Effectiveness of Durian Peel As Biomass Briquette

EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTES
A Research Project
Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department
University of Mindanao, Davao City
____________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In RES 3S and RCP 1S (Practical Research 3 & Research/Capstone Project)
2nd Semester, SY 2018 – 2019
33single
singlespaces
spaces
____________________________________________________
De Castro, Evan Kristofer C.

Gabaesin, Mariah Karla M.
Galagar Jayson R.
Navaja, Kayle T.
Sameon, Josie T.
March 2019
ii
ABSTRACT
Energy utilization and resources are a fundamental human need which
increases energy demands' and problem as well as its effects on daily use are
deteriorating. In order to cope up with this, utilizing the agricultural waste as a
fuel source to serve as an alternative energy in the form of biomass briquettes
is encouraged. In connection to this, the aim of this study was to determine the
effectiveness of durian peel as biomass briquette in terms of its combustion
properties. Wherein, pure paper briquette was assigned as the control variable
and a different proportions of durian peels as biomass briquette as the
experimental variable. In addition, this study utilized experimental design
specifically parallel group design where each subject is randomly assign to one
of two or more different treatment or intervention groups. In relation to this, the
study has shown that there is significant difference on the effectiveness of
durian peels among treatments in some variables in terms of ash content,
energy content and specific fuel consumption. However, fixed carbon content
and burning rate results showed that there is no significant difference among
treatments. Based on the findings, durian peel as biomass briquette is effective
and has the ability to be used as fuel; therefore, future researchers should
conduct a comparative study of durian peel biomass briquette to a
commercialized charcoal product.
Keywords: ash content, fixed carbon content, energy content, burning
rate, specific fuel consumption

iii
APPROVAL AND ENDORSEMENT SHEET
This research entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL AS

BIOMASS BRIQUETTE” prepared and submitted by Evan Kristofer C. De
Castro, Mariah Karla M. Gabaesin, Jayson R. Galagar, Kayle T. Navaja,
and Josie T. Sameon, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical
Research 3, has been examined, accepted and approved, and is hereby
endorsed.
JOBERT C. REGIDOR
Research Instructor
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

PASSED.
CATHERINE DE LOYOLA
Chairperson
MARY KRIS T. EA MARY JOY A. VITO

Panel Member Panel Member
ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research

3.
JOEY C. OLIVEROS, MAEd

Principal, SHS
iv
A CKNOWLEDGEMENT
This endeavor would not be made possible without the help of various
individuals. Without them, the researchers might not meet their objectives in
this study. The researchers would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to
the following people for their help and support:
Mr. Jobert C. Regidor, their research adviser, with whom they are
indebted for the encouragement, guidance, advice and patience in examining
and reviewing the content of this study for the development of this paper;
To the panelists, for the inspirational thoughts, suggestions and
corrections that truly improved this research study;
Mr. Joey C. Oliveros, their Senior High School Principal, for the approval
of this endeavor;
Mr. John Rannilo Ortiz, their research statistician, for making their
research result be possible and the interpretation of data, for imparting his
knowledge, the guidance and the support for the betterment of the study. His
involvement in this study cannot be gainsaid;
Their family, for their undying love, guidance, words of encouragement,
full support, their financial assistance, and for always being there for their ups
and downs; and
Above all, to the Almighty God who gave them the strength and wisdom,
hope and courage to pursue their studies and for guiding them throughout their
life. All these works are dedicated to Him.
-Researchers
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Abstract ii
Approval and Endorsement Sheet iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables and Figures vii
Chapter 1 Introduction
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Hypothesis 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Limitation of the Study 5
Definition of Terms 6
Literature Review 7
Chapter 2 Methods
Research Design 18
Statistical Treatment 19
Research Procedure 19
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion

Results 34
Discussion 45
Conclusion 47
Recommendation 48
References 49
Appendices
A Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Ash Content 57
Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Fixed Carbon
B 58
Content
C Effectiveness of Durian Peel using Energy Content 59
vi
vi
D Effectiveness of Durian Peel using 60

Burning Rate
E Effectiveness of Durian Peel using
61
Specific Fuel Consumption
F Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness
62
of Durian Peel using Ash Content
G Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness
69
of Durian Peel using Fix Carbon Content
H Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness
73
of Durian Peel using Energy Content
I Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness
80
of Durian Peel using Burning Rate
J Statistical Analysis of Variance on the Effectiveness
84
of Durian Peel using Specific Fuel Consumption
91
Curriculum Vitae
7
vii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table Page
1 Ratios of Different Set-ups 22

Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass
2 31
Briquette Using Ash Content
3 31
Briquette Using Fixed Carbon Content
4 32
Briquette Using Energy Content
5 32
Briquette Burning Rate
6 33
Briquette Using Specific Fuel Consumption
7.1 Mean Values for the Ash Content 34
7.2 Mean Values for the Fixed Carbon Content 35
7.3 Mean Values for the Energy Content 35
7.4 Mean Values for the Burning Rate 36
7.5 Mean Values for the Specific Fuel Consumption 36
Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian
8.1. 39
Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Ash Content
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean
8.1.1 39
Ash Content of the Biomass Briquette Results
8.2 Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Fixed Carbon 40
Content
8.3 41
Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Energy Content
8.3.1 42
Energy Content of the Biomass Briquette Results
8.4 43
Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Burning Rate
8.5 Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Specific Fuel 44
Consumption
8.5.1 Specific Fuel Consumption of the Biomass Briquette 45
Results
Figure Page
1 Conceptual framework of the Variables of the Study 4

2 Collection of Biomass Wastes Durian Peel 20
3 Chopping of Durian Peels into Small Pieces 20
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8
4 Drying the Peels under the Heat of the Sun 21

5 Carbonization process through furnace 21
6 Uniformity in size using sieve 21
7 Cooking process of paper and water mixture 21
8 Addition of simple adhesive 22
9 Compressing to Form the Briquette 22
10 Final product of biomass briquette 22
11 Water Boiling Test Diagram 25
12 Flowchart of the Entire Process of the Experiment 30
13 Mean values for the Overall Combustibility Variables 37
1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Background of the Study
Energy utilization and resources are a fundamental human need which
increases energy demands' and problem and its effects on daily use are
deteriorating. The reason that strategies and endeavors are sought after to
keep up the supply balance and energy demand throughout the world that
causes the effect to the environment, as well as to the economy. Whereas,
Nuriana, Anisa and Martana (2014) stated that the stock of energy is very
definite to fossil fuel source which is not a sustainable resource for future life.
Hence, there are about 197 million metric tons of oil equivalent of energy that
the world consumes in a span of the year 2000 to 2017 (Enerdata, 2017). In
able to anticipate the crisis, there is a need for improved alternative energy
sources, namely solar energy, wind energy, biofuel, hydropower, and biomass
and must be applied productively. For instance, utilizing hydropower would not
devour the water utilized, rather it will just serve as a material or power to make
energy (Chauhan & Vig, 2007).
A biomass briquettes are known produced product of low-pressure
compact biomass such as agricultural waste, woods, sawdust, etc. (McDougal,
Eidemiller, & Weires, 2010). In connection, consumption of a large amount of
durian fruit produces an estimated amount of 70% inconsumable wastes in the
form of seeds and peels. Also, Wahyono (2009) stated that according to its
chemical compositions, durian contains a high amount of amylopectin and

2
amylose which are considered as good binder agents. However, the potential
of durian residues such as its peels was rarely been considered and promoted
compared to other agricultural residues. Meanwhile, durian peel has been
analyzed to have an approximate amount of 60.31% of carbon, 28.06% of
oxygen and 8.47% hydrogen, where the said results support the energy
potential of durian peel (Chandra, Mirna, Sunarso, Sudaryanto, & Ismadji,
2009). Moreover, durian is a known source of biomass and a seasonal kind of
fruit, but recently, it can be produced at any time of the year with the help of
advanced agricultural technology (Yamaji, Chrisostomo, Vendrasco, & Flores,
2010). Durian residues came from its peel was almost covering around 60-76%
of the entire fruit (Foo & Hameed, 2012). In addition, in the entire area of Davao
region, the production of durian has reached up to 58.80571 metric tons and
about 69% or 37, 181.04 of it was produced only from Davao City (Arado, 2017).
Furthermore, Chandra et al. (2009) stated that a high number of the durian
peels residues in an area have caused major problems such as respiratory
diseases, due to its pungent smell. In response to this problem, utilizing durian
residue such as peel into solid biofuel, also known as biomass briquette has
been promoted to reduce the waste product of durian as well as its pungent
smell, and acquire its maximum capacity (Wahidin & Anisa, 2014).
Due to the growth of energy demand and depletion rate of fossil fuels to
produced energy supply, the researcher seeks an alternative source of energy
through biomass briquetting. This study will be conducted to test the capability
of durian peel as biomass briquette.

