll have 90 days from the start of this course to complete in order to receive your
Professional Development Hours (PDHs) or Continuing Education Unit (CEU). A score of 70
% is necessary to pass this course. We prefer if this exam is proctored. No intentional trick
questions. If you should need any assistance, please email all concerns and the completed
manual to [email protected].
We would prefer that you utilize the enclosed answer sheet in the front, but if you are unable to
do so, type out your own answer key. Please include your name and address on your manual
and make copy for yourself. You can e-mail or fax your Answer Key along with the Registration
Form to TLC. (S) Means answer may be plural or singular. Multiple Choice Section,
One answer per question and please use the answer key.
Tree Roots vs. Sanitary Sewer Lines

1. Roots require oxygen to grow, they do not grow in pipes that are full of water or where high
ground water _________________ prevail.
A. Capacity D. Conditions
B. Location E. And low sodium
C. And nutrients F. None of the Above
2. Roots _________________ in the warm, moist nutrient rich atmosphere above the water
surface inside sanitary sewers.
A. Penetrate D. Grow
B. Thrive E. Cannot live without Sun
C. Attracted F. None of the Above
3. The flow of warm water inside the sanitary sewer service pipe _________________to
escape to the cold soil surrounding the pipe.
B. Thrive E. Makes air
4. Tree roots are _________________to the water vapor leaving the pipe and they follow the
vapor trail to the source of the moisture, which are usually cracks or loose joints in the sewer
pipe.
A. Penetrate D. Easy to work around and
B. Thrive E. Not a problem if you have a little gunpowder
11
5. Upon reaching the crack or pipe joint, tree roots will _________________ the opening to
reach the nutrients and moisture inside the pipe. This phenomenon continues in winter even
though trees appear to be dormant.
B. Thrive E. Make trouble
C. Expand F. None of the Above
6. Once inside the pipe, roots will continue to _________________ and if not disturbed, they
will completely fill the pipe with multiple hair-like root masses at each point of entry.
B. Thrive E. Make trouble
C. Expand F. None of the Above
7. The root mass inside the pipe _________________with grease, tissue paper, and other
debris discharged from the residence or business.
A. Will exert considerable pressure D. Break the pipe
B. Becomes matted E. Will make a stink pickle
C. Makes something tasty F. None of the Above
8. Homeowners will notice the first signs of a slow flowing drainage system by hearing
_________________from toilet bowls and observing wet areas around floor drains after
completing the laundry.
A. Considerable pressure D. Something like a jet plane
B. Cries for help from the roots E. Something like a cat
C. Something like smoke but has an odor F. None of the Above
9. A complete blockage _________________if no remedial action is taken to remove the

roots/blockage.
A. Will exert considerable pressure D. Will break the pipe
B. Will become matted E. Is easily repaired
C. Will make good money F. None of the Above
10. As roots continue to grow, they expand and _________________at the crack or joint
where they entered the pipe.
A. Exert considerable pressure D. Break the pipe
B. Becomes matted E. Multiply
C. Make a pleasant odor F. None of the Above
11. The force exerted by the root growth will _________________and may result in total
collapse of the pipe.
B. Become matted E. Double
C. Not be a problem F. None of the Above
12. Severe root intrusion and pipes that are structurally damaged will?
12
13. Tree roots _________________sewer pipes are generally the most expensive sewer
maintenance item experienced by City residents.
14. Roots from trees growing on private property and on parkways throughout the City are
responsible for many of the _________________ and damaged sewer pipes.
A. Exert considerable pressure D. Stink pickles
B. Sanitary sewer service backups E. Problems
C. Wet areas F. None of the Above
15. Homeowners should be aware of the location of their sewer service and refrain from
_________________and hedges near the sewer lines.
A. Exertion D. Mowing the grass
B. Digging E. Swearing
C. Observing wet areas F. None of the Above
16. Which of the following terms of a sanitary sewer service line as a result of damage from
tree roots may be very expensive?
A. Exert considerable pressure D. Pipe breakage
B. Replacement cost E. Odor
C. Wet areas F. None of the Above
17. When designing a wastewater system, the design engineer begins by first determining the
_________________ of sewage to be handled. This is accomplished through a careful study
of the area to be served.
A. Begins by first determining D. Acceptance of the preliminary designs
B. Types and quantities E. Amount and flavor
C. Sizes, slopes, and distances F. None of the Above
18. Use is greater in the summer than in the winter and greater during the morning and
evening than it is in the middle of the day or at night. Therefore, the average daily flow (based
on the average utilization) is multiplied by a peak flow factor?
A. UEL D. To obtain the maximum flow
B. To obtain the design flow E. LEL
C. Slopes and distances F. None of the Above
19. Typical peak flow factors range from 4 to 6 for small areas down to 1.5 to 2.5 for larger
areas. An allowance for unavoidable infiltration of surface and subsurface water into the lines
is sometimes added to the peak flow?
A. UEL D. To obtain the design flow
B. Up flow E. LEL
C. Slopes and distances F. None of the Above
20. A typical infiltration allowance is 500 gallons per inch of pipe diameter per mile of sewer
per day. From the types of sewage and the estimated design flow, the engineer can then
tentatively _________________below grade of the piping to be used for the system.
A. Begins by first determining D. Accepted
B. Begins E. Set
C. Select the types, sizes, slopes, and distances F. None of the Above
13
21. Which of the following terms are types of joints are used to connect cast-iron soil pipes
(CISP) and fittings.
A. Speed Seal Joints D. Lead and Oakum Joint, Compression Joint and No-Hub Joints
B. Mortar or Bituminous Joints E. No hub
C. Compression joints F. None of the Above
22. Which of the following terms is an assembly tool is used to force the spigot end of the pipe
or fitting into the lubricated gasket inside the hub?
A. Speed Seal Joints D. Compression Joint
B. Mortar or Bituminous Joints E. No hub
C. Pressure joints F. None of the Above
23. The use of _______________ in joining vitrified clay pipe has become widespread.
A. Speed Seal Joints D. Lead and Oakum Joints
B. Mortar or Bituminous Joints E. Welding
C. Compression joints F. None of the Above
24. These _______________are also used to clean lift station wet wells, stormwater catch
basins and to perform excavations to locate broken water or sewer lines. It reduces repair
times and costs by over 50%.
A. Televising Vans D. Laser tools
B. Sewer vacuum trucks E. Super robots
C. Versatile vehicles F. None of the Above
25. Efficient collection system maintenance and repairs are unlikely if _______________ is
not adequate.
A. Mapping D. Sewer line maps
B. Updating maps E. GIS
C. Collection system maps F. None of the Above
26. Which of the following terms should have a numbering system which uniquely identifies all
manholes and sewer cleanouts?
A. Maps D. Sewer line maps
B. Stone lines E. The City
C. Collection details F. None of the Above
27. Which of the following terms should also indicate the property served and reference its
cleanout?
A. Maps D. Sewer line maps
28. Which of the following terms should indicate the diameter, the length between the centers
of manholes, and the slope or direction of flow?
A. Mapping D. Sewer line maps
14
29. Maps may come in different sizes and scales to be used for different purposes. Detailed
local maps may be used by maintenance or repair crews to perform the duties. However, these
detailed _______________should be keyed to one overall map that shows the entire system.
A. Mapping D. As-builts
B. Satellites E. Records
C. Instructions F. None of the Above
30. GIS is a _______________ capable of combining mapping with detailed information about
the physical structures within the collection system.
A. Mapping term D. Computerized mapping program
B. Robot E. Computerized robot laser system
C. Laser F. None of the Above
Basic Onsite Treatment Processes

