Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 22 views

    Phase Transformations in Materials: Concepts: Nucleation Rate, Growth, Transformation Rate, Phase Fraction

    Uploaded by

    navish
    The document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers concepts of nucleation rate, growth, and transformation rate. Nucleation rate depends on the temperature difference from the melting point, interfacial energy, and the free energy change required to form a critical nucleus. The nucleation rate gives the number of nuclei formed per unit time and volume. After nucleation, the second stage is growth, where the stable phase grows until the parent phase is exhausted. Growth proceeds via atoms jumping from the parent to the stable phase. The growth rate depends on temperature. The overall transformation rate is the product of the nucleation rate and growth rate, and depends on both. It gives the fraction of transformation per

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Phase Transformations in Materials: Concepts: Nucleation Rate, Growth, Transformation Rate, Phase Fraction

    Uploaded by

    navish
    22 views23 pages
    The document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers concepts of nucleation rate, growth, and transformation rate. Nucleation rate depends on the temperature difference from the melting point, interfacial energy, and the free energy change required to form a critical nucleus. The nucleation rate gives the number of nuclei formed per unit time and volume. After nucleation, the second stage is growth, where the stable phase grows until the parent phase is exhausted. Growth proceeds via atoms jumping from the parent to the stable phase. The growth rate depends on temperature. The overall transformation rate is the product of the nucleation rate and growth rate, and depends on both. It gives the fraction of transformation per

    Original Description:

    APL

    Original Title

    Lecture 40 11Nov17

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers concepts of nucleation rate, growth, and transformation rate. Nucleation rate depends on the temperature difference from the melting point, interfacial energy, and the free energy change required to form a critical nucleus. The nucleation rate gives the number of nuclei formed per unit time and volume. After nucleation, the second stage is growth, where the stable phase grows until the parent phase is exhausted. Growth proceeds via atoms jumping from the parent to the stable phase. The growth rate depends on temperature. The overall transformation rate is the product of the nucleation rate and growth rate, and depends on both. It gives the fraction of transformation per

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views23 pages

    Phase Transformations in Materials: Concepts: Nucleation Rate, Growth, Transformation Rate, Phase Fraction

    Uploaded by

    navish
    The document discusses phase transformations in materials. It covers concepts of nucleation rate, growth, and transformation rate. Nucleation rate depends on the temperature difference from the melting point, interfacial energy, and the free energy change required to form a critical nucleus. The nucleation rate gives the number of nuclei formed per unit time and volume. After nucleation, the second stage is growth, where the stable phase grows until the parent phase is exhausted. Growth proceeds via atoms jumping from the parent to the stable phase. The growth rate depends on temperature. The overall transformation rate is the product of the nucleation rate and growth rate, and depends on both. It gives the fraction of transformation per

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    IIT Delhi

    APL 102

    Phase transformations in Materials


    Concepts: Nucleation rate, growth, transformation rate, phase fraction

    Lecture 40
    Recap
    IIT Delhi Phase transformations
    Driving force for solidification
    Embryo, critical nuclei and super critical nuclei
    T 2  Tm
    g (T )  hm r*  
    f , r for the formation of critical nuclei
    * *
    Tm T hm
    2 16   3 16   3Tm2
    r*   f *  f * , r * depend on T f * 
    g 3 ( g ) 2 3 (T ) 2 (hm ) 2
    Heterogeneous nucleation T

    2 L
    rhetero  
    *

    g
    4  L
    3

    f *
    hetero  
    3 g 2

    2  3Cos  Cos 3
     

    f hetero
    *

    1 *
    4

    f homo 2  3Cos  Cos 3 
    IIT Delhi
    Question for thought

    What will give the no./amount of such nuclei that form


    per unit time?
    IIT Delhi
    Nucleation rate (dN/dt, number of
    nucleation events per unit time)
    — Homogenous nucleation

    The process of nucleation and growth is dynamic in nature


    IIT Delhi
    It is the rate at which critical sized nuclei becomes supercritical
    f * 
    Number of critical sized nuclei (particle): N *  N t exp  
     KT 

