CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement

Management, Drainage and Airport

2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
Course Outline

• Pavement management systems; evaluation and strengthening of

pavements; drainage: highway drainage and drainage structures;
airports: importance, advantages and trends in air transportation,
planning and design of airports, aircraft characteristics related to
airport design, types and elements of airport planning studies,
airport configuration, geometric design of the landing area,
terminal area, heliports, design of airport pavements, lighting,
marking and signing, airport drainage.
Reference Materials

• Planning and design of airports by Robert Horonjeff

• Acknowledgement to Dr. M. K. Mohan B.E., M.E., Ph.D., MISTE,
MISCA, Professor of Civil Engineering, GNITC, Hyderabad
Topic: The Air Transportation Systems

1. Introduction and History

2. Growth of Air Transport and Future Trends
3. Aviation Organizations and their Functions
Air Transportation (Advantage)

• Improves accessibility to otherwise inaccessible areas

• Provides continuous connectivity over land and water (No change of
equipment)
• Brings in relief during emergency conditions
• Saves productive time spent in journey
• Increases the demand of specialized technical skill workforce
• Adds to foreign reserve through tourism etc.
Air Transportation (Problems)

• Heavy funds are required, not only initially but also during operations
• Operation are highly dependant up on weather conditions
• Required heavy sophisticated machinery
• Adds outward flow of foreign exchange
• Safety provisions are not adequate
• Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is essential
History of Air Transport
propel = drive or push something forwards.

1. 126 AD - Reger Bacon was the first man to study the flight of birds and made
a prophecy that the source of energy for flight can be derived from fire.
2. December 17, 1903 AD – First Air flight was made by Wright brothers. Orville
Wright – A bicycle repairman has propelled himself through the air for a
distance of 35 m in North Carolina State, USA. Wright Brothers First Flight (1903).mp4

3. 1914-18 AD – Zeppelin aeroplanes were used by Germany for

Passengers. USS_Los_Angeles_moored_to_USS_Patoka,_1931.jpg

4. 1918 , May - Long distance mail service was started between Washington and
New York.
5. 1919 AD – First international flight was started between Toulose in France to
Barcelona in Spain.
6. 1927 AD – Lindburg made first solo flight between New York to Paris.
7. 1939 August 27 – First Jet Flight was made in Germany. Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg
The First Airport in the History

• The world's first airport was built in 1928 at Croydon near London,
England.
• It was the main airport for London till it was closed down in 1959,
after the World War II.
• It is now open as a visitor center for aviation.
World’s Biggest Plane Antonov An-225
Antonov An-225

• The wide body Antonov An-225 is powered by six turbofan engines

and is the longest and heaviest airplane ever built, with a maximum
takeoff weight of 640 tonnes.
• It was built to carry Soviet space shuttles and, 27 years after it
entered service, it’s still the world’s biggest plane.
• The An-225, better known as the Mriya (Ukrainian for “dream”)
creates a fuss wherever it goes.
• Measuring 84 m long with an 88 m wingspan, it weighs 175 tonnes
without cargo or fuel.
• It’s the longest-bodied, longest-winged and heaviest operational
plane in the world.
• Its cargo compartment is 43 m by 6.4 m by 4.4 m – big enough to
hold 50 cars. And there is only one operational Antonov An-225 in
the world!
What is Efficient Transportation System?

• Efficient transportation system means carrying passengers and goods

from one place to other place at
1. Low cost
2. Less travel time
3. whenever needed
4. wherever needed
5. Comfort
6. Safety
In respect of above points,
Air transport becomes most efficient transportation system than other
modes of transportation systems.
Air Transport and the
National Economy
nafisa page 3 EXAM

• In last 5 years the growth of air passenger and cargo movement was
9.7% and 7.05% respectively.
• In 2012-2013, the air traffic movement in Bangladeshi airports
comprised of nearly 121 thousand aircraft departures, 7 million air
passengers and 223 thousand M. tons of cargoes.
• Further, airports in Bangladesh have greater importance because of
their geographical locations. Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport
has been considered for potential refueling hub of the South Asia
region for foreign airlines using the Bangladesh skylines
Trends in Air Travel Demand in Bangladesh

Annual Aircraft Growth Rate Annual Air Passenger Growth Annual Air Cargo Growth Rate
Rate
Airports in Bangladesh

Table: Aircrafts Operates in Bangladesh

Aviation Organizations CE'14 imp

1. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

2. International Air Transport Association (IATA)
3. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
4. Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh
The International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO)
• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) serves as an
agency through which the necessary international understanding and
agreement between nations in all the technical, economical and legal
issues and codifies the principles and techniques of international air
navigation and fosters the planning and development of international
air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth.
• It was created in 1944 and it became a special UN agency in 1947. It
has membership of 151 countries.
• ICAO is headquartered at Montreal in Canada and is headed by a
Secretary General
• It has 7 regional offices at 1) Paris 2) Mexico city 3) Bangkok 4) Cairo
5) Dakar 6) Lima 7) Nairobi
International Air Transport Association (IATA)

• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a trade

association of the world’s airlines with a membership of 250 major
carriers in the world. They carry approximately 84% of total available
seat kilometers of air traffic.
• IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and
standards.
• It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Office at
Geneva in Switzerland.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

• The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the national aviation authority

of the United States.
• An agency of the United States Department of Transportation, it has
authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of American civil aviation.
Functions of FAA include:
1. Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
2. Regulating air navigation facilities' geometry and flight inspection standards
3. Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation
technology
4. Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
5. Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil
aeronautics
6. Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other
environmental effects of civil aviation
Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh (CAAB)

• Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh (CAAB) functions as the

regulatory body for all aviation related activities in Bangladesh. It is
the national aviation authority operating under the Ministry of Civil
Aviation & Tourism.
• All nine operational airports (three international and six domestic)
are operated by the CAAB. A member of International Civil Aviation
Organization, it has signed bilateral air transport agreement with 52
states. It is headquartered in Kurmitola, Dhaka.
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
Topic: Components of Air Transportation

1. Airports and Airways

2. Airlines and Air Passengers
3. Operating Environment
Components of Air Transportation

• Aircraft Characteristics QUESTION : what is aircraft??

