A Guide To Safe Farm Tractor Operation

NASD: A GUIDE TO SAFE FARM TRACTOR OPERATION Page 1 of 29
A Guide to Safe Farm Tractor Operation
Farm Safety Association
INTRODUCTION
Modern farm tractors provide most of the muscle
power needed for today's high output agricultural
enterprises. Tractors are more common on farms
than any other piece of equipment and are used to
carry mounted and semi-mounted implements, to
transport equipment and materials, to pull tillage
equipment and wagons and as remote power
sources for other equipment
Unfortunately every year, tractor accidents result in

serious disabling injuries and tragic loss of life.
Losses due to property damage, medical bills, time
off work, reduced productivity and insurance costs are considerable. The major causes of injury and death to
tractor operators are rollovers, falls and contact with tractor attachments.
Statistics show that in Ontario 244 people died as a result of tractor-related accidents between 1980 and
1994. This accounted for almost 48% of the total fatalities for that period. Clearly one-half of all fatalities are
caused by this agent of death. The vast majority (about half) of these fatalities were tractor rollovers to the side
or the rear.
During a recent eight year period in Ontario, there were more than 450 hospitalizations for accidents involving
farm tractors. The average length of stay in hospital was 10 days for these injuries with a maximum for one
individual of 130 days for an accident involving a power takeoff shaft contact.
Manufacturers are continually improving the design of tractors to make them more safe. However, they are
unable, as yet, to build in mechanisms which recognize unsafe conditions. Tractor operators who know their
machine and are aware of the hazards which may occur, are better equipped to avoid a tractor mishap.
TYPES OF TRACTOR RELATED ACCIDENTS

Rollovers or overturns are involved in about half of the fatal
tractor accidents and are responsible for many disabling
injuries and much property damage. With the use of
protective frames and crush-resistant cabs with seat belts,
the number of serious and fatal injuries from such accidents
should decrease. Rollovers are generally due to driving too
fast for conditions; striking surface hazards such as rocks,
stumps and holes; running into ditches; hitching high for
extra traction; driving on steep slopes; and operating front-
end loaders improperly. Tractor upsets also occur when
handling large round hay bales and other heavy loads with front-end loaders.
Falls from moving tractors often result in serious and sometimes fatal injuries. Many times the victim is a child,
http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001501-d001600/d001534/d001534.html 9/12/08
but operators and adult riders can also fall. Falls often occur from smaller and/or older tractors used around the
farmstead, where extra riders and overhead hazards are more common than in fields.
Another cause of tractor-related death and serious injury is being caught by, or entangled in, rotating power
takeoff (PTO) shafts. In most cases, the PTO shields were inadequate or had been removed.
Other tractor-connected injuries and damage involve:
Colliding with motor vehicles or roadside objects;
Slipping and falling while mounting and dismounting;
Running over bystanders;
Striking overhead hazards;
Being struck by flying objects, broken parts, or hydraulic fluid;
Being crushed by a poorly supported tractor during repair work;
Sustaining cuts, bruises, burns and other nuisance, but painful injuries, connected with maintenance and
routine operation;
Being overcome by exhaust gases inside closed buildings;
Being burned by fires that erupt during refueling or as a result of a collision or upset.
HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK OF TRACTOR

ACCIDENTS
Be Physically and Mentally Fit
There are numerous human factors involved in fatal tractor-

related accidents. Certain factors like poor judgment, poor
attitude, insufficient knowledge or training, fatigue, haste,
stress, depression, intoxication, or showing off can cause a
fatal tractor overturn accident.
Each operator should be physically and mentally fit when operating a tractor. An operator who is sleepy, tired
or not feeling well may not be able to react in time to avoid an accident. Your tractor does what you make it do.
Be Properly Trained
A person who does not know how to operate a tractor safely in potentially hazardous situations can be injured
or killed by exercising poor judgment. Make sure all persons permitted to operate tractors have been
thoroughly trained. A good place to start training is with the operator's manual. Review the operator's manual, if
possible with the tractor in front of you.
Be Familiar With Operator's Manual
Read and follow procedures as outlined in the operator's manual. By being familiar with the operating features
of a tractor, the operator will develop confidence when the tractor is driven under adverse conditions. Learn the
location and purpose of all of the guages and controls as well as other indicators. Knowing where the controls
are by memory can allow you to react more quickly in an emergency situation. There have been accident
situations where individuals have become entangled in machinery or the power takeoff shaft and rescuers or
family did not know how to disengage the equipment. Family members should be showed how to shut down
equipment or disengage the PTO in case of emergency.
Study the various decals on your equipment. They may point out DANGER, WARNING and CAUTION for
various points on the tractor. Have an experienced tractor operator with you as you review the various decals
and ask questions!
A copy of all operating manuals and other relevant safety materials should be kept on file for quick
reference.
Use Tractor for Intended Purposes
The tractor has many uses around the farm, however, improper use can result in an accident. For example,
using the tractor to round up the cattle is dangerous because the operator may encounter rough, uneven
ground and make sharp turns at high speeds.
Check Tractor Before Operating
A pre-operational check of the tractor will assure you that it is in safe operating condition. Check the tires for
proper inflation and defects, windows for visibility, seat position, seat belts, brakes for adjustment, steering
response, rear view mirrors, slow-moving vehicle emblem, reflectors, and running lights for day or night time
operation.
Safety Check: Walk around the tractor and any attached implement checking the area for obstacles
that may be under or near the tractor. This includes stones, boards, children's toys etc. Make sure there
are no bystanders; remember this is a work area. Check that the wheels are free, not frozen or stuck in
the ground. If the rear wheels are frozen to the ground, then the tractor may flip backwards around the
axle when power is applied. Check for any loose parts or objects on the tractor such as tools on the
platforms or around brakes and other controls.
Service Walkaround: Walk around the tractor a second time to check the tractor itself. This time look
at the tires for wear and inflation, the power takeoff shaft for shielding and guarding (rotate the shield to
make sure it moves freely), the hitch for proper hitch pin and safety clip. Pay particular attention to the
ground under the tractor for any signs of liquid leaks such as oil, coolant or fuel.
Check the oil: Remove the dipstick, wipe it clean and check the oil level. If oil is required, remember to
wipe off the filler cap before you remove it to avoid dirt falling into the engine. Use a clean funnel and
clean the top of the oil can to prevent rust or other foreign objects going in with the oil.
Check the radiator: Slowly remove the red cap and check the liquid level.
Check the air pre-cleaner and air cleaner. Remove and shake out any dirt.
Check the fuel level. Fill if necessary, but it should have been filled at the end of the last day the
tractor was used.
Check the fire extinguisher. Your tractor should have a fire extinguisher in case of fire during
operation or refueling. Make sure it is charged and easily accessible.
Any noted defects should be corrected immediately. These can affect performance and your safety!
BATTERIES: HANDLE WITH CARE!

Occasionally it may be necessary to handle, adjust or change the battery on your tractor. Batteries contain
sulfuric acid which can cause considerable harm if it comes into contact with your skin. They can also produce
mixtures of hydrogen gas and oxygen which can explode if contacted with heat or sparks. Remember these
safety points:
1. Do the work or adjustments in an area free of sparks and heat sources. Don't smoke while working near
the battery. Make sure the area is well ventilated.
2. Always wear personal protective equipment, covering the eyes and hands. A full face shield will offer
the most protection.
3. Never work leaning directly over the battery.
4. Always disconnect the ground cable first and identify the cables as positive and negative so that you
don't re-attach them wrong.
5. Make sure that you clean the terminals and cable connections before re-attaching them. Make sure the
new battery is secured with the hold-down assembly provided.
6. While installing the battery make sure that the terminals don't come into contact with metal parts on the
engine or tractor body.
7. Make sure that you connect the ground cable last to prevent sparks and tighten the connections!
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS AND SAFETY

Working with or on hydraulic equipment can be dangerous. Some of the hazards cannot even be seen readily.
Hydraulic systems are under tremendous pressure and this is where the unseen danger lies.
Before servicing hydraulic systems:
1. Shut off the engine powering the hydraulic pump.

