Manual Transmissions: Transmission Motor Vehicle Clutch Torque Engine Gear Selector

A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard transmission.
as a stick
shift is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch,
usually engaged and disengaged by a foot pedal or hand lever, for regulating torque transfer from
the engine to the transmission; and agear selector that can be operated by hand or foot.
Manual Transmissions
As the name suggests, the selection of gear ratios on manual transmissions is

accomplished by manually shifting a gear selector mechanism that disengages
one gear and selects another. Most modern types of this transmissions have five
or six forward (and one reverse) gears.
This type of transmission is connected to the engine via a clutch, which if

disengaged (by pressing the foot pedal or hand lever), removes torque from the
system. With the clutch engaged, power is delivered to the transmission through
an input shaft that is separated from the primary cluster, and which can rotate at
a different speed to the cluster. The cluster is comprised of gears that can be
moved to either engage, or disengage from fixed gears on the secondary shaft,
which is normally located below the cluster gears, and supported by roller
bearings in its casing.
Gear Selection
The input shaft has only one gear that engages with a gear on the secondary
shaft. When it is running and the clutch engaged, the transmission is said to be in
“Neutral”. No gears on the primary are engaged with gears on the secondary
shaft.
When shifting into first gear (for example), the gear on the primary shaft is
slowed down by a synchronisation mechanism, and aligned with a gear on the
secondary shaft. The current gear is always disengaged before the next one is
engaged. When the clutch is re-engaged, rotational energy is transferred from
the transmission to the axle(s) by the drivetrain.
By using progressively smaller ratios, the speed of the vehicle can be maintained
or increased using less power from the engine.
Advantages
 Extremely robust, and can handle high torque loads.

 Very reliable, and relatively easy to service, maintain, and repair.
 The solid link between driving wheels and the engine provided by
this transmissions provide a valuable driving aid to drivers in the off-road
environment, by allowing the use of engine braking while descending
slippery slopes where the use of ABS brakes could be dangerous.
 Cheapest to repair
Disadvantages
 Learning curve – can be difficult to operate for drivers who are accustomed
to automatic
Fully Automatic Transmissions
In an automatic transmission, the hydraulically operated control systems are

managed electronically by the vehicle’s computer instead of the clutch and gear
stick. All the driver has to do is shift the selector from Park (P) or Neutral (N), into
Drive (D), and the gear shifting will take place automatically and smoothly,
without any additional input from the driver under normal driving conditions.
Gear Selection
Gear selection in automatic transmissions depends on many operational
conditions, such as vehicle speed, engine speed, performance mode (where
fitted) selected as well as driver assist systems such as traction control, stability
control, automatic/autonomous braking and cruise control.
Provided all necessary conditions are met, and there is agreement between the
Engine Management and Transmission Control systems, pressurized
transmission fluid is automatically channelled to mechanisms that drive sets of
planetary gears and clutches, which are roughly analogous to the gear ratios
found in in this type of transmission.
Rotational energy is provided by a torque converter, a mechanism consisting of

two freely rotating parts. One half is attached to the engine and the other to the
transmission input shaft. The two halves of the converter are positioned very
closely together. The fluid that circulates between them is influenced by the
rotational energy of the engine which in turn impacts the transmission side of the
converter. Torque is transferred from the engine to the transmission thanks to
the shearing strength of fluid.
In older automatic transmissions, the shifting action was accomplished by
internal fluid pressures overcoming spring tension – closing one circuit before
opening another. This control system produced harsh, jerky shifting. Modern
systems moderate the action of the controlling valve shuttles, providing almost
seamless shifting.
Advantages
 Very easy to use
 Provides a comfortable driving experience
 Modern automatic transmissions match manual transmissions in terms of
performance and fuel economy
Disadvantages
 Complex and prone to failures, malfunctions, and unsatisfactory

performance due to a variety of possible issues, some of which are
unrelated to it itself
 More expensive than a manual transmission to maintain over a vehicle’s
lifetime
 Expensive to repair. Replacement is often the more cost effective option
Semi-Automatic Transmissions
Also known as an “automatic manual” or “clutchless manual” transmission, the

simplest way to describe this type is to call it a hybrid between a fully automatic
and manual transmission.
Similar to a manual transmission, gears are changed via a simple shifter or

