9.

CIRCLE

1. INTRODUCTION
Definition: The locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance
from a fixed point in that plane always remains the same (i.e., constant) is P moving point
known as a circle.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the distance between the .
fixed point
fixed point and moving point is called the radius of the circle.

2. DIFFERENT FORM OF EQUATION OF CIRCLE

Figure 9.1

2.1 General Form

The general equation of a circle is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 where g, f, and c are constants.
1 1
(a) Centre of the circle ≡ (–g, –f). i.e., (– coefficient of x, – coefficient of y).
2 2
(b) Radius of the circle = g2 + f 2 − c .

Nature of the circle:

(a) If g2 + f2 –c > 0, then the radius of the circle will be real. Hence, it is possible to draw a circle on a plane.
(b) If g 2+ f2 – c = 0, then the radius of the circle will be zero. Such a circle is known as point circle.
(c) If g2 + f2 – c < 0, then the radius g2 + f 2 − c of the circle will be an imaginary. Hence, it is not possible to
draw a circle.
The condition for the general second degree equation to represent a circle:
The general equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx +2fy + c=0 represents a circle iff
(a) a = b ≠ 0 i.e. the coefficient of x2 = the coefficient of y2 ≠ 0.
(b) h = 0 i.e. the coefficient of xy is 0.
a h g
(c) ∆ = h b f = abc + 2hgf – af2 – bg2 – ch2 ≠ 0, it implies that the general equation is non degenerate (i.e.
g f c
equation cannot be written into two linear factors)
(d) g2 + f2 – c ≥ 0
9 . 2 | Circle

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

• The general equation ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 can be written in matrix form as

 a h g  x 
a h   x    
 x y      + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 and  x y 1 h b f   y  = 0
h b   y  g f c  1 
  
• D
 egeneracy condition depends on determinant of 3x3 matrix and the type of conic depends on
determinant of 2x2 matrix.
• Also the equation can be taken as intersection of z =ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 and the plane z =
− 2gx + 2fy + c ( )
Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54)

2.2 Standard Form

The equation of circle with center (0,0) and radius ‘a’ is x2 + y 2 =
a2 .

P(x,y)

X’ X
O (0,0)

2 2 2
X +Y =a

Y’

Figure 9.2: Standard Form

2.3 Central Form

The equation of the circle with centre (h, k) and radius ‘r’ is (x – y)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
Y
P(x,y)
r

C(h,k)

2 2 2
(x-h) +(y-k) =r

X’ X
O

Y’
Figure 9.3: Central form
 M a them a tics | 9.3

2.4 Diametric Form

Circle on a given diameter: The equation of the circle with (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) as (x,y)
the end points of the diameter is given by
(x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
(x1,y1) (x2,y2)
 x + x 2 y1 + y 2 
Centre ≡  1 , 
 2 2 
2 2
 x2 − x1   y 2 − y1 
and, Radius =   +   . Figure 9.4: Diametric Form
 2   2 

2.5 Parametric Form

For x2 + y2 = r2, parametric co-ordinates of any point on the circle is given by (r cosθ, r sinθ), (0 ≤ θ < 2π).
(a) The parametric co-ordinates of a point on the circle (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 is given by (h + r cosθ, k + r sin θ),
(0 ≤ θ < 2π).
(b) The parametric co-ordinates of any point on the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are x = –g + r cos θ and
y = –f + r sinθ, (where r = g2 + f 2 − c , and 0 ≤ θ < 2π)

2.6 Equation of Circle under Special Conditions

(a) The equation of the circle through three points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) is

x2 + y 2 x y 1
x12 + y12 x1 y1 1
=0
x22 + y 22 x2 y2 1
x32 + y 32 x3 y3 1

The concept of family of circles can be used to derive this form.

Taking any two of the given three points as extremities of diameter, we get the equation of a circle S = 0 and the
equation of straight line passing through these two points L = 0. Then the equation of circle passing through the
intersection of circle and line is S + λL = 0, where λ is a parameter. The value of λ can be found by substituting the
third point in the equation as it also lies on the circle.
(b) Equation of circle circumscribing the triangle formed by the lines ar x + br y + cr =
0 where r = 1, 2, 3 is

a12 + b12
a1 b1
a1 x + b1 y + c1
a22 + b22
a2 b2 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2
a32 + b32
a3 b3
a3 x + b3 y + c3

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Whenever the problem seems to be very complicated using formulas and geometrical approach, then
try to apply trigonometric approach as well. Like the given circle may be in circle or ex-circle of some
triangle. May be using properties of triangle we can solve it.
Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54)
9 . 4 | Circle

Illustration 1: Find the equation of the circle which passes through the point of intersection of the lines x – 4y – 1 = 0
and 4x + y – 21 = 0 and whose centre is (2, –3). (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By solving given equation of lines simultaneously we will get point of intersection of lines i.e. P. Therefore
using distance formula we will get radius of circle and using centre and radius we will get required equation.
Let P be the point of intersection of the lines
x – 4y – 1 = 0  …. (i)
and 4x + y – 21 = 0  …. (ii)
( ) ( )
From (i) and (ii), we get x = 5 , y = 1 . So, coordinates of P are 5,1 .Let C 2, −3 be the centre of the circle.
Since the circle passes though P, therefore

(5 − 2 ) + (1 + 3 )
2 2
CP= radius ⇒ = radius ⇒ radius = 5

Hence the equation of the required circle is (x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25.

Illustration 2: Find the equation of a circle of radius 10 whose centre lies on x-axis and passes through the point
(4, 6).  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Consider coordinates of centre of circle as (a, 0). Now Y

by using distance formula, we can calculate the value
of ‘a’ and then by using central form, we get required
equation.
A(4,6)
Here centre C lies on x-axis, and the circle passes through
A (4,6).
10
Let C be (a,0)
X’ X
∴ CA = radius C2 O C1

(a − 4 ) + (0 − 6)
2 2
⇒ CA =10 ⇒ = 10
⇒ (a – 4)2 + 36 = 100 ⇒ (a – 4)2 = 64
⇒ a – 4 = ±8 ⇒ a = 12 or a = – 4.
Thus, the coordinates of the centre are (12, 0) or − 4,0 . ( )
Hence, the equations of the required circles are Y’
Figure 9.5
( x − 12) + ( y − 0 ) 102 and ( x + 4 ) + ( y − 0 ) =
2 2 2 2
= 102

Illustration 3: Find the equation of the circle concentric with the circle x2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y + 11 =
0 and passing
( )
through the point 5, 4 . (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Since both circle are concentric therefore their centre should be same. (5,4)
Hence equation of a required circle can be written as x2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y +
(constant term) = 0.
Let the equation of the concentric circle be
x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + k = 0
(-2,-3)
Since the point (5,4) lies on this circle,
∴ (5)2 + (4)2 + 4(5) + 6(4) + k = 0
⇒ 25 + 16 + 20 + 24 + k = 0 ⇒ k = –85
Therefore, the equation of the required circle is
x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y – 85 = 0 Figure 9.6
 M a them a tics | 9.5

Illustration 4: Find the equation of a circle passing through the origin and making intercepts 4 and 3 on the y and
x axis respectively. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By observing the problem we conclude that given intercepts are end Y
(0,4)
points of diameter of this circle. Therefore by using diametric form we can
P
obtain the equation of circle.

Let the intercepts be OP = 4, OQ = 5

∴ The co-ordinates of P and Q are (0, 4) and (3, 0) respectively.
Since POQ = 90°, hence PQ is a diameter. X’ X
O Q(3,0)
∴ The required equation of the circle is
(x − 3)(x − 0) + (y − 0)(y − 4) =
0 ⇒ 0
x2 + y 2 − 3x − 4y = Y’
Figure 9.7

(
Illustration 5: Find the equation of the circle which is circumscribed about the triangle whose vertices −2,3 , 5,2 )( )
(
and 6, −1 . ) (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Consider (a, b) as the centre of circle and r as the radius. As circle passes from given vertices, therefore their
distance from the centre are same. Therefore by using distance formula, we will get the value of a, b and r.
( )( )
Since the circle passes through the points −2,3 , 5,2 and 6, −1 . ( )
∴ (–2 – a) + (3 – b) = r ⇒ a + 4a + 4 + b – 6b + 9 = r 
2 2 2 2 2 2
…. (i)
(5 – a)2 + (2 – b)2 = r2 ⇒ a2 – 10a + 25 + b2 – 4b + 4 = r2  …. (ii)
(6 – a)2 + (–1 – b)2 = r2 ⇒ a2 – 12a + 36 + b2 + 2b + 1 = r2 …. (iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we have
14a – 21 – 2b + 5 = 0 i.e., 14a – 2b = 16 …. (iv)
Subtracting (iii) from (ii), we get
2a – 11 – 6b + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2a – 6b = 8  …. (v)
Solving (iv) and (v), we get
a = 1 and b = –1
Putting the values of a = 1 and b = −1 in (i), we get
1 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 6 + 9 = r2 ⇒ 25 = r2 ⇒r=5
Thus, the required equation of the circle is
(x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 ⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 1 + 2y = 25 ⇒ x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y – 23 = 0
9 . 6 | Circle

3. EQUATION OF CIRCLE IN SOME SPECIAL CASES

Equation Centre/Radius Properties Figures
(a) x2 + y2 = a2 ( 0, 0 ) ; a When the centre of the circle Y
coincides with the origin
center = (0,0)

X’ a X
O

Y’

Figure 9.8
(b) ( x – h )2 + ( y ± a )2 = a2 ( h , ±a ) ; a Touches x axis only, y Y
coordinate of centre = ±a

C1 (h,a)

X’ O X
G

C2 (h,-a)

Y’

Figure 9.9
(c) ( x ± a )2 + ( y – k )2 = a2 ( ±a, k ) ; a Touches y–axis only, x Y
coordinate of centre = ±a

(-a,k) (a,k)
C1 C2

X’ X
O

Y’

Figure 9.10
 M a them a tics | 9.7

Equation Centre/Radius Properties Figures

(d) (x ± a )2 + (y ± a)2 = a2 ( ±a, ±a ) ; a Touches both the axes Y
depending on the quadrant
center = ( ±a , ±a)

C2 C1
(-a,a) (a,a)

X’ X
O
(-a,-a) (a,-a)

C3 C4

Y’

Figure 9.11
(e) x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0 C (a, 0) ; a When the circle passes Y
through the origin and
centre lies on x axis

X’ X
O (a,0)

Figure 9.12
(f) x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0 C (0, a); a When the circle passes Y
through the origin and
centre lies on y axis.

(0,a)

X’ X
O

Y’

Figure 9.13
9 . 8 | Circle

Equation Centre/Radius Properties Figures

(g) x2 + y2 –αx –βy =0 α β Passes through (0, 0) and has Y’
 , ; intercepts α and β on x &
 2 2 y axes respectively.