2. Lower the implement to the ground.
3. Relieve pressure by moving the hydraulic control lever back and forth.
4. If working around or under a raised implement, make sure that it is blocked or supported by something
other than the cylinder itself.
5. Use a piece of cardboard or wood to check for leaks in hoses and fittings. Even a small amount of
pressurized hydraulic fluid can be injected through the skin and cause severe health problems. Seek
medical attention immediately if hydraulic fluid penetrates your skin.
6. Use caution when releasing blocks or transport locks on equipment. If a cylinder has leaked and lost
pressure, the implement may fall to the ground as the locks are released. An Ontario farmer was
killed when a cultivator wing fell on him, due to fluid leakage from a hydraulic cylinder. Normally
the cylinder would have kept the wing from dropping.
OPERATOR'S CHECKLIST FOR PERSONAL SAFETY
Before even considering starting the tractor, ask yourself the following questions:
Yes No
Are you in good health?
Are you free from the effects of drugs and alcohol?
Are you wearing hearing protection?
Are your close snug-fitting?
Are you wearing safety glasses?
Is any long hair tucked under a hat?
If you answered NO to any question, DO NOT OPERATE THE TRACTOR!
STARTING AND STOPPING YOUR TRACTOR
1. If your tractor is indoors, you must provide adequate ventilation by opening doors or windows and using
exhaust fans if available. Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas and can build up rapidly in a confined or
relatively closed area. Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust of all engines.
2. Start the tractor only from the operator's platform. Many modern tractors cannot start unless the
clutch pedal is depressed, but some older tractors still in use can be started while the operator is
standing on the ground. This must never be done. There are recorded cases of farmers who have
been killed while attempting to start the tractor while standing next to it. The tractors in question were
either in gear or the operator bumped the gear shift, causing the tractor to lurch forward and run over
them. Never attempt to bypass the safety start switch.
3. Check the Power Takeoff controls to make sure that they are disengaged, and that the transmission is
in neutral and the clutch depressed.
4. Start the engine following recommended starting procedures in your operator's manual.
5. Allow the engine to warm up before staring to work with it. Working a cold engine is a major source of
contamination of engine oil.
6. Check all the instruments. Make sure that there is proper oil pressure, that the battery is charging etc.
Shutting down the engine:
1. Always allow an engine to cool down at a fast idle before shutting it off. This allows the valves and
pistons to cool down uniformly. Lower all hydraulic lift equipment to the ground.
2. After shutting off refill the fuel tank when the tractor has cooled a bit. Make sure that the park brakes
are locked. Check that there is no combustible debris near the exhaust system.
Note: Everyone on the farm including family and employees should be taught how to safely shut off
machinery. This is especially important in an accident situation. The first person on the scene must
know how to shut things off. It could save a life!
Take Special Care With Large Four-Wheel Drive Tractors With Articulated Steering
Operating large four-wheel-drive tractors with articulated steering requires skills in addition to those necessary
for operating a two-wheel-drive tractor. The operator must be especially concerned about safety because of the
increased power and large dimensions of the tractor, faster speeds, and different visual perspective.
OPERATING YOUR TRACTOR

Adjust your operator's seat so that you can comfortably reach the pedals and controls. Check for visibility all
around and adjust any side mirrors that you have. If mirrors or windows need cleaning, take the time to do it.
You don't want an accident on the roadway because you didn't see a vehicle behind a smudge. Make sure that
the operator's platform is clear of objects or debris. It is not uncommon for something to interfere with pedal
operation. If your tractor is equipped with a rollover protective structure, buckle your seatbelt on before starting
up.
Make sure that everyone is clear from around the tractor before starting it in motion. There have been many
fatalities in Ontario where small children were not seen and were run over. Sometimes you may wish to sound
the horn to warn others that you are moving out. This also gives you the opportunity to test the horn before
highway travel.
Case History: Unaware of the two year old victim's presence, the driver of a tractor backed up and ran
over the victim.
When you engage the power to the drive wheels, do so slowly.
Test your brakes as you start out at a slow speed. Likewise turn your steering wheel in each direction to make
sure it operates as it should. Power steering should be quick and responsive.
If the power steering ceases to operate, stop the tractor immediately.
If a load is attached, make sure that it is hitched to the drawbar. Pulling from any point above the rear axle
could cause the tractor to flip over backwards. Make sure that you are using a drawbar pin that locks in place,
and is of proper size for the job at hand. Often we have seen operators trying to "make do" with a bolt or pin
too small and a bump or other situation could pop the pin and cause you to lose your load.
When heavy loads and equipment are attached to the rear of the tractor you may notice that the front of the
tractor may start to rise. If this occurs, you should install front-end or wheel weights to help keep the tractor
stable.
Watch where you are going while operating the tractor, particularly near ditches and embankments, on the
roadway and near obstacles such as rocks and trees. Watch for overhead powerlines, especially if you a
pulling implements or a load that may come near them. If a long grain auger or other high load contacts or
even comes near some lines, an electrical charge may follow the easiest path to ground which could endanger
your life.
Too often we hear of tractors and wagons jack-knifing. If any towed vehicle has a total weight that exceeds that
of the towing tractor, then the vehicle should have independent brakes for safe operation.
Use Engine Braking
Using the braking power of the engine when going downhill with a heavy load can prevent a runaway tractor
and overturn. By stopping and shifting to a low gear before starting downhill you will maintain good control. A
rule of thumb is to use the same gear to go down a hill that you would use to pull the load uphill. Also, use a
tractor large enough and with adequate braking power to control the load being pulled. If the load you are
towing exceeds the weight of the towing tractor, the wagon should have independent brakes.
Case History: A farm tractor was pulling a load of hay down a steep grade. After traveling
approximately 85 meters down the slope, the driver prepared to turn right. The tractor veered sharply
to the right and overturned, pinning the operator.
Space Wheels as Far Apart as Possible
Spacing the wheels of the tractor as far apart as practical is one of the most effective ways of increasing base
line stability and reducing side overturns.
Hitching Implements Properly
People have been killed or seriously injured during hitching operations. Observe the following points while
hitching your tractor to wagons or implements:
z Make sure that the area is clear and no one is behind the tractor
z Back the tractor up slowly to the implement
z Stop and apply the emergency brake
z Put the transmission in neutral
z Dismount the tractor and hitch up
If you have someone assisting you in hitching an implement:
z make sure your helper stands clear while you back up the tractor
z back up a little more than necessary and stop the tractor
z put the tractor in a forward gear, then allow the helper behind it
z inch the tractor forward while your assistant drops in the draw pin
Remember: If the tractor is in forward gear, and you foot slips off the clutch, it can't run over the
person assisting you.
Take Special Care on Rough Terrain
Drive around ditches and steep slopes when possible. Forward movement up a steep slope can cause a rear
overturn because the center of gravity of the tractor is higher and moves toward the rear of the tractor. Backing
up a steep hill or out of a ditch helps maintain stability and can save you from an overturn.
Crossing slopes also can be dangerous. The operator should be alert for dips and raises that could trigger an
overturn. If the tractor becomes unstable while operating on a slope, avoid an overturn and regain stability by
turning down grade.
Some farms may have other 'obstacles' to contend with such as small bridges over creeks or paths over
railway lines. Small bridges should be constructed in such a way that they are capable of handling the weight
of your tractor and whatever implements and load you are towing. The bridge you construct should also have
bullrails (boards along the edges) to prevent the tractor wheels going off the side. Make sure the bridge is wide
enough and always try to approach it straight on when possible, lining up trailing equipment.
ROLLOVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES

Most tractors sold today in Ontario come equipped with Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) and
seatbelts. ROPS have been around for about thirty years and have saved many lives in rollover situations that
could have ended in tragedy. Rollover protective structures are engineered for each specific tractor and must
meet national and international standards. The structure protects you by limiting a rear rollover to 90 degrees
and when used in conjunction with the seatbelt, keeps you within a "frame of safety", preventing you from
being tossed about the cab or from the tractor.
One should never drill holes into or alter the rollover frame in any way. Some people have been known to drill
holes to mount radios etc. This practice is dangerous. The ROPS structure becomes weaker at that point and
in the event of a rollover, it could cave-in or collapse, not offering total protection to the operator.
ROPS can be either a protective frame that is highly visible or built into a cab structure. Rollover protective
structures are available for many older tractors as well. Check with your dealer or manufacturer to determine if
one exists for your tractor. In recent years, many manufacturers have reduced the cost of ROPS or subsidized
the installation of them.
TRACTOR STABILITY
All tractor operators should be aware that a tractor is sensitive to any shift of its centre or gravity or balancing
point. This is the point around which all tractor weight balances and is found on most tractors just ahead of the
operator's seat and just above the height of the rear axle. different forces and practices can cause the stability
of the tractor to change.
These include:
Centrifugal force is a force that tends to resist a change in direction. If a tractor was traveling in a straight line
then suddenly turned, there would be a tendency for the tractor to want to continue in that straight line. This is
centrifugal force. By doubling the tractor's speed, the centrifugal force is increased four times.
Raising a load such as with a front end loader, also raises the centre of gravity, making the tractor less stable,
or a little top heavy.
Heavy implements or loads mounted on the rear of the tractor will shift the centre of gravity further to the rear
making it easier to flip backwards.
Crossing steep slopes can change the centre of gravity depending upon the angle of the slope.
USING FRONT-END LOADERS WITH

THE TRACTOR
Front-end loaders are used in the agricultural and
landscape industries to handle many types of
material from feed and manure to soil and gravel.
The versatility of loaders allows an operator to load,
lift, transport and handle materials with great ease.
Like other mechanical devices, safety lies with the
operator and his knowledge of what the machine can
and cannot do. A heavy load raised too high can

change the centre of gravity and the stability of the tractor-loader combination. This can lead to situations
where the tractor can tip over. There are a number of rules that an operator can follow to prevent such
accidents from occurring:
Keep the loader bucket low while transporting loads. As mentioned above, a raised bucket can change the
centre of gravity of the tractor. Obstacles on the traveling surface such as rocks,boards,or holes in the ground
could lead to a quick upset if the load is carried too high. Avoid traveling downhill with loaded buckets.
Restrict your speed when traveling with a load. Remember, keep it low, travel slow. The added load which
you carry in the bucket adds to the momentum of the tractor. If you were moving at a high speed and decided
to turn it could flip you over.
Keep your load even in the bucket. An uneven load could lead to dangerous situations. Your loader can only
hand so much weight and you don't want to put undue stress on the various components. Check your
operator's manual for the loader's capacity.
Ballast will help give you stability. Extra ballast will help counter-balance the extra weight at the front of your
tractor and reduce rollover potential.
When not in use, remove your loader from the tractor. Having the loader always attached while trying to
perform other duties with the tractor can make some situations complicated and lead to poor visibility and
added fuel costs.
Don't misuse your loader. The loader bucket was not meant to be used as a work platform for people.
Hydraulics can fail leading to tragedy.
When leaving your tractor-loader alone, lower the bucket to the ground. This is so that it cannot
accidentally be lowered by children or others.
Handling large round bales: A number of operators have been injured when improperly secured bales rolled
down the arms of the front-end tractor loaders. Proper restraining devices should be used to prevent the bales
from coming loose. A manufactured bale spear, specifically for this purpose is ideal.
Loader Safety Tips

Remember:
.Never work or walk under a raised loader.
.Watch for overhead electrical wires and other obstacles when raising loaders.
.Be careful near banks and slopes. Added weight can cause them to collapse.
.Don't move or swing loads when people are working in the area.
.Never allow anyone to pass under a raised bucket.
.Keep the work area as flat as possible.
.Match the proper bucket to the job you are doing.
Case History: The victim was driving a loader tractor along the shoulder of a road with the bucket
raised. The tractor ran off the shoulder and rolled over into the ditch. The victim was pinned
underneath the tractor.
HOW TO AVOID TRACTOR OVERTURNS

Tractor rollovers account for about half of fatal tractor accidents, and are responsible for many
disabling injuries and considerable property damage. Overturns often result from operator distraction.
Side Rollovers
Rollovers to the side are the most common type of rollover. There are a number of ways that this type of
overturn can occur.
Driving across a steep slope: The greater the angle of the

slop, the greater the danger will be of rollover. Your tractor
was designed to distribute it's weight around the centre of
gravity of the vehicle. If you cross a slope with a very steep
angle there may be more weight on the downward side of the
centre of gravity and the tractor could simply flip over. This
problem is compounded by the fact that you may encounter
obstacles which will change your stability such as potholes on
the downhill side or rocks and other obstacles on the uphill
side. Your tractor may also have side-mounted implements on
it. You should keep the side-mounted implements on the uphill
side of the slope for added stability. Don't raise the
implements or loader buckets. Keep them as low to the
ground as possible. Avoid turning uphill. If stability becomes
uncertain, turn downhill. This could prevent a rear rollover.
Driving too close to a ditch, culvert or pond can lead to the

tractor rolling into the ditch if you get too close to the edge. A
good rule of thumb is to stay as far away from the
embankment as the ditch is deep. This keeps you behind the
sheer line. The edge of a bank has little to hold it there and
the weight of your tractor can cause the earth to sheer away along this line, causing you to slide into the ditch.
Case History: The victim was cutting hay near the edge of an embankment. The tractor went over the
edge and rolled on top of the victim, trapping the individual face down in approximately one foot of
water.
Turning while traveling too fast can result in a side rollover. As your vehicle travels faster it wants to
continue on in the straight line in which you are heading. Without slowing down, if you make a sudden, quick
turn, the weight of the tractor wants to keep going and causes it to flip over.
Driving with a front-end loader too high changes the centre of gravity of your tractor. It raises the centre of
gravity, making it 'top heavy'. A sudden turn or raising the tractor on one side can cause a side rollover. The
problem is compounded when the loader has material in it, especially if it is not evenly distributed.
Towing a load that is too heavy to control can cause jack-knifing.
Case History: The victim was driving a tractor and bale wagon down a 40 degree slope. The wagon
jackknifed, causing the tractor to roll over and pin the driver.
Driving on roadways without locking rear brakes. If you do not lock your brake pedals together for travel on
the roadway, should you need to apply them suddenly, you may only hit one pedal. If this occurs it could cause
one wheel to lock up, leaving the other in motion. The result could cause you to swerve into the ditch or into
oncoming traffic.
Rear Rollovers
Tractor rear rollovers are caused by:
Hitching too high is one of the main causes of