paddles located behind the steering wheel. However, there is no need to operate
a clutch pedal. Processors, sensors, pneumatics and actuators are all used to
“automatically” shift the gears once the drive has signalled the change.
The basic principles of shifting mechanical gears in a semi-automatic fashion

have been in use on heavy commercial vehicles for many years. The latest and
best designs provide lightning-fast, almost undetectable gearshifts.
The design of these systems varies, but all semi-automatic transmissions rely on
microprocessors to control the changing of mechanical gear ratios with the help
of electrically operated actuators and servos. These transmissions were limited
to high-end supercars at first due to their high cost, but an increasing number of
manufacturers are fitting them to mid-range cars.
Dual clutch systems employ two clutches, one controlling gearshifts in the even
numbered gears and, anther that controls the odd numbered gears and reverse.
This arrangement does not interrupt the power flow from the engine. The driver
still has to initiate a gearshift via a shifter or paddles located behind the steering
wheel, but there is no need for the driver to operate a clutch.
Advantages
 Smoother shifting/driving experience
 No energy losses due to slippage in torque converters, or during the time
lag of manual shifts
Disadvantages
 Complex and prone to failures, malfunctions, and unsatisfactory

performance due to a variety of possible issues, some of which are
unrelated to the transmission itself
 More expensive to maintain than a manual transmission
 Very expensive to repair. Replacement is often the more cost effective
option
Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT)
Unlike the others on this page, this transmission doesn’t use gears as its means
of producing various vehicle speeds at different engine speeds. Instead of gears,
the system relies on a rubber or metal belt running over pulleys that can vary
their effective diameters. To keep the belt at its optimum tension, one pulley will
increase its effective diameter, while the other decreases its effective diameter by
exactly the same amount. This action is exactly analogous to the effect produced
when gears of different diameters are engaged.
“Gear” Selection
Since one pulley is driven by the engine and the other is connected to the drive
shaft, an infinite number of ratios can be produced. This enables it to always run
at the most efficient speed, regardless of the load placed on it. Microprocessor-
controlled sensors quantify load variations and by adjusting both pulleys, the
optimum operating speed for the engine can be maintained without any input
from the driver.
Advantages
 Constant, stepless acceleration throughout the engine’s optimum operating

range
 Provides a comfortable ride by eliminating “shift shock”
 Better fuel efficiency
 Faster response to changing driving conditions such as variations in
throttle and engine speed
 Eliminates energy losses associated with torque converters. Bottom of
Form
Disadvantages
 Unsuitable for use in off-road environments because of limited torque-

handling ability.
 Cannot provide engine braking
An AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION is essentially an automatic gear shifter. Instead of manually shifting the
gears with a clutch on a manual transmission car or a gear shifter on a bicycle, the
automatic transmission does everything for you.
Counter Shaft
The counter shaft counter-rotates the other two shafts. It is one solid piece, when the input shaft gear
drives the counter shaft driven gear all the counter shaft gears rotate. The counter shaft gears mesh
with the all the output shaft gears except reverse. When the counter shaft gears rotate, the output shaft
gears rotate.
Hydraulic automatic transmissions consist of three major components:
 Torque converter. A type of fluid coupling, hydraulically connecting the engine to the
transmission. ...
 Planetary gears train. ...
 Hydraulic controls. ...
 E-CVT. ...
 Cornering. ...
 Maintaining constant speed. ...
 Controlling wheelspin. ...
 Climbing steep slippery slopes.

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A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard transmission.

As the name suggests, the selection of gear ratios on manual transmissions is

This type of transmission is connected to the engine via a clutch, which if

 Extremely robust, and can handle high torque loads.

In an automatic transmission, the hydraulically operated control systems are

Rotational energy is provided by a torque converter, a mechanism consisting of

 Complex and prone to failures, malfunctions, and unsatisfactory

Also known as an “automatic manual” or “clutchless manual” transmission, the

Similar to a manual transmission, gears are changed via a simple shifter or

The basic principles of shifting mechanical gears in a semi-automatic fashion

 Complex and prone to failures, malfunctions, and unsatisfactory

 Constant, stepless acceleration throughout the engine’s optimum operating

 Unsuitable for use in off-road environments because of limited torque-

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