1
α2 + β2 , 
2 2 2


X’ X
O

Y’

Figure 9.14
(h, h); h When circle touches both
( ) + ( y − h)
2 2
(h) x − h h2 or
=
the axes
x2 + y 2 − 2hx − 2hy + h2 =
0
(h,h)

Figure 9.15

Y
Illustration 6: Find the equation of the circle which passes through two points on
the x–axis which are at distances 12 from the origin and whose radius is 13.
C
Sol: There are two circles which passes through two points A and A’ on x–axis which
are at a distance 12 from the origin and whose radius is 13. The centre of these circles X’
A’ O A
X
lie on y–axis (perpendicular bisector of chord AA’)
In ∆AOC, AC2 = OA2 + OC2
⇒ 132 = 122 + OC2 ⇒ OC = 5
So the coordinates of the centre of the required circles are (0, 5) and C’ (0, –5). Hence Y’
the equations of the required circles are Figure 9.16
(x – 0 ) + (y ± 5 ) = 13 ⇒ x + y ± 10y – 144 = 0.
2 2 2 2 2

4. INTERCEPTS ON THE AXES Y

The lengths of intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on X and Y axes
are 2 g2 − c and 2 f 2 − c respectively.
Therefore,
(a) The circle x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 cuts the x–axis in real and distinct points, X’
O
X
touches or does not meet in real points according as g2 >c- Distinct points
Y’
g2 = c – Touches
Figure 9.17: Intercept made
g2 < c – Does not meet by circle on x-axis

(b) Similarly, the circle x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 cuts the y–axis in real and distinct points, touches or does not
meet in real points according as f2 >, = or < c .
 M a them a tics | 9.9

(-g,-f)

X’ X
O

Y’

Figure 9.18: Intercept made by circle on y-axis

Illustration 7: Find the equation to the circle which touches the positive axis of y at a distance 4 from the origin
and cuts off an intercept of 6 from the axis of x. (JEE MAIN)
Sol: As circle touches Y axis therefore Y coordinate of centre of circle is 4 so by Y
using formula of intercept we will get the value of X coordinate of centre of circle
and c.
Consider a circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. (5,4)
This meets the axis of y in points given by y2 + 2fy + c = 0 5
4
3
The roots of this equation must be each equal to 4, so that it must be equivalent X’
O
X
to (y – 4)2 = 0 ⇒ 2f = –8 & c = 16
∵ Intercept made on the x-axis = 6
Y’
Figure 9.19
⇒ 6 = 2 g2 − 16 ⇒ g = ±5.
Hence, the required equation is x2 + y2 ± 10x – 8y + 16 = 0.

5. POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T A CIRCLE

(a) If CP < radius, then the point P lies inside the circle. (Refer Fig. 9.20 (i))

r
C

(i)
Figure 9.20 (i)

(b) If CP = radius, then the point P lies on the circumference.

P
r
C

(ii)
Figure 9.20 (ii)
9 .10 | Circle

(c) CP > radius, then the point P lies outside the circle.
P

r
C

Figure 9.20 (iii)

(iii)

Hence, any point (x, y) lies outside, on or inside if

(x1 + g)2 + (y1 + f)2 > = < g2 + f 2 − c ⇒ (x1 + g2) + (y1 + f )2 >

= < (g2 + f2 – c )
⇒ x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c > = < 0
Or, S1 > = < 0 where S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Therefore, a point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside a circle
S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 according as S1 ≡ x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1+ c is positive, zero or negative.

5.1 Power of a Point w.r.t. a circle

Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be a point and a secant (a line which cuts the curve in two point) PAB is drawn.
T
B
A

P (x1,y1)

C
D
Figure 9.21

The power of P(x1, y1) w.r.t. S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is equal to PA.PB which is S1, where S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c .
Power remains constant for the circle i.e. independent of A and B
PA×PB = PC×PD = PT2 = square of the length of a tangent

5.2 The Least and Greatest distance of a Point from a Circle

Let S = 0 be a circle and P ( x1 , y1 ) be a point. If the diameter of the circle through P
P
intersect the circle at Q and R, Q
then QP = PC – r= least distance; and C
PR = PC + r = greatest distance R

where ‘r’ is the radius and C is the centre of the circle.

(Refer Fig. 9.23)
Figure 9.22
 M a them a ti cs | 9.11

Illustration 8: The coordinates of the point on the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 11 = 0 farthest from the origin are
 (JEE MAIN)
 8 4   4 8   8 4 
(A)  2 + ,1+  (B)  1 + , 2+  (C)  1 + , 2+  (D) None of these
 5 5  5 5  5 5

Sol: (B) The required point lies on the normal to circle through the origin, i.e. on the line 2x = y. Therefore by
substituting y = 2x in above equation of circle we will get coordinates of required point.
4  4 
x2 + 4x2 – 2x – 8x – 11 = 0 ⇒ 5x2 – 10x – 11 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 ± and y = 2  1 ± 
5  5
 4 8 
and the required point farthest from the origin is  1 + , 2+ .
 5 5

Illustration 9: The point (1, 3) is inside the circle S whose equation is of the form x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + k = 0, k
being an arbitrary constant. Find the possible values of k if the circle S neither touches the axes nor cuts them.
 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As (1, 3) lies inside the circle S therefore S1 < 0 and it does not touches x and y axes. On the basis of this we
can solve the problem and will get range of k.
12 + 32 – 6×1 –10×3 + k < 0; ∴ k < 26  …(i)
Solving y = 0 and x + y – 6x – 10y + k = 0, we get x – 6x + k = 0
2 2 2

Since the circle S does not intersect with the x-axis,

⇒ discriminant < 0 i.e., 36 – 4k < 0 ⇒ k > 9  …(ii)
Solving x = 0 and x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + k = 0, we get y2 – 10y + k = 0
Since the circle S does not intersect with the y-axis,
⇒ discriminant < 0 i.e., 100 – 4k < 0 ⇒ k > 25  …(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 25 < k < 26, i.e., k ∈ (25, 26).

6. LINE AND A CIRCLE

a2 (1 + m2 ) − c2
The length of the intercept cut off from the line y = mx + c by the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is 2 .
1 + m2
(a) If a2 (1 + m2 ) > c2, or, | c | < a 1 + m2

i.e., the line will intersects the circle at two real and different points.

(b) If a2 (1 + m2 ) = c2, | c | a 1 + m2
or, =

i.e., the line will touch the circle at only one point i.e. the line will be a tangent. (2,4)

(c) If a2 (1 + m2 ) < c2, or, | c | > a 1 + m2

i.e., the line will meet the circle at two imaginary points.

Figure 9.23

Illustration 10: Show that the line 3x – 4y – c = 0 will meet the circle having centre at (2, 4) and the radius 5 in real
and distinct points if – 40 < c < 20.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Since the line cuts the circle so length of perpendicular from centre of circle upon line is less than the radius
of circle.
9 .12 | Circle

3× 2 − 4 × 4 − c
<6 ⇒ 10 + c < 30
9 + 16
⇒ –30 < 10 +c < 30 ⇒ –40 < c < 20

Illustration 11: If 4l2 – 5m2 + 6l +1 = 0 then show that the line lx + my +1 = 0 touches a fixed circle. Find the radius
and centre of the circle. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: If line touches the circle then perpendicular distance from centre of circle to the line is equal to the radius of
circle so by using distance formula of point to line we will get one equation and other is given 4l2 – 5m2 + 6l +1 =
0 . hence by solving these two equation we will get required answer.
Let the circle be (x – α)2 + (y – β)2 = a2
The line lx + my + 1 = 0 touches the circle if
l α + mβ + 1
a= or a2(l 2 + m2) = (lα + mβ +1)2
2 2
l +m
or (a2 – α2) l2 + (a2 – β2) m2 –2 lβα m – 2 l α – 2mβ – 1 = 0 ... (i)
But 4l – 5 m + 6l + 1 = 0
2 2
... (ii)
It is possible to find α,β, a if (i) and (ii) are identical.
The condition is
a2 − α2 a2 − β2 −2α 2β −1
= = = =  ... (iii)
4 −5 6 0 1
a2 − α2
∴ β = 0, α =3 and = –1 which implies a2 – 32 = –4, i.e., a = 5 .Also α = 3, β = 0, a = 5 satisfies equation
4
( )
2
(iii) and hence the line touches the fixed circle (x – 3 )2 +(y – 0)2 = 5

or x2 + y2 – 6x + 4 = 0, whose centre = (α, β) = (3, 0) and radius = a = 5.

Illustration 12: Find equation of a line with slope gradient 1 and such that x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 – 10x – 14y + 65 = 0
intercept equal length on it ? (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As given slope of line is 1, therefore its equation will be y = x + c Hence by using perpendicular distance
formula we will get distance of line from centre of respective circle and then
by using Pythagoras we can obtain length of intercepts made by line to these
A’
circles and which are equal. Therefore we can obtain value of c and required
equation of circle.
C(5,7)
Let 2 be the length of the intercept made by the two circle.
For x2 + y2 = 4, centre ≡ (0,0) and radius = 2, and A
For x2 + y2 – 10x – 14y + 65 = 0, centre ≡ (5,7) and
O(0,0)
radius = 3.
c 5−7+c c−2
∴ OA = and CA’ = ⇒CA’ = Figure: 9.24
2 2 2

Now, from the diagram we get

4 – OA2 = 2  …(i)
 M a them a ti cs | 9.13

and 9 – CA’2 = 2  …(ii)

2 2
c c−2
⇒4– =9–   [from (i) and (ii)]
2  2 
3
⇒c=–
2
The equation of line is 2x - 2y = 3

Illustration 13: Find the values of α for which the point (2α, α +1) is an interior point of the larger segment of the
circle x2 + y2 – 2x –2y – 8 = 0 made by the chord whose equation is x – y + 1 = 0. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As point (2α, α +1) lies inside the circle S, therefore S1 < 0. Hence by substituting
the point in the equation, we will get the range of α and as it lies in larger segment =0
+1
made by line x – y + 1 = 0. The centre of circle i.e. (1, 1) and (2α, α +1) will have the x-y
same sign.
∴ (2α)2 + (α +1)2 – 2×2α – 2(α + 1) – 8 < 0
Centre
⇒ 5a2 – 4α – 9 < 0 or (5α – 9)(α + 1) < 0
(2,+1)
⇒ –1 < α <9/5  ... (i)
Also, as the point lies in the larger segment, the centre (1, 1) and the point (2α, α + 1) Figure 9.25
must be on the same side of the line x – y + 1 = 0.
Clearly, 1 – 1 + 1 > 0; So, 2α – (α + 1) + 1 > 0;
∴ α > 0 … (ii)
 9
∴ The set of values of α satisfying (i) and (ii) is  0,  .
 5

7. TANGENTS

7.1. Point Form

(a) The equation of tangent at (x1 ,y1) to circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 - a2 = 0.

2 2 2
x +y=a
P(x1,y1)

Figure 9.26

(b) The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) to circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.

7.2. Parametric Form

Since parametric co-ordinates of a point on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is (a cos θ, a sin θ), then equation of tangent at (a
cos θ, a sin θ) is x a cos θ + y a sin θ =a2 or, x cos θ + y sin θ = a.
9 .14 | Circle

7.3. Condition for Tangency

A line L = 0 touches the circle S = 0. If length of perpendicular (p) drawn from the centre of the circle to the line
is equal to radius of the circle i.e. p = r. This is the condition of tangency for the line L = 0. Circle x2 + y2 = a2 will
touches the line y = mx + c if c = ±a 1 + m2

Illustration 14: For what value of c will the line y = 2x + c be a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 5.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 in slope form is y = mx + a 1 + m2 .

On comparison, we get a = 5 and m = 2.

