Dyeing of Fabrics. An Investigatory Proj

DYEING OF
FABRICS.
AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
FOR CLASS-12, CHEMISTRY.

K.V ITARANA ALWAR,
RAJASTHAN.
PREPARED BY:Rajan upadhyay
TEACHERS NAME:Sir Mahendra
Kalra
SESSION:2019-20
BIODATA
NAME- RAJAN UPADHYAY
CLASS/SECTION- 12 "A"
NAME OF EXAM BOARD-CBSE
ROLL NO.- 19
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
TOPIC- DYING OF FABRIC
TEACHERS NAME-MAHENDRA
KALRA
SCHOOL- KV ITARANA ALWAR

SESSION-2019-20
CONTENTS
SL.N0. TOPIC
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. TYPES OF DYES
4. CHARACTERISTICS
5. OF DYES.
OBJECTIVES AND
REUIREMENTS
6.
7. PROCEDURE
8. OBSERVATIONS
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
THANKYOU.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

teacher as well as our principal who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic , which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
INTRODUCTION
Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the surface of
materials and are used to give colours to paper, food stuffs and
various other textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres, silk,
etc. Chemically a dye contains:
1)Some group which is responsible for the colour of the dye.
2)Some group which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt.

The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a particular dye
absorbs radiations of some specific wavelengths from the visible
spectrum of light. The remaining radiations of light are reflected .
TYPES OF DYES.
• Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied
to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic
fibers using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to the
fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation
between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in
the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers.
Most synthetic food colors fall in this category.Examples
of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
• Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are

mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for
wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dye bath
to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes
are also used in the coloration of paper.
• Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a

neutral or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or near boiling
point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl)
or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used on cotton,
paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used
as pH indicators and as biological stains.
• Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the

fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration.
The choice of mordant is very important as different
mordants can change the final color significantly. Most
natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a
large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The
most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant
dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some
30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for
black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium
dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is
important to note that many mordants, particularly
those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to
health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
• Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable

of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline
liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the
dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the
textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original
insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the
original vat dye.
• Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to
a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the
fiber substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive
dye to natural fibers make them among the most
permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion
MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use
because the dye can be applied at room temperature.
Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for
dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the
art studio.
• Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing

of cellulose acetate, and are water-insoluble. The dyes are
finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and
sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder.
Their main use is to dye polyester, but they can also be
used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibers.
In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F)
is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very
fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids
dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate
can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing
agent used during the grinding.
• Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo

dye is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This is
achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and
coupling components. With suitable adjustment of
dyebath conditions the two components react to produce
the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is
unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice
of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of
dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic
nature of the chemicals used.
• Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with

dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a
solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol
derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide. The organic
compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark
colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the
largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well
defined chemical structure
on. CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE:
• It must have a suitable colour.
• It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
• When fixed, it must be fast enough to detergents, soaps,
water, dry cleaning solvents, light and dil. Acids.
OBJECTIVE AND THEORY:
To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite green.

Requirements:
500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass rod, spatula,
wool cloth, cotton cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite
green.
Procedure:
• PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION-
Take about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and dissolve it in 250ml
of water.
• PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC SOLUTION- Take
about 0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve in 100ml of
water by stirring with the help of a glass rod.
• PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION- Take
100ml of water and add about 1g of tannic acid to it.
Heat the solutiON
• PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take about 0.1g of
malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of water. On
warming a clear solution of the dye results.
• DYEING OF WOOL- Take about 200ml of dye solution
and dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the

solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth
and wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep
it for drying.
• DYEING OF COTTON- Cotton doesn’t absorb malachite
green readily. So it requires the use of mordant. For
dyeing a cotton cloth, dip it in NA2CO3 solution for about
10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put the
water in hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes.
Now take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and
keep it in tartaremedic solution for about 5 minutes.
Remove the cloth and squeeze it with spatula to remove
the excess solution. Now place the cloth in boiling solution
of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the
dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
OBSERVATION:
• The colour of the wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in
the hot solution of malachite green is fast.
• The colour of the cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in the hot solution of

malachite green is fast to washing and of high intensity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Practical chemistry by laxmi publications.
• Wikipedia
• Google
• Chemlab.com
• Chemistry ncert book.
• Fellow students and teachers.

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DYEING OF

FOR CLASS-12, CHEMISTRY.

PREPARED BY:Rajan upadhyay

TEACHERS NAME:Sir Mahendra

NAME- RAJAN UPADHYAY

TOPIC- DYING OF FABRIC

SCHOOL- KV ITARANA ALWAR

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the surface of

various other textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres, silk,

etc. Chemically a dye contains:

1)Some group which is responsible for the colour of the dye.

2)Some group which makes the dye stick to the fabric by

formation of some salt.

absorbs radiations of some specific wavelengths from the visible

spectrum of light. The remaining radiations of light are reflected .

• Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are

• Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a

• Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the

• Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable

• Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing

• Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo

• Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with

on. CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE:

• It must have a suitable colour.

• It must be capable of being fixed to the material.

• When fixed, it must be fast enough to detergents, soaps,

water, dry cleaning solvents, light and dil. Acids.

OBJECTIVE AND THEORY:

To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite green.

500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass rod, spatula,

wool cloth, cotton cloth.

Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite

• PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION-

Take about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and dissolve it in 250ml

• PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC SOLUTION- Take

about 0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve in 100ml of

water by stirring with the help of a glass rod.

• PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION- Take

100ml of water and add about 1g of tannic acid to it.

Heat the solutiON

• PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take about 0.1g of

malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of water. On

warming a clear solution of the dye results.

• DYEING OF WOOL- Take about 200ml of dye solution

and dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the

• DYEING OF COTTON- Cotton doesn’t absorb malachite

green readily. So it requires the use of mordant. For

dyeing a cotton cloth, dip it in NA2CO3 solution for about

10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put the

water in hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes.

keep it in tartaremedic solution for about 5 minutes.

Remove the cloth and squeeze it with spatula to remove

the excess solution. Now place the cloth in boiling solution

of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the

dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for

• The colour of the wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in

the hot solution of malachite green is fast.