• Any machine which finds its support in the atmosphere due

to reactions of the air is defined as an aircraft.
• Aircraft can be heavier or lighter than air or power driven or
non-power driven.
• For example, airships are lighter than air and are power
driven.
• Similarly, Balloons are lighter than air and are non-power
driven
• Aeroplanes and Helicopters are heavier than air and are
power driven.
Aeroplane and Helicopter CE 14 diff

• The airplane is the most practical type of machine to navigate in the air
and thousands of them are in daily use.
• They are designed to take off and land on runways with much steeper
angles than the helicopters.
• The helicopter can rise vertically off the ground and can also hover
stationary in the air.
• Helicopters have inferior performance compared to the aeroplanes as
their load capacity is extremely small and their top speed is very low.
• Airplanes can also be designed to operate on water. They are called float
planes.
• Float planes have long pontoon floats on which it rests when it is on
water
• Amphibian planes can have both floats and wheels.
What is

Airports and Airways

• An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for

commercial aviation flights to take off and land.
Airports often have facilities to store and maintain
aircraft, and a control tower.

• An airway is a legally defined corridor that connects

one specified location to another at a specified
altitude, along which an aircraft that meets the
requirements of the airway may be flown.
Types of Airports

• There are three types of Airports

1. International Airports
2. Domestic Airports
3. Regional Airports
International Airports

• An international airport has direct service to many

other airports.
• Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for
passengers and cargo.
• Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or
places where non-direct flights may land and
passengers switch planes.
• Typically equipped with customs and immigration
facilities to handle international flights to and from
other countries.
• Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer
runways and facilities to accommodate the large
aircraft. (FBO, MRO etc..)
 Domestic Airports

• A domestic airport is an airport which handles only

domestic flights or flights within the same country.
• Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration
facilities and are therefore incapable of handling flights
to or from a foreign airport.
• These airports normally have short runways which are
sufficient to handle short/medium haul aircraft.
 Regional Airports

• A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a

relatively small or lightly populated geographical area.
• A regional airport usually does not have customs and
immigration facilities to process traffic between
countries.
• Aircraft using these airports tend to be small business
jets or private aircraft (general aviation)
 write down the definitions:

Airlines and Air Passengers

• An organization providing a regular public service of air transport on

one or more routes with its equipment and operating personnel is
called Airlines.
• Persons who are travelling in any public transport aircraft other than
its pilot and airline staff members are called Air Passengers.
write down the definition:

Operating Environment

• Airlines must be aware of and operate within a framework of

regulations, standards and guidelines, international agreements and
programs that shape the operating environment for commercial
aviation.
Examples:

The International Civil Aviation Organization Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

(ICAO)

International Air Transport Association (IATA) Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh

(CAAB)
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
Topic: Airport Planning

1. Types of Airport Planning Studies

2. Forecasting in Aviation and Airport Planning
Airport Planning

• Airport Planning involves

1. Preparation of Master Plan

2. Layout Plans
 Types of Airport Planning Studies
• There are various types of airport planning studies
which are to be carried out before carrying out
ektu
dharona
construction of an airport
rakhbo

1. Technical feasibility studies

2. Forecasting requirement studies
3. Facilities Planning
4. Financial Planning
5. Economic Planning
6. Organizational Planning
7. Strategic planning
8. Environmental Planning
Types of Airport Planning Studies
1. Engineering and Technical Planning Studies:

These studies involve various activities like Approach zone

surveys, Drainage surveys, Meteorological Surveys, Natural
Resources Surveys, Soil Surveys, Topographical Surveys and
Traffic Surveys.

2. Forecasting Requirement Studies:

These studies involve determining parameters like Annual

Passenger Volume, Annual volume of aircrafts, Peak day and
peak hour volume of passengers and aircrafts, Air Cargo, Air
mail and General Aviation etc.
Types of Airport Planning Studies
3. Facilities planning: which focuses on future needs for airfield
infrastructure such as runways, taxiways, aircraft parking facilities,
associated lighting, communication and navigational systems,
terminal buildings and facilities, parking lots, ground access
infrastructure, and support facilities such as fuel farms, power
plants, and non-aeronautical land uses such as office parks, hotels,
restaurants, or rental car locations.
4. Financial planning: which is concerned with predicting future
revenues and expenses, budgeting resources, and planning for
financial assistance through grant programs, bond issues, or private
investment.
5. Economic planning: which considers the future of economic activity,
such as trade and commerce, and the activity of industries that exist
on airport and off-airport property and are either a direct or indirect
result of airport operations. , cost-benefit analysis
Types of Airport Planning Studies

6. Organizational planning: which entails the management

of future labour requirements and organizational
structures for the airport administration, staff, and
associated labor force.

7. Strategic planning: which encompasses all other

planning activities into a coordinated effort to maximize
the future potential of the airport to the community.
Types of Airport Planning Studies

8. Environmental planning: which concentrates on maintaining or

improving existing environmental conditions in the face of changes in
future airport activity. Environmental planning includes land use
planning, noise mitigation, wetland reclamation, and wildlife
preservation.
The environmental factors must be carefully considered in the
development of a new airport or the expansion of an existing one. In this
connection, the following three studies are made to assist the project
authorities in planning the airports.
1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
2. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
3. Environmental Management plan (EMP)
Forecasting in Aviation and Airport Planning

The reliable predictions of the airport activity in respect of

the following parameters are to be made.

1. Annual Passenger Volume jene rakha valo

2. Annual volume of aircrafts

3. Peak day and peak hour volume of passengers and
aircrafts
4. Air Cargo
5. Air mail
6. General Aviation
Important Components of an Airport

1. Runway
** note kore porte hobe
2. Terminal Building
3. Apron
4. Taxiway
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hangar
7. Control Tower
8. Parking
1. Runways

A runway is the area or a platform where an aircraft

lands or takes off.