rollovers to the rear with farm tractors. Loads should
only be hitched to the drawbar. If a load is hitched
above the drawbar and power is applied, the tractor
may revolve around the rear axle. It only takes about
1.5 seconds for a tractor to flip backwards, not
enough time often for the operator to react, let alone
escape.
Case History: The victim was using a tractor to pull out small trees on a relative's farm. A chain was
wrapped around the base of the tree, and the other end was hitched to the rear of the tractor. The hitch
point was higher than the tractor's rear axle. When an attempt was made to pull out the tree, the tractor
flipped over backward and crushed the victim.
Driving forward up a steep slope can be extremely dangerous, since the slope and the drawbar
leverage act against you. The same problem occurs when a tractor is backing down a slope. If brakes
were suddenly applied while backing down a slope, the tractor could pivot around the rear axle, flipping
over. Try to avoid backing down slopes or driving forward up a steep slope. The higher the slope and
the greater your speed of travel will compound the problem. Sometimes while driving across slopes
stability of your tractor becomes uncertain. If this occurs, turn the tractor downhill, not uphill. A sudden
uphill turn could upset you.
Driving forward when stuck in mud or ice can be dangerous. If the tires are frozen to the ground or
will not move, you could end up with a rear rollover when power is applied. If you get mired in mud, try
backing your tractor out first. This will keep the front end down and reduce the risk of rollover. If the
tractor does not become free, then you may need to tow it out. Make sure that the towing vehicle is
heavy enough for the job and that the tow lines are hitched to the drawbar. The towing tractor must
have a rollover protective structure on it.
An operator's chances of surviving an upset to the rear without injury are poor unless the tractor is equipped
with rollover protection. In a backward tip, the tractor hood can hit the ground less than 1-1/2 seconds after the
front wheels begin rising. Once the wheels begin to rise, the operator has less than three-quarters of a second
to realize what is happening and to take preventive action. Frequently the tractor is past the critical point of no
return before the operator can do anything to keep it from falling on himself or others.
The danger of rear rollover is especially significant when the tractor is towing of pulling a load with a chain or
tow rope. As well as the possibility of a rollover occurring, there is danger in using tow ropes or cables. These
items store energy by stretching under load. By jerking the rope or cable or making a running start to move a
heavy stationary load can stress a nylon rope or cable to the breaking point. If it snaps, it will act like a
stretched rubber band and sling back at the tractor. It could smash a cab's windows or even decapitate and
operator.
How can this type of fatality be prevented?
z Operator training and retraining

z Develop a safety awareness
Crush proof cabs or roll-bars. The margin of safety can also be increased by using seatbelts in conjunction with
roll-bars.
Not all cabs presently being sold for tractors are crush proof; check and make sure that a cab is crush proof
(R.O.P.S.) and meets A.S.A.E. standards.
Most major tractor companies have a low cost retro-fit roll-bar. The price for a roll-bar is insignificant when
measured in terms of saving lives, or the pain and suffering resulting from serious injury.
FALLS FROM TRACTORS

Falling from tractors is a common cause of serious injury and death. Falls are needless and preventable
accidents. Falls occur from moving and parked tractors. Let's explore some methods for preventing these
accidents.
Mounting and Dismounting
1. Keep the steps and platform clean and dry. Take time to clean off any debris,snow, ice, grease, and
other items that accumulate on the platform and steps.
2. Never jump from the tractor. There have been instances where children and adults have leaped from
tractors only to have clothing, scarves, laces etc catch on levers or other protruding parts. Some of
these leaps have also ended in twisted ankles or broken bones.
3. Use handrails, handholds, and steps to get up to the operator's platform. Use three point contact
method to mount the machine at all times - either two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand.
Make sure you boots have non-slip soles.
Before mounting power-steered, four-wheel-drive tractors that hinge in the middle of the tractor chassis, make
sure that all people are clear of the tractor. When mounting, avoid moving or pulling the steering wheel. These
precautions can prevent a bystander from being crushed or struck by the tires, chassis, or mounted
implements which may swing when the steering wheel is turned.
Operator Falls
Operators sometimes fall from tractors and are crushed under the wheels or mangled by trailing equipment.
The following safety practices can help prevent such injuries:
1. Operate the tractor from the operator's platform only. Fasten the seat belt if your tractor is
equipped with a protective frame or enclosure. If you get tired of sitting, stop and take a break. Don't
start the tractor engine or try to operate controls while standing beside the tractor. Always sit in the
tractor seat when starting or operating controls. There have been fatalities and serious injuries to
people who attempted to start the tractor while standing next to it. In some of these cases, accidental
contact with the gear shift lever cause the tractors to lurch forward, crushing the victims.
Never operate the tractor while riding on the draw bar, sitting on the fender, standing on the steps, or
sitting on the backrest of the operator's seat. Do not attempt to get on or off of the tractor while it is
in motion. Although a tractor may appear to be moving slow enough to jump on or off, a slip can leave
you crushed under the wheels before the operator can react.
2. Maintain safe operating speeds. Never drive so fast that the front wheels of the tractor bounce.
Watch ahead for obstructions and avoid them. Slow down before making turns. Always watch where
you are going, particularly when there may be obstacles such as tree limbs, ditches etc. Speed and
obstacles don't mix well.
3. Rest when you are tired. Stop the tractor and lie down for a short nap if you feel tired or sleepy.
Stop for 10 or 15 minutes every 2 to 2-1/2 hours. Don't drive when you feel like dozing. In this condition
you are not alert enough to operate a tractor. Fatigue has been blamed for many tractor related
fatalities in Ontario. Statistics show that many of the fatalities and injury accidents occur after the
operator has been working with the machine for several hours without breaks. A person is not as alert
after a long day compared to starting fresh in the morning.
NO RIDERS
Tractors are designed to carry one person, the operator. The proper place to ride is sitting in the operator's
seat.
You will often be tempted to use your tractor to transport a helper. Children often plead for rides. Do not give
in. An unexpected bump or turn could toss an extra rider right out the cab door and off the tractor. Your
passenger cannot anticipate every tractor movement and brace against it. Furthermore, all the vibration and
bumps are transmitted to the passenger. He can easily lose his grip and fall off.
Passengers can cause other problems, too. They can interfere with your operation of controls, they can
accidentally move controls themselves, and they frequently distract the operator's attention.
Many people think an extra rider is safe in the cab of a tractor, but in an accident the extra rider may be tossed
around, hit the door, and be thrown out.
Make exceptions to the 'no extra rider' rule only under these conditions: when a second seat is provided on the
tractor or instructions are being given or received. There is potential danger for the instructor while training a
new operator, but the training is essential. The danger can be minimized by driving at a slow speed and on
level ground.
MAKE 'NO RIDERS' THE RULE - NOT THE EXCEPTION
Case History: The victim was riding on the fender of a tractor driven by their spouse. An attached
rotary mower was cutting grass. As the tractor came close to a pine tree, branches knocked the victim
off the tractor and into the path of the mower. The tractor could not be stopped in time, and the mower
ran over the victim.
SAFETY WHEN OPERATING ON PUBLIC

ROADWAYS
There are many accidents involving tractors and passenger

vehicles on public roads each year in Ontario. Tractor road
speed is much slower than automobiles, averaging about 30
km/hr. Tractor engine noise, power train noise and sound proof cabs do not allow the operator to hear
approaching traffic. This means that the operator must depend upon vision to warn him/her of oncoming traffic.
One of the main reasons for tractor accidents is the difference in speeds between cars and tractors. The
closure time - that is the time it takes for one vehicle to overtake another - is much less for farm machinery than
with automobiles.
The short closure time means the driver of a passenger vehicle has but a few seconds to identify the tractor
and react accordingly. This is why positive identification of slow-moving vehicles is important. The
accompanying diagram illustrates this situation.
HOW FAST CAN YOU REACT?
Before taking your tractor on the highway,

you should ensure that it is prepared for
such a trip and that your combination of
vehicles conforms to the highway
regulations where you will be operating.
Under the ONTARIO HIGHWAY TRAFFIC