    The rate of successful addition of an atom to a critical sized particle


     H d 
     '  v s * exp   
     KT 

    Hd = activation energy for diffusive jump


    from liquid to the solid phase

    s* = no. of liquid phase atoms facing the


    critical sized particle (or interface)

     = atomic vibration frequency


    Nucleation rate
    IIT Delhi
    No. of critical sized x Frequency with which they
    Rate of nucleation = particles become supercritical

    dN  f *   H d 
       
    I  kT 
    dt N *  Nt e  
     '  s * e  kT 

    No. of particles/volume in L  → lattice vibration frequency (~1013 /s)

    s* atoms of the liquid facing the nucleus

    Critical sized nucleus

    Jump taking particle to supercriticality


    → nucleated (enthalpy of activation = Hd)

    Critical sized nucleus


    Nucleation rate
    IIT Delhi

     f *  H d 
     

    kT
    I  Nt s  e*  

    f* reaches to negligible value as compared to Hd


    IIT Delhi
    Question for thought

    What do the nucleation rate depend on?


    Nucleation rate vs. Temp.
    IIT Delhi

    Tm

    Increasing T
    T (K) →

    0
    I →

    f* reaches to negligible value as compared to Hd


    IIT Delhi
    Question for thought

    What is the second stage after nucleation in phase


    transformation?
    IIT Delhi

    Growth:
    Step-II in phase transformation
    IIT Delhi

    Nucleation Growth of 
    Transformation
    = of stable + till
    L→  phase L is
    exhausted

    Growth
    We must recognize that nucleation is ‘uphill’
    in ‘g’ process, while growth is ‘downhill’ in ‘g’
    Growth
    IIT Delhi

     Growth of particle whose size r > r* : Jumping of atoms


     Growth proceeds below the transformation temperature, wherein the
    activation barrier for the reverse jump is higher

     Hd
    Hd – vatom gv

    L phase

     phase

    Probability of forward jump is much more than the reverse jump


    Growth
    IIT Delhi

    H d H d  vg
    J For  exp( ) J Back  exp( )
    KT KT
    Lets assume proportionality constant is same for both then

    J Net  J For  J Back

    H d vg
    J Net  A exp( )[1  exp( )]
    KT KT
    Temperature dependence of the growth rate
    IIT Delhi

    Tm Maximum of growth rate usually


    U at higher temperature than
    maximum of nucleation rate
    Increasing T

    I Nucleation rate curve


    superimposed on growth
    rate curve
    T (K) →

    0
    Rate: U , I
    IIT Delhi

    As stated earlier the process of nucleation and


    growth go hand in hand. So overall transformation
    rate will be the product of two
    IIT Delhi
    Question for thought

    What do the transformation rate depend on?


    Transformation rate  f (Nucleation rate, Growth rate)
    IIT Delhi

    dX 
    T  f (I , U )
    dt
    Tm
    Increasing T U

    I
    T (K) →

    0
    I, U, T →
    Experimental Measurement
    IIT Delhi

    Fraction transformed as a function of time


    X
    Slow due to final
    impingement

    Slow due to very


    few nuclei

    t
    ts tf

    Incubation period: Takes time to resolve events


    IIT Delhi
    Question for thought

    The transformation fraction is given for one T, what is the best


    way to plot this information including the rate as f(T)?

    T-T-T (time-transformation-temperature) curve


    Applications
    IIT Delhi

    Solidification and crystallization

    Phase Transformations in Steel

    Precipitation
    Recovery recrystallization & grain growth
    IIT Delhi

    TTT diagram of Liquid to solid


    transformation
    Announcement
    IIT Delhi

     Buffer lab: will happen from 13th to 16th Nov


    - E-mail sent until 8th Nov. were considered
    - Will notify those students (medical/emergency reasons) by this week end

     Updated Lab marks & Minor 1 & 2, Quiz 1 & 2 marks (PMT):
    Will be uploaded by 13th Nov. Last date for informing discrepancies 17th Nov.
    E-mail with a picture of the mark (subject: Re: APL 102…)

     Re-minor/Quiz: Weightage of that will be added to Major.

     Major exam: 20th Nov., 10:30 am to 12:30 pm;

    You might also like