∴c=± 5 × 1 + 22 ⇒ c = ± 5

The required equation is =

y 2x ± 5

7.4. Slope Form

The straight line y = mx + c touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2 if c2 = a2 (1 + m2). Therefore, the equation of the tangent
 ma ±a 
in the slope form is y = mx ± a 1 + m2 and the point of contact is  ,  .
 2 
 1+m 1 + m2 
7.5 Length of Tangent

The length of the tangent drawn from a point P(x1, y1 ) to the circle S =x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c = 0 is PT1 = PT2 =

x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

∴ Length of Tangent = S1

Note:
(i) P
 T2 is called the power of the point with respect to a given circle, where PT is the tangent from a point P to a
given circle.
(ii) Area of quadrilateral PT1C T2 = 2 × (Area of triangle PT1C), and

 r 
 
(iii) The angle between tangents PT1 and PT2 is equal to 2tan–1 
P(x1,y1)
S .
 1

Illustration 15: If OA and OB are tangents from the origin O, to the circle x2 + y2 +2gx +2fy
 
+ c= 0, c > 0 and C is the centre of the circle, then area of the quadrilateral OACB is 
 (JEE MAIN)

(A)
1
2
( )
c g2 + f 2 − c (B) ( )
c g2 + f 2 − c

g2 + f 2 − c
(C) c g2 + f 2 − c (D)
c
T1
Sol: (B) As we know quadrilateral OACB is formed by two right angle triangle OAC and r
C
T3
triangle OBC. Line OA and OB are tangent to the circle from common point O. Therefore
OA = OB and (AC = CB) radius of circle, hence both triangle are equal. Therefore Area of
the quadrilateral OACB = 2 Area of the triangle OAC. 2 2
x +y -2gx+2fc c=0
OA = OB = S1 = c (Length of the tangent from the origin) Figure 9.27
 M a them a ti cs | 9.15

and, CA = CB = g2 + f 2 − c (Radius of the circle)

∴ Area of the quadrilateral OACB = 2 Area of the triangle OAC C

1 B
= 2 ×   OA × CA = c g2 + f 2 − c A
2

Illustration 16: The locus of a point which moves such that the tangents from it to the
two circles x2 + y2 – 5x – 3 = 0 and 3x2 + 3y2 + 2x + 4y – 6 =0 are equal, is (JEE MAIN)
(A) 7x + 4y – 3 = 0 (B) 17x + 4y + 3 = 0 (C) 3x – 4y + 9 = 0 (D) 13x – 4y + 15 =0

Sol: (B) Use the formula for length of tangent. Let P(h, k) be any point on the locus.

The length of the tangent from P to the first circle is h2 + k 2 − 5h − 3 ,  …(i)

2 4 6
Similarly, the length of the tangent to the other circle is h2 + k 2 + h + k − . …(ii) O (0,0)
3 3 3
On equating (i) and (ii), we get 17h + 4k + 3 = 0, Figure 9.28

Therefore, the required locus is 17x + 4y + 3 = 0.

7.6 Pair of Tangents

From a given point P(x1, y1) two tangents PA and PB can be drawn to the circle S = x2 + y2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0.
The combined equation of the pair of tangents is A
SS1 = T2, where
S = 0 is the equation of circle,
T = 0 is the equation of tangent at (x1, y1), and
S1 = x12 + y12 +2gx1 +2fy1 + c
(S1 is obtained by replacing x by x1 and y by y1 in S) P(x1,y1) B

Pair of tangents from point (0, 0) to the circle are at right angles if g2 + Figure 9.29
f2 = 2c.

Illustration 17: Find the equation of the pair of the tangents drawn to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 from the
point (0, 1). (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here (x1, y1) = (0, 1). So by using formula SS1 = T2 we can get required equation, where S = x2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y =
0,
S1 ≡ x12 + y12 +2gx1 +2fy1 + c and T = xx1 + yy1 – (x+x1) +2(y+x1).
0
Given circle is S ≡ x2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y = …(i)
Let P be the point (0, 1).
∴ S1 ≡ x12 + y12 +2gx1 +2fy1 + c ⇒ S1 ≡ 02 + 12 – 2.0 + 4.1 = 5
And, T ≡ xx1 + yy1 – (x+x1) +2(y+x1) ⇒ T ≡ x(0) + y(1) – (x + 0) + 2(y + 1)
i.e., T ≡ – x + 3 y + 2.
Hence, the equation of pair of tangents from P (0, 1) to the given circle is SS1 = T2

( )
i.e. 5 x2 + y 2 − 2x + 4y = ( −x + 3y + 2 )
2

⇒ 5x2 + 5y2 – 10x + 20y = x2 + 9y2 + 4 – 6xy – 4x + 12y

9 .16 | Circle

⇒ 4x2 – 4y2 – 6x + 8y + 6xy – 4 = 0

⇒ 2x2 – 2y2 + 3xy – 3x + 4y – 2 = 0  …(ii)
Note: From (ii), we have 2x2 + 3(y – 1) x – (2y2 – 4y + 2) = 0.
This is a quadratic equation in x, hence by using quadratic formula we get

3(y − 1) ± 9(y − 1)2 + 8(2y 2 − 4y + 2)

x= or, 4x – 3y + 3 = ± 25y 2 − 50y + 25
4
or, 4x – 3y + 3 = ±5(y – 1).
∴ Separate equations of tangents are x – 2y + 2 = 0 and 2x + y - 1 = 0.

Illustration 18: From a point on the line 4x – 3y = 6 tangents are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 – 6x –4y + 4 = 0 which
24
make an angle of tan–1 between them. Find the coordinates of all such points and the equations of tangents.
 7 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Consider a point P on the line 4x – 3y = 6 and use the formula.

A
Let P (x1 , y1) be a point on the line 4x – 3y = 6.
24
If θ is the angle between the tangents, then tan θ = . P(x1,y1) 
7
C
For the given circle, Centre C = (3, 2) and
Radius = CA = 32 + 22 − 4 = 3 for tan θ
B
∴ The length of tangent, PA = S1 = x12 + y12 − 6x1 − 4y1 + 4
Figure 9.30
θ AC 3
∴ tan = =
2 PA S1
θ 9
1 − tan2 2 2 1−
S1 − 9 7
⇒ tan2
θ
=
9
or, 2 = x1 + y1 − 6x1 − 4y1 + 4 − 9 or −S1
= = ⇒ S1 = 16
2 S1 2 θ x 2
+ y 2
− 6x − 4y + 4 + 9 9 S1 + 9 25
1 + tan 1 1 1 1 1+
2 S1

7 x12 + y12 − 6x1 − 4y1 − 5  24 

∴ = 2  tan θ = 
25 x1 + y12 − 6x1 − 4y1 + 13  7 

or, x12 + y12 – 6x1 – 4y1 – 12 = 0  … (i)

As (x1, y1) is on the line 4x – 3y = 6, we get 4x1 – 3y1 = 6 … (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
2
 4x − 6   4x − 6 
x12
+  1  – 6x1 – 4  1  –12 = 0
 3   3 
⇒ 9x12 + (4x1 – 6)2 – 54x1 – 12(4x1– 6) – 108 = 0
⇒ 25x12 – 150x1 = 0 ⇒ x1 (x1 – 6) = 0
4x1 − 6 6 18
⇒ x1 = 0, 6 and, y1 = =– , = –2, 6.
3 3 3
∴(x1, y1) ≡ (0, –2) and (6, 6).
The equation of the pair of tangents is given by SS1 =T2
where S ≡ x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 4,
S1 = x12 + y12 – 6x1 – 4y1 + 4, and
 M a them a ti cs | 9.17

T = xx1 + yy1 – 3(x + x1) – 2(y + y1) + 4

∴ The pair of tangents from (0, –2) is
(x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 4)⋅(0 + 4 – 0 + 8 + 4) = (0 + y(–2)– 3(x) –2(y – 2) + 4)2
⇒ 16(x2 + y2 – 6x –4y + 4) = (–3x –4y + 8)2
⇒ 16(x2 + y2 – 6x –4y + 4) = 9x2 + 16y2 + 64 +24xy – 48x – 64y
⇒ 7x2 – 24xy –48x = 0 ⇒ x(7x – 24y – 48) = 0
∴ The tangents from (0, –2) are x = 0, and 7x –24y –48 =0.
Similarly, the equation of the pair of tangents from (6, 6) is
(x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 4) ⋅ (36 + 36 – 6 ⋅ 6 – 4 ⋅ 6 + 4) = {x ⋅ 6 + y ⋅ 6 – 3(x + 6) – 2(y + 6) + 4}2
⇒ 16(x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 4) = (3x + 4y – 26)2 = 9x2 + 16y2 + 676 + 24xy – 156x – 208y
⇒ 7x2 – 24xy + 60x + 144y – 612 = 0
⇒ (7x – 24y + 102) (x – 6) = 0
∴ The tangents from (6, 6)are x – 6 = 0, and 7x – 24y + 102 =0.

Illustration 19: Obtain the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 which include
an angle α. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Consider (x1, y1) as the point of intersection of tangents to the given circle (x1,y1)

α a
and then use tan = to get the desired result.
2 S 1
O
Let (x1, y1) be the point of intersection of a pair of tangents to the given circle.
If the pair of straight lines includes an angle α, then
a
2 2
x +y =a
2 2

α a S1
⇒ tan = ⇒ tan α = Figure 9.31
2 S1 a2
1−
S1
2a x12 + y12 − a2
⇒ tan α =
y12 + x12 − 2a2

(
⇒ x12 + y12 − 2a2 )
2
( 2 2
tan2 α = 4a2 x1 + y1 − a
2
)
Hence, the required locus is (x2 + y2 – 2a2)2 tan2 α =4a2 (x2 + y2 – a2).

7.7 Director Circle

The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a circle is called
the Director circle.
For the circle x2 + y2 = a2, the equation of the director circle is x2 + y2 = 2a2. P
Hence, the centre of the director circle is same as the centre of the given circle, and the
radius is 2 times the radius of the given circle.
General Form: For the general form of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, the
equation of the director circle is given by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + 2c – g2 – f2 = 0. Figure 9.32
9 .18 | Circle

Illustration 20: Find the equation of the director circle of the circle (x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 2.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: As we know, for the circle x2 + y2 = a2, the equation of the director circle is x2 + y2 = 2a2 .
For the given circle, Centre ≡(2, –1) & Radius = 2.
∴ The centre of the director circle ≡ (2, – 1), and the radius of the director circle = 2 × 2 = 2.
∴ The required equation is (x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4.