31. Which of the following terms and clustered wastewater systems are designed to
accomplish the same thing—the treatment of wastewater—but how this is accomplished is
based on the type of treatment technology used.
A. Individual D. Enhanced organic matter removal
B. Septic tank effluent filters E. Phosphorus precipitation
C. Secondary effluent F. None of the Above
Primary Treatment
32. Physical treatment processes involving capture of solids and fats/oils/grease in an
enclosed vessel, typically by settling and flotation, such as provided in a septic tank or?
A. Septic tank D. Combining primary and secondary treatment
B. Tertiary effluent E. An aerated vessel or chamber
C. Grease interceptor tank F. None of the Above
33. This process also includes trapping of solids via septic tank effluent filters or screens prior
to discharge of the?
A. Tank effluent D. Enhanced organic matter removal
Secondary Treatment
34. Which of the following terms designed to remove organic matter, mostly through digestion
and decomposition, often aided by introduction of or exposure to atmospheric oxygen?
B. Tertiary effluent E. Biological and chemical processes
C. Conventional systems F. None of the Above
35. A typical standard for __________________ is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations less than or equal to 20 mg/L each on a 30-day
average basis.
A. Clustered wastewater D. Enhanced organic matter removal
15
Conventional Systems
36. Which of the following terms are the most commonly used wastewater treatment
technologies, combining primary and secondary treatment?
A. Septic tank D. Conventional treatment systems
37. These systems are the least expensive in terms of total cost but ____________(e.g., at
least 24-36 inches of unsaturated soil) and maintenance to perform adequately.
A. Require specific conditions D. Enhanced organic matter removal
38. A conventional wastewater treatment system consists of a septic tank and ____________
that allows primary treatment (i.e., septic tank) effluent to infiltrate into unsaturated soil.
A. Septic tank D. A soil absorption field
39. Flow through the system usually occurs _______________but can be aided by a pump, if
necessary, operated by a float switch or timer.
A. Clustered wastewater D. Enhanced pumping
B. Septic tank effluent filters E. Via gravity
40. Which of the following terms of effluent to the soil can be configured to optimize treatment
via pressurized time-dosing of preset volumes of treated wastewater, which facilitates
oxygenation of the soil matrix between doses, promotes film flow of wastewater over soil
particles, and ensures a uniform and consistent application of effluent to the entire drainfield.
A. Advanced system(s) D. Advanced technologie(s)
B. Dose/rest cycle E. Subsurface discharge
C. Effluent F. None of the Above
41. The laws of most states and counties prohibit the direct discharge of septic tank effluent
onto the ground surface. _______________________must be covered by an approved
NPDES permit. Individual systems require periodic pumping of the tank (e.g., every 5-7 years)
and inspection of the dispersal field for signs of problems, such as wastewater surfacing,
soggy soil, and odor.
A. Infiltrative surface D. Advanced treatment processes
B. Treatment system components E. Uptake of nutrients by plants
C. Surface water discharges F. None of the Above
42. Which of the following terms is similar to that of primary sedimentation in larger treatment
facilities, except that it is generally devoid of oxygen?
C. Tank effluent F. None of the Above
16
43. Which of the following terms facilitates aerobic treatment and filtration of the remaining
contaminants?
B. Treatment system components E. Soil absorption system
C. High organic strength F. None of the Above
44. There are also many advanced technologies that have been developed for situations
where ________________ are not appropriate.
A. Advanced system(s) D. Conventional systems
B. Dose/rest cycle E. State or local requirement(s)
Advanced Systems
45. Treatment system components designed to pretreat septic tank effluent before discharge
to the soil dispersal field are often called?
B. Treatment system components E. Alternative, enhanced, or advanced systems
46. Advanced systems can be designed and built on-site or can consist of prefabricated units
designed to overcome some site and soil limitations including: When the aerated (unsaturated)
soil depth below the infiltrative surface in the drainfield is less than the minimum required,
advanced treatment processes or components (e.g., fixed film treatment units) can be added
to increase?
A. Infiltrative surface D. Pollutant removal prior to soil discharge
47. In environmentally sensitive areas, advanced systems can be used to meet effluent
standards for__________________, bacteria, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
B. Oxygen-demanding wastes E. State or local requirement(s)
48. If a soil dispersal area malfunctions hydraulically due to a buildup of the biomat (inorganic,
organic, and/or bacterial slime) at the infiltrative surface, it may be restored, and treatment may
be enhanced, by improving ______________through timed dosing of septic tank effluent to the
dispersal field.
B. Soil oxidation E. Uptake of nutrients by plants
49. The dose/rest cycle allows the soil to drain between doses, improving?
B. Soil oxygen transfer E. State or local requirement(s)
(s) means answer may be singular or plural.
17
50. Wastewater with high organic strength (e.g., from a restaurant) can employ advanced
treatment units/processes to improve aeration, _______________, and treatment of organic
wastes.
C. Biological decomposition F. None of the Above
Onsite Introduction
51. Onsite sewage treatment systems provide septic system owners with best management
practices to keep their ___________________ functioning properly.
A. Onsite systems D. Treatment system
B. Wastewater collection E. Septic systems
C. Wastewater F. None of the Above
52. These practices are really about recycling water: ________________and returning safe
water to the water cycle.
A. Onsite systems D. Full spectrum of treatment facilities
B. Treatment options E. Cleaning wastewater
C. Septic system maintenance F. None of the Above
53. If a septic system is not functioning properly, clean water is not returned to our?
B. Wastewater collection E. Septic system
C. Groundwater systems F. None of the Above
54. The high cost of ___________________and the advances made in individual and cluster
(decentralized) system technologies have expanded the array of available treatment options
and supported development of a more tailored approach to wastewater management services.
B. Treatment options E. Centralized wastewater treatment plants
55. Today, wastewater collection and treatment can be closely matched to the types and
quantities of ________________generated through a “just in time” modular approach financed
via a “user pays” cost structure.
C. Sewage F. None of the Above
56. Options now exist that span the full spectrum of treatment facilities, from large centralized
plants, to large and____________________, to individual treatment systems providing
conventional or enhanced service.
A. Onsite systems D. Small soil-discharging clustered facilities
B. Treatment options E. Small community cluster system
18
Key Considerations
57. Wastewater flow and strength, site and________________, and performance
requirements for the dispersed or discharged effluent are all key considerations in deciding
what type of wastewater collection and treatment system is needed and how it should be
designed.
C. Local infrastructure conditions F. None of the Above
58. ________________ treat wastewater and disperse it on the property where it is

generated. When functioning properly, onsite systems prevent human contact with sewage,
and prevent contamination of surface and groundwater.
59. Factors that affect the proper functioning of ____________ include the site and soil
conditions, design, installation, operation and maintenance.
Septic System Failures

60. _________________are effective, cost efficient, and easy to maintain. However, failing
systems are a major source of groundwater pollution, cause waterborne illnesses, such as
dysentery and hepatitis, and are expensive for homeowners to replace.
B. Wastewater collection E. Septic systems
61. There are many different types of ________________and treatment technologies.

Systems can treat individual homes, clusters of buildings, or whole subdivisions and/or
commercial establishments.
A. Onsite systems D. Wastewater collection
B. Treatment options E. Cluster systems
62. _________________________are a major source of groundwater pollution. Layers of soil

act as a natural filter, removing microbes and other particles as water seeps through.
Improperly treated water can carry bacteria and viruses that can cause gastroenteritis, fever,
common cold, respiratory infections and hepatitis.
A. Onsite systems D. Septic system failures
63. ________________________is like automobile maintenance; a little effort on a regular

basis can save you a lot of money and significantly prolong the life of the system.
A. Onsite systems D. Septic system maintenance
19
64. __________________for clustered facilities can work by gravity or operate via vacuum or
pressure pump.
C. Collection systems F. None of the Above
65. Wastewater is typically treated through primary and _____________________(and

sometimes tertiary or advanced “polishing” procedures) and can be disinfected prior to
discharge.
B. Wastewater collection E. Secondary processes
Elevated (Mound or At-Grade) Systems

66. This system type includes a septic tank or prefabricated treatment unit to provide primary
(and sometimes secondary) treatment prior to discharging the?
A. ATU(s) D. Effluent to a modified drainfield
B. Effluent E. Enhance biochemical treatment processes
C. Septic tank effluent F. None of the Above
67. ________________________or treatment unit to a pump tank and periodically dosed to

the modified dispersal area, which is typically constructed of a layer of clean, uniformly graded
sand on a plowed or roughened natural soil surface.
A. Submerged-flow wetlands D. Effluent flows from the tank
B. Colloidal particles E. Aerobic treatment
C. Media filters F. None of the Above
68. The tank effluent is uniformly dosed onto the _____________within the mound, which may
be 1-4 ft. above the natural grade.
A. Infiltrative surface D. An oxygen rich environment
69. Sand within the mound compensates for ___________________below the natural grade.
A. Submerged-flow wetlands D. Microbial activity
B. Colloidal particles E. Shallow unsaturated soil conditions
70. Mound systems are appropriate for areas with a high water table or shallow, fractured
bedrock. After treatment through the sand, the effluent percolates directly into the soil under
the mound. ___________________feature effluent dispersal piping placed at natural grade,
with the mound consisting mostly of cover soil for the piping.
A. ATU(s) D. An oxygen rich environment
B. At-grade systems E. Enhance biochemical treatment processes
20
71. The mound should have inspection ports, so wastewater distribution across the infiltration
area can be monitored. ________________________should have cleanouts so they can be
flushed at least twice a year.
A. Distribution lines D. Microbial activity
Aerobic Treatment Units

72. Aerobic treatment units (______) consist of prefabricated units featuring consecutive or
compartmentalized tanks, pumps, blowers, and internal piping, and are designed to treat
wastewater via suspended or attached growth decomposition in an oxygen rich environment.
73. When oxygen is supplied, the rate of microbial activity and related treatment processes
accelerates. Three processes are involved in most aerobic systems: physical separation
(mostly settling), aerobic treatment (aeration and mixing), and ______________________(final
settling).
B. Colloidal particles E. Clarification
74. These processes may be in separate tanks, compartments of a single tank, or other
configurations. __________ vary in design and can consist of simple activated sludge
variations, sequencing batch reactors, trickling filters, and combinations of two or more of
these unit processes.
75. ____________________require permanent, regularly scheduled inspections and

maintenance attention. The National Sanitation Foundation has a certification program for
aerobic treatment units based on testing over a range of operating conditions.
B. ATU systems E. Aerobic treatment
Media Filters
76. Septic tank effluent can be applied to a layer of sand or gravel, a tank containing peat or
plastic media, or compartments of hanging textile or other material to improve oxygen access
and _______________________________.
77. Effluent that percolates through the ______________is discharged to the soil dispersal
field.
A. ATU(s) D. Media bed
21
78. A number of these so-called “________________” are available to treat wastewater. Sand
is the most commonly used media, but clean gravel, crushed glass, textile strips, peat, and tire
crumbs are also used, depending on site restrictions and state/local regulations.
79. In single-pass or _________________design, septic tank effluent is pump-dosed uniformly

onto the media at regular intervals 12 to 48 times per day.
B. Effluent E. Intermittent filter (ISF)
80. As the effluent trickles through the media, suspended and some colloidal particles are
filtered, and bacteria growing on the media aerobically treat____________________.
C. Organic wastewater F. None of the Above
Submerged-Flow Wetland or Vegetative Submerged-Bed (VSB)

81. Vegetative submerged beds are also called submerged-flow wetlands. This system type
treats ____________________through a lined bed of unmulched gravel planted with wetland
species.
A. Septic tank effluent by horizontal flow D. Microbial activity
82. The plants fill in spaces between the rocks and provide aesthetic appeal. Wetland systems
are extremely passive and require little management in producing a _____________(typically
BOD and TSS of less than 30 mg/L).
A. ATU(s) D. Good quality effluent
83. The ___________________in the system is mostly anaerobic, with some aerobic
microsites on plant roots and near surface areas. Effluent is further treated when discharged to
unsaturated soil following flow through the wetland cell(s).
A. Treatment environment D. Microbial activity
Cluster System Applications

84. A __________________ is designed to collect wastewater from two to several hundred
homes.
A. Septic tanks D. Performance-based management approaches
B. Advanced systems E. Cluster system
22
85. The Cluster Wastewater Systems Planning Handbook lists a number of potential
wastewater collection technologies for small and large cluster systems, including: grinder
pump systems, which transport all sewage; effluent sewers, such as the septic tank effluent
pump (_____________); the septic tank effluent gravity (STEG) collection system; and
vacuum systems.
B. Advanced systems E. Clustered wastewater treatment systems
C. STEP F. None of the Above
86. Treatment facilities serving clustered buildings may range from a communal septic tank
and soil dispersal system to a?
A. Protocol D. Wastewater system
B. Management services E. More advanced treatment system
C. System components F. None of the Above
87. Advanced systems may facilitate local reuse of the __________for toilet flushing,
irrigation, industrial purposes, or to replenish aquifers.
C. Treated effluent F. None of the Above
88. __________________must be managed by an entity with the technical, financial, and

managerial capacity to effectively and efficiently handle operation, maintenance, customer
billing, repair/replacement, and other tasks.
B. Management services E. Cluster systems
System Design Standards and Practices

89. Nearly all states and some local governments have regulatory or guidance documents
detailing acceptable design approaches for individual and?
C. STEG F. None of the Above
Performance-Based Standards
90. Most state and local system design codes traditionally have been based on prescriptive
approaches that_______________, construction methods, and acceptable tank types and
other components.
A. Protocol D. Specify minimum site requirements
B. Management services E. Installation and operation permits
91. Performance-based management approaches have been proposed as a substitute for