ACT, your farm tractor is not a motor
vehicle but it is considered a vehicle.
Registration plates are not required for
farm tractors, farm implements or self-

propelled implements of husbandry when traveling from farm to farm for farming purposes, or places necessary
for repair or maintenance. Insurance coverage for the above mentioned vehicles is usually included in the
farm insurance policy.
Safe farm equipment road travel requires knowledge of traffic rules, maturity and common sense.
The SLOW MOVING VEHICLE (SMV) SIGN is used to warn other road users that the vehicle displaying the
sign may be a vehicle traveling slower than the normal speed of traffic. Every farm tractor or self-propelled
implement of husbandry, when operating on a highway, or any vehicle towed by either of them must have a
slow moving vehicle sign attached to the rear, except when directly crossing a highway.
Always be seen! Remember that the SMV sign is for your safety.
The sign must be displayed in the centre of the rear of the rear-most vehicle, between 0.6 meters and
2 meters above the roadway.
It must be clearly visible for a distance of not less than 150 meters
The SMV colours deteriorate through exposure to the sun and weather. To ensure that the sign is
clearly visible to other road users, it should be replaced when faded or damaged.
ROAD SAFETY TIPS:
Do a pre-trip inspection of all of your equipment. Make sure that it is in good mechanical condition.
As a driver of a vehicle, it is your responsibility, by law, to clearly indicate all turns,

slowing or stopping and to make certain that a turn can be made safely. If your equipment of load
which you are towing does not allow other drivers to see your hand signals, then you should equip your
vehicle with electrical or mechanical signals.
* Your visibility is vital at all times. Always use your lights when it is dark or visibility is poor. Many
collisions occur due to the fact that other motorists do not see you in advance.
VEHICLE LIGHTING ON ROADWAYS

Lights are required in Ontario on a highway at any time from one-half hour before sunset to one-half hour after
sunrise and at any other time when due to insufficient light or unfavorable weather conditions, persons and
vehicles on a highway cannot be seen clearly at a distance of 150 meters
A farm tractor or self-propelled implement of husbandry if fitted with an electric lighting system must
display two white lights on the front of the vehicle and at least one red light on the rear of the vehicle. The
lights must clearly be visible at a distance of 150 meters If the vehicle is not equipped with electric lighting, a
lamp or lamps should be placed on the left side of the vehicle with at least one white light to the front and one
red light to the rear.
Case History: The victim was taking an orchard sprayer along a road. The tractor was illuminated with
headlights plus a rear-mounted halogen working lamp. However, the sprayer wasn't fitted with either a
lighting system or a slow moving vehicle sign. As a car approached from the rear, its driver assumed
that the halogen working light was an oncoming vehicle. The driver moved the car towards the should
of the road because the light appeared to be crowding the centre line. The car struck the back of the
sprayer, causing the tractor to roll over onto its roof. The victim was ejected from the tractor.
TOWING EQUIPMENT ON ROADWAYS WITH YOUR TRACTOR The highway Traffic

Act does not limit the number of wagons or trailers that may be towed by a farm
tractor or self-propelled implement of husbandry. The driver is responsible to
ensure that the combination does not constitute a hazard. Each farm wagon or
other implement of husbandry being towed must be connected to the towing
vehicle by two separate means of attachment. Also, each trailer or farm wagon
must have two separate means of attachment to the vehicle ahead. A safety
chain's strength must be equal to the gross weight of the vehicle or vehicles being
towed. This does not apply when towing a farm wagon or implement of husbandry
directly across a highway.
DRIVER LICENCES
The driver of a farm tractor or self-propelled implement of husbandry is not

required to hold a valid driver's license when driving on a highway, but must be at
least 16 years of age. Under 16 year -olds are only allowed to drive a self-propelled
implement of husbandry directly across a highway.
POWER TAKEOFF SAFETY

Severe injury or death can result from accidents involving the power takeoff. There are two types. The most
common is getting caught by the rotating shaft. On occasion, an operator is struck by a broken or disconnected
shaft as it swings violently behind a tractor.
The PTO spins at speeds fast enough to wrap a person up in it before they know what happened. All it takes is
a thread, shoestring, raveled jeans, or even long hair to get a person wrapped up in this powerful piece of
machinery. A 540 rpm PTO shaft will rotate nine times in one second and travel 2.17 meters This means that if
a bootlace catches on the PTO shaft that in one second almost 2.17 meters of lace will be wrapped up before
you can even react! A 1000 rpm PTO shaft will rotate 16.7 times and travel four meters in one second!
Never remove shields from a PTO shaft. Even PTO shafts with guards are dangerous to step over. To be safe,
walk around your equipment. The extra few seconds taken will help to insure you of more years of life.
An unguarded PTO shaft is dangerous. It can catch on your clothing before you realize it. If you're lucky, your
clothes will tear, freeing you without serious injury. If you're not so lucky, you could be strangled or mutilated by
the high-speed shaft.
Master shields help to prevent accidental contact with the tractor stub shaft and the front universal joint of the
attached machine's driveline.
PTO shaft guards are provided for many tractors to completely enclose the tractor stub shaft when the PTO is
not being used.
A PTO rolling shield completely encloses the PTO shaft. These shields are metal or plastic tubes supported
on bearings so the shields rotate independently of the shaft. When the PTO shaft is turning, they rotate with it.
But if a person contacts the shield, the rotating shield stops while the shaft inside continues to spin.
To prevent injury from entanglement with the power take-off shaft, follow these safety rules:
1. Always disengage the PTO, shut off engine and take the key before getting off the tractor. You can't be
injured by the PTO or other machine parts if the driveline isn't rotating
2. Keep the master shield in position. IF damaged or removed during repairs - make sure it is replaced.
3. Make sure PTO shields are in good condition. They should rotate freely by hand when the machine is
stopped. Damaged shields should be repaired or replaced.
4. Never step across a rotating power shaft, always walk around the machine. Safety devices are usually
reliable - but malfunctions can occur. Do not take chances.
5. Keep the universal joints in phase when connecting the PTO shaft. This means keeping the end yokes
in the same plane.
6. Always use the correct size drive line for the machine being powered. Also watch the correct PTO
speed for the machine being used.
NOISE FROM TRACTORS AND MACHINERY

We have come a long way in recent years in reducing the amount of noise produced by farm tractors and
machinery that they operate. New cab designs allow for great reductions in harmful noise levels produced by
engines. Not everyone, however, has a new tractor to work with. hearing test performed on Ontario farmers
exposed to years of tractor noise and other equipment show significant hearing loss in many individuals.
The measurement of sound or noise is related to pressure, frequency and duration, and is commonly
measured in units called decibels.
With continual exposure to excessive noise, the ability to hear normal conversation is impaired.
Noise is too loud when:
1. Your ears ring after prolonged exposure to noise.

2. Speech and other sounds seem muffled after exposure.
3. You lose the ability to tell musical tones apart.
4. You fail to hear high pitched sound.
Continual exposure to noise at high decibel levels over a period of time may lead to permanent hearing loss. A
tractor under load may produce noise levels of over 100 decibels. The recommended level of exposure for an 8
hour work period is 90 decibels. If you were operating a tractor at 100 decibels, the permissible daily exposure
would only be two hours! At 115 decibels, the limit is only 15 minutes!
If you do not have a cab that reduces noise significantly you may need to wear hearing protection in the form of
ear plugs or muffs designed to block out harmful noise levels.
SAFETY IN TRACTOR OPERATION

Better tractor design means fewer hazards. Yet any machine can be dangerous if recommended operating
procedures are ignored. A quick turn or one-wheel braking during high speed travel can tip a tractor sideways.
Pop the clutch with a heavy load behind, and your machine could tip over backward. Failure to disengage the
PTO before cleaning or adjusting machinery could result in mutilation or death.
Safety practices begin with YOU. To be safe..... you need to think safe. Farming is one of the most hazardous
occupations. Accident prevention requires a constant, conscious effort by those involved in farming. Here is a
list of some things you can do to help prevent accidents:
No short cuts
Many accidents happen while trying to save a few seconds or a few steps. There are no short cuts to safety.
Operate your equipment the safe way, the right way.
Take a break
Other accidents happen when a farmer is over tired. Long hours involved in a repetitive task, like driving a
tractor down a long field, can be very fatiguing. Taking a short break will help keep your mind, and your
muscles, more alert.
Reduce stress
Farming can be extremely stressful. It seems there are always deadlines to beat and never enough time to do
a job right. People rarely work well under stress. Talking about your problems, planning ahead and remaining
flexible will help to reduce stress and improve clear thinking.
Know your equipment

Be familiar with all equipment you operate. Also, instruct all drivers on the safe operation of farm machinery by
going over the operator's manual. Know the equipment's potential and limits. Use the equipment as it was
developed.
It's Up To You
Safe tractor operation involves consideration of many details. Your owner's manual contains the information
you need to be a responsible, safe operator. Knowledge, skill and common sense are your weapons in the war
against tractor accidents.
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED SO FAR?