3
Purpose of the Study and Research Questions
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass
briquettes. It is sought to answer the following question:
1. What treatment is the most effective as biomass briquette in terms
of:
1.1. Ash content;
1.2. Fixed Carbon Content;
1.3. Energy Content;
1.4. Burning Rate; and
1.5. Specific Fuel Consumption?
2. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of durian peel as
biomass briquette in terms of:
2.1. Ash content;
2.2. Fixed Carbon Content;
2.3. Energy Content;
2.4. Burning Rate; and
2.5. Specific Fuel Consumption?
Hypothesis of the Study

Based on the foregoing specific research problem, the following
hypotheses are formulated:
H0: There is no significant difference among the treatments of the
biomass briquette in terms of the resulting ash content, fixed carbon content,
energy content, burning rate and specific fuel consumption.

4
Conceptual Framework
In this study, combustibility burning rate associated with time experiment
determines the capability of alternative fuel biomass briquette binder from
durian peel in regards to its amount to the change on the creation of thermal
energy in a chemical reaction of fire called combustion. Effectiveness is
measured by changes in properties or indicator. Aboagye (2017) stated that
combustion properties are composed of its ash content, fixed carbon, energy
content and water boiling test. It is supported by the concept as follows.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE COMBUSTIBILITY RATE

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
AMOUNT OF Ash Content
DURIAN PEEL Fixed Carbon Content

Energy Content
Water Boiling Test
INTERVENING
VARIABLE
Time
Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the variables of the study
The figure illustrates that the amount of durian peel affects the
combustibility rate of the briquette. The independent variable is the amount of
durian peel and the dependent variable is the combustibility rate with ash
content, fixed carbon, energy content and water boiling test as indicators. The
researchers will have a set-up with different amounts of durian peel for
briquetting. Each set-up will be tested by its combustibility rate through its
indicators. Time is considered as the intervening variable which will be
controlled by the researcher upon conducting the experiment.

5
Significance of the Study
Results of this study are deemed beneficial to the following:
Environment. The results will provide alternative biomass briquettes as
a substitute for the common use of coals that will contribute to minimizing the
pollution. The application of biomass briquettes will help lessen and recycle the
available biodegradable waste in the environment. It will generate clean energy
that will support the maintenance of the ecosystem.
Family. The result of this study can be a useful guide for them to
understand that using biomass briquette will help minimize the pollution in the
environment through the given data. The given data would help them choose
in using biomass briquette instead of habitual usage of charcoals. The findings
would also help them learn about making biomass briquettes.
Scope and Limitation

This study is experimental in nature and focused on durian peel
production as biomass briquettes. The research sample is composed of 5 set-
ups with different durian peel amount mixture: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100 %
durian peel. The primary data gathering method used was an experiment to
determine the different effects of each type of briquette based on their
components and also through combustion rate, whereas combustion rate is
indicated by ash content, energy content, fixed carbon and water boiling test.
This study will be performed specifically in Davao City, where raw materials
were gathered from various fruit vendors that disposes their fruit peelings in
Ramon Magsaysay Fruit stand and offices for paper waste. Personal
6
consumption of durian fruits and paper waste also contributed to the quantity of
the raw materials. Materials and equipment needed for the experiment are
knife, sieve (5 mesh), makeshift furnace for carbonization, makeshift briquette
molder, basin, measuring cup, standardized weighting scale, thermometer, and
aluminum cans.
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in this study are conceptually and operationally
defined to establish a common frame of reference:
Durian Peel. In this study, the term refers to the outermost covering
layer of durian.
Biomass. The term is conceptually defined as a renewable source of
energy and as an organic material that comes from plant and animals. (Biomass
Explained, 2018).
Briquette. The term is conceptually defined as a block of flammable
matter used as fuel to start and maintain a fire (Alam, Islam, Hasan, & Siddique,
2011).
Biomass Briquette. The term is conceptually defined as a dense form
of bio-fuel that has gained a large popularity in poor developing countries as an
alternative cooking fuel (Alam et al., 2011).
In this study, the term refers to the low-pressure compaction of biomass.

7
Review of the Related Literature
Pertinent information is presented to provide a strong framework of
references of the variables under study: the amount of durian peel and
combustion rate.
Amount of Durian Peel. The higher the mass fraction of durian peel,
offers a greater rate of combustion properties to the briquette, such as its
heating value (Rattanongphisat & Chindaruksa, 2011). The statement was
based on the study they conducted, where the different ratio of durian peel and
rice straw has experimented. Among the ratio of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3,
8:2 and 9:1, durian and rice straw, the results showed that the briquette made
of durian peel and rice straw at ratio 9:1 achieved 24.674 MJ/kg which
considered as the highest heating value among the other ratio. In addition, the
result also showed the lowest ash content of the briquette durian peel and rice
straw at a ratio of 1:9. Rattanongphisat and Chindaruksa (2011) concluded that
a biomass briquette made from the high amount of durian peel over rice straw
is applicable to become an alternative source of energy in the market. A solid
bio fuel briquette made from durian peel has a high heating value that can
compete with other briquette made from other agricultural wastes
(Sathitruangsak, 2003).
In connection, according to Mitan, Azmi, Mohd Nor, and Se (2015), a
briquette made of pure durian peel without binder has 5883 cal/g calorific value,
which is higher than a briquette made from durian peel with binder, where
calorific value is also one of the properties to be considered in identifying the
rate of combustibility of a briquette. At some point, Mitan et al. (2015) added

8
that a briquette made of durian peel with calcium hydroxide as a binder
increases its compressive strength. A low calorific value briquette is not good
in the combustion process of a good briquette (Mitan et al., 2015). In support,
Brunerová, Roubík, Brožek, Herák,Šleger, and Mazancová (2017) stated that
durian peel is one of the fruit waste samples that have high energy potential,
for having 17.60 MJ. kg. net calorific value. Wilaipon (2009) also pointed out
regarding the characteristics and heating value of durian peel that it has high
potential to become an alternative energy resource.
Combustion Rate. According to Science Daily (2018), combustion is a
chemical reaction between a fuel or combustible material and as oxidant
specifically accompanied by heat and light production. Rapid combustion is
characterized by the release of a large amount of heat energy. A flame is a
specific characteristic indicator of the reaction. This reaction is called an
exothermic reaction. Furthermore, Helmenstine (2018) stated that combustion
reaction includes the presence of oxygen as a reactant then carbon dioxide and
heat as the product.
Combustibility rate is a chain chemical reaction or the rate of burning a
substance. The rate of chemical reaction is the change in concentration over
the change of time as stated from the website of Chemistry Libre Texts (2015).
Temperature, pressure, and concentration are factors that affect the rate of
combustion. Increasing humidity due to increasing temperature will reduce the
combustion rate, and it affects the heat capacity. Combustion rate can be the
rate of formation of products or the rate of disappearance of products. To test
the combustion rate, there are properties to be considered that serves as
indicators: ash content, fixed carbon, energy content and water boiling test.
9
Ash Content. According to Tamilvanan (2013), the higher the ash the
fuel possess the lower the calorific value it has, for the reason that it is the non-
combustible component of a biomass, which have been released during
burning activity in an appearance of dust particles. Furthermore, Obi, Akubuo,
and Okonkwo (2013) stated that for the briquettes to have high heating values,
the ash content should be low. Whereas high ash content was believed to
reduce the combustibility of briquettes (Aboagye, 2017).
As Aboagye (2017) cited, ash content was mainly composed by calcium,
potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus elements that affect the ash fusion
and was considered as an organic component that remains after the biomass
completed its combustion process. Minerals present in the ash when subjected
to high temperature and certain conditions can agglomerate and deposit inside
the thermal device leading to slag formation, fouling and bed agglomeration.
Ashes are usually formed of Cao, k2O, Na2O, MgO, SiO2, SO3, Fe2O3,
P2O5and Cl. The slagging behavior of briquettes was strongly affected by the
ash content, the reason why in briquetting the agricultural residues which
contain less than 4% ash content were more preferable because slagging do
not occur during densification (Mitan et al., 2004). In addition, Mitan et al. (2004)
stated that a biomass contain high ash content is not good to be an alternative
fuel, because the heating value of briquettes will be highly affected.
Fixed Carbon. The low fixed carbon content has a tendency to drag out
cooking time by its low warmth discharge, additionally the higher the fixed
carbon content the better the charcoal created because the relating calorific
vitality is normally high (Raju, Praveena, Sathya, & Jyothi, 2014). Moreover,
10
Nuriana et al., (2014) stated that the higher the temperature is, the more
increment carbon content resulted. Having a good quality of high carbon
content and high calorific value signifies that a fuel has a decent quality
(Nuriana et al., 2014). As stated by Aboagye (2017), it is the remaining solid
combustible residue after a coal is heated and resulting to ejection of volatile
matter. In addition, Cahyono, Santoso, and Miliati (2017) proposed that the
quality of a briquette usually vary to its fixed carbon content.
Kumar, Subbaiah, and Rao (2010) proposed that the level of fixed
carbon is ordinarily controlled by the distinction in alternate amounts, for
example, moisture, volatile matter and ash content, of the aggregate biomass
in rate. Basically, the fixed carbon of a fuel is the level of carbon accessible for
ignition after all the volatile matter is expelled from the biomass. This is not
equivalent to the total amount of carbon present in the fuel because there is an
additional amount discharged as hydrocarbons in the volatile matter. When
there is a high percentage of fixed carbon, the briquette’s heat value will
enhance, but the fixed carbon content and the calorific value of briquettes are
lower than coal, resulting to low heating value when compared to
commercialized fuels and fire wood; however, the cost of briquette is cheaper
than the commercialized one (Tamilvanan, 2013).
Energy Content. This shows the amount of potential energy contained in
a briquette (Aboagye, 2017), where it is determined by calorific value; the
standard measure of the energy content of a fuel (Ikelle, Chukwuma, & Ivoms,
2014). Furthermore, Aboagye (2017) stated that heat capacity is included as a
parameter that forms the energy content. High calorific value means the energy
11
content is high enough to generate the heat required in small-scale applications
(Raju et al., 2014). Hence, the greater calorific value, the easier and the better
will the briquette burn. Higher density also makes the briquette to last long and
release of thermal energy will be higher (Huang, 2014).
The gross calorific value can be obtained through a formula based on
the study of Onuegbu (2011), where a sample is burned and will show the
briquette's complete combustion.
Water Boiling Test. Time is the variable for finding the burning rate speed
and the ignition of time was test by water boiling test. According to Onuegbu,
Ekpunobi, Ogbu, Ekeoma and Obumselu (2011), the potential of boiling water
at the same ignition time with the fastest time in a record was used to determine
the burning rate increased. Water boiling test was used to test which among
the set-ups is productive. In this way, the test was able to measure the time
taken for each set of briquettes to boil an equal quantity of water, under identical
conditions. Moreover, water boiling test was executed to investigate the
capability of the briquettes for household purpose as a fuel (Birwatkar,
Khandetod, Mohod, & Dhande, 2014). As stated by Onuegbu et al. (2011), the
factors that regulate the water boiling time are burning rate (how fast the fuel
burns) and the calorific value (how much heat is released). Furthermore,
burning rate can also be affected by the structural form of a briquette for it is
the ratio of the mass of the bio-fuel burnt (in grams) to the total time taken (in a
minute). Calorific value is also important for heat production and a factor for the
12
briquette to produced heat (Onuegbu et al., 2011). In addition, Sawadogo,
Tanoh, Sidibe, Kpail and Tankoano (2018) stated that specific fuel consumption
is also a factor to be tested in the water boiling test which determines the
number of briquettes required to boil specific amount of water.
The amount of durian peel offers a great rate of combustion such as its
heating value. Whereas, combustion rate is the rate of burning a substance that
can be indicated by the following which are ash content, fixed carbon, energy
content and water boiling test. Ash content affects the rate of combustion by its
concentration; the higher the ash content, the lower the combustion rate.
Energy content is the amount of potential energy in a briquette where it is
determined by calorific value. Fixed carbon helps the briquette to stand high
heat temperatures, resulting in high-quality briquette. Water boiling test is
performed to determine the efficiency and productivity of the fuel through a
burning rate increase in reaching the boiling point of water. The indicators are
considered to be tested to prove the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass
briquettes.
In global, increasing demand for energy supply depends on the resources
of fossil fuels. Nowadays, the rate of energy resources decreases resulting to
doubling of prices. For about 140 million amount of energy is generated in a
year (Tembe, Otache, & Ekhuemelo, 2014). The growing interest for biomass
renewable energy as an alternative is sought because nonrenewable energy is
getting more expensive. Biomass are all living matter from plants and animal
waste material (Shreya & Sevita, 2015). Processing biomass into a form of
briquette which is effective and efficient for heating purposes. Briquette from
biomass is a renewable energy containing high content of volatile matter, ash