_________ or system design, siting, and operation.
A. Septic tanks D. Prescriptive requirements
C. STEG F. None of the Above
23
System Design Considerations
92. One of the more common reasons why some individual or cluster systems do not perform
properly is ____________________.
A. Protocol D. Inappropriate system/technology selection
93. A wastewater system should be matched to the volume and pollutant profile of
wastewater, and the site, soil, and groundwater/surface water conditions must be known in
detail in order to develop?
B. Management services E. An appropriate system design
94. State and local wastewater system permitting programs are expanding the options
available for providing_______________, especially for sites with limiting soil conditions and
those with threatened or impaired water resources nearby.
B. Treatment services E. Clustered wastewater treatment systems
95. The protocol should include a pre-design meeting between the____________, the
management entity, the designer, and the owner of the property.
A. Permitting agency D. Wastewater system
96. All of these parties have a stake in the performance of the system, and such a meeting
can assist in identifying?
B. Advanced systems E. Potential problems and solutions
(s) means answer may be singular or plural.
97. The protocol should be as complete as possible and should feature a rational, defensible
evaluation procedure for proposed designs and?
C. Materials specifications F. None of the Above
Management Considerations
98. All wastewater treatment systems require management. Management services can be
provided by an outside contractor or responsible?
B. Management services E. Management entity
24
99. In general, individual gravity flow systems with septic tanks and subsurface drainfields
require less______________________; clustered facilities with collection system pumps,
mechanized treatment units, and time or demand-dosed infiltration areas require much more.
B. Advanced systems E. Management attention
Permitting and Approval Process

100. State and local governments vary considerably in their approach to _________________
and components and issuing installation and operation permits.
A. Protocol D. Approving system types
101. Consultation with state and local regulatory agencies is required in all cases to ensure
that ______ are met.
A. Minimum requirements D. Various treatment technologies
B. Septic system(s) E. Complex alternative systems
C. Environmental agency F. None of the Above
102. It is important that the ____________________include system drawings, narratives,

forms, calculations, catalog cuts, photos, and other data, including detailed equipment and
installation specifications to make siting the system components easier.
A. Septic system failures D. Household wastewater
B. Application E. System maintenance contracts
C. Previous certifications F. None of the Above
103. If the site has been developed, all structures, utilities, and ingress and ______________
should be identified.
A. Egress pathways D. Various treatment technologies
104. The source of potable water and ___________ should be identified as well. If there is an
existing wastewater treatment system, the condition of all components, including the reserve
area, should be recorded and minimum setbacks met.
B. Potable water E. System maintenance contracts
C. Distribution lines F. None of the Above
Regular Maintenance
105. __________________ is required for all systems. However, it is especially important for
more complex alternative systems, especially those that use pumps, controls, timers, and
pressure distribution.
A. Regular maintenance D. Various treatment technologies
25
106. Verification of system maintenance contracts, operator expertise, and reporting
requirements for system maintenance such as tank pumping and repairs should be included in
the?
C. Approval process F. None of the Above
Check the Record

107. Unlike the other parts of a house, the septic system is difficult to see! However, you can
check the records on a ________________by contacting your local or state sewer or septic
agency or environmental agency.
A. Graywater D. Various treatment technologies
B. Home's septic system E. Complex alternative systems
These records should reflect:

108. The age of the system. If properly designed, installed, and maintained, a septic system
can effectively treat household wastewater for up to 20 years or more. Look to see if the house
has a system that is______________________________.
B. Potable water E. Near the end of its life-span
109. The size of the system. Size is important because graywater (laundry water, sink water)
and_______________________ (toilet water) need to be retained in the tank for at least a day
or more to allow solids to separate from the liquids and begin breaking down.
C. Blackwater F. None of the Above
110. If wastewater is pushed through without proper settling, the solids can clog the drainfield,
stressing and________________________.
B. Potable water E. Possibly damaging the system
111. Adequate tank size is 1,000 gallons for a home with up to ___________ plus 250 gallons
for each additional bedroom in the home.
112. The location of the system. Knowing where the tank and drainfield are will help you
visually check the area for obvious signs of failure. In addition, poorly sited drainfields can
result in _____________.
26
113. Location of the system in relation to wells, other septic systems, slope of the land, natural
drainage patterns, underlying soil conditions, and lot boundaries may indicate potential
problems with the ______________ and should be reviewed by you or a professional.
114. Keep an eye out for previous certifications from your state sewer or septic agency or
environmental agency; these should indicate that the system is in compliance with
______________ , or will indicate any waivers that were granted and why.
B. Potable water E. Good septic system standards
Testing and Certification

115. Approving the use of _____________ is under the purview of state and local
governments. Some states individually test and validate treatment technologies and maintain a
list of those approved in their state.
Certification of System Designers

116. Most state wastewater management programs require an engineer to design a
wastewater system or to certify that it meets the _______________ once installed.
Construction Section
117. Appropriate wastewater treatment system construction and/or installation practices are
critical to the performance of___________________________.
A. Individual and clustered systems D. Various treatment technologies
118. Construction activities can affect short-term and long-term system performance by failing
to adhere to material specifications, neglecting proper pipe slope requirements, inadvertently
switching______________, or failing to protect infiltration area soils from equipment
compaction.
A. Control wiring D. Treatment system components
B. Tank inlet/outlet orientation E. Outlet piping stubs
C. Gravity flow pipes F. None of the Above
119. _____________________, a key component of good system installation practice, should

be carefully considered during site preparation, construction equipment selection and use, and
before and during construction.
A. Building sewer line elevation D. Surface, install outlet filters/screens
B. Distribution pipe effluent E. Site preparation
C. Infiltration area protection F. None of the Above
27
120. The development of a __________________that includes drawings, narratives, forms,
calculations, photos, and other data, including detailed equipment and installation
specifications, will help ensure a successful outcome. This information must be assembled into
a cohesive document to allow the proper installation of the design without the need for any
assumptions.
B. Final design plan E. Outlet piping stubs
Construction Phases
121. Construction/installation management of a wastewater system can be divided into the
following four basic phases:
Preparation Phase
Conduct a ______________________at the site to identify site component locations, verify
setbacks and other site conditions, check surface elevations, and identify potential problems or
safety concerns (e.g., overhead electric lines).
A. Pre-construction conference D. Treatment system components
B. Secure tank covers E. Outlet piping stubs
Project Execution
122. Verify designed treatment system__________________ , such as tank type, size, and
material; piping; and gravel (if used) that is free of fines.
B. Secure tank covers E. Components and materials
123. Excavate areas for_____________________ , the tank(s), secondary treatment units,

and infiltration or soil dispersal components according to designated depths and required pipe
slopes.
A. Building sewer line elevation D. Conveyance piping
C. Secondary treatment units F. None of the Above
124. Use caution to avoid contact with ___________ and excavation cave-ins!
125. For__________________, all elevations are tied to the building sewer line elevation.
Ensure that the proper fall is available from the building to the tank, then to the distribution
box(es), and to the infiltration area.
C. Gravity flow systems F. None of the Above
28
126. Ensure that the __________is on solid tamped ground, installed level and at the proper
elevation, and that inlet/outlet orientation is correct. Secure tank covers after hours to prevent
accidents. Backfill tanks as soon as possible.
A. Tank D. Treatment system components
127. Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for installing tanks. _______________ usually

require special installation techniques (e.g., anchoring, backfilling with sand, tamping backfill in
lifts, filling tank with water as its backfilled, etc.)
A. Building sewer line elevation D. Plastic and fiberglass tanks
128. Use proper ________________ for plastic piping. Attach electric lines and control wiring
in accordance with design plans as appropriate.
129. Ensure that pumps are plumbed, wired, and installed to allow easy inspection, access,
and removal (e.g., use quick-connect union and ________________ between pump and uphill
dispersal piping).
B. Distribution pipe effluent E. Backflow prevention valve
130. Ensure that trench bottoms for ______________ are tamped and stable and free of rocks
and roots, and that backfilled areas around pipes are tamped to prevent dips and rises that
could impede flow.
131. Ensure that distribution pipe effluent dispersal holes go on the?

132. Extend __________________below tank access ports, but do not block ports to ensure
access for pumping and inspection. Use rubber boots or grout to completely seal around pipes
and risers.
A. Inlet and outlet piping stubs D. Treatment system components
133. Install _____________to the surface, install outlet filters/screens, and complete
installation of pumps, wiring, control panels, and other components.
B. Distribution pipe effluent E. Access port risers
29
134. Install cleanouts and inspection ports in __________________(near building sewer, D-
box, etc.); this aids in operation/maintenance later on.
A. Key locations D. Treatment system components
135. Conduct _____________________ of the system after installation, checking flows, pump
discharge (if used), operation of float switches (if used), and controls.
136. Verify ________________ finished conditions (e.g., tank type/capacity, riser covers,
elevations, location of key components, drainage, landscaping)
Final Inspection
137. Observe system components prior to_____________; determine consistency between
design and actual installation; report inconsistencies
A. Organic layer D. Cover-up
B. Construction E. Trench cavity
C. Site access points F. None of the Above
Site Preparation and Excavation Practices

138. Overhead power lines, steep slopes, and excavations at the installation site can all
present serious safety hazards. A brief preconstruction meeting can ensure that
______________and practices to eliminate, minimize, or respond to them are identified.
A. Safety hazards D. Construction practices
B. Site excavation E. Long-term system performance
C. Infiltration area F. None of the Above
139. Site preparation requires a number of activities including clearing and surface
preparation for filling. Use of lightweight tracked equipment will
minimize__________________.
A. Organic layer D. Infiltration trenches
B. Soil compaction E. Trench cavity
140. Soil moisture should be determined to ensure that it is ____________, and care should
be taken to avoid soil disturbance as much as possible.
A. Soil moisture D. Construction practices
30
141. To avoid potential ______________________during construction, the soil below the
proposed infiltration surface elevation must be below its plastic limit during construction (i.e., it
must lack the moisture required to make it moldable into stable shapes). This should be tested
before excavation begins.
A. Soil damage D. Infiltration trenches
142. Site excavation is conducted only when the infiltration surface can be covered the same
day to avoid loss of soil permeability from______________________.
C. Wind-blown silt or raindrop impact F. None of the Above
143. __________________should be limited to mowing and raking with minimal disturbance

to the surface. If trees are cut, they should be removed without heavy machinery, and, if
necessary, stumps ground out.
C. Clearing F. None of the Above
144. Grubbing of the site (mechanically raking away roots) should be avoided. If the site is to
be filled, the surface should be moldboard- or chisel-plowed parallel to the contour (usually to a
depth of seven to ten inches) when the soil is sufficiently dry to
ensure_____________________.
A. Soil moisture D. Maximum vertical permeability
145. The _______________ should not be removed. Scarifying the surface with the teeth of a
backhoe bucket is not sufficient. All efforts should be made to avoid any disturbance to the
exposed infiltration surface.
146. Another solution is to use light-weight gravel-less systems, which reduce the damage
and speed the construction process. _______________ and areas for traffic lanes, material
stockpiling, and equipment parking should be designated on the drawings for the contractor.
147. Heavy equipment should be diverted from the ________________to avoid compaction
and damage to the area.
B. Site excavation E. Absorption field
31
148. Flagging off the _____________ as early as possible is critical to ensure long-term
function of the system.
Field Construction Practices