It can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard surface such

as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special markings
on them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a
runway (and not a road) and to help them when they
are landing or taking off. Runway markings are white.
Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg
perfo_reinforced_grass_runway.jpg
Runway
2. Terminal Buildings

• Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the

spaces where passengers board or alight from flights.
These buildings house all the necessary facilities for
passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the
customs and have lounges to wait before
disembarking. The terminals can house cafes,
lounges and bars to serve as waiting areas for
passengers.

• Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security

checks and customs are the basics of all airport
terminals. Large airports can have more than one
terminal that are connected to one another through
link ways such as walkways, sky-bridges. Smaller
airports usually have only one terminal that houses all
the required facilities.
Terminal Building
3. Aprons ( Ramps )

• Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircrafts are parked,
unloaded, refueled or boarded. Aprons are also sometimes
called ramps. They vary in size, from areas that may hold
five or ten small planes, to the very large areas that the
major airports have.

• Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations,

such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to
users than the runway or taxi way. However, the apron is not
usually open to the general public and a license may be
required to gain access.
4. Taxiway

A taxiway is a path on an airport

connecting runways with ramps, hangars,
terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard
surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller
airports sometimes use gravel or grass.
5. Aircraft Stand

A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and

intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.
6. Hangar
• A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft in
protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but
other materials such as wood and concrete are also used.
• Hangars are used for protection from the weather,
protection from direct sunlight, maintenance, repair,
manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft on
airfields, aircraft carriers and ships.
7. Air Traffic Control Tower

A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by

radio and observed physically and by radar.
8. Parking

• Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park.

Typical Layout of an Airport
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
 single runways
From here, parallel runways
there will be many questions open 'V' runways
pdf 56-76 intersecting runways

Topic: Airport Configuration

1. Runway Configurations
2. Taxiway Configurations
entrance & exit taxiways
parallel taxiways
bypass taxiways
FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY
ORIENTATION
• WIND
• AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
• WILD LIFE HAZARDS
• TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION
Runway Configurations
 Many runway configurations are existing.
 Most of them are combinations of the following basic
configurations:
◦ Single runway
◦ Parallel Runways
 Two parallel runways
 Two parallel runways with staggered
thresholds
 Four parallel runways
◦ Open-V Runways
◦ Intersecting runways
Single Runway
PARALLEL RUNWAYS

There are 4
types of
parallel
runways
OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but
do not intersect and form an open-V shape are
‘OPEN-V runways’
INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are
classified as intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are
relatively strong prevailing winds from more than
one direction during the year.
Shahjalal International Airport San Francisco International Airport
Zurich Airport Chicago-Midway Airport
Designator?
Gibraltar-airport
Gisborne-Airport Alaska-Airport
Taxiway Configurations

• Studies based on empirical results show that the

capacity of a taxiway system generally far
exceeds the capacities of runways.
Taxiway Configuration

• The movement of aircrafts to and from the runways and the

terminal/cargo, and parking areas is provided by a system of
taxiways.

• This system of taxiways includes

• Entrance and exit taxiways
• Parallel taxiways
• Bypass taxiways
Exit Taxiways

 These are taxiways provided at appropriate locations

along the length of runway so that the landing aircrafts
can maneuver out of the runway minimising their
runway occupancy time.
 Right angled exit taxiways:
◦ These are exit taxiways placed at right angles to the runway.
When the design peak hour traffic is less than 30 operations
(landings and takeoffs), a properly located right- angled exit
taxiway will achieve an efficient flow of traffic.
 High speed exit taxiways:
◦ These exit taxiways are placed at acute angle to the runway and
are designed to provide high exit (turnoff) speeds. These high
speed exit taxiways when properly designed in terms of their
number, location and exit speed can enhance the capacity of the
runway.
Entrance & Parallel Taxiways

 Entrance Taxiway:
◦ Entrance taxiways provide access to the takeoff end of the runway for the
departing aircrafts and it also serves as the final exit taxiway for landing
aircrafts on a bidirectional runway. It is normally in the form of an “L”
taxiway intersection with a right angle connection to the runway.
 Parallel Taxiway:
◦ The taxiway running parallel to the runway connecting all the exit and
entrance taxiways is called parallel taxiway.
Bypass Taxiway

• As an alternative to holding bay a bypass taxiway

parallel to the entrance taxiway leading to the
runway end are generally provided.

• When a preceding aircraft is not ready for takeoff

and blocks the entrance taxiway, other aircrafts in
the queue can use the bypass taxiway.
• Bypass taxiways provide flexibility in runway use by
permitting ground maneuvering of steady streams
of departing airplanes.
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
Topic:
1. Introduction of Airport Configurations
2. Analysis of wind
3. Site Selection Approach
Introduction of
Airport Configurations

• A major determinant of airport capacity is the overall layout and

design of the system
• Airport configuration is the most important factor and defined as the
general arrangement of the various parts or components of the
airport system
Airport Configuration
 Airport configuration is defined as the number and orientation of
runways and the location of the terminal area relative to the
runways.
◦ Number of runways depends on air traffic volume.
◦ Orientation of runways depends on the direction of wind, size and shape
of the area and land use and airspace use restrictions in the vicinity of
airport.
◦ The terminal building should be located so as to provide easy and timely
access to runways.
Analysis of Wind for Orienting Runways
 Runways are oriented in the direction of prevailing winds.
 The data on the parameters of wind namely, intensity (speed),
direction and duration are essential to determine the
orientation of runways.
◦ High intensity winds perpendicular to the direction of
runway cause problems during landing and takeoff of
aircrafts.
◦ Smaller aircrafts are particularly effected by these
crosswinds.
Factors affecting selection of site for Airport
• Availability of adequate area caile porte paro
• Accessibility
• Topography, soil condition and drainage
• Availability of construction materials
• Cost of development
• Cost of maintenance
• Traffic volume and type of traffic
• Cross-wind component
• Proximity of airways
• Safety factors
• Revenues
Factors Influencing Airport Size