13
content, low density and energy values which people in many parts of the world
utilized briquette for their daily activities. Briquetting processes is an effective
method in creating bio fuel to prevent shortage of materials due to the increase
of population.
Each year, millions of agricultural wastes generated are used or burnt
inappropriately causing pollution which leads to killing people due to respiratory
diseases (Sriram, Sikdar, Sunil, & KumarShetty, 2014). However, Maninder,
Kathuria, and Grover (2012) stated that these wastes can be recycled as a
renewable energy. In Davao, a large number of agricultural wastes specifically
durian is produced each day and briquetting these wastes can be a solution to
pollution problems.
Briquetting technology is one of the promising solutions to the growing
problem in the energy source. For many countries were looking for
development of clean and pollution free energy resources. Among various
energy resources, Sriram et al., (2014) stated that briquettes are of most
interest and expected to play a key role in global energy infrastructure in the
future. As of 2016, a total of 16,816.86 hectares planted with durian in the
Philippines with 1,265,890 bearing trees. In the Davao region, about 8344
hectares or 50.21% with 818,270 bearing trees are found to produced
53,805.71 metric tons or 75.31% durian products as stated in the Country
Statistics Philippines (2017).
Republic Act 9003, also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act, was constituted in the Philippines in year 2000 in order to give guidelines
in dealing the increase problems of solid waste in the country, thus, most
14
number of waste product was generally produced by agricultural products such
as, sugar, rice and fruits. According to Lacrosse and Shakya (2004), most
lumber and agricultural operations in South East Asia, produces residues in the
average of 20 to 70% from raw materials input. In connection, according to
Bujang and Safuan (2014), the edible portion of fruit like durian is only around
15-30%, which considered as high waste-to-edible portion that creates huge
amount of wastes specifically in post-harvest processing centers. Moreover,
ripening of the fruits that have climacteric nature such as tropical fruits like
durian, mangosteen, jackfruit and mango occurred rapidly after the harvest, that
causes a decrease in edible and economic value of the fruits in short selling
window. Also, due to the seasonal nature of the fruits mentioned above,
oversupply of its production causes the income of farmers decrease as well as
it creates waste problems. Therefore, Bujang and Safuan (2014) stated that
utilizing the fruit biomass is very helpful not only in regulating the fruit prices in
a way of diversification of products came from the fruits and its waste, but also
reducing environmental issues regarding waste disposal and utilized its
potential to be an alternative renewable energy feedstock.
Converting the energy of durian peel into briquette is called
thermochemical. According to Bujang and Safuan (2014), thermochemical is
the process of converting the chemical composition of durian peel into heat
energy, like the conversion of plants into bio-fuel. The ways of thermochemical
process are the combustion, fast pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal and
hydrolysis. Bujang and Safuan (2014) added that one of the chemical
compositions of durian peel is being high activated carbon which determined to
vary the release of thermal energy. Furthermore, ThamYee, Arumugam, Nur

15
Hidayah, Abdullah, and Latif (2010) stated that the varying release of thermal
energy or its heat energy was due to the effects of different measurement of
activated carbon or durian peel. Apart from its unique and strong smell, durian
is also easy to recognize due to its spiky look. Durian look of intimidating yet
special, because of the prickly and thorny appearance of its outer shell. The
neutralization effects that said to be possess by the outer shell or known as
durian peel, helps neutralize the hotness cause by eating durian and cool the
body down, just by drinking water from its peel. In addition, durian peel also
helps in removing the strong smell of the durian simply by washing with durian
peel or scrubbing against the peel that also remove the stench.
According to Kaliyan and Morey (2008), briquetting is the process of
compressing the residues to produce a higher density product, which also
called densification. Briquettes could serve as a replacement to firewood and
charcoal for cooking and agro-industrial operations if generated in an affordable
expense and produced conveniently available to the beneficiaries. Also, it
decreases the demand for firewood and charcoal (Wilaipon, 2008). Ilavsky and
Oravec (2000) stated that briquetting the biomass improves its handling
characteristics, increases the volumetric calorific value, lower the transportation
costs and makes it available for different uses.
In addition, conversion of biomass residues into alternative fuel has
become possible by using the set of technologies introduced by biomass
densification according to Maninder et. al (2012). The equipment used for
compaction could be categorized depending on its kind, where it already has
five main types; piston densification, screw press densification, roll press
densification, pelletizing, and low pressure or manual presses. Based on the

16
compaction process, Aboagye (2017) cited the briquetting technologies used
for compaction can be divided into high-pressure compaction, medium
pressure compaction with a heating device and low-pressure compaction with
a binder.
Briquetting in many growing countries like the Philippines is still trying to
attain knowledge due to the fact of technical limits involved and knowledge
deficiency needed in adapting briquette technology. According to Aboagye
(2017), briquette-industry aids many operational problems and certifying the
raw material used can determine its economic success. Briquettes can be used
in many ways; both domestic and industrial applications. Also, it is often used
as an alternative solid bio-fuel due to energy source shortage and rising prices
of common solid fuels like charcoals and firewood (Ahmed, 2008). Briquettes
are cheaper than coal, where it does not contain sulfur considered as 100%
eco-friendly. Furthermore, it has higher practical thermal value and lower ash
content (2 % to 10 % as compared to 20% to 40% in coal) resulting in lower
flying ash. It is more uniform in terms of combustion than coal and also gives
much higher boiler efficiency because of its low moisture and higher density
(Manoj, 2015).
Briquetting can be done with or without a binder, doing without a binder
is easier but it takes higher cost due to equipment used which is unsuitable for
developing countries as stated by Aboagye (2017). According to Syamalee,
Amarasinghe, & Senayaka (2015), varieties of the external binder include
starch, cow dung, newspaper, etc. Paper possesses the following advantages:
it does not add a smoke producing material to the briquette, non-volatile, widely
available and holds the briquette together. According to Michalovic (2005) and
17
(Cellulose Fibers, 2014), paper contains cellulose that is capable of binding or
used as a binding agent, where cellulose and starch are very similar polymers
but cellulose is much stronger than starch because starches can be dissolved
when mixed together in liquid and its varieties tend to be highly viscous, to
agglomerate, and have poor flow properties, making their handling difficult
during the tablet manufacturing process. Cellulose also is useful in the
preparation prepared by direct compression as well as wet methods. Unlike
other traditional binders that slow down the process of disintegration, cellulose
acts as a binding and disintegrating agent (Stewart, 2017). These components
are not present in any other binding agents and may vary in different factors
like usage.
In accordance to the studies related to the topic of the research, durian
has really high potential to be converted into an alternative energy. It is also
recognized to be abundant here in Davao City, which is considered as a high
production source of durian waste like the peel that contributes as an additional
issue in waste management. Therefore, in response, this research has been
proposed in order to prove the effectiveness of durian peel as an alternative
energy in a form of biomass briquettes, as well as utilizing durian peel into such
unique product that is not yet developed in the country. The study was expected
to discover the potential of durian peel components, specifically by its
combustion rate that may affect the quality of the briquettes to be produced. As
supported by the researchers cited and mentioned above, this study positively
sought to achieve its objective.