149. Changes in construction practices over the past 25 years have led to improvements in
the performance of____________________________. For example, construction materials
used in plumbing, wastewater lines, and lateral fields should meet American Society for
Testing and Materials standards.
A. Soil moisture D. Individual wastewater systems
150. Avoid work during wet conditions. _______________in infiltration trenches should be
scarified and the surface gently raked prior to installing the gravel or gravel-less
piping/chambers.
A. Organic layer D. Smeared soil surfaces
151. If gravel or crushed rock is to be used for the system medium, the rock should be placed
in the trench by using the _________________to long-term system performance.
B. Site excavation E. Backhoe bucket
152. If soil compaction occurs during drainfield installation, it might be possible to restore the
area, but only by removing the?
B. Compacted layer E. Long-term system performance
153. It might be necessary to remove as much as four inches of soil to regain the
______________and permeability.
A. Natural soil porosity D. Infiltration trenches
154. Consequences of the removal of this amount of soil over the entire infiltration surface can
be significant. It will reduce the separation distance to the restrictive horizon and could place
the infiltration surface in?
A. Soil moisture D. An unacceptable soil horizon
32
155. For gravel filled trenches, the _________________should be left rough and covered with
six inches of clean rock.
A. Trench bottom D. Infiltration trenches
156. Distribution pipes should be carefully placed over the __________, leveled, and bedded
in on the sides.
157. After the rock and pipes have been placed in the trench, the filter fabric should be placed
over the top of the rock to prevent soil from moving into the rock. The
______________________should be carefully crowned to fill the trench cavity at a height to
allow for settling.
A. Soil backfill D. Infiltration trenches
158. Before leaving the site, the area around the site should be graded to divert surface runoff
from the area. All ______________________over the system should be eliminated, and the
area should be seeded and mulched.
B. Site excavation E. Soil depressions
159. Post construction activities include accurate documentation of all of the system
components and the________________________________.
A. System location D. Infiltration trenches
160. Flag off the infiltration area to keep construction and?

Conventional Systems
161. Conventional “septic” systems are the most widely used______________________.
These systems are simple to operate and, when properly designed, constructed, and
maintained, do an excellent job of removing pollutants from wastewater.
A. Clustered system(s) D. Advanced or innovative technologies
B. O&M requirement(s) E. Wastewater treatment system
C. Conventional system F. None of the Above
162. In most communities, the _____________________ is the responsibility of the

homeowner.
A. Alternative technologies D. Operation and maintenance of conventional systems
B. Treatment performance E. Wastewater treatment and dispersal/reuse technologies
C. Cluster systems F. None of the Above
33
163. ____________________ require periodic pumping to remove the solids, fats, oils, and
grease that accumulate in the septic tank.
B. O&M requirement(s) E. Pumping needs
164. When a system is poorly maintained and not pumped out on a regular basis, sludge
(solid material) can build up inside the tank and may ultimately clog the__________________,
making the system unusable.
A. Alternative technologies D. Enhanced wastewater treatment systems
C. Absorption field F. None of the Above
165. A system owner should hire an experienced (i.e., licensed or certified) service provider to
inspect the system at least once a year to determine pumping needs and to clean, repair, or
replace any _____________ as needed (i.e., baffles, tees, effluent screens).
C. Components F. None of the Above
166. Most ______________________ now include risers that allow access to inspect tanks
and determine pumping needs
A. Clustered system(s) D. Conventional system designs
Enhanced Treatment Systems

167. Several wastewater _____________ have proven to be effective in situations where
conventional systems are not appropriate.
Material Replacement
168. These systems fall into three broad categories: Technologies that replace one
component of the _____________________ with a component manufactured from a different
material.
Conventional System Modification

169. Technologies that enhance or otherwise improve?
A. Alternative technologies D. Conventional operating or treatment performance
34
Enhanced Wastewater Treatment
170. _________________ that provide a higher level of treatment beyond conventional
systems. Generally, these systems have mechanical or moving parts that require periodic
operation and maintenance, inspections, and eventual replacement.
171. ______________________ are more complex than conventional systems and require
greater oversight to keep all aspects of the treatment process in balance.
Clustered Treatment Systems

172. _______________ can serve from two to 200 or more homes and/or commercial
facilities. Also known as community systems, clustered systems are a treatment option when
individual wastewater systems or centralized sewer service are not viable options.
173. __________________ have become an attractive option for many locations, especially in
areas like small lakeside communities where a higher level of treatment may be needed.
174. The operation and maintenance requirements of _______________ will vary based on
the size of the system, the wastewater being treated, and the types of technology used.
Various technologies that can be implemented via a cluster system.
175. They range in scale from a ____________________ and soil dispersal system serving a
dozen homes to a large alternative sewer system connected to a treatment plant that can treat
large wastewater flows with a variety of wastewater treatment and dispersal/reuse
technologies.
A. Communal septic tank D. Enhanced wastewater treatment systems
176. In the past, state and local wastewater management programs rarely specified
______________ for conventional or enhanced wastewater systems.
35
177. The regulation of____________________, construction, and operation was considered
to be satisfactory community oversight.
B. System design E. Wastewater treatment and dispersal/reuse technologies
178. However, as more and more systems malfunction and threaten waterways and as more
systems include higher maintenance electrical and mechanical components, communities are
recognizing the value of?
179. Many are strengthening programs with a number of tools, including requirements for
homeowner service contracts, routine maintenance inspections, revocable operating permits,
monitoring, and enhanced reporting and _______________ that support proper system
performance.
A. Management tool D. Data management
B. Acceptable proof E. Sewage management program
C. Operation and maintenance F. None of the Above
Training and Certification

180. Communities that require ___________________ (construction, operations, and
maintenance) typically also require using only trained or certified inspectors and service
providers.
A. Acceptable proof D. Inspections of wastewater systems
B. Regulating agency E. Annual system inspections
C. Manage systems F. None of the Above
181. Several states have established _____________________ for inspectors, pumpers,

haulers, and other service providers. In addition, some states and jurisdictions have created
registries for certified providers to encourage the use of trained professionals.
A. Management tool D. Certification and licensing programs
Inspections and Maintenance Requirements

182. In many communities, local health officials often have ________________ to monitor
systems or enter private property unless they receive a complaint or have other evidence that
there may be a problem with a system.
A. Acceptable proof D. Enhanced wastewater technologies
36
183. To prevent widespread problems with systems, some local jurisdictions have amended
their codes to include routine maintenance inspections of individual wastewater treatment
systems. These programs can be administered and regulated by special entities such as
sanitary, sewer, or water districts; by local health agencies; or by other organizations, such as
?
A. Management tool D. Town governments and homeowners' associations
184. Enabling legislation must be passed at the state level to give these organizations the
legal authority they need to?
185. Other communities and a few states have amended their _______________________to
require a system inspection and documentation of a system’s condition when property is sold
or transferred.
C. Wastewater codes F. None of the Above
Maintenance Inspections
186. Maintenance inspections are gaining appeal as a management tool to assess the
condition of systems and determine pumping or?
A. Management tool D. Other O&M needs
187. In some cases, this is a________________ , while in other cases; communities have
elected to mandate pumping based on third party inspections.
A. Acceptable proof D. Strictly voluntary program
188. Following inspection, the __________________ should be notified of any needed

corrections and assigned a deadline to furnish acceptable proof that the corrections have been
made.
B. System owner E. Sewage management program
189. _______________ is usually a certification by the contractor listing the types and dates
of corrections made and final inspection.
37
190. Some local agencies have adopted a ___________________that requires the annual
inspection of systems with newly issued or modified permits and proof of septic tank pumping
for all systems (old and new).
191. ____________________have designated certain geographical areas (such as aquifer or

shoreline protection zones) as being subject to annual system inspections and/or routine tank
pumping.
C. Other agencies F. None of the Above
192. ______________________are usually coupled with a mandatory septic tank pumping

program. The local agency notifies the system owner when pumping is due.
A. Management tool D. Operation and maintenance inspection programs
193. Verification of pumping is provided to the?

194. Typical pumping requirements vary from three to five years or more based on the daily
sewage flow and?
A. Management tool D. Individual household wastewater characteristics
195. Alternative and enhanced wastewater technologies require additional maintenance

and/or ongoing attention. In states and communities where these systems are authorized,
performance inspections are mandated in the state code or in the?
B. Regulating agency E. System’s operating permit
196. For enhanced wastewater systems, a long-term maintenance contract is highly

recommended and typically required in state or local regulations, or as a provision of a?
A. Management tool D. System’s operating permit
Maintenance of Systems
197. While _________________are a viable option to better manage enhanced systems, they
must be supplemented with adequate reporting and tracking to monitor their use.
A. O&M program D. O&M management responsibilities
B. O&M rules E. Maintenance contracts
C. Compliance measures F. None of the Above
38
198. ________________ may also require an increased frequency of inspections to determine
if they are performing as required.
A. Operating permits D. Performance-based system
B. O&M management E. Enhanced systems
C. Individual or cluster system F. None of the Above
199. A key part of an _______________ is to track the maintenance of systems. The only way
to ensure that maintenance contracts are kept in effect and that systems are monitored when
required is for the management entity or regulatory authority to have a structured reporting
program.
B. O&M rules E. Proper maintenance
200. Service providers should report maintenance events and any lapses in maintenance
contracts to the management or regulatory authority. This information should be managed in a
database to monitor __________________ and provide a system of accountability.
A. Operating permits D. O&M activities
B. O&M management E. Enhanced systems and cluster systems
201. Advances in technology via Web-based remote monitoring or ____________ can also
allow multiple system operating parameters (e.g., pump cycles) to be monitored from remote
locations around the clock.
Operating Permits
202. The ___________________ also require: Increased levels of management related to risk
conditions associated with higher sewage treatment system density, complexity, and reliability
and location of systems in areas of high risk for surface water or groundwater contamination.
203. Recording of operating permit conditions, service contract requirements, or other

