COMPILED BY :-

HARSHITA KANKANE
SHWETA
GHANSHANI
JYOTI THAPAR
NITESH DAGA
ANUPAM DUBEY
 INTRODUCTION
Transport is the movement of the people or goods
from one location to the other. There are various
modes of transportation including air, water and road.
Transportation requires infrastructure like if you
transport via road then you need vehicles and roads.
With the advancements in technology and
infrastructure, transportation has become very easier
and people can transport their goods very easily even
across the national boundaries.
Radio Taxi in Bangalore An auto rickshaw in
Calangute ,Goa.

A cycle rickshaw on the

streets of Delhi

Tram in Kolkata Buses on the Delhi BRT

 What is transportation ??
•transportation system: a facility consisting of the means and equipment
necessary for the movement of passengers or goods

• the act of moving something from one location to another

fare: the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance

• Department of Transportation: the United States federal department that

institutes and coordinates national transportation programs; created in 1966

• the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials

• exile: the act of expelling a person from their native land; "men in exile
dream of hope"; "his deportation to a penal colony"; "the expatriation of
wealthy farmers"; "the sentence was one of transportation for life"
Transportation is the movement of people and goods from
one location to another. Modes of transports include air, rail,
road, water, cable ,pipeline, and space. The field can be divided
into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations
necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways,
waterways, canals, and pipelines, and terminals such as airports,,
railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals,
refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and
seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of
passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles,

bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft.
Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and
the procedures set for this purpose including financing,
legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations
and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or
private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide

scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become
focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used
for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an
important part in economic growth and globalization, but
most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land
While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning
of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain
urban sprawl..
 TYPES OF
TRANSPORTATION
1 1. TRANSPORTATION BY SHIP

2.TRANSPORTATION BY AIR

3.TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL

4. TRANSPORTATION BY ROAD

5. MULTIMODAL
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION BY SHIPS :-
Ship transport is watercraft carrying people
(passengers) or goods (cargo). Sea transport
has been the largest carrier of freight
throughout recorded history. Although the
importance of sea travel for passengers has
decreased due to aviation, it is effective for
short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by
water is cheaper than transport by air.
Ship transport can be over any distance by boat,
ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes,
through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for
commerce, recreation or the military. Virtually any
material that can be moved, can be moved by water.
Water transport becomes impractical when material
delivery is highly time-critical. "General cargo" is
goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels.
Containerization revolutionized ship transport in the
1960s. When a cargo is carried in more than one
mode, it is intermodal or co-modal.
Cargo ships ,used for transport of goods .
 Ships and watercraft :-
 Bulk carriers, such as the Sabrina I seen
here, are cargo ships used to transport bulk
cargo items such as ore or food staples (rice,
grain, etc.) and similar cargo. It can be
recognized by the large box-like hatches on its
deck, designed to slide outboard for loading.
A bulk carrier could be either dry or wet. Most
lakes are too small to accommodate bulk
ships, but a large fleet of lake freighters has
been plying the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence
Seaway of North America for over a century.
Container ships are cargo ships that
carry their entire load in truck-size
containers, in a technique called
containerization. They form a common
means of commercial intermodal freight
transport. Informally known as "box
boats," they carry the majority of the
world's dry cargo. Most container ships
are propelled by diesel engines, and
have crews of between 10 and 30
people. They generally have a large
accommodation block at the stern,
directly above the engine room.
Tankers are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such
as crude oil , petroleum products, liquefied petroleum
gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals , also vegetable
oils , wine and other food - the tanker sector comprises
one third of the world tonnage.
Coastal trading vessels, also known as coasters, are
shallow-hulled ships used for trade between locations on
the same island or continent. Their shallow hulls mean
that they can get through reefs where sea-going ships
usually cannot (sea-going ships have a very deep hull for
supplies and trade etc.).
 MERITS:

1.) Cheapest traffic means

2.) Most important in security of nation
3.) Plays important role in international trade.
4.) Possesses high load carrying capacity.
5.) Requires cheap motor powers than for
airplanes.
6.) Does not require any special
infrastructure like roads, and airports.

7.) Brings many countries together.

