Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 43 views

    Review: Electric Circuits ECSE-2010-04 Fall 2001 Class 18

    Uploaded by

    myname_123
    The document discusses AC circuits and bridge circuits. It begins by reviewing AC steady state analysis and transforming circuits between the time and frequency domains using phasors. It then discusses bridge circuits like the Wheatstone and Maxwell bridges that are used to accurately measure resistances, inductances, and capacitances. Next, it covers phasor diagrams and how they can be used to analyze circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It concludes by explaining series resonance, including the concept of impedance triangles and how voltage and current phasors relate at different frequencies, especially at the resonant frequency.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Review: Electric Circuits ECSE-2010-04 Fall 2001 Class 18

    Uploaded by

    myname_123
    43 views5 pages
    The document discusses AC circuits and bridge circuits. It begins by reviewing AC steady state analysis and transforming circuits between the time and frequency domains using phasors. It then discusses bridge circuits like the Wheatstone and Maxwell bridges that are used to accurately measure resistances, inductances, and capacitances. Next, it covers phasor diagrams and how they can be used to analyze circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It concludes by explaining series resonance, including the concept of impedance triangles and how voltage and current phasors relate at different frequencies, especially at the resonant frequency.

    Original Title

    class18F01bwl

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses AC circuits and bridge circuits. It begins by reviewing AC steady state analysis and transforming circuits between the time and frequency domains using phasors. It then discusses bridge circuits like the Wheatstone and Maxwell bridges that are used to accurately measure resistances, inductances, and capacitances. Next, it covers phasor diagrams and how they can be used to analyze circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It concludes by explaining series resonance, including the concept of impedance triangles and how voltage and current phasors relate at different frequencies, especially at the resonant frequency.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views5 pages

    Review: Electric Circuits ECSE-2010-04 Fall 2001 Class 18

    Uploaded by

    myname_123
    The document discusses AC circuits and bridge circuits. It begins by reviewing AC steady state analysis and transforming circuits between the time and frequency domains using phasors. It then discusses bridge circuits like the Wheatstone and Maxwell bridges that are used to accurately measure resistances, inductances, and capacitances. Next, it covers phasor diagrams and how they can be used to analyze circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It concludes by explaining series resonance, including the concept of impedance triangles and how voltage and current phasors relate at different frequencies, especially at the resonant frequency.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    REVIEW

    • AC Steady State:
    Input = x(t) = X cos ( ω t + φ1 )
    ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Steady StateOutput = y ss (t) = Y cos ( ω t + φ 2)
    ECSE-2010-04 • Time Domain => Frequency Domain:
    Fall 2001 • v(t), i(t) => V, I; Phasors
    -j
    Class 18 R, L, C => R, jω L,
    • V=ZI ωC
    • Use All Techniques from Unit I:
    • Series/Parallel, Z eq, Thevenin/Norton, Node/Mesh
    • Complex Math

    AC CIRCUITS
    BRIDGE CIRCUITS
    • Now that we know how to analyze
    circuits in the AC Steady State, we will • Bridge Circuits are circuits used to
    take a look at some interesting and accurately measure R, L and C’s:
    useful AC circuits: • Wheatstone Bridge ~ R (AC or DC)
    • Bridge Circuits • Maxwell Bridge ~ L (AC Only)
    • Series Resonant and Parallel Resonant Circuits • Several Others as Described in Text
    • AC Power and 3 Phase AC Circuits
    • Ideal Transformer and Mutual Inductance Circuits

    WHEATSTONE BRIDGE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE


    • See Circuit: • Solve for Ru:
    • 3 Accurately Known Resistors; 1 Variable • R u = (i1 / i 2) R 3
    • 1 Unknown Resistor; To be Measured • => R u = (R2 / R 1) R 3 = R2R 3 / R 1
    • Current and Voltage Meters
    • Very Accurate Method of Measuring
    • Adjust R3 to Balance Bridge : an Unknown Resistance:
    • i m = 0; vm = 0 • Wheatstone Bridges can be very expensive
    • (R1 + R3) i1 = (R u + R 2) i2; • With modern instrumentation; not used very
    • R 3 i 1 = R u i 2 => R1 i 1 = R2 i 2 much anymore

    1
    MAXWELL BRIDGE
    AC BRIDGES • Used to Measure Inductance:
    • See Circuit: • Unknown Inductance = R w in Series with Lu

    • 3 Accurately Known Impedances; 2 Variable • See Circuit for Maxwell Bridge:


    • 1 Unknown Impedance; To be Measured • Z 1 = Variable R 1 // C1
    • Current and Voltage Meters • Z 2 = Accurately Known Resistor, R2
    • Z 3 = Variable Resistor, R3
    • Why 2 Variable Impedances?:
    • Must balance both Amplitude and Phase of I m, Vm • Balance Bridge; Im = Vm = 0
    • Balance both Real and Imaginary Parts of I m, Vm • Z u = Z2 Z 3 / Z 1
    • Z u = R2 R 3 / R 1 + j ω R 2 R 3 C 1 = R w + j ω L u
    • Determines both R w and L u of Real Coil

    EXPERIMENT 6 EXPERIMENT 6
    • Part A = Wheatstone Bridge: • Part B = Maxwell Bridge:
    • “Cheap” Version; Not Very Accurate • 100k Pot for R1; 10k Pot for R 3; R2 = 1k
    • Use 100k Pot for R 2; 10k Pot for R3 • Coil = R w in Series with Lu
    • R u from Plastic Box; Have Measured Before • Do NOT use separate R u !
    • Try 4 Different Values for R2: • Keep Iterating Pots to Balance:
    • 10k, 1k, 20k, 0.1k • Adjust one, then the other, then the first
    • R 2 Affects “Range” of Measurement again, etc.
    • Need to be able to make R2 R 3 / R1 = Ru

    MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS


    • Can use knowledge of relationship • Resistor:
    between I and V for R, L, C, plus • I R = VR / R
    Phasor Diagrams, to solve/analyze
    many AC Circuits: • See Phasor Diagram
    • Resonant Circuits are excellent example
    • Will look at both Series and Parallel Resonance • I R and VR are always “In Phase”

    2
    MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS MORE ON PHASOR DIAGRAMS
    • Capacitor: • Inductor:
    • I C = VC / Z C = VC (jω C) • I L = VL / Z L = VL / (j ω L)

    • See Phasor Diagram • See Phasor Diagram

    • I C always “leads” VC by 90o • I L always “lags” VL by 90o

    • => I always leads V by 90o in a Capacitor • => I always lags V by 90o in a Inductor

    SUMMARY SERIES RESONANCE


    • I, V in Phase for R • Consider a Circuit with R, L, C in
    • I leads V by 90o for C Series:
    • Input = v(t) = V cos ω t
    • I lags V by 90o for L
    • Transform to Frequency Domain:
    • Use Phasors for V, I; Use Z’s for R, L, C
    • => Can use this information to • Zeq = R + jω L + (- j /ω C)
    construct Phasor Diagrams that help
    analyze circuit behavior

    SERIES RESONANCE IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE


    • Zeq = R + j (ω L - 1 / ω C) = R( ω) + jX(ω) Zeq = R(ω ) + j X(ω ) = Zeq /θ
    • X is AC Reactance • Z eq = Amplitude (or Magnitude) of Z eq
    • X => 0 when ω L = 1 / ω C: • θ = Phase (or Angle) of Z eq
    ω=
    1
    =ω 0 • Defines “Impedance Triangle”:
    LC • Phasor Diagram of Z eq
    ω 0 = Resonant Frequency
    • Note: Zeq = R2 + X 2
    ω < ω 0 ; X < 0 => Capacitive X(ω )
    θ = tan-1
    ω > ω 0 ; X > 0 => Inductive R(ω )
    • Will Use Impedance Triangle A Lot:
    ω = ω 0 ; X = 0 => Resistive

    3
    IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE SERIES RESONANCE
    • Note that V = I Zeq for any AC Circuit: • Choose some ω >ω 0 :
    • => I = V / Z eq ; • X > 0; Inductive
    V = V /φ • θ >0
    • Let φ = 0; => V = V /0 :
    o

    Zeq = Zeq /θ
    • Plot V on Phasor Diagram
    V V • Where is I?:
    => I = = /(φ -θ )
    Zeq Zeq • I “lags” V by θ

    • I “lags” V by θ • Determines direction of I

    SERIES RESONANCE SERIES RESONANCE

    • Where is VR?: • Where is VC?:


    • VR must be “In Phase” with I R = I • I C must “lead” VC by 90o
    • => VC must “lag” I C by 90o ; I C = I
    • Determines direction of VR
    • Determines direction of VC
    • Where is VL?:
    • I L must “lag” VL by 90o
    • KVL: VR + VL + VC = V:
    • Phasor Diagram determines VR
    • => VL must “lead” I L by 90o ; I L = I
    • I = VR / R => Determines I
    • Determines direction of VL
    I = VL / ωL =>Determines VL
    I = VC x ωC =>Determines VC

    SERIES RESONANCE SERIES RESONANCE


    • Choose some ω <ω 0 : • Choose ω =ω 0 :
    • X < 0; Capacitive • X = 0; Resistive
    • θ <0 • θ =0
    • Do Everything from Phasor Diagram • See Diagram; => V = VR
    • No Calculations! • V L = - V C;
    • See Diagram
    VL and VC can be anything!
    => VL and VC can be > V
    => Resonance!

    4
    SERIES RESONANCE SERIES RESONANCE
    • Zeq = R 2 + X2 at ω = ω 0: 1 ω L 1
    At Resonance : = 0 ; ω0= ;
    X = 0 at ω = ω 0 ω 0C R R LC
    Zeq = R at ω = ω 0
    Vc VL 1 L
    => Z eq is a MINIMUM at Series Resonance => Qseries = = =
    V V R C
    • Use Voltage Divider Rule at ω = ω 0 : = " Voltage Gain" at ω = ω 0
    -j
    Z V ω C Choose R = " small" ; L = "large" ; C = " small"
    Vc = ( c ) V => c = 0
    Z eq V R => Qseries >> 1! => Reason to call this Resonance
    Vc 1 V ω L V
    => = ; L = 0 = c
    V ω 0CR V R V

    SERIES RESONANCE ACTIVITY 6-7


    Example :
    Series R, L, C :
    Choose R = 10 Ω (small)
    R = 2 Ω; L = 10 mH; C = 1 µ F
    L = 0.1 H (large)
    C = 1 nF (small) 1
    ω0= = 10 radians/sec
    4

    LC
    1 L
    1 10 -1 Qseries = = 50
    => Q series = = 1000!! R C
    10 10- 9
    => If Input = 1 volt => Vc = VL =1000 Volts

    ACTIVITY 6-7

    At Resonance:
    Vc = Q series V = 50 (5) = 250 Volts
    VR = V = 5 Volts
    VR 5
    I= = = 2.5 Amps
    R 2

    You might also like