• Performance characteristics and size of aircraft expected to use the

airport.
• Anticipated volume of traffic.
• Meteorological conditions. caile porte paro
• Elevation of site.
Topic: Planning and Design of the Terminal Area

1. The Passenger Terminal System

2. The Terminal Planning Process
3. The Apron Gate System
The Passenger Terminal System
• The passenger terminal refers to a building which is
mainly used for the passengers, airline staff, cargo and
administrative management, control tower, weather
bureau etc.
• Passenger terminals provide the first and last impressions
for visitors to the airport.
• The terminals are the ‘front door’ to the Airport and
serve as the public interface between the landside and
airside elements.
• The main aim of the airport is to provide high quality
terminal facilities that effectively handle the projected
traffic flows and provide a quality experience for
customers.
The Terminal Planning Process

• There are three components of Planning

1. Airside Terminal facilities planning

2. Terminal building facilities planning
3. Land side facilities planning
Terminal building facilities planning

• There are 3 concepts of planning the terminal building.

1. Centralized system
2. Decentralized system
3. De-centralized – centralized system
 Centralized system
• In this system, all the passengers, baggage and cargo are routed through
a central location and then passed on to the respective aircraft positions.
• It is economical
• This system is convenient when the aircraft parking area is within the
walking distance of 180 m.
 Decentralized system
• In this system, the passenger facilities are arranged in smaller units
and repeated in one or more buildings.
• Each unit is arranged around one or more aircraft gate positions
• All the airline functions are carried out adjacent to the departing
plane.
• This system proves to be uneconomical when the number of gates
required by the individual airliner are more than 6.

airliner
 De-centralized – centralized system
• It is a combination of the above two systems
• In this system, each individual airliner operation is
centralized.
• This kind of system more suitable at major airports where
the volume of air traffic is too high.
The Apron-Gate System

• Apron
It is a paved area for parking of aircrafts, loading and
unloading of passengers and cargo. It is usually located close
to the terminal building or hangars
The size of the apron depends upon:
1. Gate position
2. Number of gates
3. Aircraft parking system
 Gate position
• The term gate is used to denote an aircraft parking space
adjacent to a terminal building and used by a single aircraft for
the loading and unloading of the passengers, baggage and
cargo.
• The size of the gate depends on
1. Size of aircraft
The size of aircraft to be accommodated determines the space
required for parking as well as for maneuvering. It also
determines the extent and size of the servicing equipment
required to be provided to service the aircraft.
2. Type of aircraft parking
The type of aircraft parking used at the gates affects the gate
size because the area required to maneuver in and out of a
gate varies depending on the way aircraft is parked.
 Type of Aircraft Parking
• There are 5 types of aircraft parkings.
1. Nose-in-parking
2. Angled nose-in parking
3. Nose-out parking
4. Angled nose-out parking
5. Parallel parking.
 The Apron-Gate System
2. The number of gates:
• The number of gates is determined in such a way that a predetermined
hourly flow of aircraft can be easily and conveniently accommodated.
• The number of gates required will depend on the following factors.
1. Estimated peak hour volume
2. Gate occupancy time
3. Gate capacity analysis
4. Gate utilization factor
5. Formula for calculating gate capacity
G= CT/U
where G = Number of gates
C= Design volume or capacity of gate in aircraft per hour for arrivals or
departures
T = Weighted average gate occupancy time in hours
U = Coefficient indicating gate utilization factor
 The Apron-Gate System
3. Aircraft parking system:
• Depending on the horizontal terminal concept used, the
aircraft can be grouped adjacent to the terminal building
in a variety of ways.
• Three groupings are referred to as parking systems and
they can be classified in to the following 4 ways.
• 1. Frontal or linear system
2. Open- apron or transport system
3. Pier or finger system
4. Satellite System
Frontal or linear system
Open- apron or transport system
Pier or finger system
Satellite System
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
Topic:

1. Air Traffic Control

2. Air Traffic Control Facilities
3. Air Safety and Regulation Issues
Air Traffic Control (ATC)
** very important

• Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground

based controllers who direct the aircraft on the ground and through
controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in
non-controlled airspace.

pdf 103 to 142

various short notes can be given for exam.
so reading is a must here.
 *** very important
Functions of Air Traffic Control
1. To prevent collisions and therefore safeguard life and
property.
2. To organize and expedite the flow of traffic
3. To provide information and other support to pilots
4. ATC may play security or defensive role or is operated by
the military in some countries.
5. To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic separation
rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum
amount of empty space around it at all times.
6. Modern aircrafts have a collision avoidance systems,
which provide additional safety by warning pilots when
other aircrafts get too close.
7. ATC is the nerve center of an airport.
 Need of Air Traffic Control
• Air transportation must ensure safe, convenient and
economic movement of aircraft from one airport to
another airport. For this purpose, we need to control the
air space.
• The aircraft flight from one airport to another airport is
carried out in the following 4 phases.

1. The aircraft takes off from an airport

2. It maintains a proper altitude in air
3. It navigates from point to point safely
4. It lands at the desired airport
Air Traffic Control Centre Functions

• The functions of air traffic control centre are classified into the
following categories.