____________ information on property deeds as a means to provide notification upon transfer
of property.
204. Utilization of private sector professionals or responsible management entities, or

designation of qualified agents to conduct monitoring or other?
39
205. Inclusion of enhanced __________________ mechanisms such as Web-based
reporting, remote telemetry, and use of publicly and privately available database programs to
support O&M tracking requirements. Establishment of a household sewage treatment district.
206. In some cases, renewable operating permits are used to ensure ongoing maintenance of
a wastewater system. In areas where __________________ are issued to conventional
systems, the permit may specify routine septic tank pumping.
207. More complex (enhanced) systems, however, often include maintenance inspections,
maintenance contracts, and?
208. In the case of a ____________________, the operating permit may include specific
standards that must be maintained along with monitoring and reporting requirements.
Public and Private Management Entities

209. Enhanced systems and _______________ can pose greater risks of mechanical and
performance failure than passive conventional systems.
B. O&M management E. Cluster systems
210. Special districts, water/sewer authorities, and public utilities can be an effective option for
managing these?
211. Private entities can also be authorized to own, operate, and/or maintain an?
Maintenance
212. _________________ can add years to an older system. Even well-designed and
properly installed septic systems can fail earlier than expected if previous homeowners did not
perform routine maintenance.
40
Permit
213. Generally, a ______________ must be obtained before starting construction or repair
work. However, certain residential properties may be exempt from state permitting
requirements.
A. Permits D. Performance-based system
214. When authority is based on a__________________________, regulation can be more

restrictive than the state standard; check with your local authority.
B. O&M rules E. Local ordinance
215. In most counties, the local health department issues___________________. In the other
counties the authority is another agency, such as a sewer district, building department, or
planning and zoning department.
B. O&M management E. OWTS construction permits
216. Several factors should be considered when choosing the type of onsite system for a site
including: soil/site limitations, available space, operation and maintenance (O & M)
requirements, initial costs as well as___________________, landscape disturbance, and the
owners' preferences and ability to manage the system.
B. O&M rules E. O & M costs
217. Of these considerations, often the most limiting is the soil resource or site and?
A. Biological processes D. Digest organic matter
B. Gravity lateral trenches E. Space limitations
C. Soil infiltrative surface F. None of the Above
218. When the soil and site are suited to a lagoon or to a ________________ and
conventional soil absorption system, any registered OWTS installer can assist with the
permitting and can install a basic onsite system.
A. Liquid effluent D. System components
B. Safety hazard E. Septic tank
C. Pressure manifolds F. None of the Above
219. When site limitations or other factors lead to______________, the installer must be
registered as an advanced OWTS installer.
A. An advanced OWTS D. Digest organic matter
B. Gravity lateral trenches E. A mechanical onsite treatment unit
41
Basic Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems and Components
220. Building sewers and other sewer lines: watertight pipes, which carry waste by
_______________ from a building to the onsite system or carry effluent by gravity from
sewage tanks to other system components.
B. Gravity E. Lateral trenches
Septic Tanks
221. A watertight, covered container designed and constructed to receive the discharge of
sewage from a building sewer. Its function is to separate solids from liquid, digest organic
matter, store liquids through a period of detention and allow the _________________to
discharge to other components of an onsite system. Solids are stored and periodically need to
be pumped out and hauled to a point for further treatment.
C. Clarified liquids F. None of the Above
Septic/Sewage Tank Removal

222. __________________need to be properly abandoned to prevent them from becoming a
safety hazard.
B. Unused sewage tanks E. Lateral trenches
Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs)

223. A mechanical onsite treatment unit that provides _________________by mixing air
(oxygen) and aerobic and facultative microbes with the wastewater in a sewage tank.
B. Gravity lateral trenches E. Secondary wastewater treatment
Gravity Effluent Distribution Devices

224. Divide and/or transport the liquid effluent from a septic tank or ____________to
absorption trenches for dispersal into the soil. These devices include distribution boxes, drop
boxes, and step-downs.
B. ATU E. Lateral trenches
Gravity laterals
225. A system of trenches excavated along ground contours used to distribute effluent by
gravity flow from a septic tank or ________________and apply the effluent to the soil
infiltrative surface.
C. ATU F. None of the Above
42
226. Generally, 18-inch deep trenches are used; however, with _______________can be up
to 30 inches deep.
B. Approval trenches E. Lateral trenches
Gravity lateral systems include:

227. 4-inch perforated distribution pipe in trenches filled with gravel or _______________.
Shallow Placed Gravity Laterals

228. Lateral trenches with the ______________________12 to 18 inches deep in natural soil
with suitable soil fill material properly installed to provide adequate cover over the system.
B. Trench bottom E. Lateral trenches
Dosed Gravity Systems

229. Use siphons or pumps to dose into a _________________or through a pressure
manifold into the ends of gravity lateral trenches.
B. Gravity distribution device E. A mechanical onsite treatment unit
230. Pressure manifolds can be used to more equally divide effluent between
____________or to proportion effluent to unequal length trenches; however, effluent is still
moved along the length of a trench by gravity.
B. Gravity lateral trenches E. Lateral trenches
Lagoons (wastewater stabilization ponds)

231. Sealed earthen basins, which use __________________to treat wastewater.
A. Biological processes D. Natural unaided biological processes
Advanced Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems and components include:

Sand filters
232. A packed-bed filter of sand or other granular materials used to provide advanced
secondary treatment of?
B. Septic tank effluent E. Lateral trenches
43
233. Sand/media filters consist of a lined (e.g., impervious PVC liner on sand bedding)
excavation or structure filled with uniform washed sand that is placed over?
A. Biological processes D. An under-drain system
234. The wastewater is dosed onto the surface of the sand through a distribution network and
allowed to percolate through the sand to the___________________, which collects the filter
effluent for further processing or discharge.
A. Dispersal component D. Subsurface absorption systems
B. Under-drain system E. Engineered distribution systems
C. Evapotranspiration F. None of the Above
Other Media Bio-filters

235. __________________using other more porous materials, (e.g., peat, textile, or foam) to
provide advanced secondary treatment of septic tank effluent.
A. Packed-bed filters D. A subsurface soil dispersal system
B. Sewage tank effluent E. Bacteria and other microorganisms
C. Microorganisms F. None of the Above
Constructed Wetlands
236. An OWTS that incorporates ____________________consisting of one or more lined
basins which may be filled with a medium and where wastewater undergoes some
combination of physical, chemical, and/or biological treatment and evapotranspiration.
A. An aquatic treatment system D. Subsurface absorption systems
B. Limit the loading of effluent E. Engineered distribution systems
Sand Mounds
237. An above ground treatment system that incorporates at least 12 inches of clean sand
above the _______________ and disperses the treated wastewater into the original soil.
A. Original soil surface D. A subsurface soil dispersal system
Low-pressure Distribution Systems

238. An OWTS in which pressurized small diameter distribution lines are used for equal
distribution of effluent within the _____________and dispersal component.
B. Final treatment E. Engineered distribution systems
Drip Irrigation Systems

239. A subsurface soil dispersal system that distributes treated wastewater through?
A. Original soil D. Drip irrigations lines
44
Modified Shallow Placed Gravity Lateral Trenches
240. Six to 12 inches deep in natural soil and other engineered distribution systems using?
B. Fill soil material E. Engineered distribution systems
Suitable Soil
241. Suitable soil is an effective treatment medium for sewage tank effluent because it
contains a?
A. Original soil D. Complex biological community
242. ________________can contain over one million microscopic organisms, including

bacteria, protozoa, fungi, molds, and other creatures.
C. One tablespoon of soil F. None of the Above
243. The bacteria and other microorganisms in the soil treat the wastewater and purify it
before it reaches groundwater. But the ______________must pass through the soil slowly
enough to provide adequate contact time with microorganisms.
A. Wastewater D. A subsurface soil dispersal system
244. To provide adequate time for treatment of_______________, it is necessary to have at

least three feet of aerated or unsaturated soil and limit the loading of effluent.
245. Microorganisms in soil treat wastewater physically, chemically, and biologically before it
reaches the groundwater, preventing pollution and_____________________.
A. Public health hazards D. A subsurface soil dispersal system
246. Under some soil conditions, __________________ may not accept the wastewater or
may fail to properly treat the wastewater unless special modifications to system design are
made.
247. ___________________is a major concern because domestic wastewaters contain many

substances that are undesirable and potentially harmful, such as pathogenic bacteria,
infectious viruses, organic matter, toxic chemicals, pharmaceutical drugs and excess nutrients.
A. Public health D. A subsurface soil dispersal system
45
248. ___________________need the same basic conditions as humans do to live and grow:
a place to live, food to eat, water, oxygen to breathe, suitable temperatures, and time to grow.
C. Soil microorganisms F. None of the Above
249. ___________________________ attach themselves to soil particles using microbial

slimes and use the oxygen and water that are present in the soil pores.
A. Dispersal zone D. Treatable contaminant
B. Soil microorganisms E. Effluent BOD
C. Septic systems F. None of the Above
250. To protect the public as well as the environment, wastewater must be treated in a safe
and effective manner. The first component in an individual sewage treatment system is usually
a septic tank, which removes?
A. Fresh water D. Dispersal media
B. Groundwater E. Some organic material and total suspended solids (TSS)
C. Source of pollution F. None of the Above
251. _____________________ removal is very important because it prevents excessive

clogging of the soil infiltrative surface.
B. TSS and organic material E. Effluent BOD
Suitably-textured Soil
252. Suitably-textured soil must be deep enough to allow adequate filtration and treatment of
the effluent before it is released into the?
A. Natural environment D. Dispersal media
B. Groundwater E. Water percolates
253. Usually this release is into groundwater. It has been determined that three feet of aerated
soil will provide sufficient treatment of?
B. Septic tank effluent E. Effluent BOD
254. Therefore, a three-foot separation distance is required from the bottom of the
______________to a limiting soil condition such as groundwater or bedrock.
255. This three-foot treatment zone provides sufficient detention time for final bacteria
breakdown and sufficient distance for the filtration that is essential for the?
B. Safe treatment of effluent BOD E. Effluent BOD
46
Impacts of Effluent on Groundwater
256. Groundwater represents the largest volume of fresh water on earth. Only three percent of
the earth’s fresh water resides in streams, lakes, and other?
A. Fresh water D. Surface water bodies
257. The other 97 percent is beneath the surface, flowing toward ______________such as
streams, lakes, springs, and wetlands.
B. Points of discharge E. Effluent BOD
258. Groundwater becomes surface water at these___________________. Effective waste

treatment is essential to protecting our water supplies.
B. Discharge points E. Water percolates
259. Approximately 25 percent of households in North America utilize groundwater for

consumption and other domestic uses. These same homes employ ________________ as
their means for wastewater treatment.
B. Ground or surface waters E. Effluent BOD
260. As ___________________percolates through the soil, it is purified and in most cases

requires no further treatment before being consumed.
A. Fresh water D. Water
261. However, when the soil is overloaded with a _______________, or when the
contaminant cannot be treated by the soil, the quality of the underlying groundwater may
change significantly.
262. When a _________________________fails to effectively treat and disperse effluent, it