 DEMERITS :-

1.)Slow in speed
2.)More chances of attack on boat sailing
through
3.)Only can be used when sufficient water is
available.
4.)In deep sea if boat gets in to storm, it
becomes difficult to rescue.
5.)In waterfalls having
much drafts ,water
transportation does
not works.

6.)Special
maintenance for water
tightness of boat is
required.
 TRANSPORTATION BY AIR :-
Air transport being the most modern and the quickest mode of transport
has been gaining popularity. However, the exorbitant rates have made it the
mode of travel of the rich or of the business community for whom time is
more expensive than air travel. But the entry of private Airlines and their
various schemes have reduced airfare drastically. The recent tax relaxation
on air fuel and such sops will further make air travel within the reach of a
greater section of the Indian Populace.

India had bilateral air services agreements with 93 countries as on May 31,
1999. Air India Limited is the major international carrier of the country. It
operates services to USA Europe, the Russian Confederation, the
Gulf/Middle East, East Asia, Far East and Africa. Air India owns a fleet of 26
aircraft consisting of six B-747-200, two B747-300,seven B747-400, three A
300-B4 and eight A 310-300 aircraft. During 1998-99, Air India carried 3.15
million passengers as against 3.06 million in 1997-98.
Indian Airlines is the major domestic air carrier of the
country. It operates to 57 domestic stations (including
Alliance Air operations) and 17 international stations
in 14 countries, viz., Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Singapore,
UAE, Oman, Myanmar, Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain. Its
operations, including Alliance Air cover 76
destinations including 16 abroad. The Airlines owns a
fleet of eleven A-300, thirty A-320, twelve B-737 and
three Dornier -228 aircraft. All Boeing B- 737 aircrafts
are being operated by its wholly owned subsidiary
Alliance Air.
The development of airports is no longer solely under
the public sector; instead private participation is
allowed and encouraged. An International green field
airport has been developed in Cochin, Kerala, with
contributions from NRIs and loans from financial
institutions. Approval for the reconstruction of four
Metro Airports ( Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai)
has been given to make them world class. New
International airports are to be set up in Bangalore,
Hyderabad and Goa with the help of the private sector.
 Merits :-
1.) High Speed:
Air transport is the fastest mode of transport and therefore
suitable carriage of goods over a long distance requiring less time.
There is no substitute for air transport when the transport of
goods is required urgently.

2.) Quick Service:

Air transport provides comfortable, efficient and quick transport
service. It is regarded as best mode of transport for transporting
perishable goods.
3.) No Infrastructure Investment: Air transport does not give
emphasis on construction of tracks like railways. As no capital
investment in surface track is needed, it is a less costly mode of
transport.

4.) Easy Access: Air transport is regarded as the only means of

transport in those areas which are not easily accessible to other
modes of transport. It is therefore accessible to all areas regardless
the obstruction of land.

5.) No Physical Barrier: Air transport is free from physical barriers

because it follows the shortest and direct routes where seas,
mountains and forests do not obstruct.
6.) Natural Route: Aircrafts travels to any place without
any natural obstacles or barriers. Because the custom
formalities are compiled very quickly. It avoids delay in
obtaining clearance.

7.) National Defense: It plays a significant role in the

national defense of the country because modern wars are
conducted with the help of aero planes. Airways has a
upper hand a destroying the enemy in a short period.
 DEMERITS :-
Inspire of many advantages air transport has a number of disadvantages.
These disadvantages are:

1.)Risky: Air transport is the most risky form of transport because a minor
accident may put a substantial loss to the goods, passengers and the crew.
The chances of accidents are greater in comparison to other modes of
transport.

2.)Very Costly: Air transport is regarded as the costliest mode of transport.

The operating cost of aero-planes are higher and it involves a great deal of
expenditure on the construction of aerodromes and aircraft. Because of this
reason the fare of air transport are so high that it becomes beyond the reach
the common people.
3.) Small Carrying Capacity: The aircrafts have small carrying
capacity and therefore these are not suitable for carrying bulky and
cheaper goods. the load capacity cannot be increased as it is found
in case of rails.

4.) Unreliable. Most of the air transport are uncertain and the
unreliable because these are controlled by weather condition. It is
seriously affected by adverse weather conditions. Fog, snow and
heavy rain weather may cause cancellation of some flights.