1. Airport traffic control don't confuse it with

"air traffic control"
2. Airway traffic control
3. Airway communication
4. Non-airway traffic control (General)
Airport Traffic Control
1. To guide the aircraft, desiring to land or take off.
2. To control the taxiing of arriving and departing aircraft
between apron and runway.
3. It is taken care of by Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)
 Airway Traffic Control
• This regulates the movement of aircraft along the air route with
adequate lateral and vertical separation to avoid collision,
especially when visibility is poor.
• Provide air traffic service to A/C operating on only IFR (not VFR)
flight plans within controlled airspace.
• It is taken care of by Air Route Traffic Control Centre (ARTCC)
Airway Communication
• Deals with conveying of airway and weather information to the
pilot during the flight.
• This is normally done by ARTCC through Flight Service Stations (FSS)
located at various locations along the airways.
General or Non-Airway Traffic Control
1. Its a serious problem when personal flying is done by a
large number of people.
2. In such cases, the movement of aircraft, not flying
along the airway, must be regulated to prevent
interference to main air traffic.
Air Traffic Control Network

• The network for controlling the air traffic can be

divided in to three parts.
1. Control within terminal area
- taken care of by Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)
2. Control over airways
- taken care of by Air Route Traffic Control Centre (ARTC)
3. Airway communication
- taken care of by Flight Service Station (FSS)
Air Traffic Control Facilities
Air Traffic Control Room
Flight Operation Rules
(or Air Traffic Control Rules)

• Aircrafts operate under two basic types of flight rules

1.Visual Flight Rules (VFR Conditions)

2. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR Conditions)
**** very imp. for exam
1.Visual Flight Rules
(VFR Conditions)

 If VFR conditions prevail, the air traffic control during the route is
practically not required, since pilots can maintain desired separation by
visual aids.
2. Instrument Flight Rules
(IFR conditions)
• The IFR conditions exist, when the visibility is lower than the
limits prescribed for flight under visual flight rules. For example
during night times and bad weather conditions (cloudy or foggy).
• Rigid traffic control has to be exercised by ATC under IFR
conditions.

• The pilot, prior to his departure, prepares a flight plan which

include
1. aircraft destination 2. air route to be followed
3. the desired altitude 4. estimated time for departure

• If the flight plan is approved, no change is allowed without prior

approval of the Air traffic control centre.
Air Traffic Control Aids

• The following air traffic control aids are always available to the pilot
during the flight

1. Enroute aids or airway aids

2. Landing aids
3. Visual aids
Enroute Aids
The following aids are available to the pilot during his flight from one
airport to another
1. Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)
2. Air to ground communication
3. Airway Beacon
4. Direction Finder
a) Automatic Detection Finder (ADF)
b) Radio Detection Finder (RDF)
5. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
6. Low/Medium Frequency ratio range (LF/MF)
7. Marker Beacon
8. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)
9. Very high frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)
Landing Aids

• The following aids are available to any aircraft while landing

1. Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)
2. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
3. Instrument Landing System (ILS)
4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR) or Ground Approach Control
(GAC)
5. Approach lights
Enroute Aids:
Air Route Surveillance Radar (ASR)
• The long range radars are installed along the
airways to keep a watch on the aircraft.
• The controller gets a picture of each aircraft on the
radar screen and he is able to decide the exact
position of the aircraft.
• The effective range of radar is about 200 km.
United 93 Radar ASR-9 Track KPIT with ATC recording.mp4
Enroute Aids:
Air to Ground Communication

• The flight instructions and other relevant data will

be conveyed to pilot from the ground along the
length of the airway through FSS and ARTCC.
Enroute Aids:
Airway Beacon
• In the past, the airway beacons were placed at a
distance of about 40 km along the airway from one
airport to another airport to provide guidance to
the pilot.
• They are not existing now. They exist only certain
key locations like the hill peaks.
Enroute Aids:
Direction Finder
There are two types of direction finders.

a) Automatic Detection Finder (ADF)

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) is the modern
sophisticated equipment which keeps the antenna
pointed towards the point of transmission and it requires
no adjustment.
b) Radio Detection Finder (RDF)
The Radio Detection Finder (RDF) is to be rotated by the
pilot to find out his direction with respect to the
transmittier.
Enroute Aids:
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

• The equipment known as the Distance Measuring

Equipment (DME) has been installed at nearly all
the VOR stations.
• It indicates to the pilot the air distance between the
aircraft and a particular VOR station.
• The pilot is able to gauge his exact position by
knowing his bearing with respect to the airway.
Enroute Aids:
Low/Medium Frequency ratio range (LF/MF)
• It was invented during early1930s.
• The four course radio range sends out 4 radio beams
along 4 directions.
• This facility may be located near an airport.
• If a pilot is able to pick up a steady tone, it indicates the
correctness of the air route.
• If pilot is not on the correct route, he will hear a dot-dash
or dash-dot signal and he can adjust his position
accordingly.
• There will be difficulty of static interference.
• The reception of radio signal will be almost absent during
thunder storm.
Enroute Aids:
Marker Beacon

The small radio transmitters known as the marker

beacons are helpful to the pilot for determining his
position on a given airway.
They send coded radio signals which the pilot is able
to identify.
There is a cone of silence just above the tower of
radio range station.
As the aircraft enters the cone, the signals fade out
and remain blank until the aircraft is in the cone
area.
Enroute Aids:
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)
the horizontal angle or direction of a compass bearing.

• It measures the azimuth and distance.

• It is operated in the ultra-high frequency band.
Enroute Aids:
Very high frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)
• The most common ground system from which the bearings can be
known is the VOR.
• The VOR stations sends out signals in all directions with 1o
interval. There will be 360 routes. 0o refers to Magnetic north
• Each signal can be considered of a course or route referred to as a
radial that can be followed by an aircraft.
• The VOR receiver in the cockpit has a dial for tuning in the desired
VOR frequency.
• The pilots can select the VOR radial or route they wish to follow
to the VOR station.
• The VOR stations are usually located on a small square building
standing on an obstructed hill top or in the open grounds.
• The very high frequencies are free from static interference.
Landing Aids:
Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)