can become a source of pollution. This type of failure can occur in three different ways.
A. Septic system D. Dispersal media
263. The first way is when effluent ponds on the soil surface, causing a wet seepy area. The
second obvious way that ______________ can fail is to have effluent backing up into the
dwelling.
C. Septic system F. None of the Above
47
264. _____________________ (with nitrogen, pathogens, bacteria, chemicals, etc.) is very
difficult to clean up, since the only access to the water table is through wells, trenches (if the
water table is high enough), or natural discharge points such as springs.
A. Pollution of groundwater D. Dispersal media
265. An incident of ______________________often becomes a problem that persists for

many years.
B. Groundwater E. Groundwater pollution
Soil Treatment Processes

266. The _________________and dispersal zone provides for the final treatment and
dispersal of septic tank effluent.
A. Soil treatment D. Dispersal media
267. To varying degrees, the soil treatment and dispersal zone treats the wastewater by
acting as a filter, exchanger, or absorber by providing a surface area on which many?
B. Ground or surface waters E. Chemical and biochemical processes occur
268. The combination of these processes, acting on the _____________as it passes through
the soil, and purifies the water.
A. Effluent D. Dispersal media
Biomat
269. As _____________flows into a soil treatment trench, it moves vertically through the
distribution media to the biomat where treatment begins.
A. Aerobic bacteria D. Septic tank effluent
B. Biomat E. Effluent from the system
C. Equilibrium F. None of the Above
270. The biomat is a ____________________formed by anaerobic bacteria, which secrete a

sticky substance and anchor themselves to the soil, rock particles, or other available surfaces.
A. Biomat D. Gravity-fed system
B. Biological layer E. Site evaluations
C. Septic tank F. None of the Above
271. The ________________ develops first along the trench bottom, where effluent begins to
pond. The biomat develops along the soil-media contact surfaces on the trench’s sidewalls.
When fully developed, the gray-to-black sticky biomat layer is about one inch thick.
A. Aerobic bacteria D. Clustered wastewater systems
48
272. Flow through a _____________ is considerably slower than flow through natural soil,
allowing unsaturated conditions to exist in the soil beneath the soil treatment trench.
B. Equilibrium E. Site evaluations
273. Unsaturated flow increases the travel time of effluent through the soil, ensuring that it has
sufficient time to contact the surfaces of?
C. Soil particles and microorganisms F. None of the Above
274. A properly functioning gravity-fed system will have wastewater ponded in the distribution
media while the soil a few inches outside of and below the ________________will be
unsaturated.
B. Equilibrium E. Distribution media
275. Unsaturated soil has ______________ containing both air and water so aerobic
microorganisms living in the soil can effectively treat the wastewater as it travels through the
soil system.
C. Pores F. None of the Above
276. In unsaturated soil under a biomat, water movement is restricted. In order for the
wastewater to move through the soil, it must be pulled or wicked through the fine pores by?
B. Equilibrium E. Capillary action
Sewage Treatment Utilizing Soil

277. A developed biomat reaches equilibrium over time, remaining at about the same
thickness and the same ____________________if effluent quality is maintained.
B. Biomat E. Permeability
278. For this equilibrium to be maintained, the biomat and the effluent ponded within the
trench must be in anaerobic conditions, the organic materials in the wastewater feed
the____________, which grow and multiply, increasing the thickness and decreasing the
permeability of the biomat.
B. Equilibrium E. Anaerobic microorganisms
49
279. On the soil side of the biomat beneath the drainfield, oxygen is present so that conditions
are allowing __________________to feed on and continuously break down the biomat.
C. Aerobic soil bacteria F. None of the Above
280. If the quality of the effluent leaving the septic tank decreases because of failure to
regularly pump out the septic tank, more food will be present for the_______________, which
will cause an increase in the thickness of the biomat and decrease its permeability.
B. Equilibrium E. Anaerobic bacteria
281. If seasonally saturated conditions occur in the soil outside the trench, __________will no
longer exist, which will prevent aerobic bacteria from breaking down the biomat.
C. Aerobic conditions F. None of the Above
282. Under these conditions the biomat will thicken, reducing its ___________and the
effectiveness of effluent entering the soil.
B. Equilibrium E. Permeability
Site Evaluations
283. Site evaluations are a key driver of treatment system design. The success of any
_____________ depends on the appropriate match between wastewater flow/strength, the
treatment system design, and the site that receives effluent from the system.
A. Aerobic bacteria D. Soil-discharging wastewater treatment system
284. ___________________ and characterization by a qualified, experienced professional is

essential to understanding local site conditions and ensuring the proper operation of individual
and clustered wastewater systems.
B. Equilibrium E. Site-specific observations
Ensure Compliance with Regulations

285. Nearly every state and most local, county, and city governments have developed written
requirements governing the type of sites that can be permitted for _____________from
individual and clustered wastewater systems.
A. Aerobic bacteria D. Subsurface effluent discharges
50
286. _____________________include maximum slope angles acceptable for system
components, appropriate soil types and depth, minimum depth-to-groundwater (or bedrock)
requirements, and mandatory setback distances between system components and property
lines, structures, and water bodies, among others.
A. Biomat D. Regulatory compliance parameters
B. Equilibrium E. Site evaluations
287. Site evaluators should be familiar with the regulatory requirements for soil-discharging
individual and clustered systems and the procedures for accommodating variances to those
requirements, in terms of both the legal process for __________________ needed to ensure
the desired treatment performance.
A. Ponding D. Large-capacity septic systems
B. Site-related causes E. Issuing variances and the system adaptations
C. Preliminary review F. None of the Above
288. In most states, individual system regulations are ________________ by the public health
agency. Requirements for clustered systems (e.g., those discharging more than 1,000 gallons
per day) are sometimes under the purview of the state water resources agency.
A. Clustered D. Site evaluation
B. Final treatment E. Soil survey data
C. Underground tanks F. None of the Above
289. ______________________ (i.e., those with the capacity to serve 20 or more people per
day) are regulated by EPA and the states through the Underground Injection Control Program
of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
B. Site-related causes E. Quadrangle maps
Assure System Performance

290. Wastewater systems depend on the soil for 1) final treatment of effluent from the tank or
unit process components, and 2) dispersal of the ______________ to the soil. As noted in the
resource guide on system design, the desired final quality of the effluent depends on the
constructed/installed treatment train and the pollutant removal capabilities of the soil.
A. Effluent D. Site evaluation
291. The soil component of the system receives, stores, and treats incoming effluent. The
subsurface “ponding” and slow release of effluent to the soil through the biomat facilitates
treatment via chemical, physical, and biological processes such as________________,
adsorption of potential pollutants (e.g., phosphorus), filtration of solids, and decomposition of
organic constituents.
B. Site-related causes E. Aerobic nitrification of ammonia
51
292. Predicting the pollutant removal and overall treatment efficacy of the soil component of
the system requires a fairly comprehensive understanding of how these processes work, how
they are enhanced or impeded, and how the __________________ in the treatment train can
be adjusted or adapted to ensure that the soil can handle the flow and pollutant load delivered.
A. Upstream processes D. Site evaluation
Protect Public Health and Water Resources

293. Individual and clustered wastewater systems can ______________ due to soil or site-
related causes.
A. Pond D. Large-capacity septic systems
C. Malfunction F. None of the Above
294. The site evaluation procedures summarized below are designed to identify site
characteristics that might contribute to elevated health or environmental risks to ensure that
they can be addressed in the selection, configuration, sizing, or operation of the?
A. Cluster D. Site evaluation
B. Treatment system E. Soil survey data
295. The preliminary review is performed prior to any fieldwork. It is based on information
available from the owner and local agencies and on?
296. The objectives of the preliminary review are to identify potential______________, identify
potential treatment system design boundaries (e.g., groundwater table, property line, etc.),
assess the ability of the soil to provide final treatment, and develop a conceptual plan for
supplying the level of treatment required prior to soil discharge.
A. Effluent infiltration sites D. Site evaluation
297. Preliminary screening of _______________ is an important aspect of the site evaluator’s

role.
A. Ponds D. Large-capacity septic systems
298. More than one receiving environment might be feasible and available for use. In addition,
the desktop review might suggest that treatment be provided via _______________, rather
than individual, facilities.
A. Clustered D. Site evaluation
52
299. Focusing the effort on the most promising receiving environment and the most efficient
and effective treatment works allows the evaluator to reasonably and methodically eliminate
the least suitable sites early in the_______________________.
B. Site-related causes E. Site evaluation process
300. For example, basic knowledge of the local climate might eliminate evaporation or
_______________ as a potential receiving environment immediately.
A. Evapotranspiration D. Site evaluation
301. Quadrangle maps provide general _________________about a site and surrounding