8. NORMALS
The normal of a circle at any point is a straight line, perpendicular to
the tangent and passing through the centre of the circle.
(a) Equation of normal: The equation of normal to the general l
form of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point rma C
No
(x1, y1) on the circle is P
y1 + f x − x1 y − y1
(y – y1) = (x – x1) or, =
x1 + g x1 + g y1 + f
Tangent
The equation of normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at any point (x1 ,y1) is
x y Figure 9.33
xy1 – xy1 = 0 or, = .
x1 y1
x y
(b) Parametric Form: Equation of normal at (a cos θ, a sin θ) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is =
acos θ asinθ
x y
or, = or, y = x tan θ or, y = mx (where m = tan θ).
cos θ sin θ

Illustration 21: Find the equation of the circle having the pair of lines x2 + 2xy + 3x + 6y = 0 as its normal and
having the size just sufficient to contain the circle x(x – 4) + y(y – 3) = 0. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By solving equation x2 + 2xy + 3x + 6y = 0 we will get point of intersection of normals i.e. centre of required
circle. As given circle x(x – 4) + y(y – 3) = 0 lies inside the required circle hence distance between centres will be
equal to the difference between their radius, therefore we can find out radius of required circle by using distance
formula.
Given the equation of pair of normal is x(x + 3) + 2y(x + 3) = 0
⇒ (x + 3)(x + 2y) = 0
∴ Either (x+3)=0 …(i) or (x+2y)=0  …(ii)
3
On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = −3 and y =
2 (-3, 3/2) (2, 3/2)
 3
∴ The centre ≡  −3,  (The point of intersection of the normals).
 2
For the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 3y = 0 …(iii)
2
 3  −3  5
( −2)
2 Figure 9.34
centre =  2,  and radius, r = +   − 0 = .
 2  2  2
If the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 3y = 0 lies inside another circle of radius ‘a’, then
 3  3
a – r = distance between the centres  −3,  and  2, 
 2   2
2
5 5 15
( −3 − 2) +  32 − 32 
2  
⇒a– = ⇒a=5+ ∴a= .
2   2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 9.19

2 2
 3  15 
Hence, the equation of the circle is (x + 3) +  y −  =   or, x2 + y2 + 6x – 3y = 45.
2
 2  2 

9. CHORD OF CONTACT (x’,y’)Q

Consider a point P(x1, y1) lying outside the circle. Tangents are drawn to touch the
given circle at Q and R respectively (as shown in the diagram). The chord joining P
Chord of
the points of contact of the two tangents to a circle (or any conic) from the point (x1, y1)
contact
P, outside it, is known as the chord of contact.
(x”, y”)R
9.1 Equation of Chord of contact Figure 9.35

The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point (x1 , y1) to
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 = a2. Equation of chord of contact at (x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c =0 .
Clearly, the equation of the chord of contact coincides with the equation of the tangent.

Length of chord of contact

Consider a circle of radius ‘r’ and the length of perpendicular from the centre to the chord of contact be ‘p’, then
the length of the chord, QR = 2 r 2 − p2 .

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

( )
3/2
1 a x12 + y12 − a2 RL3
• Area of ∆PQR = × PM × QR = =
2 x12 + y12 R 2 + L2

where, the length of the tangent, L = x12 + y12 − a2 and,
radius of circle, R = a.

 quation of circle circumscribing the triangle PQR is

• E
(x – x1) (x + g) + (y – y1) (y + f) = 0.
 ote: Circumscribing Circle also passes through centre
N Figure 9.36
of original Circle
Vaibhav Krishnan (JEE 2009, AIR 22)

Illustration 22: Find the equation of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from (1, 2) to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x
+ 4y + 7 = 0. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Equation of chord of contact is T = 0

Given circle is S ≡ x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y + 7 = 0 …(i)
For point P ≡ (1, 2),
S1 > 0, ⇒ the point P lies outside the circle. and, T ≡ x(1) + y(2) – (x + 1) + 2(y + 2) + 7 i.e. T ≡ 4y + 10
∴ The equation of the chord of contact is T = 0 i.e. 2y + 5 = 0.
9 .20 | Circle

Illustration 23: The locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at the extremities of a chord of the circle x2
+ y2 = a2 which touches the circle x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0 passes through the point (JEE ADVANCED)
a   a
(A)  , 0  (B)  0,  (C) (0, a) (D) (a, 0)
2   2

Sol: (A) and (C) Apply the condition of tangency to the equation of chord of contact.
Let P (h, k) be the point of intersection of the tangents at the extremities of the chord AB of the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
∴ The equation of the chord of contact AB w.r.t. the point P is hx + ky = a2.
h(a) + k(0) − a2
The line hx + ky = a2 touches the circle x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0 if =a
h2 + k 2
⇒ (h – a)2 = h2 + k2
Therefore, the locus of (h, k) is (x – a)2 = x2 + y2 or, y2 = a(a – 2x).
Clearly, points (A) and (C) satisfy the above equation.

9.2 Chord Bisected at a given Point B

P(x1,y1)
The equation of the chord of the circle A

S ≡ x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 bisected at the

2 2
C
point (x1, y1) is given by T = S1.
i.e., xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c =x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c .

Figure 9.37: Chord bisected by point P

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The smallest chord of a circle passing through a point 'M' at a maximum distance from the centre is the
one whose middle point is M.
Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

Illustration 24: Find the equation of the chord of the circle x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 11 = 0, whose middle point is (1, –1).
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Use T = S1
Given, S ≡ x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 11 = 0
For point L (1, 1), S1 = 12 + (–1)2 + 6.1 + 8(–1) – 11 = –11 and
T = x.1 + y.(–1) + 3(x + 1) + 4(y – 1) – 11 i.e. T = 4x + 3y – 12
Now equation of the chord having middle point, L(1, –1) is
∴ 4x + 3y – 12 = –11 ⇒ 4x + 3y – 1 = 0
Second method:
Let C be the centre of the given circle, C ≡ (–3, –4)
−4 + 1 3
∴ Slope of CL = =
−3 − 1 4
∴ Equation of chord whose middle point is L, is
 M a them a ti cs | 9.21

4
∴ y + 1 = – (x – 1) [ chord is perpendicular to CL]
3
Or, 4x + 3y – 1 = 0

Illustration 25: Find the locus of the middle points of chords of given circle x2 + y2 = a2 which subtends a right
angle at the fixed point (p, q). (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As M(h, k)be the midpoint of the chord AB which subtends an angle of 900 at the point N (p , q) therefore a
circle can be drawn with AB as the diameter and passing through the point N, hence AM = MN.
∴ AM = MN ⇒ AM2 = MN2 ⇒a2 – (h2 + k2) = (h - p)2 + (k - q)2 A
⇒ a2 – h2 – k 2 =
h2 + p2 – 2hp + k 2 + q2 − 2kq
⇒ 2h2 + 2k 2 – 2ph − 2qk + p2 + q2 − a2 =
0 N(p,q) M(h,k)
1 2
⇒ h2 + k 2 – ph − qk +
2
(
p + q2 − a2 = )0

1
( )
B
Hence, the required locus is x2 + y 2 – px − qy + p2 + q2 − a2 =
0. Figure 9.38
2

10. COMMON CHORD OF TWO CIRCLES

Definition: The chord joining the points of intersection of two given circles is called their common chord.

Equation of common chord: The equation of the common chord of two circles
S1 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 …. (i)
and S2 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 …. (ii)
is given by S1 – S2 = 0 i.e., 2x(g1 – g2) + 2y (f1 – f2) + c1 – c2 = 0.

C1 M C2(2,-4)
=

Figure 9.39: Common Chord

Length of the common chord: AB = 2(AM) = 2 C1 A2 − C1M2

Where, C1A = radius of the circle S1 = 0, and

C1M = length of the perpendicular from the centre C1 to the common chord AB.

Note: If the two circles touch each other, then the length of common chord is zero and the common chord is the
common tangent to the two circles at the point of contact.
9 .22 | Circle

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The length of the common chord AB is maximum when it is the diameter of the smallest circle.
Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)

Illustration 26: Find the equation and the length of the common chord of two circles.
2x2 + 2y2 + 7x – 5y + 2 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 4x + 8y – 18 = 0 (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Use the formula for equation of common chord and length of common chord. Equation of common chord of
circle is S1 – S2 = 0 i.e., 2x(g1 – g2) + 2y (f1 – f2) + c1 – c2 = 0 and length of common chord is 2 C2 A2 − C2M2
.
7 5
Given S1 = x + y + x – y + 1 =0 
2 2
…. (i)
2 2
S2 = x2 + y2 – 4x + 8y – 18 = 0 …. (ii)
Therefore, the equation of the common chord AB is S1 – S2 = 0
15 21
i.e. x– y + 19 = 0 ⇒ 15x – 21y + 38 = 0 .… (iii)
2 2
30 + 84 + 38 152
The length of the perpendicular from the centre C2(2, –4) to the common chord AB is C2M = =
Radius of the circle S2 = 0 is, C2A = 38 152 + 212 666

∴ The length of the common chord = AB = 2AM

2
 152  1102
= 2 C2 A2 − C2M2 ; = 2 38 −   =2
 666  333

Illustration 27: Tangents are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = 12 at the points where it is met by the circle x2 + y2 – 5x
+ 3y – 2 = 0; find the point of intersection of these tangents.  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As we know that, if (x1, y1) is a point of intersection of tangents of circle x2 + y2 = a2 then equation of chord of
contact is xx1 + yy1=a2 and the equation of common chord of two circles are S1 – S2 = 0 i.e., 2x(g1 – g2) + 2y (f1 – f2)
+ c1 – c2 = 0. By using these two formulae we can solve the problem.
Given circles are S1 ≡ x2 + y2 – 12 = 0 … (i)
and S2 ≡ x2 + y2 – 5x + 3y – 2 = 0 … (ii)
The equation of common chord is S1 – S2 = 0 i.e. 5x – 3y – 10 = 0  … (iii)
Let this line meet circle (i) at A and B, and P(α, β) be the point of intersection of the tangents at A and B. Therefore,
the equation of the chord of contact AB is xα + yβ – 12 = 0 … (iv)
As (iii) and (iv) represent the same line, therefore on comparison, we get
α β 6 18  18 
= = ∴ α = 6 and β = – . Hence, P ≡  6, − .
5 −3 5 5  5 

O
11. DIAMETER OF CIRCLE P(h,k)

The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a circle Diameter
x+my=0
is known as the diameter of the circle.
Let the equation of parallel chords be y=mx+c
Figure 9.40
 M a them a ti cs | 9.23

y = mx + c (where, c is a parameter).
∴The equation of the diameter bisecting parallel chords
of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is given by x + my = 0.

12. POLE AND POLAR

Let P (x1,y1) be any point inside or outside the circle. Passing through the point P chords AB and A’ B’ are drawn. If
the tangents at point A and point B intersect at Q (h, k) , then the locus of Q is a straight line and is called the polar
of point P with respect to circle and P is called the pole. Similarly, if the tangents to the circle at A’ and B’ meet at
Q’, then the locus of Q’ is the polar with P as its pole.
Q’ Q(h,k1) A
B’
A’

Polar
A’ Polar P(x1,y1)
B
Pole B
P(x1,y1) A
Q’ B’

Q(h,k1)

Figure 9.41(a): Polar of a point P outside the circle Figure 9.41(b): Polar of a point P inside the circle

Equation of polar of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 w.r.t. point P (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
i.e. T = 0.
If the circle is x2 + y2 = a2, then its polar w.r.t. (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 – a2 = 0 i.e. T = 0.
Pole of a line w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2
Consider a line lx + my + n = 0 and let (x1, y1) be the pole of the line w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
For the point (x1, y1),
The equation of polar w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 – a2 = 0.
Since lx + my + n = 0 and xx1 + yy1 – a2 = 0 represent the same line.
x1 y1 −a2 a2l a2m
∴ = = ⇒ x1 = – and y1 = – .
l m n n n
 a2l a2m 
Hence, the pole of the line lx + my +n = 0 is  − ,− 
 n n 

Pole of a line w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Consider a line lx + my + n = 0.
If (x1, y1) is the pole, then the equation of polar is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.
Now, since lx + my + n = 0 and xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 represent the same line,
x1 + g y1 + f gx1 + fy1 + c
∴ = =
l m n
x1 + g y1 + f g2 + f 2 − c
On simplification, we get = =
l m l g+ fm − n

x1 + g y1 + f r2
⇒ = = , where r is radius of the circle.
l m l g+ mf − n
9 .24 | Circle