• During poor visibility conditions, the controllers experience

difficulty in regulating taxiing aircraft because they are
unable to see them.
• The ASDE gives pictorial display of runways, taxiways and
terminal area along with the position of the aircraft.
Landing Aids:
Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR)
• Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) is an instrument which
provides to the control tower operator an overall picture of
what is going on with in airspace surrounding the terminal.
• The ASR rotates through 360o and it has a range of 50 to 100
km.
• The information is received on a screen in the control tower.
• The relative horizontal positions of the aircraft are shown as
blips.
• The blips of a moving aircraft leave a luminous trail or mark
showing their direction and speed.
Landing Aids:
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
• It consists of telecommunication aids to the pilot
to enable him to approach the runway and make
a successful landing under conditions of poor
visibility even when no ground reference data is
visible.
• The ILS consists of the following two transmitted
signals which combine to form an invisible path
along which the aircraft can approach.
1. Guide Slope Antenna
2. Localiser Antenna
 Holding Fix
If the traffic is heavy on the runway,
then the aircrafts are detained at this
place known as “Holding Fix” and they
are required to keep moving with a
vertical separation of 300 m. They are
released one by one by the ARTC ( or
ATCT with approach control facilities).
Instrument Landing System
 Landing Aids:
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

• The Precision Approach Radar (PAR) or Ground Control

Approach (GCA) serves as same purpose as an ILS except
that the information is passed to the pilot through the
hearing aid.
• It contains a mobile unit.
Landing Aids:
Approach lights
• The pilot has to change from the instrument to visual
conditions as he approaches the most critical point of the
runway threshold.
• The time available for the pilot is hardly a few seconds in
which he has to make the transition and complete landing.
• To aid in making this transition with confidence, the lights
are installed on the approach to the runway as well as on the
runway themselves.
• These are known as Approach Lighting System (ALS)
GPS Air Traffic Control or Next Generation Air
Transportation System
• It is originally designated to assist soldiers in military
vehicles/planes
• The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a
new National Airspace System due for implementation across
the United States in stages between 2012 and 2025.
• NextGen proposes to transform America’s air traffic control
system from a ground-based system to a satellite-based
system.
• GPS technology will be used to shorten routes, save time and
fuel, reduce traffic delays, increase capacity, and permit
controllers to monitor and manage aircraft with greater safety
margins. Planes will be able to fly closer together, take more
direct routes and avoid delays caused by airport “stacking” as
planes wait for an open runway
 Free Flight Air Traffic Control

• Free Flight is a new concept.

• True free flight eliminates the need for Air Traffic
Control (ATC) operators by giving the responsibility
to the pilot in control.
• This gives the pilot the ability to change trajectory
in mid flight.
• With the aid of computer systems and/or ATC,
pilots will be able to make more flight path
decisions independently.
Airways
• An airway is a legally defined corridor that connects one
specified location to another at a specified altitude, along
which an aircraft that meets the requirements of the
airway may be flown. Airways are defined with segments
within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and
between fixed geographic coordinates for satellite
navigation systems, or between ground-based radio
transmitter navigational aids (navaids) (such as VORs) or
the intersection of specific radials of two navaids.
• There are two types of airways
1. Low Altitude routes or Victor routes
2. High Altitude routes or Jet routes
Low Altitude routes or Victor routes

• Low Altitude routes Serve primarily smaller piston engine,

propeller driven airplanes on shorter routes and at lower
altitudes. Airways start at 1,200 feet above ground level
(AGL) and extend upward to an altitude of 17,500 feet mean
sea level (MSL).

• Low Altitude airways are called "Victor" (V) airways, because

they run primarily between VORs, and the phonetic alphabet
term for "V" is Victor. Airways can be found on enroute low
altitude charts and have names like V240 or V37.
High Altitude Routes or Jet Routes

• High Altitude routes actually called jet routes primarily

serve airliners, jets, turboprops, and turbocharged piston
aircraft operating over longer distances at altitudes of
18,000 feet MSL or higher. Jet routes start at 18,000 feet
mean sea level (MSL) and extend upward to FL450 MSL. Jet
routes can be found on enroute high altitude charts and
have names like J42 or J121.
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
 Visual Aids 1 full set question in exam

When approaching the airport, the pilots require the help of

visual aids for carrying out landing operation.

There are two important types of Visual Aids. They are

1. Airport Markings
2. Airport Lighting
 Airport Markings

The runways, taxiways and other allied components

of the airport should be properly marked so that
they can be easily interpreted by the pilot who is
negotiating at a considerable height.
 Types of Markings

There are 6 types of Airport Markings

1. Runway Marking
2. Taxiway Marking
3. Shoulder Marking
4. Apron Markings
5. Landing Direction Indicator
6. Wind Direction Indicator
 Runway Markings

• Following markings are made on the runways

1. Runway centre-line marking

2. Runway edge stripes
3. Touch down zone marking
4. Threshold marking
5. Displaced threshold marking
6. Runway numbering
7. Two or more parallel runways
 Runway centre-line marking
• It is represented by a broken line along the entire length as shown in
figure.
• Its width is 90 cm.
 Runway edge stripes

• The runway edge stripes are normally marked.

• But when the runway width exceeds 45 m, the side

stripes in the form of long continuous lines 90 cm
wide may be marked near the edges as shown in
figure.
Runway Markings
Perspective view of a Runway
 Touch Down Zone Marking

• The runway touch down zone or landing zone is indicated by a series

of stripes arranged symmetrically about the centre-line with their
number decreasing gradually in the direction of landing as shown in
figure.
 Threshold Marking

• The runway threshold is indicated by a series of

parallel lines starting from a distance of 6 m from
the runway end.

• The threshold markings are in the form of stripes

3.6 m wide spaced at 0.9 m clear and placed
symmetrically on either side of the runway centre-
line.
Runway Threshold Marking
 Displaced Threshold Marking

• At some airports, it is desirable to displace the

runway threshold on a permanent basis.

• A displaced threshold is one which has been moved

a certain distance from the end of the runway.
Displaced Threshold Marking
 Runway numbering

• The end of each runway is marked with a number which

indicates the magnetic azimuth (i.e. the angle measured in a
clockwise direction from the north of the runway in the
direction of landing).

• Thus the east end of an east-west runway would be marked

27 (for 270o) and the west end 9 (for 90o)
Runway Numbering
 Two or More Parallel Runways

• When there are more than one runway in the same

direction, the following letters are added to the azimuth
numbers.