18
Chapter 2
Methods
This chapter describes the research methodology that was used in
conducting the study. It discussed the research design, the statistical treatment
for data analysis and the procedures that emphasizes the gathering of data and
the process on how the experiment will be done.
Research Design
This study utilized experimental design specifically parallel group design
in determining the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes.
According to Turner (2013), a parallel group design is an experimental study
design, where each subject is randomly assigned to one of two or more different
treatment or intervention groups. In addition, eventhough these groups undergo
different treatment, all groups are still treated equally as possible in all other
factors and undergoes complete same procedures all throughout the study.
Whereas, one group will receive the treatment of interest and another group a
control treatment, against which responses throughout the treatment
intervention are compared.
In this study, the researchers sought to determine how effective is durian
peel as biomass briquettes.

19
Statistical Treatment
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is one of the statistical techniques used
in assessing the data results of a study. It is specifically used to compare the
results from different samples or the results of the study in order to accurately
identify the significant differences among the variables. In connection, after
using ANOVA, another statistical technique will be used for analyzing the
differences of the obtained data known as DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range
Test). This technique was considered as a post hoc test that will measure and
analyse the specific differences between pairs of means.
Research Procedure
Research procedures involve 3 sections: Section 1. Pre-
Experimentation - Production of durian peel biomass briquettes. Section 2.
Actual Experimentation - Experimentation process. Section 3. Post-
Experimentation - Analysis of the combustion properties. These stages will be
elaborated below:
Section 1. Pre-Experimentation
Production of durian peel biomass briquettes: Durian peels are obtained
from durian sellers in Davao city. Durian skins are sliced and dried in the sun (
3 days ), and the dried durian peels are carbonized in a makeshift furnace for
6 hours to obtain its carbonized form (carbonization process), then it will be
sieved (using 5 mesh) to have uniformity in terms of particle sizes. Paper and
water will be cooked as the adhesive, with a ratio of 400g mashed paper mixed
with 1200 ml of water until boiled. Afterwards, the adhesive with a 20% total
20
amount of the weight of the briquette will be added to the carbonized product
and then molded in the makeshift briquette molder. The whole phase will
produce 5 set of briquettes, where each briquette weights 100 grams and a set
consist of different proportions of paper waste: durian peel, the 1st briquette
contains 0:100 ratio, 2nd briquette contains 25:75, 3rd briquette contains 50:50
ratio, 4th briquette contains 75:25, and 5th briquette contains 100:0. Aluminum
can is the packing material for the durian peels when it was burned in the
furnace. The equipment used was a knife, sieve, pots, makeshift furnace for
carbonization, makeshift briquette molder, basin, measuring cup, triple beam
balance, thermometer, and aluminum cans.
Figure 2. Biomass wastes from durian peel
Figure 3. Chopping of durian peels into small pieces

21
Figure 4. Drying the peels under the heat of the sun
Figure 5. Carbonization process through furnace
Figure 6. Uniformity in size using sieve
Figure 7. Cooking process of paper and water mixture

22
Figure 8. Addition of simple adhesive
Figure 9. Compressing to form the briquette
Figure 10. Final product of biomass briquette
Section 2. Actual Experimentation
Preparation of the experimental set-ups: Each of the 5 set-samples
contains different paper:durian peel ratios; 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0.
Table 1. Ratios of different set-ups

Set-ups A B C D E
Ratio 0:100 25:75 50:50 75:25 100:0

23
Set up A: Each briquette contains 0:100 ratio, 0% paper and
100% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in
a triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the
framework of Water Boiling Test (WBT). The whole procedure will start
by filling 10 ml water in a test tube, then it will be placed over the
briquette. A timer will be prepared to record the amount of time the water
takes to boiling point (100ᵒC) and the thermometer will be used to
monitor the water’s temperature, in order to be precise and accurate.
Thereafter, the mass of fuel consumed will be weighed. Then the burning
process for the briquette continues and the heat produced by the
briquette will be measured using thermometer. Lastly, when the
briquette is totally burned, the ash weight will be measured. Then, the
cycle repeats for a replication (trial) of five times.
Set up B: Each briquette contains 25:75 ratio, 25% paper and

24
Set up C: Each briquette contains 50:50 ratio, 50% paper and
Set up D: Each briquette contains 75:25 ratio, 75% paper and
25
Set up E: Each briquette contains 100:0 ratio, 100% paper and
0% durian peel. Before the test begins, each sample will be placed in a
triple beam balance and weighed. The set-up used was based on the
Each of the briquettes will have its own set-up, in which the set-
ups will be identical five replications and properly observed based on the
usual Water Boiling Test. This test was conducted in the University
Biology Laboratory using a test tube (shown in Figure 3).
Figure 11. Water Boiling Test Diagram

26
Test for combustion rate of the 5 sets of different biomass
briquettes using Water boiling test: The combustion rate of 5 different
biomass briquettes that have been produced will be tested using the
WBT (Water Boiling Test). Whereas, a water sample will be put in 5
different test tube, then each test tube with water will be heated by the
use of 5 different biomass briquettes, until the water boils. The time each
container takes to boil the water using the 5 different biomass briquettes
will be recorded and used as data in analyzing and determining the
combustion rate of each 5 biomass briquettes with different proportion
of durian peel and adhesive. The shorter the time it takes to boil the
water, the higher the combustion rate the briquettes have.
Section 3. Post-Experimentation
Analysis of the combustion properties: In this part, the different
combustion properties of the durian biomass briquettes will be introduced. This
part will discuss further the ash content, fixed carbon, energy content, burning
rate and specific fuel consumption of the briquettes.
Ash content: As previously mentioned in RRL, ash content is an
organic component that remains after the biomass briquettes completed
its combustion process. It is mainly composed by calcium, potassium,
magnesium and phosphorus elements (Baaba, 2010). In this study, ash
content is one of the indicators that will determine the quality of the
biomass briquette made from Durian peel. Whereas, it will be recorded
and measured after the burning process/combustion process of the
briquettes in water boiling test will be used for computing the amount of
27
fixed carbon in the biomass briquettes.The data can be obtained through
the use of the formula provided on the study of Ghana (2018).
Formula:
Weight of ash (100)/original weight of sample
Where: Wa – weight of ash +can
Wc – weight of empty can
Wo – original weight of sample + can
Fixed Carbon: According to Kumar, Sabaiah, and Rao (2013),
fixed carbon is the level of carbon accessible for ignition after all the
volatile matter is expelled from the biomass briquettes, which was
previously stated in RRL. In connection, fixed carbon will also served as
one of the indicators for determining the quality of biomass briquettes
made from durian peel, which was supported by the statement of
Nuriana, Anisa and Martana (2014), that a briquettes with high fixed
carbon is considered as a good quality type. The fixed carbon is
expected to be measured after the carbonization process, in which a
specific formula given below will be used for computing the amount of
fixed carbon in the biomass briquettes.The data can be obtained through
the use of the formula provided on the study of Ghana (2018).
Formula:
28
Where:
FC – Fixed carbon
MC – Moisture content
VM- Volatile matter
AC – Ash content
Energy content: The amount of energy potential contained in a
briquette that is determined by calorific value was known as energy
content (Baaba, 2017). In addition, according to Baaba (2017), one of
the parameter that forms energy content is the heat capacity of the
briquettes. The energy content in a biomass briquettes is considered as
one of the quality indicators for a good briquette, for the reason that it
increases the combustion rate of the briquettes. In order to obtain the
value of energy content, calorific value is needed in the formula, where
the presence of calorific value determined the energy content of the
biomass briquette. According to Prabhu (2016), calorific value is
measured by the amount of heat energy denoted as kilojoules produced
in a complete combustion of 1kg of fuel. A formula given below is used
for the computation of calorific value and determining the energy content
of the biomass briquette made from durian peel.The data can be
obtained through the use of the formula provided on the study of Prabhu
(2016).
Formula:
29
Water Boiling Test: The water boiling test is the method of
experiment use in determining the combustion rate, combustion
properties and ignition time of the briquettes. In this experiment, five
samples of water in a container/ aluminum can will be heat using the 5
samples of biomass briquettes which made from different ratio of durian
peel and adhesive as an alternative coal. The said test will served as a
way of obtaining the data necessary for the analysis of biomass
briquettes. Wherein combustion properties such as ash content, fixed
carbon and energy content will be carefully recorded and measured. In
addition, this test will be the basis for the researchers to determine the
different characteristics and quality possess by the 5 different samples
of biomass briquette. The data can be obtained through the use of the
formula provided on the study of Onuegbu et al. (2011).
Formula:
30
Figure 12. Flowchart of the Entire Process of

the Experiment
31
Table 2. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette Using Ash
Content
(Experimental Groups) (Control Group)
Percentage (%) (%)
Trials Set-up A Set-up B Set-up C Set-up D Set-up E
Table 3. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette using Fixed
Carbon Content
Percentage (%) (%)
5
32
Table 4. Test for Effectiveness of Durian Peels as Biomass Briquette using
Energy Content
Calorific Value (kj/kg) (kj/kg)
Water Boiling Test (Burning Rate)