12.1 Conjugate Points and Conjugate Lines

(a) If the polar of point P (x1 , y1) w.r.t. a circle x2 + y2 = a2, passes through Q(x2 , y2), then the polar of Q will pass
through P. Such points are called conjugate points and they satisfy the relation x1x2 + y1y2 = a2
(b) If the pole of the line l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 w.r.t. a circle lies on another line l2x + m2y + n2 = 0, then the pole of
the second line will lie on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.
Consider the circle x2 + y2 = a2,
 a2l a2l 
The pole P of the line l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 w.r.t. the circle is given by  − 1 , − 1  .
 n1 n1 
 
 a2l   a2m 
⇒ l2  − 1  + m2  − 1 
+n = 0 ∴ a (l1l2 + m1m2 ) =
2
n1n2
 n1   n1  2
   

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are conjugate points w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 if x1x2 + y1y2
+ g (x1 + x2) + f(y1 + y2) + c = 0.
If P and Q are conjugate points w.r.t. a circle with centre at O and radius ‘a’ then PQ2 = OP2 + OQ2 – 2a2.
Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)

Illustration 28: Find the pole of the line 3x + 5y + 17 = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 9 = 0. 
 (JEE MAIN)

Sol: If P(α, β) be the pole of line with respect to the given circle. Then the equation of polar of point P(α, β) w.r.t.
the circle is xα + yβ + 2(x + α) + 3(y + β) + 9 = 0. And this equation represent same line which is represented by
equation 3x + 5y + 17 = 0. By solving these two equation simultaneously we will get required pole.
Given circle is x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 9 = 0 ... (i)
and, given line is 3x + 5y + 17 = 0  … (ii
⇒ (α + 2) x + (β + 3) y + 2α + 3β + 9 = 0  ... (iii)
Since equation (ii) and (iii) represent the same line,
α+2 β + 3 2α + 3β + 9
∴ = = ⇒ 5α + 10 = 3β + 9
3 5 17
⇒ 5α – 3β = –1 ... (iv)
and, 17α + 34 = 6α + 9β + 27 ⇒ 11α – 9β = –7 ... (v)
From (iv) and (v), we get α = 1, β = 2
Hence, the pole of the line 3x + 5y + 17 = 0 w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 9 = 0 is (1, 2).

Illustration 29: A variable circle is drawn to touch the axis of x at origin. Find locus of pole of straight line lx + my
+ n = 0 w.r.t. circle. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As circle touches x-axis at origin therefore let (0, λ) be its centre then equation of circle will be x2 + (y – λ)2 =
λ2. Hence by considering P(x1, y1) be the pole and using polar equation we will get required result.
Let the centre of the circle be (0, λ).
Then the equation of the circle is x2 + (y – λ)2 = λ2
 M a them a ti cs | 9.25

⇒ x2 + y2 – 2λy = 0.
Let P(x1, y1) be the pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t. the circle,
then, the equation of the polar is xx1 + yy1 – λ(y + y1) = 0 (0,)
xx1 + y (–λ + y1) – λy1 = 0
x −λ + y1 −λy1
∴ On comparison, we =
get 1 = .
l m n
Figure 9.42
Hence, the locus of the pole is ly2 = mxy – xn.

Illustration 30: Prove that if two lines at right angles are conjugate w.r.t. circle then one of them passes through
centre.  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Let two perpendicular lines which are conjugate to each other be
ax + by + c = 0 ... (i)
bx – ay + λ = 0  ... (ii)
∴ The equation of the polar of a point (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 – r2=0 … (iii)
x1 y1 −r 2
On comparing (i) and (iii), we get = = .
a b c
From the definition of conjugate lines, we know that the point (x1, y1) should satisfy the equation bx – ay + λ = 0,
−br 2a ar 2b
hence + + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 0.
c c
Therefore, bx - ay + λ = 0 passes through (0, 0).

13. COMMON TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES

Different cases of intersection of two circles:
Let the two circles be (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r12 … (i) and, (x – x1)2 + (y – y2)2 = r22 … (ii)

Then following cases may arise:
Case I: When the distance between the centres is greater than the sum of radii. C1 C2 > r1 + r2

Direct common
tangent

r1
r2
P C1
C2 T

Transverse common
tangents
Figure 9.43: Common tangents for non-intersecting and non-overlapping circles

In this case four common tangents can be drawn, in which two are direct common tangents and the other two are
transverse common tangents.
9 .26 | Circle

The points P and T , the point of intersection of direct common tangents and transverse common tangents
respectively, always lie on the line joining the centres of the two circles. The point P and T divide the join of C1 and
C2 externally and internally respectively in the ratio r1 : r2.
C1P r1 C1 T r1
i.e. = (externally) and = (internally)
C2P r2 C2 T r2
r x −r x r y −r y   r1 x2 + r2 x1 r1 y 2 + r2 y1 
∴ P ≡  1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1  and T ≡  , .
 r1 − r2 r1 − r2   r1 + r2 r1 + r2 

Steps to find Equations of Common Tangents

Let the equation of tangent of any circle in the slope form be (y+f) = m(x+g) + a 1 + m2 where, a is radius of circle
and m is the slope of tangent.
The value of ‘m’ can be obtained by substituting the co-ordinates of the point P and T in the above equation.

Note: Length of an external (or direct) common tangent, Lext = d2 − (r1 − r2 )2 , and Length of an internal (or

transverse) common tangent, Lint = d2 − (r1 + r2 )2 . where, d is the distance between the centres of the two circles,

and r1, r2 are the radii of the two circles. Therefore, the length of internal common tangent is always less than the
length of the external common tangent.
Case-II: When the distance between the centres is equal to the sum of radii (Circles touching externally)

C1 C2= r1 + r2
Direct common
tangent

r1
r2
P C1
C2 T

Transverse common
tangents

Figure 9.44: Common tangents of circles touching externally

In this case three common tangents can be drawn, two direct common tangents and one transverse common
tangent.
Case III: When the distance between the centres is less than the sum of radii. (Intersecting circles)

r1 − r2 < C1 C2 < r1 + r2
Direct common
Tangent

P C1
C2

Figure 9.45: Common tangents for intersecting circles

 M a them a ti cs | 9.27

In this case two direct common tangents can be drawn as shown in the diagram.
Case IV: When the distance between the centres is equal to the difference of the radii. (Circles touching each other
internally), i.e.C1C2 = r1 –r2.

Tangent at
the point of
contact
r2
P C1
C2
r1

Figure 9.46: Common tangents for circles touching each other internally

In this case the total number of common tangents is one.

Case V: When the distance between the centres is less than the difference of the radii. (Circles neither touch each
other nor intersect), i.e. C1C2<r1 – r2.

r2
C1
C2
r1

Figure 9.47

In this case, the number of common tangents is zero.

Illustration 31: Examine if the two circles x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y = 0 and x2 + y2 – 8y – 4 = 0 touch each other externally
or internally. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: When distance between centre of circle is equal to the sum of their radius then they touches eachother
externally and when it is equal to the difference of their radius then circle touches eachother internally.
Let C1 and C2 be the centres and r1 and r2 the radii of S1 ≡x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y = 0 and S1 ≡x2 + y2 – 8y – 4 = 0 respectively.
∴ C1 ≡ (1, 2), C2 ≡ (0, 4), r1 = 5 , r2 = 2 5

(1 − 0 ) + ( 2 − 4 )
2 2
Now, C 1C 2 = = 5 and

r1 +r2 = 3 5 ,r1 –r2 = 5

Thus, C1C2 = r1 –r2, hence the two circles touch each other internally,

Illustration 32: Prove that the two circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c = 0 and x2 + y2 +2by + c = 0 touch each other,
1 1 1
if + =  (JEE ADVANCED)
2
a b 2 c

Sol: Two circles touch each other if distance between centres of these two circles are equal to the sum or difference
of their radius.
Let centres of given circles be C1 and C2 and their radii be r1 and r2 respectively.
9 .28 | Circle

∴ C1 ≡ (–a, 0); r1 = a2 − c and C2 ≡ (0, – b); r2 = b2 − c

Two circles touch each other, if C1C2 = r1 ± r2

⇒ a2 + b2= a2 − c ± b2 − c ⇒ a2 + b2 = a2 – c + b2 – c ±2 (a − c )(b
2 2
−c )
⇒ c =± a b − a c − b c + c
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ c = a b – a c – b c + c
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
⇒ a2c+ b2c = a2b2 ∴ + =.
a 2 2
b c

Illustration 33: An equation of a common tangent to the circles x2 + y2 + 14x – 4y + 28 = 0

and x2 + y2 – 14x + 4y – 28 = 0 is  (JEE ADVANCED)
(A) x – 7 = 0 (B) y + 7 = 0 (C) 28x + 45y + 371 = 0 (D) None of these

Sol: (C) Calculate the distance between the centres and use the different cases of two circles.
Let S1 ≡x2 + y2 + 14x – 4y + 28 = 0 …(i) A2
A1
⇒ C1 = (-7 , 2) and r1 = 5
9
5
and, S2 ≡x + y - 14x + 4y - 28 = 0
2 2
…(ii) P
⇒ C2 = (7 , -2) and r2 = 9

( 7 + 7 ) + ( −2 − 2)
2 2
∴ C1C=
2 > r1 + r2.
Figure 9.48
Hence, four common tangents are possible.
For x – 7 = 0, … (iii)
Clearly, C2 lies on the (iii).
For y + 7 = 0 … (iv)
Length of perpendicular from C1 = 9 > r1.
For 28x + 45y + 371 = 0 … (v)
o
180 -
28( −7) + 45(2) + 371 265
Length of perpendicular from=
C1 = = r1 . r1 r2
282 + 452 53 C1
d C2

28(7) + 45( −2) + 371 477

Length of perpendicular from C2 = = = r2 .
282 + 452 53
Figure 9.49

14. ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CIRCLES

The angle of intersection between two circles S = 0 and S’ = 0 is defined as the angle between their tangents at
their point of intersection.
If S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0;
P
S’ ≡ x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
90°
are two circles with radii r1, r2 and d be the distance between their centres then
r 2 + r 2 − d2
C1 C2
the angle of intersection θ between them is given by cos (180 − θ ) = 1 2 (-g1, -f1) (-g2, -f2)
2r1r2
2 ( g1g2 + f1 f2 ) − ( c1 + c2 )
or, cos (180 − θ ) = .
2 g12 + f12 − c1 g22 + f22 − c1 Figure 9.50: Angle of intersection
 M a them a ti cs | 9.29

Condition of Orthogonality: Two circles are said to be orthogonal to each other if the angle of intersection of the
two circles is 90°.
⇒ 2(g1g2 + f1f2) = c1 + c2 .

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

If two circles are orthogonal, then the polar of a point ‘P’ on first circle w.r.t. the second circle passes
though the point Q which is the other end of the diameter through P. Hence locus of a point which
moves such that its polar w.r.t. the circles S1 = 0, S2 =0 & S3 = 0 are concurrent in a circle which is
orthogonal all the three circles.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)

Illustration 34: If a circle passes through the point (3, 4) and cuts the circle x2 + y2 = a2 orthogonally, the equation
of the locus of its centre is (JEE MAIN)
(A) 3x + 4y – a2 = 0 (B) 6x + 8y = a2 + 25
(C) 6x + 8y + a2 + 25 = 0 (D) 3x + 4y =a2 + 25

Sol : (B)
As we know Two circle are said to be orthogonal if 2(g1g2 + f1f2) = c1+c2. So by considering required equation of
circle as x2 + y2+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and As point (3, 4) satisfies this equation so by solving these two equation we
will get required equation of the locus of its centre.
Let the equation of the circle be x2 + y2+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (i)
As the point (3, 4) lies on (i), we have 9 + 16 + 6g +8f + c = 0
⇒ 6g + 8f + c = – 25 ... (ii)
⇒ 2g×0 + 2f×0 = c – a2 ⇒ c = a2 .
∴ From equation (ii), we have 6g + 8f + a2 + 25 = 0.
Hence locus of the centre (–g, –f) is 6x + 8y – (a2 + 25) = 0.