TRACTOR SAFETY QUIZ The correct answer for each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.
Please make your selection.
____1. Refueling an engine presents no danger of fire if it is shut off.
____2. To inspect for leaks in hydraulic lines, run your hands over the hoses.
____3. Hand holds are placed on tractors for extra riders.
____4. Always shut off the engine and apply the parking brake before dismounting the tractor.
____5. All PTO shafts should be guarded with the proper shielding.
____6. Tractors may be started safely only from the operator's seat.
____7. Noise levels of 100 decibels on a tractor are considered safe for an 8 hour exposure.
____8. When traveling, the front-end loader should be positioned high for good visibility.
____9. Weights help keep the front end of the tractor down.
____10. Proper training is essential for safe tractor operation.
____11. Tractor upsets are a leading cause of tractor fatalities.
____12. It is alright to drill holes in a ROPS frame to mount a CB radio.
____13. Hitch pins should always have proper safety catches to prevent accidental unhitching.
____14. When towing a load, go down the hill in the same gear as you would go up a hill.
____15. It is not necessary to use a seat belt when the ROPS is built into the cab.
____16. When driving your tractor on the roadway, you must have a slow-moving vehicle sign on the rear of
the tractor.
____17. A tractor operator must be sixteen years of age to drive on the highway in Ontario.
____18. Be sure the highway is clear of traffic before pulling into it.
____19. When towing equipment on the highway, you must have a proper safety chain hook-up.
____20. When pulling a load up a slope, keep the hitch as high as possible.
____21. When stuck in the mud try to back out first.
____22. The position of a tractor's loader changes the centre of gravity as the position of the loader changes.
____23. Three is the maximum number of riders allowed on a tractor.
____24. If you are working with a tractor with rollover protection, always wear your seatbelt.
____25. Always read the operator's manual before operating a new tractor.
____26. A tractor can flip completely backwards in about 1.5 seconds.
____27. Do not make sharp turns at high speeds.
____28. If tractor stability becomes uncertain on a slope, turn downhill.
____29. In Ontario, you are required to signal your intention to turn when operating a tractor on a roadway.
____30. Check your tires and wheels for proper pressure and tread regularly.
ANSWERS TO QUIZ:
1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. F 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. T 20. F 21. T
22. T 23. F 24. T 25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T 29.T 30. T
Here are the correct answers to the questions marked false:
z Fuel spilling on a hot engine can catch fire. Let the engine cool down before refueling.
z Hydraulic fluid is under extreme pressure and can penetrate the skin. Use a piece of paper or cardboard to
check for leaks. If there is a leak it will show on the cardboard.
z There should never be any riders on a tractor, only the operator. Hand holds are used for easier mounting
and dismounting.
z If noise levels are greater than 90 decibels for an eight hour period, hearing protection must be worn to
prevent hearing loss.
z The front-end loader should be positioned no higher than the front axle; any higher position will change the
centre of gravity and create a stability problem.
z ROPS frames are engineered to withstand certain stress factors. Drilling holes or altering the design could
weaken the structure and could result in failure.
z When operating a tractor fitted with a ROPS frame, seat belts should be used at all times to keep you within
the frame of safety in the event of a tractor flip.
z All towed tractor loads should be hitched no higher than the drawbar.
z There should never be any extra riders on a tractor, only the operator. Make "No Riders" the rule.
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE EXERCISE

On the following pages are a tractor/wagon safety exercise designed for competitive use with Junior Farmers
and 4-H groups in Ontario. The exercise needs a large area in which to practice. The accompanying map
shows the dimensions of the field required. You will need some extra helpers to set up and act as judges to
determine your "safety operating" behaviour. Good luck!
TRACTOR AND WAGON EXERCISE - Total Points: 400/300 for skill and safety plus 100 for time
(Time Limit: 20 minutes)
The following is a brief description of how the competition works:
The judge for this exercise will start recording the time by means of a stop watch, once he/she has handed the
keys for the tractor to the contestant.
The contestant will then mount the tractor (in parking station). He/she must always remember to use the three
point method whenever he/she mounts or dismounts from the tractor. He/she must never jump on or off the
tractor.
The judge will look for any loose clothing on the contestant, such as open shirts, coats, untied shoe laces, etc.
Once the contestant has mounted the tractor, he/she is to put his/her seat belt on. He/she will then start the
tractor, having first checked to see if it is in the "park" position, and that the clutch has been disengaged.
Once the tractor is in motion, he/she will depress the brake pedal to check to see if the tractor has brakes.
He/she will then proceed to the wagon station. The contestant must back the tractor up to the wagon, so that
the draw bar is in the exact position for the contestant to swing the wagon tongue into position and freely drop
the draw pin in. He/she will not be allowed to manually move the tractor or wagon to assist with the hook-up.
The contestant will hook-up the safety chains on the wagon on to the tractor, remove the slow moving vehicle
sign from the tractor and place it on the rear of the wagon. He/she will then remove the wheel blocks from the
right hand rear wheel of the wagon, and place them on the wagon.
The contestant will then mount the tractor and proceed to enter the course as specified ion the diagram layout.
He/she must travel at a safe speed to allow him/her to maneuver between the five gates on the right hand side
of the course. A predetermined amount of points will be deducted for each ball knocked off, and each stake
knocked over. He/she will be allowed 40 feet at the end of the course to make his/her turn, to allow entry
through the five gates on the left hand side, which are the same as those for the right hand side. On passing
through the last gate on the left hand side, the contestant will drive the tractor into the wagon park station area,
and directly through the two guide stakes, which allow for three feet of clearance on each side of the wagon.
The front wheels of the tractor must be ahead of the front two guide stakes before he/she commences to back
the wagon up to the wagon park position area.
For each consecutive attempt to back the tractor and wagon up to the parking station, points will be deducted.
Because the back of the wagon will be covered with an 8' x 4' sheet of plywood, it may be necessary for the
contestant to stop the tractor and get off to check to see just how close he/she is to the stakes at the rear of the
wagon. He/she must also be careful not to cramp the wheels of the wagon, or points will be deducted.
The wagon must be in the centre of the parking station, and within 6" of the stakes at the rear of the wagon.
For each inch that the wagon is off centre, and for each inch that the wagon is further away than 6" from the
rear stakes, points will be deducted. The contestant must be very careful not to knock the ball off of the rear of
the wagon, because he/she will lose in excess of 100 points if he/she does.
Once the wagon has been parked, the contestant will then take the blocks off the wagon and put them behind
and in front of the rear wheel of the wagon. He/she will then proceed to unhook the wagon (safety chains and
draw pin). The draw pin is to be left in the tractor draw bar.
The contestant will then take the slow moving vehicle sign from the rear of the wagon and attach it to the
tractor. He/she will then return the tractor to the parking station, by backing it up to the stake. He/she must
remember to put the tractor in "park", and to take the keys out of the tractor and hand them to the judge. The
stop watch will then be stopped, and the time recorded.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Each contestant will be required to supply his/her own hard hat, leather gloves, hearing protection (ear muffs),
and safety boots for this exercise. The safety boots must be in good shape and have steel toes.
EQUIPMENT
1 - tractor, complete with rollover protection and seat belts.
1 - Wagon running gear complete with bolster.