Burning Rate (kg/s) (kg/s)
5
33
Water Boiling Test (Specific Fuel Consumption)

Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l) (kg/l)
5
34
Chapter 3
Results and Discussions
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data in the study, conclusion and recommendation. Statistical data which were
used in the analysis and interpretation of the results are presented in tabular
form.
Results
This section is comprised of table and graph that will be explained in a
text to present the differences of data in every treatment on each variable.
Table 7.1. Mean Values for the Ash Content
Set-ups Ash Content (%)

A 10.90
B 22.48
C 22.26
D 25.85
E 34.09
Total Mean 23.12
According to the data given by the table above, set-up E has the highest
ash content value of 34.09% while set-up A got the lowest ash content value of
10.90% with the total mean of 23.12%. For the biomass briquette to be
effective, the ash content should be low. Therefore, Set-up A is the most
effective in terms of ash content as biomass briquette.

35
Table 7.2. Mean Values for the Fixed Carbon Content
Set-ups Fixed Carbon Content (%)

A 51.73
B 34.76
C 46.41
D 34.49
E 31.27
Total Mean 39.73
The table above shows that in fixed carbon content, set-up A has the
highest value of 51.73% and in contrast, set-up E got the lowest value of 31.27
% with the total mean of 39.73%. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the
fixed carbon content should be high. Therefore, Set-up A is the most effective
in terms of fixed carbon content as biomass briquette.
Table 7.3. Mean Values for the Energy Content
Set-ups Energy Content kJ/kg

A 2.26
B 2.41
C 2.05
D 1.97
E 1.83
Total Mean 2.13
The table shows the data for energy content, wherein calorific value
serves as the way of getting the values. The data shows that set-up B got the
highest value of 2.41 kJ/kg among the other set-up while set-up E got the lowest
value of 1.83 kJ/kg with the total mean of 2.13 kJ/kg. For the biomass briquette
to be effective, the energy content should be high. Therefore, Set-up B is the
most effective in terms of energy content as biomass briquette.

36
Table 7.4. Mean Values for the Burning Rate
Set-ups Burning Rate (kg/s)

A 0.00014188
B 0.00013324
C 0.0001080
D 0.000065592
E 0.000064474
Total Mean 0.000102636
The table above shows the data for burning rate wherein set-up A got
the highest value among the other set-up with a value of 0.00014188 kg/s, while
set-up E has the lowest value of 0.00006447 kg/s with the total mean of
0.000102636 kg/s. For the biomass briquette to be effective, the burning rate
should be high. Therefore, Set-up A is the most effective in terms of burning
rate as biomass briquette.
Table 7.5. Mean Values for the Specific Fuel Consumption

Set-ups Specific Fuel Consumption
(kg/l)
A 7.54
B 6.51
C 6.5
D 5.66
E 6.35
Total Mean 6.51
The table above shows that in specific fuel consumption, set-up A got
the highest amount that reach up into 7.54 kg/l while set-up D got the lowest
amount of 5.66 kg/l with the total mean of 6.51 kg/l. For the biomass briquette
to be effective, the specific fuel consumption should be high. Therefore, Set-up

37
A is the most effective in terms of specific fuel consumption as biomass
briquette.
COMBUSTIBILITY RATE
Ash Content (%) Fixed Carbon content (%)
Energy Content (kj/kg) Burning Rate (kg/s)
Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l)
51.73
46.41
34.76
34.49
34.09
31.27
25.85
22.48
22.26
10.9
0.00014188
0.00013324
6.5592E-05
6.4474E-05
7.54
0.000108
6.51
6.35
5.66
6.5
2.41
2.36
2.05
1.97
1.83
SET-UP A SET-UP B SET-UP C SET-UP D SET-UP E
Figure 13. Mean values for the overall combustibility variables
The figure shows the data for the mean of the overall variable of
combustibility rate which are the ash content, fixed carbon content, energy
content, burning rate and specific fuel consumption for all the five set-ups A, B,
C, D and E. Set-up A which is composed of 100% durian peel possessed the
highest value of fixed carbon content, burning rate and specific fuel
consumption among the other set-ups but it also possessed the lowest ash
content thus it is the most effective as biomass briquette. In contrast, set-up E
which is composed of 100% paper possessed the lowest value of fixed carbon
content, energy content and burning rate among the other set-ups but also
possessed the highest amount of ash content, thus it is the least effective as
biomass briquettes among the other set-ups. In addition, set-up B possessed

38
the highest energy content among the other while set-up D has the lowest
consumption of fuel according to the data given in the table above.
Table 8.1. Analysis of Variance for the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as
Biomass Briquette Using Ash Content
Tabulated F
Source of Degrees Sum of Mean of Computed
Variation of Squares Squares F 5%
Freedom
Treatment 4 1390.76 347.69

40.104 2.87
Experimental 20 208.07 8.67

Error
Total 24 1598.83
Table 8.1 shows the effectiveness of durian peels as biomass briquettes
in terms of ash content. The computed f value for the ash content is 40.104
which is greater than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This
value means that there is a significant difference. It indicates that there is a
great variation between the treatment and replication.
Data shown in table 8.1 supports the hypothesis that there is a significant
difference on the mean ash content of the biomass briquette treated with five
(5) set-ups namely; Set-up A= 0% paper and 100% durian peel; Set-up B= 25%
paper and 75% durian peel; Set-up C= 50% paper and 50% durian peel; Set-
up D= 75% paper and 100% durian peel: and Set-up E= 100% paper and 0%
durian peel. Furthermore, it also applies that there is a significant difference on
the mean ash content of the biomass briquette in five (5) trials treated with the
same set-ups. The rejection of the null hypothesis which indicates that there is
39
no significant difference between and among the treatments in terms of the ash
content of the biomass briquette led to the application of Post-Hoc Analysis
specifically the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) which resulted to as
follows.
Table 8.1.1. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Ash Content
of the Biomass Briquette Results
Set-up Mean DMRT*

A 10.904 A
B 22.48 Bc
C 22.26 Cd
D 25.846 Bcd
E 34.09 E
The table shows that any two means having a common letter are not
significantly different at the 5% level of significance. Thus, the computation
showed that Set-up A and Set-up E are significantly different from other
treatments; Set-up D is significantly different from Set-up A and Set-up E and
not significantly different from Set-up B and Set-up C; Set-up B is significantly
different from Set-up A and Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up
C; and Set-up C is significantly different from Set-up A and Set-up E.

40
Table 8.2. Analysis of Variance of the Effectiveness of Durian Peels as
Biomass Briquette Using Fixed Carbon Content

Tabulated
F
Source of Degrees Sum of Mean of Compute
Variation of Square Square dF 5%
Freedom s s
Treatment 4 1503.65 375.91
2.77 2.87
Error
Total 24 4766.05
in terms of fixed carbon content. The computed f value for the fixed carbon
content is 2.77 which is lesser than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level
of 2.87. This value means that there is no significant difference. It indicates that
there is no variation between the treatment and replication hence null
hypothesis is accepted.
41
Biomass Briquette Using Energy Content

Tabulated
F
Freedom s s
Treatment 4 1.49 0.3725

2.87
Experimental 20 1.28 0.053 6.98
Error
Total 24 2.77
in terms of energy content. The computed f value for the energy content is 6.98
which is greater than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This
value means that there is a significant difference. It indicates that there is a
great variation between the treatment and replication.
difference on the mean energy content of the biomass briquette treated with
five (5) set-ups namely; Set-up A= 0% paper and 100% durian peel; Set-up B=
25% paper and 75% durian peel; Set-up C= 50% paper and 50% durian peel;
Set-up D= 75% paper and 100% durian peel: and Set-up E= 100% paper and
0% durian peel. Furthermore, it also applies that there is a significant difference
on the mean energy content of the biomass briquette in five (5) trials treated
with the same set-ups. The rejection of the null hypothesis which indicates that
there is no significant difference between and among the treatments in terms
of the energy content of the biomass briquette led to the application of Post-
42
Hoc Analysis specifically the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) which
resulted to as follows.
Table 8.3.1. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Energy
Content of the Biomass Briquette Results
Set-up Mean DMRT*

A 2.364 bc
B 2.414 ab
C 2.05 c
D 1.97 de
E 1.766 e
showed that Set-up B is significantly different from Set-up C, Set-up D and Set-
up E and not significantly different from Set-up A; Set-up A is significantly
different from Set-up D and Set-up E and not significantly different from Set-up
C and Set-up B; Set-up C is significantly different from Set-up D and Set-up E;
and Set-up D is not significantly different from Set-up E.

