Harmonic Analysis: © 2015 ETAP

Harmonic Analysis
© 2015 ETAP
Types of Power Quality
Problems
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 2

Waveform Distortion
• Primary Types of Waveform Distortion
– DC Offset
– Harmonics
– Interharmonics
– Notching
– Noise

Harmonics
• One special category of power quality problems
• “Harmonics are voltages and/or currents present in an electrical system

at some multiple of the fundamental frequency.”
(IEEE Std 399, Brown Book)

Harmonics
• At the distribution level the dominant harmonic components, namely
3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th (odd harmonics) exist in descending order
of magnitude respectively.
• The combination of one harmonic component and the fundamental can

influence the voltage peak at constant RMS

Advanced Fourier
Representation
• Any periodic waveform can be
expressed as a sum of sinusoids
• The sum of the sinusoids is

referred to as Fourier Series
• 6-pulse series:
2 3 1 1 1 1
I ac = I d (cos ωt − cos 5ωt + cos 7ωt − cos11ωt + cos13ωt
π 5 7 11 13
∞
⇒ ∑ I h cos( hωt + Φ h )
h =1

Advanced Fourier
Representation
• Symmetrical waveforms only contain
odd harmonics
• Asymmetrical waveforms (e.g half

wave rectifier), contain even and odd
harmonics and possibly DC
components

Harmonic Sources
• Utilities (Power Grid)
– Known as “Background Harmonic”
– Pollution from other irresponsible customers
– SVC, HVDC, FACTS, …
– Usually a voltage source
• Synchronous Generators
– Due to Pitch (can be eliminated by fractional-pitch winding) and
Saturation
– Usually a voltage source

Harmonic Sources
• Transformers
– Due to magnetizing branch saturation
– Only at lightly loaded condition
– Usually a current source
• Power Electronic Devices

– Charger, Converter, Inverter, UPS, VFD, SVC, HVDC, FACTS, …
– Due to switching actions
– Either a voltage source or a current source

Harmonic Sources
• Other Non-Linear Loads
– Arc furnaces, discharge lighting, …
– Due to unstable and non-linear process
– Either a voltage source or a current source
• In general, any load that is applied to a power system that requires a

non-sinusoidal current, will introduce harmonics

Harmonic I and V

Harmonic I and V
• A non-linear load draws distorted (i.e. non-sinusoidal) current, which passes

through all of the impedance between load and source.
• Associated harmonic currents passing through the system impedance cause
voltage drops for each harmonic frequency (Ohms Law, Vh = Ih x Zh).
• Vector sum of individual voltage drops = total voltage distortion
• Magnitude of voltage distortion depends on the system impedance and the
levels of harmonic currents at each harmonic frequency.
Harmonic I and V

Phase Angle Relationship
• Fundamental Frequency

• Third Order

• Fifth Order

• Seventh Order

Order vs. Sequence

Classification of Harmonics
• Harmonics may be classified as:
– Characteristic Harmonics
Generally produced by power converters
– Non-Characteristic Harmonics
Typically produced by arc furnaces and discharge

lighting (from non-periodical waveforms)

Characteristic Harmonics

Resonance
• Capacitance in a power system has a significant effect on the system
impedance as it varies due to harmonic frequencies
• Sources of capacitance:
– Directly connected (un-tuned PFC banks) - rare
– Fluorescent lighting (for power factor correction)
– Cable capacitance
– Other equipment
• Resonance results in excessively high voltages and/or currents being

present in the power system causing:
– Possible damage to equipment
– Endangerment of personnel

Resonance
• Inductive reactance (XL) is proportional to the frequency
• Capacitive reactance (XC) is inversely proportional to frequency
• Resonance is achieved when XL = XC

Resonance

Resonance
• Two forms of resonance must be considered:
– Series
– Parallel

Series Resonance

Parallel Resonance

Parallel Resonance
• Parallel resonance is generally more common than series resonance as
the majority of equipment is connected in parallel with switchboards
• Due to circuit topography, in the majority of systems with series

resonance, parallel resonance will also occur (at a lower frequency)

Harmonic Distortion
Measurements

Harmonic Distortion
Formulae

Harmonic Distortion
Formulae

Harmonic Distortion
Measurements (cont’d)
• Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD)
- Ratio of a given harmonic to fundamental
- To track magnitude of individual harmonic
Fi
IHD =
F1
• Root Mean Square (RMS) - Total
- Root Mean Square of fundamental plus all harmonics
- Equal to fundamental RMS if Harmonics are zero
∞
RMS = ∑ i
1
F 2

Reducing System
Harmonics
• Add Passive Filters
– Shunt or Single Tuned Filters
– Broadband Filters or Band Pass Filters
– Provide low impedance path for harmonic current
– Least expensive

Reducing System
Harmonics (cont’d)
• Apply Transformer Phase Shifting

– Using Phase Shifting Transformers
– Achieve higher pulse operation of the total converter installation
• In ETAP
– Phase shift is specified in the Tap page of the transformer editor

Reducing System
Harmonics
• Either standard phase shift or special phase shift can be used

Reducing System
Harmonics
• Add Active Filters
– Instantly adapts to changing source and load conditions
– Costly
– MVA Limitation

Voltage Distortion Limits
Recommended Practices for Utilities (IEEE 519):
Bus Voltage Individual Total Voltage
Distortion Distortion
At
(%) THD (%)
PCC
69 kV and below 3.0 5.0

69.001 kV through 161kV 1.5 2.5
161.001 and above 1.0 1.5
In ETAP:
Specify Harmonic Distortion Limits in
Harmonic Page of Bus Editor:

Current Distortion Limits

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Harmonic Analysis

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 2

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 3

• “Harmonics are voltages and/or currents present in an electrical system

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 4

• The combination of one harmonic component and the fundamental can

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 5

• The sum of the sinusoids is

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 6

• Asymmetrical waveforms (e.g half

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 7

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 8

• Power Electronic Devices

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 9

• In general, any load that is applied to a power system that requires a

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 10

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 11

• A non-linear load draws distorted (i.e. non-sinusoidal) current, which passes

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 13

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 14

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 15

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 16

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 17

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 18

Generally produced by power converters

Typically produced by arc furnaces and discharge

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 19

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 20

• Resonance results in excessively high voltages and/or currents being

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 21

• Inductive reactance (XL) is proportional to the frequency

• Capacitive reactance (XC) is inversely proportional to frequency

• Resonance is achieved when XL = XC

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 22

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 23

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 24

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 25

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 26

• Due to circuit topography, in the majority of systems with series

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 27

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 30

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 31

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 32

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 33

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 34

• Apply Transformer Phase Shifting

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 36

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 37

• Add Active Filters

– Instantly adapts to changing source and load conditions

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 38

69 kV and below 3.0 5.0

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 39

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Harmonics Slide 40

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