Illustration 35: Obtain the equation of the circle orthogonal to both the circles x2 + y2 +3x – 5y + 56 = 0 and
4x2 + 4y2 – 28x + 29 = 0 and whose centre lies on the line 3x + 4x + 1 = 0. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By considering the required circle to be S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and using orthogonality formula
2(g1g2 + f1f2) = c1+c2 we will get a relation between g and f. Also as the centre lies on the line 3x + 4x + 1 = 0 , by
solving these equation we will get required result.
Let the required circle be S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 … (i)
Given S1 ≡ x + y + 3x – 5y + 56 = 0
2 2
… (ii)
29
and, S2 ≡ x2 + y2 – 7x + = 0. ... (iii)
4
Since (i) is orthogonal to (ii) and (iii)
3  5
∴ 2g   + 2f  −  =c + 6 + 2f ⇒ 3g – 5f = c + 6 ... (iv)
2
   2
9 .30 | Circle

 7 29 29
and 2g  −  + 2f.0 ⇒ c+ ⇒ –7g = c +  ...(v)
 2 4 4

From (iv) and (v), we get 40g –20f = –5 ... (vi)
Given line is 3x + 4y = –1  ... (vii)
(–g, –f) also lies on the line (vii). ⇒ –3g – 4f = –1 ... (viii)
1 29
∴ g =0, f = and c =– [From (vi) and (viii)]
4 4
1 29
∴ The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 + y– = 0 or, 4(x2 + y2) + 2y –29 = 0
2 4

15. FAMILY OF CIRCLES

(a) The equation of the family of circles passing through the point of intersection of two given circle S = 0 and
S’ = 0 is given by S + λS’ = 0, (where λ is a parameter, λ≠–1)

S’=0

S=0

Figure 9.51

(b) The equation of the family of circles passing through the point of intersection of circle S = 0 and a line L = 0
is given by S + λL = 0, (where λ is a parameter)

S+L=0 S=0
L=0

Figure 9.52

(c) The equation of the family of circles touching the circle S =0 and the line L = 0 at their point of contact P is
S + λL = 0, (where λ is a parameter)

S+L=0 S=0

L=0
Figure 9.53
 M a them a ti cs | 9.31

(d) The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points P(x1, x1) and Q(x2, x2) can be written in the
form
x y 1
(x –x1) (x – x2) + (y –y1)(y – y2) + λ x1 y1 1 = 0, (where λ is a parameter)
x2 y 2 1

Figure 9.54

In this equation, (x –x1) (x – x2) + (y –y1)(y – y2) = 0 is the equation of the circle with P and Q as the end points
x y 1
of the diameter and x1 y1 1 =0 is the equation of the line through P and Q.
x2 y2 1

(e) The equation of the family of circles touching the circle S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy +c = 0 at point P(x1, y1) is x2 +
y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c + λ {xx1 + yy1 + g(x +x1) + f(y + y1) +c} = 0 or, S + λL = 0, where, L = 0 is the equation of
the tangent to the circle at P(x1, y1) and λ ∈ R.

p(x1,y1)

Figure 9.55

(f) The equation of family of circle, which touch y – y1 = m(x –x1) at (x1, y1) for any finite m is
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 + λ {(y – y1) –m(x – x1)} = 0. And if m is infinite, the family of circle is
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 + λ(x – x1) = 0, (where λ is a parameter)

p(x1,y1)

Figure 9.56
9 .32 | Circle

Note that (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = 0 represents the equation of a point circle with centre at (x1, y1)
(g) Equation of the circles given in diagram is
(x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) ±cot θ {(x – x1)(y – y2) – (x – x2) (y – y1)} = 0

(h) Family of circles circumscribing a triangle whose side are given by L1 = 0; L2 = 0 and L3 = 0 is given by L1 L2 + λL2
L3 + µL3 L1 = 0 provided coefficient of xy = 0 and co-coefficient of x2 = co-efficient of y2.

(x1,y1)

 

(x2,y2)

Figure 9.57

(i) Equation of circle circumscribing a quadrilateral whose sides in order are represented by the lines L1 = 0, L2 =
0, L3 = 0 & L4 = 0 are L1 L3 + λL2 L4 = 0 where value of λ can be found out by using condition that co-efficient
of x2 = y2 and co-efficient of xy = 0.

Illustration 36: Find the equation of circle through the points A(1, 1) & B(2, 2) and whose radius is 1.(JEE MAIN)

Sol: As we know that, equation of family of circle passing through (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) is given by (x − x1 )(x − x2 ) + (y − y1 )(y − y 2 ) + λ(x − y) = 0
Equation of AB is x – y = 0
∴ Equation of the family of circle passing through A and B is
(x – 1)(x – 2) + (y – 1) (y – 2) + λ (x – y) = 0 or x2 + y2 + (λ – 3)x – (λ + 3) y + 4 = 0

( λ − 3) ( λ + 3)
2 2

∴ Radius = + −4 .
4 4

( λ − 3) ( λ + 3)
2 2

According to the question, + −4 =1

4 4
or (λ – 3)2 + (λ +3)2 – 16 = 4 or 2λ2 = 2 or λ = ±1
∴ Equation of circle is x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 4x –2y + 4 = 0

Illustration 37: Find the equations of circles which touches 2x – y + 3 = 0 and pass through the points of intersection
of the line x + 2y – 1 = 0 and the circle x2 + y2 –2x + 1 = 0. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here in this problem the equation of family of circle will be S + λL = 0 by solving this equation we will get centre
and radius of required circle in the form of λ and as this circle touches the line 2x – y + 3 = 0 hence perpendicular
distance from centre of circle to the line is equal to the radius of circle.
Let the equation of the family of circles be S + λL = 0.
∴ x2+ y2 – 2x + 1 + λ (x + 2y – 1) = 0 or, x2 + y2 – x(2 – λ) + 2λy + (1 – λ) = 0  ... (i)
⇒ Centre (–g, –f) is ({2 – λ}/2, – λ)

(2 − λ )
2
1 λ
⇒r= g2 + f 2 −=
c + λ 2 − (1 − =
λ) λ2
5= 5.
4 2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 9.33

Since the circle touches the line 2x – y + 3 = 0,

2. ( 2 − λ ) / 2 − ( −λ ) + 3 λ λ
∴ = 5 or, 5 = ± 5 ⇒ λ = ±2  … (ii)
± 5 2 2

Hence, the required circles are x2 + y2+ 4y – 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y +3 = 0.

Illustration 38: If P and Q are the points of intersection of the circles x2 + y2 + 3x +7y +2p – 5 = 0
and x2 + y2 +2x + 2y + p2 = 0, then there is a circle passing through P, Q and (1, 1) for (JEE MAIN)
(A) All except two values of p (B) Exactly one value of p
(C) All values of p (D) All except one value of p.

Sol: (D) Here in this problem the equation of family of circle will be S + λL = 0 . and as the circle passes through
(1, 1), we can find the values of P such that λ is any real no. except – 1.
Equation of a circle passing through P and Q is
x2 + y2 + 3x +7y +2p – 5 + λ (x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y – p2) = 0 … (i)
Since (i) also passes through (1 , 1), we get (7 + 2p) – λ (p2 – 6) = 0
7 + 2p
⇒λ= ≠ –1 ⇒ p ≠ –1.
p2 − 6

Illustration 39: C1 and C2 are circles of unit radius with centres at (0, 0) and (1, 0) respectively. C3 is a circle of unit
radius, passes through the centres of the circles C1 and C2 and have its centre above x-axis. Equation of the common
tangent to C1 and C3 which does not pass through C2 is  (JEE ADVANCED)
(A) x – 3 y + 2 = 0 (B) 3x–y+2=0

(C) 3 x – y – 2= 0 (D) x + 3 y + 2 = 0

Sol: (B) Equation of any circle passing through any two point (x1, y1)
Y
and (x2, y2) is given by
x y 1
( x – x1 ) ( x – x2 ) + ( y – y1 ) ( y – y 2 ) + λ 0 0 1 = 0
1 0 1

Equation of any circle passing through the centre of C1 and C2 is

x y 1
(2 2 )
C3 1 , 3

(x – 0) (x – 1) + (y – 0) (y – 0) + λ 0 0 1 = 0
1 0 1
⇒ x + y – x + λy = 0.
2 2
… (i) X’
C1 C2
X
(0,0) (1,0)
If (i) represents C3, its radius = 1
⇒ 1 = (1/4) + (λ2/4) ⇒ λ = - 3 (as λ cannot be +ve)
Y’
Hence, the equation of C3 is x2 + y2 – x – 3y = 0.
Figure 9.58
Since the radius of C1 and C3 are equal, their common tangents will
be parallel to the line joining their centres (0, 0)
1 3 
and  , 
2 2 
 
9 .34 | Circle

So, let the equation of a common tangent be y = 3 x + k. … (ii)

k
From the condition of tangency on C1, we get = 1 ⇒ k = ±2
3+1

Since the tangent does not pass through C2, the equation of the required common tangent is 3 x – y + 2 = 0.

Illustration 40: Find the equation of circle circumscribing the triangle whose sides are 3x – y – 9 = 0, 5x – 3y– 23 = 0
& x + y – 3 = 0. (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Given L1 ≡ 3x – y – 9 = 0 L2 ≡ 5x – 3y – 23 = 0 L3 ≡ x + y – 3 = 0
Family of circles circumscribing a triangle whose side are L1 = 0; L2 = 0 and L3 = 0 is
L1L2 + λL2 L3 + µL3 L1 = 0 provided coefficient of xy = 0 & co-coefficient of x2 = co-efficient of y2 .
∴ L1L2 + λL2L3 + µL1L3 = 0
⇒ (3x – y – 9)(5x – 3y – 23) + λ(5x – 3y – 23)(x + y – 3) + µ(3x – y – 9) (x + y – 3) = 0
⇒ (15x2 + 3y2 – 14xy – 114x + 50y + 207) + λ(5x2 – 3y2 + 2xy – 38x – 14y + 69)
+ µ(3x2 – y2 + 2xy –18x – 6y + 27) = 0
⇒ (5λ + 3µ + 15) x2 + (3 – 3λ – µ) y2 + xy(2λ + 2µ – 14) – x(114 + 38λ + 18µ)
+ y(50 – 14λ – 6µ) + (207 + 69λ +27µ) = 0 ... (i)
The equation (i) represents a circle if
coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2
⇒ 5λ + 3µ + 15 = 3 – 3λ – µ ⇒ 8λ + 4µ + 12 = 0 ; 2λ + µ + 3 = 0 ... (ii)
and, coefficient of xy = 0
⇒ 2λ + 2µ – 14 = 0 ⇒λ + µ – 7 = 0  ... (iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii), we have λ = –10, µ = 17
Putting these values of λ & µ in equation (i), we get 2x2 + 2y2 – 5x + 11y – 3 = 0

16. RADICAL AXIS AND RADICAL CENTRE

P(x1,y1)

16.1 Radical Axis

The radical axis of two circles is defined as the locus of a point which c2
moves such that the lengths of the tangents drawn from it to the two c1
s2 =0
circles are equal. The radical axis of two circles is a straight line.
S1 = S2 s1 =0

⇒ S1 = S2 ⇒ S1 − S2 = 0
Figure 9.59
Consider two circles given by S1 = 0 and S2 = 0. Then the equation of
the radical axis of the two circle is S1 – S2 = 0
i.e. 2x (g1 – g2) + 2y(f1 – f2) + c1 – c2 = 0,
which is a straight line.
S1
Properties of the radical axis S1-S2=o
S2
(a) For two intersecting circles the radical axis and common chord are identical. Also, the
radical axis and the common tangent are same for two circles touching each other. Figure 9.60
 M a them a ti cs | 9.35

(b) The radical axis is perpendicular to the line joining the centres of the two circles.
(c) If two circles cut a third circle orthogonally, the radical axis of the two circles will pass through the centre of
the third circle.
(d) Radical axis does not exist if circles are concentric.
(e) Radical axis does not always pass through the mid-point of the line joining the centre of the two circles.
(f) The radical axis of two circles bisects all common tangents of the two circles.