43
Biomass Briquette Using Burning rate
Tabulated
F
Source of Degrees Sum of Mean of Comp
Variation of Squares Squares uted F 5%
Freedom
Treatment 4 0.00000117 0.00000029
2.87
Experimental 20 0.00000114 - -6.10
Error 0.0000000475
Total 24 0.000000031
in terms of burning rate. The computed f value for the burning rate is -6.10 which
is lesser than tabulated f value at 5 % significance level of 2.87. This value
means that there is no significant difference. It indicates that there is no
variation between the treatment and replication hence null hypothesis is
accepted.
44
Biomass Briquette Using Specific Fuel consumption
Tabulated
F
Freedom s s
Treatment 4 9.9 2.475

2.87
Experimental 20 0.49 0.0204 121.22
Error
Total 24 10.39
in terms of specific fuel consumption. The computed f value for the specific fuel
consumption is 121.22 which is greater than tabulated f value at 5 %
significance level of 2.87. This value means that there is a significant difference.
It indicates that there is a great variation between the treatment and replication.
difference on the mean specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette
treated with five (5) set-ups namely; Set-up A= 0% paper and 100% durian peel;
Set-up B= 25% paper and 75% durian peel; Set-up C= 50% paper and 50%
durian peel; Set-up D= 75% paper and 100% durian peel: and Set-up E= 100%
paper and 0% durian peel. Furthermore, it also applies that there is a significant
difference on the mean specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette in
five (5) trials treated with the same set-ups. The rejection of the null hypothesis
which indicates that there is no significant difference between and among the
treatments in terms of the specific fuel consumption of the biomass briquette

45
led to the application of Post-Hoc Analysis specifically the Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT) which resulted to as follows.
Table 8.5.1 Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the Mean Specific Fuel
Consumption of the Biomass Briquette Results
Set-up Mean DMRT*

A 7.542 a
B 6.52 bc
C 6.5 cd
D 5.566 e
E 6.352 cd
showed that Set-up A is significantly different from other treatments; Set-up B
is significantly different from Set-up D and Set-up E and not significantly
different from Set-up C; Set-up C is significantly different from Set-up E and not
significantly different from Set-up D; and Set-up E is not significantly different
from Set-up D.
Discussion
The amount of durian peel added in the biomass briquette mixture has
a significant effect on the combustibility of the biomass briquette product. The
data was obtained from the experiment, with five (5) treatments and a
replication of five (5) times. Data analysis use ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
at significance level a = 5% with 95% level of confidence.

46
In the ash content, set-up A has the lowest value and is significantly
varied from other treatments. Based on the study conducted by Obi, Akubuo,
and Okonkwo (2013), for the briquettes to have high heating values, the ash
content should be low. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective in terms of ash
content and the results were based on the standard set by Tamilvanan (2013).
Furthermore, in fixed carbon content, set-up A has the highest value and does
not significantly vary from other treatments. According to Raju, Praveena,
Sathya, and Jyothi (2014), the higher the fixed carbon content, the better the
charcoal created. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective in terms of fixed
carbon content and the results were based on the standard set by Nuriana
(2014). However, in the energy content, set-up B has the highest value and is
significantly varied from other treatments. High calorific value means the energy
content is high enough to generate the heat required in small-scale applications
(Raju et al., 2014). Hence, the greater calorific value, the easier and the better
will the briquette burn. Therefore, set-up B is the most effective and the result
was based on the standard set by Huang (2014). Moreover, in the burning rate,
set-up A has the highest value and does not significantly vary from other
treatments. For the briquette to be effective, it should have a high value of
burning rate. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective and the result was based
on the standard set by Onuegbu et al. (2011). Lastly, in specific fuel
consumption, Set-up A has the highest value and is significantly varied from
other treatments. Therefore, set-up A is the most effective.
Based on our own observations, it was foreseen that when more durian
peel was added to the biomass briquette mixture, it will become more
combustible, which means that the briquette is effective. On the other hand, if
47
less durian peel is added, it can be noticed that the biomass briquette product
is less combustible that makes the briquette least effective.
Conclusion
This research aims to determine the effectiveness of durian peels as
biomass briquette on the different set-ups. The researchers concluded that
testing the combustibility rate of the biomass briquette is an efficient way to
assess its effectiveness. Based on the findings, the researchers acquired
answers to the question and these are the following: Set-up A is the most
effective in terms of the ash content of the briquette; Set-up A is the most
effective in terms of the fixed carbon content of the briquette; Set-up B is the
most effective in terms of the energy content of the briquette; Set-up A is the
most effective in terms of the burning rate of the briquette; and Set-up A is the
most effective in terms of the specific fuel consumption of the briquette.
Through the One-Way Analysis of Variance conducted on the results, the
following conclusions are made: there is a significant difference on the ash
content of the biomass briquette on the different treatments; there is no
significant difference on the fixed carbon content of the biomass briquette on
the different treatments; there is a significant difference on the energy content
of the biomass briquette on the different treatments; there is no significant
difference on the burning rate of the biomass briquette on the different
treatments; and there is a significant difference on the specific fuel consumption
of the biomass briquette on the different treatments. In general, it can be
concluded that durian peel has the ability to be effective as biomass briquette.
48
Recommendation
The study was conducted using a makeshift equipment such as the
furnace and compressor as an alternative and was tested manually using
equations due to the absence of the needed equipment in the school laboratory
and lack of financial fund. It is therefore recommended for the future researcher
to take advantage on the advancement of technology and use modern
equipment such as oven and hi-tech compressor to ensure the same outcome
of the product. Upon testing the product, the researcher also recommend to
used bomb calorimeter, a modern measurement device to gather the data
needed in the research. Based on the findings, durian peel as biomass briquette
is effective and has the ability to be used as fuel, therefore, future researchers
should conduct a comparative study of durian peel biomass briquette to a
commercialized charcoal product.

49
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57
APPENDIX A
TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING ASH CONTENT
(Experimental Groups) (Control

Group)
Percentage (%)
(%)
1 9.83 17.66 21.44 25.43 35.65
2 11.57 24.79 25.10 23.07 32.64
3 11.68 23.24 23.64 30.67 30.12
4 10.32 19.09 20.87 24.04 41.48
5 11.12 27.62 20.25 26.02 30.56

58
APPENDIX B
TABLE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL USING
FIXED CARBON CONTENT
Percentage (%) (%)
1 65.68 69.32 51.08 33.62 13.35
2 32.29 7.73 22.83 48.76 26.91
3 42.29 15.62 28.52 12.92 49.44
4 63.35 64.65 62.43 46.39 26.01
5 55.04 16.47 72.21 30.76 43.13

59
APPENDIX C
ENERGY CONTENT

Group)
Calorific Value (kj/kg)
(kj/kg)
1 2.24 2.01 2.07 1.92 1.91
2 2.52 2.64 2.24 1.79 1.60
3 2.45 2.52 2.24 2.32 1.51
4 2.27 2.04 1.89 1.89 2.21
5 2.34 2.86 1.81 1.93 1.60

60
APPENDIX D
WATER BOILING TEST (BURNING RATE)

Group)
Burning Rate (kg/s)
(kg/s)
1 Set-up A Set-up B Set-up C Set-up D Set-up E
2 0.0001473 0.0001457 0.0001052 0.00006727 0.00005803
3 0.0001319 0.0001365 0.0001050 0.00006270 0.00005322
4 0.0001345 0.0001259 0.0001009 0.00005821 0.00006193
5 0.0001380 0.0001393 0.0001008 0.00006608 0.00005755
0.0001577 0.0001188 0.0001281 0.00007370 0.00006194

61
APPENDIX E
WATER BOILING TEST (SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION)

Group)
Specific Fuel Consumption (kg/l)
(kg/l)
1 7.81 6.9 6.81 5.28 6.61
2 7.71 6.72 6.71 5.43 6.41
3 7.54 6.45 6.53 5.56 6.35
4 7.38 6.33 6.42 5.75 6.28
5 7.27 6.14 6.03 5.81 6.11

62
APPENDIX F
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
DURIAN PEELS AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE USING ASH CONTENT
Step 1: Group the data by treatments and calculate the treatments totals (T)
and the grand total (G).
Trials Treated Treated

Total Mean
Set-up
1 2 3 4 5
A 9.83 11.57 11.68 10.32 11.12 54.52 10.904
B 17.66 24.79 23.24 19.09 27.62 112.4 22.48
C 21.44 25.10 23.64 20.87 20.25 111.3 22.26
D 25.43 23.07 30.67 24.04 26.02 129.23 25.846
E 35.65 32.64 30.12 41.48 30.56 170.45 34.09
577.9
GrandTotal
23.116
GrandMean
63
Step 2: Construct an outline of the analysis of variance as follows:
Tabulated F
Source of Degrees Sum of Mean of Computed
Variation of Squares Squares F 5%
Freedom
Treatment 4 1390.76 347.69