5.) Huge Investment: Air transport requires huge investment for

construction and maintenance of aerodromes. It also requires
trained, experienced and skilled personnel which involves a
substantial investment.
AIR TRANSPORT COST :-
TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL :-
Rail transport is the means of conveyance of
passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles
running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport,
where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail
vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they
run on. Track usually consists of steel rails installed on
sleepers/ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock,
usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. However, other
variations are also possible, such as slab track where the
rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a
prepared subsurface.
Rolling stock in railway transportation systems generally has
lower frictional resistance when compared with highway
vehicles, and the carriages and wagons can be coupled into
longer trains. The operation is carried out by a Railway
company, providing transport between train stations or freight
customer facilities. Power is provided by Locomotives which
either draw electrical power from a railway electrification
system or produce their own power, usually by diesel engines.
Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system. Railways
are a safe land transportation systems when compared to other
forms of transportation. Railway transportation is capable of
high levels of passenger and cargo utilization and energy
efficiency, but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive
than highway transportation is, when lower traffic levels are
considered.
 MERITS:-

1.) Capacity: it allows the transport of large

quantities over long distances.
2.) Low cost.
3.) Flexibility, as it enables transport of a wide
variety of merchandise.
4.) Low accident rate, second only to air
transport.
5.) It is a quick and more regular form of transport
because it helps in the transportation of goods with
speed and certainty.
6.) It helps in the industrialization process of a country
by easy transportation of coal and raw-materials at a
cheaper rate.
7.) It helps in the quick movement of goods from one
place to another at the time of emergencies like famines
and scarcity.
8.) It encourages mobility of labour and thereby
provides a great scope for employment.
9.) The carrying capacity of the railways is extremely
large. Moreover, its capacity is elastic which can easily
be increased by adding more wagons.

10.) Railway is the safest form of transport. The

chances of accidents and breakdown of railways are
minimum as compared to other modes of transport.
Moreover, the traffic can be protected from the
exposure to sun, rain snow etc.
 DEMERITS:-
1.) Dependence on infrastructure. The accessibility of the railway is
limited by the number of lines and railheads for loading and unloading.

2.) Clearance. The dimensions of the merchandise must not extend

beyond the wagon as it has to clear bridges and tunnels.

3.) The railway requires a large investment of capital. The cost of

construction, maintenance and overhead expenses are very high as
compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the investments are
specific and immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the
investments may mean wastage of huge resources.
4.) Another disadvantages of railway transport is its
inflexibility. It routes and timings cannot be adjusted to
individual requirements.
5.) Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is
tied to a particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading
involves greater cost, more wear and tear and wastage of
time. The time cost of terminal operations are a great
disadvantage of rail transport.
6.) As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give rise
to monopolies and work against public interest at large. Even
if controlled and managed by the government, lack of
competition may breed in inefficiency and high costs.
7.) Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for
short distances and small traffic of goods.

8.) It involves much time and labor in booking and taking

delivery of goods through railways as compared to motor
transport.

9.) Because of huge capital requirements and traffic,

railways cannot be operated economically in rural areas.
Thus, large rural areas have no railway even today. This
causes much inconvenience to the people living in rural
areas.
 Transportation by road :-
The first methods of road transport were horses , oxen or even
humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed
game trails . As commerce increased, the tracks were often
flattened or widened to accommodate the activities. Later, the
travois , a frame used to drag loads, was developed. The wheel
came still later, probably preceded by the use of logs as
rollers. Early stone-paved roads were built in Mesopotamia
and the Indus Valley Civilization. The Persians later built a
network of Royal Roads across their empire.
 Road transport occupies a significant place in
country's transport system. Roads are the most
convenient way of transporting goods even if to the
interior parts of the world. Road transport may be
effected by bullocks, buffaloes, horses and
mechanical power. Like road transport, railway
transport also plays a significant role because 80
.percent of the goods transported in our country is
effected through railways.
Transport on roads can be roughly grouped into two
categories: transportation of goods and transportation of
people. In many countries licensing requirements and
safety regulations ensure a separation of the two industries.
The nature of road transportation of goods depends, apart
from the degree of development of the local infrastructure,
on the distance the goods are transported by road, the
weight and volume of the individual shipment and the type
of goods transported. For short distances and light, small
shipments a van or pickup truck may be used. For large
shipments even if less than a full truckload (Less than
truckload) a truck is more appropriate.
Legal aspects
The transport of goods by road is regulated by the Convention on the
Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (Geneva,
1956).