landscape.
A. Topographic information D. Large-capacity septic systems
302. These maps are developed and maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and
provide nationwide coverage typically at a scale of 1 inch = 2000 feet, with either a 10- or 20-
foot contour interval. At this scale, the maps provide information related to land use, public
improvements (e.g., roadways), _____________, landscape position and slope, vegetated
areas, wetlands, surface drainage patterns, and watersheds.
A. USGS benchmarks D. Site evaluation
303. Aerial photographs are available from several popular online mapping sites (e.g., Google,
Yahoo, MapQuest, etc.), many of which are free. ______________ varies across the nation.
Some rural areas do not have fine resolution coverage.
A. An ideal soil profile D. Pan evaporation rates
B. Visual assessment E. Aerial photographs
C. Septic system complaints F. None of the Above
304. Also, the applicable local codes often prohibit direct or indirect discharges to surface
waters (i.e., requiring an________________ ) from small systems. Knowledge of local
conditions and regulations is essential during the screening process.
A. Pond D. Large-capacity septic systems
B. NPDES permit E. Quadrangle maps
305. Property information should include owner contact information, site legal description or
address, plat map or boundary survey, description of ________________________(e.g.,
existing onsite wastewater systems, underground tanks, utility lines), previous and proposed
uses, surrounding land use and zoning, and other available and relevant data.
A. Existing site improvements D. Site evaluation
53
306. Which of the following terms provide soil profile descriptions, identify soil limitations,
estimate saturated soil conductivities and permeability values, describe typical landscape
position and soil formation factors, and provide various other soil-related information?
A. Ponding D. Detailed soil surveys
307. Soil survey data should be supplemented with _____________at the site. The NRCS
publication Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils is an excellent manual for use in site
evaluation.
A. Detailed soil sampling D. Site evaluation
308. If available, _______________ can provide information regarding past and existing land
use, drainage and vegetation patterns, surface water resources, and approximate location of
property boundaries.
A. Technology performance D. Groundwater aquifers and depths
B. Evapotranspiration systems E. Movement of pollutants
C. Aerial photographs F. None of the Above
309. _________________ may be available from a variety of other sources, such as county or
regional planning offices, property valuation, and agricultural agencies.
310. Geology and basin maps are especially useful for providing general information
regarding bedrock formations and depths, groundwater aquifers and depths, flow direction and
velocities, ambient water quality, surface water quality, stream flow, and________________ .
If available, these maps can be obtained from USGS.
A. Seasonal fluctuations D. Groundwater aquifers and depths
C. Effluent treatment F. None of the Above
311. Water resource and health agency information, such as permit and other files for nearby
treatment systems, can provide valuable information regarding local system designs,
applications, and performance. Interviews with agency permitting, planning, and field staff can
often provide valuable information on regional, local, and even site-specific conditions, such as
water quality data, septic system complaints, and future plans for provision of?
B. Visual assessment E. Clustered or centralized treatment services
312. Local installers and service providers can provide information on other sites in the
vicinity, existing technology performance, and general knowledge of soils and other factors that
inform both the site evaluation and the selection of?
B. Evapotranspiration systems E. Appropriate treatment system components
54
313. ______________________, such as temperature, precipitation, and pan evaporation
rates can be obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This
information is necessary if evapotranspiration systems are being considered.
A. An ideal soil profile D. Climate data
314. __________________ must realize, however, that the data from the nearest weather
station might not accurately represent the climate at the site being evaluated.
315. After the visual assessment of surface conditions are assessed, the site evaluation
proceeds to an investigation of subsurface conditions, especially?
B. Visual assessment E. Soil conditions and groundwater characteristics
316. Soils are one of the most important factors to consider during the field investigation,
because soil-discharging systems depend on the _______________ for a significant portion of
effluent treatment.
B. Evapotranspiration systems E. Soil matrix
317. _________________ will affect the type of treatment system selected, the design loading
rate, and the size of the dispersal field.
A. An ideal soil profile D. Soil properties
318. Groundwater proximity and movement is also important in considering effluent residence
time in unsaturated soil and the movement of pollutants that enter the?
B. Water table E. Movement of pollutants
Field Investigation Parameters Soil Profile

319. A soil profile evaluation typically includes an analysis of soil texture, color, structure,
consistence, and layers within the area of the?
A. An ideal soil profile D. Proposed dispersal field
B. Visual assessment E. Movement of pollutants
320. Soil borings and pits are used to assess _________________ and identify any limiting or
restrictive conditions such as rock layers, poor drainage, high water table, or saturated
conditions.
B. Soil properties E. Movement of pollutants
55
321. An ideal soil profile for a _________________ is at least four feet of well-drained,
aerated soil above any limiting conditions such as bedrock, hardpan, or a water table.
A. An ideal soil profile D. Proximity and movement
B. Visual assessment E. Dispersal field
322. When soil limitations exist, adjustments to the upstream treatment train may be needed
to reduce biochemical oxygen demand, ______________________, bacteria levels, nutrients,
or other pollutants.
A. Technology performance D. Total suspended solids
323. Adjustments could involve reducing ________________at the source (e.g., better plate
and pot scraping prior to dishwashing in restaurant kitchens, adding grease trap tanks, etc.),
applying the effluent at lower soil loading rates, or inserting a fixed film or suspended growth
treatment unit between the septic tank and drainfield.
A. Pollutant inputs D. Clustered wastewater treatment
B. Higher levels of treatment E. Various empirical formulae
C. A percolation test F. None of the Above
324. Rules differ among states regarding the depth and number of
_____________________required for each proposed drainfield site, the depth of permeable
soil located beneath the bottom of the effluent infiltrative surface (i.e., trench bottom), the
distance between the drainfield and nearby surface waters, and the types of tests required.
A. Site evaluation D. Observation test holes
B. Percolation test E. Suspended growth advanced treatment systems
C. Design requirements F. None of the Above
Sampling Soils
325. Percolation Tests. Local health departments have long used percolation or “perc” tests,
to determine the loading rate and size of the_______________________ , despite some
significant shortcomings.
A. Conventional treatment systems D. Soil dispersal area
326. A percolation test consists of digging one or more holes in the soil of the proposed
dispersal field to a specified depth, ____________________, then completing the test by filling
the holes to a specific level and timing and measuring the water level drop as the water
percolates into the surrounding soil.
A. Site evaluation D. Unsaturated soil conditions
327. There are ______________________ for determining the required size of a drainfield
based on the size of facility, the percolation test results, and other parameters.
A. Conventional treatment systems D. Clustered wastewater treatment
56
328. Many states and communities have written this test into their onsite ordinances, statutes,
or building codes. Maryland and a number of other states also require the use of
____________ and site evaluations for repairs to existing septic systems that are
malfunctioning.
329. ___________________, however, has limitations. The test does not reveal limiting
conditions in the soil profile and can provide false readings during dry conditions, leading to an
inappropriately high loading rate.
330. States and communities once relied solely on these tests to determine?
B. Percolation test E. Effluent application rates
Site Limitations and Special Considerations

331. In some cases, soil profile or other limitations create challenges for?
A. Conventional treatment systems D. Individual and clustered wastewater treatment
332. Most of these limitations are natural or induced restrictions to soil water and air
movement, which limit the depth and duration of unsaturated soil conditions. Identifying these
limiting conditions is a critical step in the?
A. Site evaluation process D. Unsaturated soil conditions
333. If a site does not demonstrate acceptable ______________or has other limiting factors
that preclude the use of conventional treatment systems, some states and communities will
allow the landowner to consult with an engineer to design an alternative or advanced system
that can overcome a site’s restrictive soil and site limitations.
A. Conventional treatment systems D. Permeability
Fixed Film and Suspended Growth Advanced Treatment Systems

334. Fixed film and suspended growth advanced treatment systems provide an effluent of
higher quality than?
B. Percolation test E. Conventional septic tank discharges
57
335. _______________ allow marginal soils to more easily absorb and treat wastewater.
336. However, these systems require more attention to design requirements,

________________ , and construction detail.
B. Material selection E. Suspended growth advanced treatment systems
337. Regular operation and maintenance attention for these systems is critical to maintaining
performance and ensuring system operation over the long term. The site evaluator needs to
understand and analyze all of these ______________when recommending an alternative or
advanced treatment system.
C. Critical factors F. None of the Above
338. Several additional site evaluation factors may also need to be considered when planning
large _______________________ or clustered facilities.
A. Septage D. Other hydrogeologic conditions
B. Wastewater treatment systems E. Municipal wastewater
C. Anaerobic bacteria F. None of the Above
339. EPA defines a __________________ as a system that has the capacity to serve 20 or
more people per day.
A. Systems D. Clustered wastewater systems
B. Soil absorption systems E. Sewage treatment site
C. Large capacity septic system F. None of the Above
340. Clustered wastewater systems, as discussed in the ____________, can serve a small to
large number of connections (two to hundreds of structures).
C. Methodologies F. None of the Above
341. Smaller cluster systems serving a few structures can be gravity flow facilities that
resemble individual systems, while larger cluster systems serving hundreds of structures are
often highly mechanized with extensive collection piping, and tend to resemble?
B. Centralized systems E. Municipal wastewater
342. Regular, permanent operation and maintenance of these _____________ is required by

regulatory authorities.
58
343. As with conventional systems, sites proposed for soil-discharging cluster systems must
be evaluated for________________ , shallow aquifers, land slope, soil texture, and
permeability.
B. Water table elevations E. Municipal wastewater
344. The location of the _____________ needs to fit with the overall physical plan of the
development.
345. Areas reserved for future development need to be clearly identified, and the proposed
_______________needs to fit with existing plans for open space and buffers around a
development.
B. Wastewater treatment E. Municipal wastewater
Soil Absorption Systems

346. In large cluster or _____________ where increased quantities of wastewater will be
dispersed, other factors must also be evaluated, such as the potential for groundwater
mounding.
347. These systems may experience ____________under the drainfield due to the large
wastewater contribution, restrictive soil layers, and other hydrogeologic conditions. Both the
Hantush Method and MODFLOW are acceptable groundwater flow models that can be used to
characterize more complicated sites.
B. Artificial groundwater mounding E. Municipal wastewater
348. Methodologies to ___________and system design influences on the potential for

groundwater mounding and lateral spreading can also be found in Guidance for Evaluation of
Potential Groundwater Mounding Associated with Cluster and High-Density Wastewater Soil
Absorption Systems.
C. Evaluate site conditions F. None of the Above
Site Evaluator Qualifications

349. Conducting a ____________ requires trained professionals. Training and certification
requirements, however, differ from state to state.
B. Site evaluation E. Municipal wastewater
59
Residuals (Septage) Section
350. Residuals are normally produced as a result of wastewater treatment. The term
“__________” is commonly used to describe the liquids and solids that are pumped from a
septic tank, port-a-potty, cesspool, or other locality.
A. System D. Clustered wastewater systems
C. Septage F. None of the Above
351. EPA regulates the management of ___________ to ensure that this material is treated,
used, and/or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
352. Septic tanks with soil absorption systems are the most commonly used individual
wastewater treatment system in rural and suburban areas. _________________flows into the
tank where the solids separate from the liquid.
A. Systems D. Untreated household waste
B. Soil absorption systems E. Sewage
353. Light solids, such as soap suds and fat, float to the top and form a scum layer. The liquid
waste goes into the drainfield, while the heavier solids settle to the bottom of the tank where
the ____________is partially decomposed by.
B. Organic matter E. Municipal wastewater
354. Some __________________________remain, forming a sludge layer that eventually

must be pumped out. A septic tank will usually retain 60 to 70 percent of incoming solids, oil,
and grease.
C. Non-decomposed solids F. None of the Above
355. Because it is concentrated, the strength of septage is generally fifty to several hundred
times greater than ______________________.
356. The physical characteristics of ________________vary depending upon the septic tank
size, design, and pumping frequency; user habits; climatic conditions; water supply
characteristics, and the use of garbage disposals, household chemicals, and water softeners.
C. Septage F. None of the Above
60
357. It is important that samples of _________________ be collected and tested to determine
local characteristics, since they can affect the proper management of these materials.
In its Septage Treatment and Disposal Fact Sheet (EPA 832-F-99-068; September, 1999),
EPA describes septage as:
358. Highly variable and organic, with significant levels of grease, grit, hair, and debris. The
liquids and solids pumped from a septic tank or cesspool have an offensive odor and
appearance, a tendency to foam upon agitation, and?
A. Volume of residuals D. Disposal of sewage sludge
B. Advanced treatment units E. A resistance to settling and dewatering
C. Minimum requirements F. None of the Above
359. _______________ is also a host for many disease-causing viruses, bacteria, and
parasites.
A. Septage D. Domestic septage
B. Nitrogen E. Non-domestic sewage
C. Application F. None of the Above
360. The volume of residuals generated by a ___________________will vary based on the