Flat bed is 16 to 18 feet long and 8 feet wide.
Rear of the flat bed is to be covered with a 4 x 8 sheet of plywood.
The running gear is to be extended to 120 inches from the centre of the front axle to the centre of the rear axle.
The wagon bed is to be placed on the running gear so that the measurement from the front of the wagon to the
front axle is approximately 33".
Space requirements for this exercise, approximately 210' x 80'.
Surface requirements - ideally, the competitions should be run on a paved surface.
TIME FACTOR FOR TRACTOR AND WAGON EXERCISE

Procedure for Scoring
10 minutes or less is a perfect score = 100 points
10 minutes, 1 second to 11 minutes = 80 points
15 minutes. 1 second to 16 minutes = 20 points
Failure to complete the above-mentioned exercise in a time limit of 20 minutes will mean the automatic
disqualification of the contestant.
The time starts as soon as the contestant takes the keys from the clockman. The time ends as soon as the
contestant hands the keys to the clockman, or walks away from the tractor without the keys.
TRACTOR AND WAGON EXERCISE (SAFETY FACTORS) SAFETY
Description of Penalty & Number of Points Lost . Indicate penalties with X Total Demerit
points
1. For each item of P.P.E. missing deduct. 20 . 20 x =
2. For loose clothing on contestant. Each 20 . 20 x =

offense deduct.
3. Failure to use the 3 point method when 10 . 10 x =

mounting or dismounting (no jumping). each
time deduct.
4. Failing to put the tractor "in park" before 10 . 10 x =

starting or on dismounting from tractor. each
time deduct
(If he has difficulty is getting the tractor in park,
he must try for at least 10 seconds to get into
park).
5. Failure to use and adjust seat belt before 20 . 20 x =

putting the tractor in motion. each time deduct.
6. Failure to disengage the clutch before 20 . 20 x =

starting. each time deduct.
7. Failure to lock brakes together before putting 20 . 20 x =

the tractor in motion. each time deduct.
8. Failure to check the brakes for in the first 5' 20 . 20 x =

of travel. deduct.
9. For excessive riding of clutch. deduct. 10 . 10 x =
10. Failure to operate the tractor at a safe 20 . 20 x =

speed deduct.
11. Failure to properly fasten the safety chains 20 . 20 x =

deduct.
12. Failure to properly fasten the SMV sign on 20 . 20 x =

rear of wagon deduct.
13. failure to remove wheel block from wagon 20 . 20 x =

and place on wagon deduct.
14. For cramping of wagon wheels, i.e. wheels 20 . 20 x =

skid or tractor wheels hit wagon frame. each
time deduct.
15. Failure to properly block wagon wheels 20 . 20 x =

before unhooking wagon deduct.
16. Failure to remove keys from the tractor 20 . 20 x =
upon completion, before dismounting deduct.
Total Demerit Points on Safety ____________Total Time to complete exercise :_____________________

Total Points for time: _____________________
Total points 150 (Perfect score) minus __________________{demerit points}= _________________
TRACTOR AND WAGON EXERCISES (SKILL FACTOR) SLILL
Description of Penalty and Number of Points . Indicate each penalty with an (X) Total
lost Demerit
Points
1. For each consecutive trial of moving the .

tractor for hook up to wagon deduct 5 5x =
2. For manually moving wagon or tractor to .

assist with hook up deduct 50 50 x
=
3. For each stake that is hit in the course in .

such a manner that it produces the following
results: deduct as follows:
Each ball knocked off deduct 5 5x
Each time the top of the stake is moved =
approx. 6" or more deduct
For each stake knocked over deduct 15
15 x
10 =
10 x
=
4. For each consecutive trial of moving tractor .

and wagon ahead to line up in parking station 5 5x
deduct =
5. For touching ant stake in wagon park deduct 20 . 20 x

=
For knocking off a ball in the wagon parking 50
station deduct 50 x
For each stake is moved backwards approx. =
6" or more deduct 50
For each stake that is knocked over in the
parking station deduct 50 50 x
=
50 x
=
6. If distance away from the loading dock is 5 . 5x =

greater then 6". measure from furthermost
point.
For each inch more then 6" deduct
7. For each inch off center of loading dock. .

For each inch deduct 5 5x
=
8. When the draw bar is further away then 1 .

inch from the stake in the Tractor Park Station.
10 10 x
For each inch deduct =

When the draw bar is completely off center
in the Park Station deduct 20 20 x
=
9. For touching the stake in the Tractor Park .

station deduct 10 10 x
For knocking off a ball in the Tractor Park =
Station deduct 20
For moving the stake in the Tractor Park 20 x
Station more then 1 foot at the top deduct =
For knocking the Tractor Park stake over 30
deduct
50 30 x
=
50 x
=
TOTAL DEMERIT POINTS ON SKILL________________
Perfect Score Demerit Points Demerit Points GRAND TOTAL

150 on Skill
on Safety ______________ ________________
____________
OTHER VIDEO RESOURCES AVAILABLE
The Farm Safety Association maintains a video lending library in Guelph, Ontario. The following tractor safety
videos are available from the Association by calling (519) 823-5600:
TRACTOR SAFETY
VT 042 "Accidents Are Seldom Accidents"
21 minutes - colour - 1974 Available on VHS
This video emphasizes the need for roll-over protection on tractors and also illustrates many safe operating
procedures for tractors.
Produced by Massey-Ferguson, Great Britain.
VT 043 "Farm Tractor Safety"
Devoted to the positive aspects of tractor safety, this video shows tractor overturn tests followed operator
precautions to avoid side and rear overturns. Importance of ROPS is emphasized along with PTO safety, extra
rider hazards, fuel handling safety, and safe highway transport.
Produced by International Harvester, U.S.A.
VT 093 "Horsepower"
9:45 minutes - 1989 Available in VHS only
This video looks at tractor safety and features farmers who have experienced accidents while operating their
tractors.
Produced by the Nova Scotia Farm and Home Safety Committee
VT 115 "It Won't Happen To Me (Tractor Safety)"
Time: 16 minutes
The basics of tractor safety are covered using Farm Safety Association's fatalities as examples of what can go
wrong and lead to fatal situations. Emergency medical personnel are also interviewed about tractor accidents.
Produced by New Holland, 1995
VT 126 "Nellie the Farm Safety Dog"
Time: Approximately 7 minutes
This true story is about a tractor rollover accident which occurred on a Southern Ontario tobacco farm. Nellie,
the resident dog on the farm brought help to save the farmer's life. The rescue is recounted by those involved
including police and ambulance drivers.
Produced by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
S 028 "Safe Use of Farm Tractors"
65 slides - audio tape and transcript - 1982
Tractors by far are the most common type of machinery used on a farm. Tractor related accidents also cause
the majority of farm-related fatalities. This slide set discusses the safe operation of farm tractors, with particular
emphasis on tractor roll-overs.
Produced by Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota.
VT 044 "Target You - Tractor Safety"
10 minutes - colour - 1979 Available in VHS
This video is largely animated and by means of the principal character "Gotta-Go Joe", demonstrates many of
the common accidents that a farmer can become involved in with his tractor, by trying to beat the clock.
Produced by John Deere Ltd.
VT 123 "Tractor Rollovers and ROPS"
Time: 6 minutes 30 seconds Available in VHS only
This video outlines the importance of having your tractor protected with a Rollover Protective Structure and
covers ways that John Deere has made it easier to add this protection to your tractor.
Produced by John Deere
VT 051 "Tractor Safety"
21 minutes - colour 1977 Available in VHS only
This video covers all the basics of safe tractor operation. Produced by Perdue University.
VT 129 "Tractor Safety on the Farm"
Time: 11 minutes 30 seconds
This video covers the basics of tractor safety including the pre-operational check, starting and stopping;
operation of the tractor including rollover situations; power takeoff safety and travel on public roadways.
Produced by the Farm Safety Association Inc, 1994
VT 092 "Tractor Tips"
17 minutes - colour 1990 Available in VHS only
Shows tractor operation and management techniques that reduce fuel consumption in field operations.
Discusses safe ballasting, gearing up-throttle down and equipment matching.
Produced by Independent Study, University of Guelph
VT 045 "Tractor Safety Begins With You"
20 minutes Available in VHS only
This video depicts a number of situations which led to tractor accidents happening involving extra riders, the
P.T.O. and rollovers.
Produced by Kubota.
VT 101 "Tractor Safety Is No Accident"
A professional airline pilot who is also a farmer narrates this video on tractor safety. The narrator applies the
same reasoning in operating tractors as he does with airplanes. A number of important areas are covered such
as: the walk around check; tractor rollovers; transporting equipment; P.T.O. safety; extra riders; maintenance
and service.
Produced by International Harvester, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
VT 046 "Why Did Tommy Die?"
A number of young people are killed each year by tractors. Through the video's characters, John, Merriam and
Tommy, the video explores the principle causes of tractor injuries and fatalities. The video demonstrates tractor
fires, P.T.O. accidents, and tractor rollovers.
Produced by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.
VT 047 "Within The Frame of Safety"
This video details the designing, testing and development of a protective frame for tractors. These structures
when used in conjunction with seat belts, help prevent injuries due to side-rolls or back-flips.
Produced by International Harvester, U.S.A.
Target Hazard
Farm Tractor Safety yes no Date Corrected
z Do you need the operator's