40.104 2.87

Error
Total 24 1598.83
Step 3: Using t to represent the number of treatments and r, the number of
trials, determine the degree of freedom (d.f.) for each source of variation as
follows:
Total d.f. = (r) (t) – 1
= (5) (5) – 1
= 24
Treatment d.f. = t – 1
=5–1
=4
Error d.f. = t(r – 1)
= 5(5 – 1)
= 20
64
Step 4: Using Xi to represent the measurement of the ith plot, Ti as the total of
the ith treatment, and n as the total number of experimental plots, calculate the
correction factor and the various sums of squares (SS) as:
𝑮𝟐
Correlation factor (C.F.) = 𝒏
𝟓𝟕𝟕.𝟗𝟐
= 𝟐𝟓
= 13 358.7364
Total SS = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝟐𝒊 − 𝑪. 𝑭.
= 14 957.5666 – 13 358.7364
= 1598.8302
∑𝒕𝒊=𝟏 𝑻𝟐𝒊
Treatment SS = – C.F
𝒓
= 14 749.49516 – 13 358.7364
= 1390.75876
Error SS = Total SS – Treatment SS
= 1598.8302 – 1390.75876
= 208.07144
Step 5: Calculate the mean square (MS) for each source of variation by
dividing each SS by its corresponding d.f:
𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝑺
Treatment MS = 𝒕−𝟏
1390.75876
= 4
65
= 347.68969
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝑺
Error MS = 𝒕(𝒓−𝟏)
208.07144
= 𝟐𝟒
= 8.67
Step 6: Calculate the F value for testing significance of the treatment
difference as:
𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝑺
F= 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝑺
347.68969
= 8.67
= 40.104
Step 7: Decision
Reject Ho
66
Post-Hoc Analysis: Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
Step 1: Rank all the treatment means in decreasing order:
Set-up Mean Rank

34.09
E 1
25.846
D 2
22.48
B 3
22.26
C 4
10.904
A 5
Step 2: Compute the sd-value:
𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝒔−
𝒅 =
√
𝒓
𝟐(8.67)
𝒔−
𝒅 =
√
𝟓
𝒔𝒅− = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔
Step 3: Compute the (t – 1) values of the shortest significant ranges as:
(𝒓𝒑 )(𝒔−
𝒅)
𝑹𝒑 = for p = 2, 3,…, t
√𝟐
rp values with error d.f. of 20 and at the 5% level f significance and computed
Rp values:
67
p rp(.05) Rp
2 2.95 3.88
3 3.09 4.06
4 3.19 4.196
5 3.25 4.27
Step 4: Identify and group together all the treatment means that do not differ
significantly from each other.
Set-up Mean
E 34.09 a
D 25.846 b
B 22.48 c
C 22.26 d
A 10.904 e
A. Set-up E (E)
x̅ 𝐸− 𝑅𝑃5 = 34.09 − 4.27 =29.82
 Thus, E is significantly different from other treatments.
B. Set-up D (D)
x̅ 𝐷− 𝑅𝑃4 = 25.846 − 4.196=21.65
 Thus, D is significantly different from A andE.
x̅ 𝐷 − x̅ 𝑐 = 25.846−22.26 = 3.586 ; 3.586 <4.06
 Thus, D is not significantly different from BandC.
C. Set-up B (B)
x̅ 𝐵− 𝑅𝑃3 =22.48 − 4.06 =18.42

68
 Thus, B is significantly different from A and E.
x̅ 𝐵 − x̅ 𝐶 =22.48 −22.26 = 0.22 ;0.22<4.196
 Thus, B is not significantly different from C.
D. Set-up C (C)
x̅ 𝐶− 𝑅𝑃2 = 22.26 − 3.88 =18.38
 Thus, C is significantly different from A and E.
Step 5: Present the results.
Set-up Mean DMRT*
A 10.904 a
B 22.48 bc
C 22.26 cd
D 25.846 bcd
E 34.09 e
Note *: Any two means having a common letter are not significantly different at
the 5% level of significance.

69
APPENDIX G
DURIAN PEELS AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE USING FIXED CARBON
CONTENT
Step 1: Group the data by treatments and calculate the treatments total (T)

Total Mean
Set-up
1 2 3 4 5
A 65.68 32.29 42.29 63.35 55.04 258.65 51.73
B 69.32 7.73 15.62 64.65 16.47 230.03 46.006
C 51.08 22.83 28.52 62.43 72.21 237.07 47.414
D 33.62 48.76 12.92 46.39 30.76 172.45 34.49
E 13.35 26.91 49.44 26.01 43.13 158.84 31.768
1057.04
Grand Total
42.2816
Grand Mean
70
Step 2: Construct an outline of the analysis of variance as follows:
Tabulated
F
Freedom s s
Treatment 4 1503.65 375.91
2.77 2.87
Error
Total 24 4766.05
follows:
Total d.f. = (r) (t) – 1
= (5) (5) – 1
= 24
=5–1
=4
= 5(5 – 1)
= 20
71
𝑮𝟐
0.00253623𝟐
= 𝟐𝟓
= 0.000000257
= 0.000000288 – 0.000000257
= 0.000000031
𝒓
= 0.000001432 – 0.000000257
= 0.00000117
= 0.000000031 – 0.00000117
= -0.00000114
0.00000117
= 4
72
=0.00000029
−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟒
= 𝟐𝟒
= -0.0000000475
Step 6: Calculate the F value for testing significance of the treatment difference
as:
0.00000029
=−0.0000000475
= -6.10
Step 7: Decision
Accept Ho
73
APPENDIX H
DURIAN PEELS AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE USING ENERGY CONTENT

Total Mean
Set-up
1 2 3 4 5
A 2.24 2.52 2.45 2.27 2.34 11.82 2.364
B 2.01 2.64 2.52 2.04 2.86 12.07 2.414
C 2.07 2.24 2.24 1.89 1.81 10.25 2.05
D 1.92 1.79 2.32 1.89 1.93 9.85 1.97
E 1.91 1.60 1.51 2.21 1.60 8.83 1.766
52.82
Grand Total
Grand Mean 2.1128

74
Step 2: Construct an outlineof the analysis of variance as follows:
Tabulated
F
Freedom s s
Treatment 4 1.49 0.3725

2.87
Experimental 20 1.28 0.053 6.98
Error
Total 24 2.77
follows:
Total d.f. = (r) (t) – 1
= (5) (5) – 1
= 24
=5–1
=4
= 5(5 – 1)
= 20
75
𝑮𝟐
52.82𝟐
= 𝟐𝟓
= 111.598
= 114.371 – 111.598
= 2.77
𝒓
= 113.09 – 111.598
= 1.49
= 2.77 – 1.49
= 1.28
1.49
= 4
76
=0.3725
1.28
= 𝟐𝟒
= 0.053
as:
0.3725
= 0.053
= 6.98
Step 7: Decision
Reject Ho
77
Set-up Mean Rank

2.414
B 1
2.364
A 2
2.05
C 3
1.97
D 4
1.766
E 5
𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝒔−
𝒅 = √
𝒓
𝟐(0.053)
𝒔−
𝒅 =
√
𝟓
𝒔−
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟔
(𝒓𝒑 )(𝒔−
𝒅)
𝑹𝒑 = for p = 2, 3,…, t
√𝟐
Rp values:
78
P rp(.05) Rp
2 2.95 0.304
3 3.09 0.318
4 3.19 0.328
5 3.25 0.335
Set-up Mean
B 2.414 a
A 2.364 b
C 2.05 c
D 1.97 d
E 1.766 e
A. Set-up B (B)
x̅ 𝐵− 𝑅𝑃5 = 2.414 − 0.335 = 2.079
 Thus, B is significantly different from C, D and E.
x̅ 𝐵 − x̅ 𝐴 = 2.414−2.364 = 0.05 ; 0.05 <0.304
 Thus, B is not significantly different from A
B. Set-up A (A)
x̅ 𝐴− 𝑅𝑃4=2.364 − 0.328=2.036
 Thus, A is significantly different from D andE.
x̅ 𝐴 − x̅ 𝑐 = 2.364−2.05 = 0.314 ; 0.314 <0.318

79
 Thus, A is not significantly different from C.
C. Set-up C (C)
x̅ 𝐶− 𝑅𝑃3 =2.05 − 0.318=1.732
 Thus, C is significantly different from D andE.
D. Set-up D (D)
x̅ 𝐷− 𝑅𝑃2 =1.97 − 0.304=1.666
x̅ 𝐷 − x̅ 𝐸 = 1.97−1.766 = 0204 ; 0.204 <0.335
 Thus, D is not significantly different from E.
Set-up Mean DMRT*
A 2.364 bc
B 2.414 ab
C 2.05 c
D 1.97 de
E 1.766 e

80
APPENDIX I
DURIAN PEELS AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE USING WATER BOILING
TEST (BURNING RATE)

Total Mean
Set- 1 2 3 4 5
up
A 0.00014 0.000131 0.000134 0.000138 0.000157 0.0007094 0.0001418