Documentation
The convention establishes a uniform type of contract, the CMR, which
contains the conditions agreed upon by the carrier and the consigner.

The functions of the CMR are:

Contract of carriage
Proof of delivery of the merchandise

Contracting
In road transport you can contract full loads, that is, the entire capacity
of a lorry for a single consigner from the point of origin to the
destination. If your volume of goods is low, you can make a less-than-
load shipment and pay only for the space occupied.
 MERITS:-
1.)Cost: The cost of transport of goods and passengers over
a long distance is comparatively cheap in case of railway
transport. This mode of transport is unsuited and
uneconomical for short distance travel and transport of
goods of small value. The cost of transportation of goods
over a short distance is less in road transport because it saves
a lot on packing cost and expenses on several handling.

2.)Speed: Railway transport are best suited for long

distance traffic. Road transport is quicker over short
distance because goods are loaded directly to the motor and
transported to the place of destination.
3.) Special Services: Now-a-days a number of special services
like warehousing, loading and unloading are provided by
various transport agencies. Certain road transport
organizations provide cold storage facility whereas railways
have started special services or containers services.

4.) Nature of Commodity: Road transport is suitable for

carrying of perishable goods which require quick delivery.
Railway transport is suitable for transportation of bulky, heavy
and cheap goods over a long distance.

5.) Distance: Road transport is suitable for carriage of goods

and people over a short distance whereas railways are quicker
and economical and are best suited for carrying heavy goods
over a long distance.
6.) Safety: Goods are exposed to a great deal of losses. The losses
to goods on account of transportation is comparatively lesser in
road transport. Because of this reason, road transport is
preferred to railway transport system.

7.) Capital Investment: The capital investment of road

transport is less as compared to railway transport.

8.) Flexibility: Road transport is more flexible because its route

and timing can be adjusted to suit the individual requirement. It
can provide door-to-door service because it is flexible. Railway
transport cannot ensure door to door service and are made on a
particular track of rails. So it is not flexible.
 DEMERITS:-

• Transport subject to traffic delays

• Transport subject to breakdown
• Goods susceptible to damage through careless driving
• Bad weather
• Driving regulations can cause delays
• Pollutes the environment
• Less safe than alternatives
• Can be expensive where there are congestion or road
charges
 MULTIMODAL TRNSPORTATION :
1.) The concept of international multimodal transport covers the
door-to-door movement of goods under the responsibility of a
single transport operator. Although the concept might not be
new, it developed with the container revolution initiated in the
late 50's by Malcolm McLean and his trucking operations.

2.) The emergence of the container technology and of the

multimodal transport concept came from and facilitated
growing international trade. Trade and transport are
inextricably linked: efficient transport services are a prerequisite
to successful trading.
3.) International transport generally implies the use of
various transport links (interfaces and modes), each link
corresponding to a transfer, storage or transport operation
either in the country of origin, in a transit country, or in the
country of final destination.

4.) This situation has created a number of problems over the

years, as more and more shippers are realizing that this new
concept is involving the effective participation of various
transport mode operators but does not always make clear
who is responsible for delivering cargo at destination in safe
conditions, according to agreed schedules.
5.) Considering the variety of cultures, languages and commercial
practices at both ends of a trade, and the resulting complexity of
assembling such an international transport operation, it would appear
reasonable to a trader to let one qualified operator organize and be
responsible and accountable for the entire transport chain.

6.) Multimodal transport implies the safe and efficient movement of

goods, where the MTO accepts the corresponding responsibility from
door-to-door. With technological development of transport means and
operations, as well as in communications, coupled with liberalization in
the provision of services, more and more transport operators are able to
provide such safe and efficient transport. These services are increasingly
market-segment oriented rather than transport mode oriented.

7.) The absence of international rules governing the successive carriage of

goods resulted in peculiar problems in the matter of carriers'
responsibility and the liability for loss of or damage to the goods
occurring in the course of a multimodal transport operation.
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QUESTIONS ????