manual for your farm tractor, . .
and follow the operating,
maintenance and safety
recommendations found
herein?
z Before operating, do you

work around the tractor
making a visual check for . .
bystanders and other
objects?
z Is the tractor equipped with a

rollover protective structure . .
(ROPS) and seatbelts?
z Do you always wear

. .
seatbelts with ROPS?
z Do you enforce the rule "NO

RIDERS ON THE TRACTOR . .
AT ANY TIME"?
z Is there an SMV {slow

moving vehicle} sign on the
rear of the tractor or towed . .
equipment for roadway
travel?
z Is the SMV sign clean, with

. .
good reflective qualities?
z Do you lock brake pedals

together before roadway . .
travel?
z When towing equipment, do

you use safety hitch pins and . .
chains
z Is there a first-aid kit mounted

. .
on the tractor?
z Is a fire extinguisher located

. .
on the tractor?
z When operating a tractor in

buildings, do you open doors
. .
and windows or start
ventilation fans?
z Are steps free of mud, tools

or debris that could cause . .
slips?
z Are keys removed from the

tractor when not in use, to
prevent theft or unauthorized . .
people from using the
equipment?
z Do you always steer clear of

hazards such as ditches,
. .
steep hills and other areas
where tractors can tip?
z When using front-end

loaders, do you travel with
. .
the bucket low to avoid
tipping sideways?
z Have all tractor operators on
you farm received training on

their equipment and reviewed . .
the operator's manual?
z Is mounted equipment
always lowered before the . .
operator leaves the tractor?
z Do your tractor operators

always do a pre-operational
check which includes a walk
. .
round the equipment to check
lights, visibility, tires, brakes,
etc,
z Are towed loads always

hitched to the draw bar, and . .
never higher?
z When towing high loads, are

clearances from overhead . .
powerlines always checked?
z Is the exhaust system on

each tractor in good condition . .
and leak-free?
z If the tractor does not have a

sound-proof cab, does the
. .
operator always wear hearing
protection?
z Are brakes adjusted

. .
regularly?
PTO Driven Equipment

z Do all PTO's have
shields and guards in . .
place?
z Is there a master
shield in place where
. .
your PTO meets the
tractor?
z Are shields on PTO's

checked periodically
to ensure that they . .
rotate freely? (check
only with power off)
z Before leaving the

tractor seat, is the
PTO always
. .
disengaged, engine
shut off and keys
removed?
z When working with

PTO driven
equipment, is
clothing closer-fitting, . .
long hair covered,
and no laces, etc.,
exposed
z Do you always avoid
stepping over a PTO

. .
shaft?
z Are worn or defective

parts replaced as . .
soon as possible?
Disclaimer and Reproduction Information: Information in NASD does not represent NIOSH policy. Information
included in NASD appears by permission of the author and/or copyright holder. More
NASD Review: 04/2002
Farm Safety Association Inc. 22-340 Woodlawn Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7K6 (519) 823-5600 Fax:
(519) 823-8880 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Rural Affairs
Farm Safety Association Home Page

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NASD: A GUIDE TO SAFE FARM TRACTOR OPERATION Page 1 of 29

A Guide to Safe Farm Tractor Operation

Farm Safety Association

Unfortunately every year, tractor accidents result in

TYPES OF TRACTOR RELATED ACCIDENTS

Other tractor-connected injuries and damage involve:

Colliding with motor vehicles or roadside objects;

Slipping and falling while mounting and dismounting;

Running over bystanders;

Striking overhead hazards;

Being struck by flying objects, broken parts, or hydraulic fluid;

Being crushed by a poorly supported tractor during repair work;

Being overcome by exhaust gases inside closed buildings;

HOW TO REDUCE THE RISK OF TRACTOR

Be Physically and Mentally Fit

There are numerous human factors involved in fatal tractor-

Be Familiar With Operator's Manual

and ask questions!

Use Tractor for Intended Purposes

Check Tractor Before Operating

BATTERIES: HANDLE WITH CARE!

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS AND SAFETY

Before servicing hydraulic systems:

1. Shut off the engine powering the hydraulic pump.

OPERATOR'S CHECKLIST FOR PERSONAL SAFETY

If you answered NO to any question, DO NOT OPERATE THE TRACTOR!

STARTING AND STOPPING YOUR TRACTOR

Shutting down the engine:

OPERATING YOUR TRACTOR

When you engage the power to the drive wheels, do so slowly.

sure it operates as it should. Power steering should be quick and responsive.

If the power steering ceases to operate, stop the tractor immediately.

Use Engine Braking

Space Wheels as Far Apart as Possible

Hitching Implements Properly

If you have someone assisting you in hitching an implement:

Take Special Care on Rough Terrain

ROLLOVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES

USING FRONT-END LOADERS WITH

and cannot do. A heavy load raised too high can

Loader Safety Tips

.Never work or walk under a raised loader.

.Never allow anyone to pass under a raised bucket.

.Keep the work area as flat as possible.

.Match the proper bucket to the job you are doing.

HOW TO AVOID TRACTOR OVERTURNS

Driving across a steep slope: The greater the angle of the

Driving too close to a ditch, culvert or pond can lead to the

Towing a load that is too heavy to control can cause jack-knifing.

Tractor rear rollovers are caused by:

Hitching too high is one of the main causes of

How can this type of fatality be prevented?

z Operator training and retraining

FALLS FROM TRACTORS

Mounting and Dismounting

MAKE 'NO RIDERS' THE RULE - NOT THE EXCEPTION

SAFETY WHEN OPERATING ON PUBLIC

There are many accidents involving tractors and passenger

HOW FAST CAN YOU REACT?

Total Demerit Points on Safety Total Time to complete exercise :_________