L
16.2 Radical Centre
s1=0
The point of intersection of the radical axis of three circles, taken in pairs,
is known as their radical centre. s3=0
Let the three circles be
S1 = 0 …..(i), S2 = 0 ...(ii), S3 = 0 ...(iii)
O
Refer to the diagrams shown alongside.
N
Let the straight line OL be the radical axis of the circles S1 = 0 & S3 = 0
and the straight line OM be the radical axis of the circles S1 = 0 & S2 = 0.
The equation of any straight line passing through O is given by (S1 – S2) M
s2=0
+ λ(S3 – S1) = 0 , where λ is any constant.
Figure 9.61
For λ= 1 , this equation become S2 – S3 = 0 , which is, equation of ON.
Clearly, the third radical axis also passes through the point where the
straight lines OL and OM meet. Hence, the point of intersection of the three radical axis, O is the radical centre.

Properties of radical center

(a) Co-ordinates of radical centre can be found by solving the equation S1 = S2 = S3.
(b) The radical centre does not exist if the centre of three circles are collinear.
(c) The circles with centre at radical centre and radius is equal to the length of tangents from radical centre to any
of the circle will cut the three circle orthogonally.
(d) If circles are drawn on three sides of a triangle as diameter then radical centre of the three circles is the
orthocenter of the triangle. Hence, in case of a right angled triangle, the radical centre of the three circles with
the sides as diameter is the vertex with the right angle.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Alternate approach to find the equation of the tangent of a circle passing through a point lying on a
given circle.
Consider a point (x1 , y1) on the given circle S1 = 0. Then the equation of a point circle with (x1 , y1) as the
centre is S2 ≡ (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2= 0. Now we have two circles - one given circle and another point circle.
We now have to find the radical axis of those two circles, which is S1 – S2 = 0.
E.g.: Given a circle x2 + y2 = 8 and the point on circle is (2, 2), we need to find equation of a tangent to
the circle at point (2, 2).
Point circle: (x – 2)2 + (y – 2)2= 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 – 4x – 4y +8= 0
Hence, the radical axis is S1 – S2 = 0. ⇒ x + y = 4, which is also the tangent to the given circle at the
point (2, 2).
Akshat Kharaya (JEE 2009, AIR 235)
9 .36 | Circle

Illustration 41: Find the co-ordinates of the point from which the lengths of the tangents to the following three
circles be equal. 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x – 6y – 1= 0, 2x2 + 2y2 – 3x – 2y – 4 = 0, 2x2 + 2y2 – x + y – 1 = 0. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here by using formula S1 – S2 = 0, S2 – S3 = 0, and S3 – S1 = 0 we will get equations of radical axis and solving
these equations we will get required co-ordinate.
Reducing the equation of the circles to the standard form,
4 1
S1 ≡x2 + y2 + x – 2y – = 0
3 3
3
S2 ≡x2 + y2 - x–y–2=0
2
1 1 1
S3 ≡x2 + y2 - x + y – = 0
2 2 2
Hence, the equations of the three radical axis is given by
17 5
L1 ≡ x – y + = 0 … (i)
6 3
3 3
L2 ≡–x – y – = 0,  … (ii)
2 2
11 5 1
and, L3 ≡– x+ y+ = 0. … (iii)
6 2 6
 16 31 
Solving (i) and (ii), we get the point  − ,  , which also satisfies the equation (iii).
 21 63 
This point is called the radical centre and by definition the length of the tangents from it to the three circles are
equal.

Illustration 42: Find the equation of the circle orthogonal to the three circles x2 + y2 – 2x + 3y – 7 = 0, x2 + y2 +
5x – 5y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 7x – 9y + 29 = 0 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By using formula of radical axis we will get co- ordinate of radical centre which is also equal to the centre of
required circle.
The given circles are
S1 ≡x2 + y2 – 2x + 3y – 7 = 0 … (i)
S2 ≡x2 + y2 + 5x – 5y + 9 = 0 … (ii)
and S3 ≡x + y + 7x – 9y + 29 = 0
2 2
... (iii)
The radical axis of S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 is 7x – 8y + 16 = 0 ... (iv)
The radical axis of S2 = 0 and S3 = 0 is x – 2y + 10 = 0  ...(v)
∴ The radical centre is (8, 9).
Therefore, the length of the tangent from (8, 9) to each of the given circles is 149 .
∴ The required equation is (x – 8)2 + (y – 9)2 = 149 or x2 + y2 – 16x – 18y – 4 = 0.

Illustration 43: If two circles intersect a third circle orthogonally. Prove that their radical axis passes through the
centre of the third circle. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By considering equation of these circles as Sr = x2 + y2 + 2grx + 2fry + cr = 0

(r = 1, 2, 3) and using radical axis formula we will prove given problem.
Let the given circles be Sr = x2 + y2 + 2grx + 2fry + cr = 0 (r = 1, 2, 3)
 M a them a ti cs | 9.37

Let S1 and S2 cut each other orthogonally, then we have

2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2  ... (i)
Similarly, let S2 and S3 cut each other orthogonally, then we have
2g2g3+ 2f2f3 = c2 + c3 ... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get 2(g1 – g3)g2 + 2(f1 – f3)f2 = c1 – c3  ... (iii)
Now the radical axis of S1 and S3 is 2(g1 – g3)x +2(f1 – f3)y + c1 –c3 = 0 ... (iv)
From (iii) and (iv), the point (–g2, –f2) lies on the line (iv). Hence, proved.

Illustration 44: Prove that the square of the length of tangent that can be drawn from any point on one circle to
another circle is equal to twice the product of the perpendicular distance of the point from the radical axis of the
two circles, and the distance between their centres. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Consider two circle as S1 ≡ x2 + y2 = a2 and S2 ≡ (x – h)2 + y2 = b2 and then by using radical axis formula and
perpendicular distance formula we will prove given problem.
We have to prove that PQ2 = 2 ×PN×C1 C2
Let the equation of the two circles be
S1 ≡ x2 + y2 = a2, and … (i)
S2 ≡ (x – h)2 + y2 = b2 … (ii)
Let P ≡ (a cos θ, a sin θ) be a point on the circle S1 =0 ∴ PQ = 2 2 2
a − b + h − 2ahcos θ
and, Radical axis is {x2 + y2 - a2} – {(x – h)2 + y2 - b2 } = 0
h2 + a2 − b2
⇒ –2 hx + h2 + a2 - b2 = 0 or x=
2h
h2 + a2 − b2 h2 + a2 − b2 − 2ahcos θ
⇒ PN = − acos θ =
2h 2h

h2 + a2 − b2 − 2ahcos θ PQ2
⇒ PN×C1C2 = ×h ⇒ PN × C1C2 =
2h 2
∴ PQ2 = 2 PN×C1C2

17. CO-AXIAL SYSTEM OF CIRCLES

A system (or a family) of circles, every pair of which have the same radical axis, are called co-axial circles.
(1) The equation of a system of co-axial circles, when the equation of the radical axis is P ≡ lx + my + n = 0 and,
one circle of the system is S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 respectively, is S + λP = 0 (λ is an arbitrary constant).

S+P=0 S+P=0

S+P=0
S=0
P=0
Figure 9.62

(2) The equation of a co-axial system of circles, when the equation of any two circles of the system are S1 ≡ x2 + y2
+ 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 and S2 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 respectively, is S1 + λ(S1 – S2) = 0
9 .38 | Circle

S2 + (S1 - S2) = 0
S2 + (S1 - S2) = 0
S1 + (S1 - S2) = 0
S1+S1= 0 S2 = 0

S1 = 0
S1 = 0 S2 = 0 S1 - S2 = 0
Figure 9.63

or S2 + λ1(S1 – S2) = 0
Other form
S1 + λS2 = 0, (λ ≠ –1)

Properties of co-axial System of Circles

(a) Centres of all circles of a coaxial system lie on a straight line which is perpendicular to the common radical axis
as the line joining the centres of two circles is perpendicular to their radical axis.
(b) Circles passing through two fixed points P and Q form a coaxial system, because every pair of circles has the
same common chord PQ and therefore, the same radical axis which is perpendicular bisector of PQ.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The equation of a system of co-axial circles in the simplest form is x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0 , where g is a
variable and c is a constant. This is the system with center on x-axis and y-axis as common radical axis.
Anvit Tawar (JEE 2009, AIR 9)

Illustration 45: Find the equation of the system of coaxial circles that are tangent at ( )
2, 4 to the locus of point
of intersection of mutually perpendicular tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 9. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: The locus of point of intersection of mutually perpendicular tangents is known as the Director circle. Hence by
using formula of director circle and co-axial system of circle we will get required result.
∴ The equation of the locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents is
x2 + y2 = 18 ... (i)
Since, ( )
2, 4 satisfies the equation x2 + y2= 18,

∴ The tangent at ( )
2, 4 to the circle x2 + y2 = 18 is x⋅ 2 + y⋅4 = 18 ... (ii)

The equation of the family of circles touching (i) at ( )

2, 4 is

x2 + y2 –18 +λ ( 2x + 4y – 18) = 0 or x2 + y2 + 2 λx + 4λy – 18(λ + 1) = 0 ... (iii)

Also any two circles of (iii) have the same radical axis 2x + 4y – 18 = 0

∴ The required equation of coaxial circles is (iii).

 M a them a ti cs | 9.39

Illustration 46: Find equation of circle co-axial with S1=x2+y2+4x+2y+1=0 and S2 = 2x2 + 2y2 – 2x – 4y – 3 = 0 and
centre of circle lies on radical axis of these 2 circles.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By using S1 – S2 = 0 and S1 + λL = 0 we will get equation of radical axis and equation of co-axial system of
circle respectively.
5
S1 – S2 = 0 ⇒ 5x + + 4y = 0 ⇒ 10x +8y + 5 = 0
2
∴ The equation of the radical axis is 10x + 8y + 5 = 0
The equation of the coaxial system of circles is x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 1 +λ(10x + 5 + 8y) = 0
23
⇒ Centre ≡ [ −(2 + 5λ ), − (1 + 4λ )] which lies on radical axis, after substituting we get ⇒ λ = −
82

Illustration 47: For what values of l and m the circles 5(x2 + y2) + ly – m = 0 belongs to the coaxial system
determined by the circles x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y – 6 = 0 and 2(x2 + y2) – x = 0 ? (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By using radical axis formula i.e. S1 – S2 = 0 we will get equations of radical axis and by solving them
simultaneously we will get required value of l and m.
Let the circles be S1 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y – 6 = 0;
1
S2 ≡ x2 + y2 – x = 0;
2
l m
S3 ≡ x2 + y2 + y– = 0.
5 5
The equation of the radical axis of circles S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 is S1 – S2 = 0,
 1 
i.e., x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y – 6 –  x2 + y 2 − x  = 0 or, 5x + 8y – 12 = 0 ... (i)
 2 
The equation of the radical axis of circles S2 = 0 and S3 = 0 is S2 – S3 = 0,
1  l m
i.e., x2 + y2 – x –  x2 + y 2 + y −  = 0 or, 5x + 2ly – 2m = 0 ... (ii)
2  5 5
5 8 −12 4 6
On comparing (i) and (ii), = = ⇒ 1= = ∴ l = 4, m = 6.
5 2l −2m l m

18. LIMITING POINTS

Limiting point of system of co-axial circles are the centres of the point circles belonging to the family
Let the circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0 where g is a variable and c is a constant.
∴ Centre ≡ (–g, 0) and Radius = g2 − c .
A circle is said to be a point circle, if the radius is equal to 0, i.e. g2 − c = 0 ⇒ g = ± c
Thus, we get the two limiting points of the given co-axial system as ( c , 0) and (– c , 0).
Depending on the sign of c, either the limiting points are real and distinct, real and coincident or imaginary.