Two parallel runways - L, R

Three parallel runways - L, C, R
 Taxiway Marking

• A single continuous 15 cm yellow stripe is used to mark the

centre line of the taxiway.
• At the intersections of the taxiways with the runway ends,
the centre line of the taxiway is terminated at the edge of
the runway.
• All other intersections of the taxiways with runways, the
centre line of the taxiway is extended to the centre line of
the runway.
• A holding line marking is painted at all the intersections of
the paved taxiways with runways.
• At the taxiway intersection, the centre line markings of the
taxiway continue through the intersection area.
 Taxiway Marking
• At the intersections of the taxiways with the runway
ends, the centre line of the taxiway is terminated at the
edge of the runway.
 Taxiway Marking
• All other intersections of the taxiways with runways, the centre line
of the taxiway is extended to the centre line of the runway.
• A holding line marking is painted at all the intersections of the paved
taxiways with runways.
 Taxiway Marking

• At the taxiway intersection, the centre line markings of the

taxiway continue through the intersection area.
 Shoulder Marking
• The shoulders on the edges of a runway and taxiway are paved
but they are not capable of withstanding loads
• A paved blast pad about 45 m to 60 m in length is provided
adjacent to the runway end to prevent erosion of the soil.
• The paved area of the blast pad is not designed to support the
aircraft loads , but it may have the appearance of being so
designed.
• The paint used is yellow.
• Runway shoulders are marked with diagnol stripes each having
a width of 90 cm.
• The taxiway and holding apron shoulders are marked with
stripes at right angles to the direction of travel of aircraft.
• The blast pad is marked with V shaped or chevron pattern
marks.
Shoulder Marking
 Landing Direction Indicator

• To indicate the landing direction, an arrow or a tee

is placed at the centre of a segmented circle.
• It indicates to the pilot the direction of the active
runway of the airport.
• It is painted by orange or white color for being
spotted with during day time and is lighted during
night time.
• It is fixed at a distinct place.
Landing Direction Indicator
 Landing Direction Indicator
along with Wind Direction Indicator
 Wind Direction Indicator

memorise it

• The direction from which the wind blows is indicated at the

airport by a wind cone.
• It is placed with in a segmented circle together with landing
direction indicator.
• Wind cone length should not be less than 3.6m and its
diameter should not be less than 90 cm.
Wind Direction Indicator
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
 Airport Lighting

• It is essential to provide adequate lighting in the airport

during night for clear visibility of centre lines, edges and
thresholds of runways, taxiways, aprons and hangars etc.

• In order to achieve uniformity and to guide the pilots for

using the airport for which he may not be familiar, the
colors and general arrangement of the airport lights for all
civil airports have been standardized.
• Some of the major airports may contain nearly 30000 lights.
• The bulbs should be checked regularly and the faulty bulbs
are to be replaced immediately.
Factors Affecting Airport Lighting

The various factors affecting airport lighting are given below.

1. Airport Classification
2. Amount of Traffic
3. Availability of Power
4. Nature of aircraft using the airport
5. Type of Night Operations Planned
6. Type of Landing Surfaces Provided
7. Weather Conditions etc.
 Airport Lighting

There are 9 elements of Airport Lighting.

1. Airport Beacon
2. Boundary Lighting
3. Approach Lighting
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSl8iIpeHEk

4. Threshold Lighting
5. Runway Lighting
6. Taxiway Lighting
7. Apron and Hangar Lighting
8. Lighting of Landing Direction Indicator
9. Lighting of Wind Direction Indicator
 Airport Beacon

• A Beacon is a strong beam of light which is used to indicate

any geographical location.

• The rotating airport beacon gives out white and green

flashes in the horizontal direction 180o apart.

• It rotates at 6 revolutions per minute and is usually mounted

over the top of terminal building or hangar.
 Boundary Lighting

• The entire boundary of the airfield is provided with lights at

a centre to centre distance of about 90 m with a height of
about 75 cm form the ground.

• When fence is provided, they can be placed at 3 m distance.

• To indicate hazardous approach, they are normally in red

color.
important Approach Lighting

• Before the runway actually begins, there is a sequence of

high-intensity lighting arrangement for a length of 900 m.
• These lights then give way to touch down zone lights from
the threshold lighting.

• There are two types of arrangements for approach lighting

1. Culvert system - widely used in Europe

2. ICAO system - widely used in US
 Culvert System of
Runway Approach Lighting
• In culvert system, the approach lights are provided along the centre line
for a length of 900 m from the threshold.
• The number of rows of lights will be decreasing in the direction of
landing as shown in figure.
• Number of transverse bars: There are 6 transverse rows of lights of
variable length placed at a centre to centre distance of 150 m.
• Roll guidance: The roll guidance is principally provided by the
transverse rows of lights.
 ICAO System of
Runway Approach Lighting
1. Number of transverse crossbars:
In ICAO system, there is only one crossbar 300 m
from the threshold.

2. Roll Guidance:
In ICAO system, the roll guidance is provided by bars
4.2 m in length, placed at 30 m centre to centre on the
extended centre-line of the runway and a single crossbar
300 m from the threshold.
The 4.2 m long bars consist of five closely spaced
lights to give the effect of a continuous bar of light.
 ICAO System of
Runway Approach Lighting
 Threshold Lighting

• The identification of runway threshold is a major factor

for the decision of the pilot to land or not to land.
• For this reason, the region near the threshold is given
special lighting treatment.
• At large airports, the threshold is identified by a complete
line of green lights extending across the entire width of
the runway.
• The threshold lights in the direction of landing are green
and in the opposite direction, they are red to indicate the
end of runway.
• They must be of semi-flash type i.e. protruding not more
than 12 cm above the surface. projecting
 Threshold lighting at Small Airports

• At small airports, the threshold is identified by 4

lights on each side of the threshold.