treatment method.
B. Advanced treatment units E. Wastewater system
361. A general method to determine septage generation appears below. Some advanced
treatment units, such as_________________, can significantly increase the volume of
residuals generated. In contrast, filtration technologies are often used to minimize the
generation of residuals.
B. Nitrogen E. Activated sludge-based aerobic treatment unit (ATU) systems
362. Some __________________ will significantly increase the volume of residuals

generated. If pumping occurs on an as-needed basis, residuals management (receiving)
facilities will need a significantly larger short-term capacity for processing.
B. Advanced treatment units E. Septage
363. The method of residuals processing may also require some additional evaluation of
_____________ characteristics.
61
Federal Septage Rules
364. In 1993, EPA issued regulations that address septage use and disposal practices as part
of Chapter 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR part 503 regulates ___________as
a part of the requirements controlling the use and disposal of sewage sludge.
B. Domestic septage E. Septage
365. The rule defines “_____________” as liquid and solid material removed from a septic
tank, cesspool, portable toilet, Type III marine sanitation device, or similar treatment works that
receive only domestic sewage.
366. The 503 regulation includes minimum requirements for land application of
____________applied to non-public contact sites such as agricultural fields, forestland, and
mine reclamation areas.
B. Advanced treatment units E. Domestic septage
367. 40 CFR Part 257 governs the management of grease trap wastes and other types of
residuals resulting from the treatment of ________________ by individual and clustered
commercial and industrial treatment systems.
368. 40 CFR Part 258 governs the___________, sewage sludge, and other residuals into
municipal solid waste landfills.
B. Advanced treatment units E. Disposal of septage
The Federal 503 Rule

369. Most states build upon the federal 40 CFR part 503 regulation as the minimum
requirements for managing____________________, although states may and often do impose
more stringent requirements. In some cases, municipalities have established local regulations
for septage handling, treatment, and disposal in addition to the federal and state regulations.
Disposal Options
370. ______________ can be processed through land application, at wastewater treatment
plants, or at processing facilities specifically designed to treat septage. The following section
describes these alternatives:
62
Land Application
371. _______________ contains nutrients that can condition the soil and decrease reliance
on chemical fertilizers for agriculture production.
372. Adjusting ___________ pH can also reduce or eliminate odors and disease-causing
organisms before land application.
Subsurface Application
373. Subsurface application, or surface application with subsequent incorporation, are the
preferred methods for land application of __________ since they minimize odors, reduce
vector attraction, minimize ammonia volatilization losses, conserve nitrogen, minimize contact
with rain, and reduce potential water contamination.
374. State regulations for land application of _______________ often require pre-approval
from the regulating agency through permits and/or licenses, soil tests, and site management
plans.
375. A storage or transfer tank may be needed when land application sites are inaccessible
due to weather conditions or if pre-application treatment of the ___________ is required. Some
states require septage to be disinfected before application.
Pretreatment
376. Pretreatment, such as screening and_______________, may also be necessary prior to
discharge into a tank or lagoon. Enclosed holding tanks or lined lagoons in isolated areas are
preferred temporary storage facilities.
B. Grit removal E. Septage
377. ________________ and stabilization can reduce minimize odors. The simplest and most
economical method is to add lime or other alkali to raise the pH to 12 for a minimum of 30
minutes.
A. Pretreatment D. Surface disposal of septage
B. Liquid E. Septage
C. Stabilization lagoons F. None of the Above
63
378. Other ______________ stabilization options include aerobic digestion, anaerobic
digestion, and composting.
A. Septage D. Soil absorption system(s)
B. Disposal of septage E. Capacity of the plant
C. Wastewater treatment plant(s) F. None of the Above
379. Relative to__________________, these options have higher operating costs and require
more skilled operating personnel.
B. Liquid E. Alkaline stabilization
380. A number of states require _______________ be stabilized before it is applied to the

land.
381. Surface disposal of septage is another alternative outlined under the federal rules, This
includes disposal in holding lagoons, trenches, and__________________. Some states,
however, have more restrictive rules concerning burial.
B. Sanitary landfills E. Septage
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs)

382. Septage can also be handled and processed at wastewater treatment plants. This
process usually employs a septage receiving station, which pretreats the _____________ by
screening and other unit processes.
383. Some of these facilities separate the ______________ from the solids, which are then
processed by the POTW.
384. The allowable amount of ______________ handled by a POTW is a function of the type
and size of the treatment plant, capacity of the plant, and characteristics of the septage.
385. Smaller POTWs must be cognizant of how the higher-strength septage will affect overall
wastewater organic loads and should control the feed rate. ______________ may be required
to prevent problems in the treatment system.
64
Independent Septage Treatment Facility (ISTF)
386. When suitable land is unavailable and wastewater treatment facilities are too distant or
do not have adequate capacity, independent ____________ may be an option.
A. Septage treatment plant(s) D. Soil absorption system(s)
387. ISTFs vary from ______________to treatment plants that use aerobic digestion,
anaerobic digestion, composting, and other biological and chemical treatment processes.
388. The safe, practical, and acceptable practices for the use or ______________ should be a
key goal of any wastewater management program.
389. ____________________must be developed within the context of state, local, and federal
rules and the nature of residuals produced.
B. Septage management plans E. Septage
Operation and Maintenance

390. The need to pump ___________ from small wastewater systems cannot be overstated.
Without proper operation and maintenance, soil absorption systems will malfunction and can
potentially impair water quality or cause sewage surfacing and threats to public health. In most
cases, the homeowner is responsible for maintenance of their treatment system.
B. Septage E. Capacity of the plant
391. Some communities, however, have strengthened their ______________by conducting

periodic inspections of individual treatment systems and maintaining pumping records to better
monitor when pumping is needed.
B. Wastewater programs E. Septage
392. In these communities, the _________________is required to have his or her tank
pumped by a locally approved hauler within a given time period and provide documentation
that the tank was pumped in accordance with local requirements.
B. System owner E. Capacity of the plant
65
393. Another approach is for a responsible management entity to assume complete
responsibility for inspecting, pumping, and disposing of septage. In all cases, the management
program goal should be to pump, transport, treat, and use or dispose of the
_______________in a manner that has the least impact on the system owners, the
community, and the environment.
B. Residuals E. Septage
Training, Certification, and Licensing

394. The National Association of Wastewater Transporters conducts a comprehensive training
and certification program for ________________.
A. Proper septage management D. Wastewater management programs
B. Pumpers and haulers E. Proper handling and disposal of septage.
C. O&M requirements F. None of the Above
395. Several states have also established training centers to promote proper?
396. Several management programs also provide system owners with access to a list of
certified service providers to promote?
State and Local Examples

397. Septage operators in __________________ are required to pass an exam to be certified.
Two levels of certification are available for septage servicing and land application.
398. State rules require continuing education credits to maintain?

Public Education
399. Wastewater management programs require that community residents be informed about
pumping and?
B. Proper disposal of septage E. Proper handling and disposal of septage.
400. Programs must reinforce _________________ and proper septage handling and
disposal procedures, especially targeting the pumpers and haulers.
66
You are finished with your assignment.
You are finished with your assignment, please fax or e-mail the answer key and registration
form to TLC. Always call us to confirm that we’ve received the paperwork.
Please fax the answer key to

TLC Western Campus Fax (928) 272-0747
Backup Fax (928) 468-0675
Always call us after faxing the paperwork to ensure that we’ve received it.
For security purposes, please fax or e-mail a copy of your driver’s license and always call us to
confirm we’ve received your assignment and to confirm your identity
67

Septic o and Mass

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Septic o and Mass

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Septic o and Mass

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Registration form

Septic Operations and Maintenance CEU Training Course $200.00

Start and finish dates: _____________________________________

Email____________________________________ Fax (____)_______________________

Operator ID #____________________________________Exp. Date______________

Oregon CCB ($50 additional fee) __________ Other ____________________

Technical Learning College PO Box 3060, Chino Valley, AZ 86323

If you’ve paid on the Internet, please write your Customer#______________

Please invoice me, my PO#_________________________________________

AFFIDAVIT OF EXAM COMPLETION

Rush Grading Service

Do not solely depend on TLC’s Approval list for it may be outdated.

A second certificate of completion for a second State Agency $50 processing

Method of Course acceptance confirmation. Please fill this section

Website __ Telephone Call___ Email____ Spoke to________________________

Did you receive the approval number, if applicable? ________________

What is the course approval number, if applicable? ____________________

Please circle, underline, bold or X only one correct answer

Additional certificate for another Agency – additional fee $50

Please fax the answer key to TLC

Rush Grading Service

E-MAIL _________________________________ PHONE _____________________

PLEASE COMPLETE THIS FORM BY CIRCLING THE NUMBER OF THE

1. Please rate the difficulty of your course.

2. Please rate the difficulty of the testing process.

4. How did you hear about this Course? ____________________________________

5. What would you do to improve the Course?

How about the price of the course?

Poor_____ Fair ____ Average ____ Good____ Great_____

How was your customer service?

Poor___ Fair ____ Average ____ Good _____ Great_____

Any other concerns or comments.

Tree Roots vs. Sanitary Sewer Lines

9. A complete blockage _________________if no remedial action is taken to remove the

Basic Onsite Treatment Processes

(s) means answer may be singular or plural.

58. ________________ treat wastewater and disperse it on the property where it is

Septic System Failures

61. There are many different types of ________________and treatment technologies.

62. _________________________are a major source of groundwater pollution. Layers of soil

63. ________________________is like automobile maintenance; a little effort on a regular

65. Wastewater is typically treated through primary and _____________________(and

Elevated (Mound or At-Grade) Systems

67. ________________________or treatment unit to a pump tank and periodically dosed to

Aerobic Treatment Units

75. ____________________require permanent, regularly scheduled inspections and

79. In single-pass or _________________design, septic tank effluent is pump-dosed uniformly

Submerged-Flow Wetland or Vegetative Submerged-Bed (VSB)

Cluster System Applications

88. __________________must be managed by an entity with the technical, financial, and

System Design Standards and Practices

91. Performance-based management approaches have been proposed as a substitute for

(s) means answer may be singular or plural.

Permitting and Approval Process

102. It is important that the ____________________include system drawings, narratives,

Check the Record

These records should reflect:

Testing and Certification

Certification of System Designers

Email______________ Fax ()_

Operator ID #______________________Exp. Date

Oregon CCB ($50 additional fee) Other __________

Website Telephone Call_ Email Spoke to____________________

E-MAIL _____________ PHONE _

Poor_ Fair Average Good Great_

Poor_ Fair Average Good _ Great___