18.1 System of Co-axial Circles when Limiting Points are given

Let (a, b) and (α , β) be two limiting points of a coaxial system of circles. Then, the equation of the corresponding
point circles are S1 ≡ (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = 0 and S2 ≡ (x – α)2 + (y – β)2 = 0.
∴ The coaxial system of circles is given by S1 + λS2 = 0, λ ≠ –1.
or, (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + λ{(x – α)2 + (y – β)2} = 0, λ ≠ –1.
9 .40 | Circle

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

If origin is a limiting point of the coaxial system containing the circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 −gc −fc 
then the other limiting point is  , .
 g2 + f 2 g2 + f 2 
 
π
A common tangent drawn to any two circles of a coaxial system subtends an angle of at the limiting
points. 2

Chinmay S Purandare (JEE 2012, AIR 698)

Illustration 48: Equation of a circles through the origin and belonging to the co-axial system, of which the limiting
points are (1, 2), (4, 3) is (JEE ADVANCED)
(A) x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 (B) x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y = 0
(C) 2x2 + 2y2 – x – 7y = 0 (D) x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y = 0

Sol: (C) As we know, if (a, b) and (α , β) be two limiting points of a coaxial system of circles. Then, the equation of
the corresponding point circles are S1 ≡ (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = 0 and S2 ≡ (x – α)2 + (y – β)2 = 0 so by using the formula
of co-axial system i.e. S1 + λS2 = 0 we will get required result.
Equations of the point circles having (1, 2) and (4,3) as centres is
S1 ≡ (x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 5 = 0
and, S2 ≡ (x – 4)2 + (y – 3)2 = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 25 = 0
∴ The co-axial system of circles is S1 + λ S2 = 0.
i.e. x2 + y2 – 2x –4y + 5 + λ(x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 25) = 0 … (i)
If (0, 0) lies on the circle given by equation (i), then
02 + 02 – 2(0) – 4(0) + 5 + λ(02 + 02 – 8(0) – 6(0) + 25) = 0
1
⇒ 5 + 25λ = 0 or, λ = –   .
5
∴ The equation of the required circle is 5(x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 5) – (x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 25) = 0
⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 – 2x – 14y = 0 ⇒ 2x2 + 2y2 – x – 7y = 0.

19. IMAGE OF THE CIRCLE BY LINE MIRROR

Here, let us consider a general equation of a circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and a line lx + my + n = 0. If we take
the image of the circle in the given line, then the radius of image circle remains unchanged and the centre lies on
the opposite side of the line at an equal distance.
Let the centre of image circle be (x1, y1).
∴ Slope of C1C2 × Slope of (lx + my +n = 0) = –1 ..... (i)
And the mid-point of C1 and C2 lies on the line lx + my + n = 0
 x1 − g   y1 − f 
l   + m 
  + n =0  ….. (ii)
 2   2 
 M a them a ti cs | 9.41

From (i) and (ii), we get the centre of the image circle and the radius is
hence the equation of the image.
(g
2
)
+ f 2 − c (same as the given circle), and

C1 Given
circle
r

Given line

C2 Image of the circle

Figure 9.64: Image of a circle

PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS

(a) Let S = 0, S’ = 0 be two circles with centers C1, C2 and radii R1, R2 respectively.
(i) If C1C2 > r1 + r2 then each circle lies completely outside the other circle.
(ii) If C1C2 = r1 + r2 then the two circles touch each other externally. (Trick) the point of contact divides C1C2
in the ratio r1 : r2 internally.
(iii) If |r1 – r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2 then the two circles intersect at two points P and Q.
(iv) If C1C2 = |r1 – r2| then the two circles touch each other internally. (Trick) The point of contact divides C1C2
in the ratio r1 : r2 externally.
(v) If C1C2 < |r1 – r2| then one circle lies completely inside the other circle.

(b) Two intersecting circles are said to cut each other orthogonally if the angle between the circles is a right angle.
Let the circles be S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, S’ = x2 + y2 + 2g’x + 2f’y + c’ = 0.
And let d be the distance between the centers of two intersecting circles with radii r1, r2. The two cir-
cles will intersect orthogonally if and only if

(i) D2 = and
(ii) 2g g’ + 2f f’ = c + c’.
9 .42 | Circle

FORMULAE SHEET

 1. General equation of a circle: x2 + y2 + 2gx +2fy + c = 0

(i) Centre of the circle = (–g, –f).
1 1
g= coefficient of x, and f = coefficient of y.
2 2

(ii) r = g2 + f 2 − c

2 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle if

(i) a = b ≠ 0 (ii) h = 0 (iii) ∆ = abc + 2hgf – af2 – bg2 – ch2 ≠ 0 (iv) g2 + f2– c ≥ 0

 3. if centre of circle is (h, k) and radius ‘r’ then equation of circle is: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

 4. The equation of the circle drawn on the straight line joining two given points (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2) as diameter
is : (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0

2 2
 x + x 2 y1 + y 2   x2 − x1   y 2 − y1 
Centre :  1 .r=  + 
 2 , 2   
   2   2 

 5. (i) In parametric form:

x=–g+ (g 2
)
+ f 2 − c cos θ and y = –f + (g 2
)
+ f 2 − c sin θ , (0 ≤ θ < 2π)

 6. (i) Circle passing through three non-collinear points

x2 + y 2 x y 1
x12 + y12 x1 y1 1
A(x1 , y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3 ,y3) is represented by =0
x22 + y 22 x2 y2 1
x32 + y 32 x3 y3 1

 7. Circle circumscribing the triangle formed by the lines

a12 + b12
a1 b1
a1 x + b1 y + c1
a22 + b22
ai x + bi y + ci = 0 ( i= 1,2,3) : a2 b2 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2
a32 + b32
a3 b3
a3 x + b3 y + c3

 8. Intercepts length made by the circle On X and Y axes are 2 g2 − c and 2 f 2 − c respectively.

 9. Position of point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside a circle S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
When S1 ≡ x12 + y12 + 2gx + 2fy + c > = < 0 respectively.

 10. The power of P(x1, y1) w.r.t. S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is equal to PA. PB which is S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy2 + c.
PA. PB = PC.PD = PT2 = square of the length of a tangent
 M a them a ti cs | 9.43

 11. Intercept length cut off from the line y =mx + c by the circle x + y = a is 2 2 2 2
( )
a2 1 + m2 − c2
2
1+m
 12. The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) to circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is xx1 + yy1 + g(x +x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.

 13. The equation of tangent at (a cos θ , a sin θ) is x cos θ + y sin θ = a

 14. Condition for tangency:

line y = mx + c is tangent of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 if c2 = a2(1 + m2)

  ma ±a 
and the point of contact of tangent y = mx ± a 1 + m2 is  , 
 2 
 1+m 1 + m2 

 15. The length of the tangent from a point P(x1,y1) to the circle S = x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is equal to

x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

 16. Pair of tangent from point (0, 0) to the circle are at right angles if g2 + f2 = 2c.

 17. Equation of director circle of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is equal to x2 + y2 = 2a2 .

 18. Equation of Director circle of circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + 2c – g2 – f2 = 0.
x y
 19. The equation of normal at any point (x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xy1 – x1y = 0 or = .
x1 y1
 20. Equation of normal at (a cosθ , a sinθ) is y = x tan θ or y = mx .

 21. The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point (x1, y1)
to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy2 = a2. And
to the circle x2+ y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.
3

 22. Area of ∆ APQ is given by

(
a x12 + y12 − a2 ) 2
.=
RL3
. Where L & R are length of tangent and radius of circle.
x12 + y12 R 2 + L2
P
L

A R

 23. The equation of the chord of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. Bisected at the point (x1, y1) is given T = S1.
i.e., xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c.

 24. The equation of the common chord of two circles x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
is equal to 2x(g1 – g2) + 2y(f1 – f2) + c1 – c2 = 0 i.e., S1 – S2 = 0.

2 2
 25. Length of the common chord : PQ = 2(PM) = 2 C1P − C1M . Where,
C1P = radius of the circle S1 = 0
C1M =perpendicular length from the centre C1 to the common chord PQ.
9 .44 | Circle

 26. Equation of polar of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and x2 + y2 = a2

w.r.t. (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1+ g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 and xx1 + yy1 – a2 = 0. Respectively.

 a2l a2m 
 27. The pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2:  − ,− 
 n n 

 28. P (x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are conjugate points of the circle x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0
When x1 x2 + y1 y 2 + g(x1 + x2 ) + f(y1 + y 2 ) + c =.
0
If P and Q are conjugate points w.r.t. a circle with centre at O and radius r then PQ2 = OP2 + OQ – 2r2.

 29. The points P and T are a intersection point of direct common tangents and transverse. Common tangents
respectively, and it divide line joining the centres of the circles externally and internally respectively in the
ratio of their radii.
C1P r1
= (externally)
C2P r2
C1 T r1
= (internally)
C2 T r2
Hence, the ordinates of P and T are.

r x −r x r y −r y   r1 x2 + r2 x1 r1 y 2 + r2 y1 
P ≡  1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1  and T ≡  , 
 r1 − r2 r1 − r2   r1 + r2 r1 + r2 

 30. If two circles S ≡ x2+ y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 and S’ ≡ x2+ y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 of r1 , r2 and d be the distance
between their centres then the angle of intersection θ between them is given by

r12 + r22 − d2 2 ( g1g2 + f1 f2 ) − ( c1 + c2 )

(
cos 180 − θ = ) or cos = (180 − θ ) = .
2r1r2 2 g12 + f12 − c1 g12 + f12 − c2

 31. Condition for orthogonality: 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2

 32. S1 – S2 = 0 the equation of the radical axis of the two circle. i.e. 2x (g1 – g2) + 2y (f1 – f2) + c1 – c2 = 0 which is
a straight line.

 33. The two limiting points of the given co-axial system are ( c , 0) and ( − c , 0).

 34. If two limiting points of a coaxial system of circles is (a, b) and (α, β).
then S1 + λS2 = 0, λ ≠ –1. or, {(x – a)2 + (y – b)2} + λ{(x – α)2 + (y – β)2} = 0, λ ≠ –1 is the
Coaxial system of circle.

 35. If origin is a limiting point of the coaxial system containing the circle x2 + y2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then the other
 −gc −fc 
limiting point is  , .
 g2 + f 2 g2 + f 2 
 