• They can be of elevated type i.e. protruding more

than 12 cm above the surface
 Runway Lighting

• After crossing the threshold, the pilot must complete a

touch down and roll out on the runway.
• The planning of the runway lighting is carried out in such a
way that the pilot gets enough information on alignment,
lateral displacement, roll and distance.
• Earlier, night landings were made by flood-lighting the
entire runway area.
• The more precise runway lighting arrangement which is now
commonly used on all the major airports is known as the
narrow gauge pattern.
• It makes use of the centre-line and touch down zone lights
for operations in very poor visibility.
 Black Hole Effect

• As the pilot crosses the threshold and continues to look

along the centre-line, the principal source of guidance,
namely, the edge lights have moved far to each side in their
peripheral vision.
• As a result, the central area appears excessively black and
the pilot is virtually flying blind except for the peripheral
reference information.
• This is known as “black hole effect”.
 Narrow gauge pattern for runway lighting
• To eliminate the black hole effect by increasing the intensity of
edge lights was proved ineffective.
• Therefore, the narrow gauge pattern of runway lighting is
introduced in which the central portion gets illuminated and the
black hole effect is partly illuminated.
• The narrow gauge pattern forms a channel of light 18 m width up
to 1140 m from the threshold and beyond this distance, the
closely spaced lights are placed along the centre-line of the
runway extending up to the other end of the runway.
• All the lights provided on the runway are white in color and of
flush type. (i.e. they do not protrude more than 1 cm above the
surface of the pavement)
• The runway edge lights are of elevated type and they are white in
color except for the last 600 m of an instrument runway facing the
pilot which are of yellow color to indicate a caution zone.
Narrow gauge pattern
for Runway Lighting
 Taxiway Lighting
1. For normal exits, the centre line lights are terminated
at the edge of the runway.
2. At taxiway configurations, the lights continue across
the intersections.
3. They are placed at a distance of 6 m to 7.5 m along the
straight length and 3 m to 3.6 m along the curves.
4. The edge lights should not extend more than 75 cm
above the pavement surface.
5. The exits from the runways should be so lighted that
the pilots are able to locate the exits 360 m to 400 m
ahead of the point of turn.
6. The taxiway edge lights are blue and the taxiway
centre-line lights are green.
Taxiway Lighting
 Apron and Hangar Lighting

• Apron and Hangars are provided with flood lighting

system in order to facilitate servicing loading and
unloading.
• The light source is so mounted that it does not
cause glare in the eyes of the pilots, the service
personnel or the passengers.
• It is recommended that flood lights should be
mounted at least 12 m (40 ft) above the pavement.
 Lighting of Landing Direction Indicator

• The landing direction indicator usually a tee or

arrow is illuminated with suitable lighting
arrangement so that it is visible to the pilot during
night also.
Lighting of Wind Direction Indicator

• The wind direction

indicator is illuminated
by 4 x 200 watts angle
reflectors placed 1.8 m
above the top of the
cone for providing a
continuous lighting at
any position of the cone,
so that it can be used
during night or bad
weather condition.
Thanks!
 CE 455: Transportation Engineering IV: Pavement
Management, Drainage and Airport
2.00 credit, 2 hrs/week
By
Dr. Md. Hadiuzzaman
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET
Air Safety

• Every day, more than 1000 flights take to the sky and land without
incident.
• But some times accidents may also occur as was happened in the case of
previous years.
• International Air Transport Association has established a safety group
(SG) and Operations Committee (OPC) in close cooperation with the
member airlines and Strategic Partners in 2013.
• This group has formulated a Six Point Safety Strategy as a comprehensive
approach to identify organizational, operational and emerging safety
issues.
• The Strategy focuses in six key areas.
 Air Safety & Regulation issues
The IATA Safety group 6 point safety strategy includes:
1. Reduce Operational Risk
The area of reducing operational risks comprises safety
issues related to:

1. Runway Safety (Debris on runway eg. Hail or dust)

2. Misleading information (misinformed printed doc)
3. Faulty instrument
4. Ice & Snow
5. Engine failure
6. Structural failure due to metal fatigue
7. Bird Strike
8. Volcanic ash
9. Pilot error
10. Resource Mismanagement
Air Safety

11. Improper communication

12. Electromagnetic Influence
13. Loss of Control In-flight
14. Controlled Flight Into Terrain
15. Collisions
16. Software programming problem
17. Virus Problem
Safety and Regulation Issues

2. Enhance Quality and Compliance

3. Advocate for Improved Aviation Infrastructure
• Phasing out NDB/VOR approaches and accelerating the implementation
of approaches with vertical guidance (APV)
• Airport (runway & ramp infrastructure)
• Air Navigation harmonization and standardization
4. Support Consistent Implementation of Safety Management System
• implementing the Safety Management System (SMS)
• Safety performance monitoring
• Analysis and dissemination of information
• Safety promotion and facilitation
Safety and Regulation Issues

5. Support Effective Recruitment and Training

• Air Traffic Control (ATC)

• Next Generation of Aviation Professionals (N G A P)
• Ground Handling Agents (GHA)
• The IATA Training and Qualification Initiative (ITQI) should modernize and
harmonize the training of existing and future generations of pilots and
maintenance technicians.
Air Safety & Regulation Issues

6. Identify and Address Emerging Safety Issues

• Identifying and addressing safety issues related to:
• Restrictions on transportation of Lithium Batteries
• Safe Integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
• GNSS signal interference – GNSS jamming and Space weather –
Global Navigation Satellite System is particularly prone to
unintended and malicious Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) due
to the extremely low power level of the signal
• Laser attacks - Pointing a laser at an aircraft can be hazardous to
pilots and has resulted in arrests.
Other Regulation Issues

1. Lease procedures of airports

2. Restriction on ownership and control of airport infrastructures
3. Building control
4. Environmental Management Regulations
5. Economic Regulations
Legislation

1. Airports Act - 1996

2. Airports Regulations – 1997
3. Building controls Regulations – 1997
4. Environmental Protection Act – 1997
5. Protection of airspace - 1997
6. Sydney airport demand management act – 1997
7. Sydney airport demand management Regulations – 1997
8. Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act -
1999
Thanks!