73 9 5 0 7 8
B 0.00014 0.000136 0.000125 0.000139 0.000118 0.0006662 0.0001332

57 5 9 3 8 4
C 0.00010 0.000105 0.000100 0.000100 0.000128 0.00054 0.000108

52 0 9 8 1
D 0.00006 0.000062 0.000058 0.000066 0.000073 0.00032796 0.0000655

727 70 21 08 70 92
E 0.00005 0.000053 0.000061 0.000057 0.000061 0.00029267 0.0000585

803 22 93 55 94 34
0.00253623
Grand Total
0.0001014
Grand Mean 492
81
Tabulated
F
Source of Degrees Sum of Mean of Compu
Variation of Squares Squares ted F 5%
Freedo
m
Treatment 4 0.00000117 0.00000029
2.87
Experimental 20 0.00000114 - -6.10
Error 0.0000000475
Total 24 0.00000003
1
follows:
Total d.f. = (r) (t) – 1
= (5) (5) – 1
= 24
=5–1
=4
= 5(5 – 1)
= 20
82
𝑮𝟐
0.00253623𝟐
= 𝟐𝟓
= 0.000000257
= 0.000000288 – 0.000000257
= 0.000000031
𝒓
= 0.000001432 – 0.000000257
= 0.00000117
= 0.000000031 – 0.00000117
= -0.00000114
0.00000117
= 4
83
=0.00000029
−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟒
= 𝟐𝟒
= -0.0000000475
as:
0.00000029
=−0.0000000475
= -6.10
Step 7: Decision
Accept Ho
84
APPENDIX J
DURIAN PEELS AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTE USING WATER BOILING
TEST (SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION)

Total Mean
Set-up
1 2 3 4 5
A 7.81 7.71 7.54 7.38 7.27 37.71 7.542
B 6.9 6.72 6.45 6.33 6.14 32.6 6.52
C 6.81 6.71 6.53 6.42 6.03 32.5 6.5
D 5.28 5.43 5.56 5.75 5.81 27.83 5.566
E 6.61 6.41 6.35 6.28 6.11 31.76 6.352
162.4
Grand Total
Grand Mean 6.496

85
Tabulated
F
Freedom s s
Treatment 4 9.9 2.475

2.87
Experimental 20 0.49 0.0204 121.22
Error
Total 24 10.39
follows:
Total d.f. = (r) (t) – 1
= (5) (5) – 1
= 24
=5–1
=4
= 5(5 – 1)
= 20
86
Step 4: Using Xi to represent the measurement of the ith plot, T i as the total of
𝑮𝟐
162.4𝟐
= 𝟐𝟓
= 1054.95
= 1065.34 – 1054.95
= 10.39
𝒓
= 1064.85 – 1054.95
= 9.9
= 10.39 – 9.9
= 0.49
Step 5: Calculate the mean square (MS) for each source of variation by dividing
each SS by its corresponding d.f:
9.9
=4
87
=2.475
0.49
= 𝟐𝟒
= 0.0204
as:
2.475
=0.0204
= 121.22
Step 7: Decision
Reject Ho
88
Set-up Mean Rank

7.542
A 1
6.52
B 2
6.5
C 3
6.352
E 4
5.566
D 5
𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝒔−
𝒅 = √
𝒓
𝟐(0.0204)
𝒔−
𝒅 =
√
𝟓
𝒔−
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
(𝒓𝒑 )(𝒔−
𝒅)
𝑹𝒑 = for p = 2, 3,…, t
√𝟐
Rp values:
89
P rp(.05) Rp
2 2.95 0.188
3 3.09 0.197
4 3.19 0.20
5 3.25 0.21
A. Set-up A (A)
Set-up Mean
A 7.542 a
B 6.52 b
C 6.5 c
E 6.352 d
D 5.566 e
x̅ 𝐴− 𝑅𝑃5 = 7.542 − 0.21 = 37.5
 Thus, A is significantly different from other treatments.
B. Set-up B (B)
x̅ 𝐵− 𝑅𝑃4 = 6.52 − 0.2=6.5
 Thus, B is significantly different from D andE.
x̅ 𝐵 − x̅ 𝑐 = 6.52−6.5 = 0.2 ; 0.2 <0.197
 Thus, B is not significantly different from C.
C. Set-up C ©
x̅ 𝐶− 𝑅𝑃3 =6.5 − 0.197=6.303

 Thus, C is not significantly different from D.
x̅ 𝑐 − x̅ 𝐸 = 6.5−6.352 = 0.148 ; 0.148 <0.197
90
 Thus, C is significantly different from E
D. Set-up E(E)
x̅ 𝐸 − 𝑅𝑃2 =6.352 − 0.188 =6.164
 Thus, E is not significantly different from D.
Set-up Mean DMRT*
A 7.542 a
B 6.52 bc
C 6.5 cd
D 5.566 e
E 6.352 cd

91
Evan Kristofer C. De Castro
Better Living, Davao City
Mobile No. 09231007736
E-mail: [email protected]
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Birth Date November 28, 2001

Birth Place General Santos City
Age 17 Y.O
Religion Christian
Parent’s Name Rodolfo D. De Castro Jr. (Father)
Rosenie D. De Castro (Mother)
II. EDUCATION
Senior High University of Mindanao

2017 - 2019
Davao City
Junior High GSC SPED Integrated School

2013 - 2017
Barangay San Isidro, General Santos City
Elementary Jose C. Catolico Sr. Elementary School

2007 -2013
Barangay Lagao, General Santos City
92
Mariah Karla M. Gabaesin
Catalunan Grande, Davao City
Mobile No. 09287989447
Birth Date August 20, 2001

Birth Place Mandacpan, Butuan City
Age 17 Y.O
Religion Roman Catholic
Parent’s Name Carlos M. Gabaesin Jr. (Father)
Maria Teresa M. Gabaesin (Mother)
II. EDUCATION

2017 - 2019
Davao City
Junior High San Pedro College, Basic Education

2013 - 2017
Ulas, Davao City
Elementary Fr. Justin Rusolillo School of Davao

2007 -2013
Catalunan Grande Davao City
93
Jayson R. Galagar
Bago Gallera, Davao City
Mobile No. 09503441330
Birth Date December 27, 1999

Birth Place Kidapawan City
Age 19 Y.O
Parent’s Name Regino C. Galagar (Father)
Marilou R. Galagar (Mother)
II. EDUCATION

2017 - 2019
Davao City
Junior High Bulakanon National High School

2013 - 2017
Makilala, North Cotabato Province
Elementary Bulakanon Central Elementary School

2007 -2013
Makilala, North Cotabato Province
94
Kayle T. Navaja
New Matina, Davao City
Mobile No. 09109089944

Birth Place Ulas, Davao City, Davao Del Sur
Age 17 Y.O
Parent’s Name Isidro C. Navaja (Father)
Evelyn T. Navaja (Mother)
II. EDUCATION

2017 - 2019
Davao City
Junior High Glan Padidu National High School

2013 - 2017
Glan Padidu, Glan, Sarangani Province
Elementary Glan Padidu Central Elementary School

2007 -2013
Glan Padidu, Glan, Sarangani Province
95
Josie T. Sameon
Matina Aplaya, Davao City
Mobile No. 09076430039

Birth Place Calumpang, General Santos City
Age 20 Y.O
Parent’s Name Jamery T. Sameon (Father)
Corazon T. Sameon (Mother)
II. EDUCATION

2017 - 2019
Davao City
Junior High Daniel R. Aguinaldo National High School

2013 – 2017
Matina, Davao City
Elementary Matina Aplaya Elementary School

2007 -2013
Matina Aplaya, Davao City

Effectiveness of Durian Peel As Biomass Briquette

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EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL AS BIOMASS BRIQUETTES

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

De Castro, Evan Kristofer C.

Energy utilization and resources are a fundamental human need which

deteriorating. In order to cope up with this, utilizing the agricultural waste as a

fuel source to serve as an alternative energy in the form of biomass briquettes

effectiveness of durian peel as biomass briquette in terms of its combustion

and a different proportions of durian peels as biomass briquette as the

experimental variable. In addition, this study utilized experimental design

of two or more different treatment or intervention groups. In relation to this, the

study has shown that there is significant difference on the effectiveness of

durian peels among treatments in some variables in terms of ash content,

treatments. Based on the findings, durian peel as biomass briquette is effective

conduct a comparative study of durian peel biomass briquette to a

commercialized charcoal product.

Keywords: ash content, fixed carbon content, energy content, burning

rate, specific fuel consumption

APPROVAL AND ENDORSEMENT SHEET

This research entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF DURIAN PEEL AS

APPROVED by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

MARY KRIS T. EA MARY JOY A. VITO

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research

JOEY C. OLIVEROS, MAEd

the following people for their help and support:

indebted for the encouragement, guidance, advice and patience in examining

To the panelists, for the inspirational thoughts, suggestions and

corrections that truly improved this research study;

involvement in this study cannot be gainsaid;

Their family, for their undying love, guidance, words of encouragement,

and downs; and

life. All these works are dedicated to Him.

Chapter 3 Results and Discussion

D Effectiveness of Durian Peel using 60

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

1 Ratios of Different Set-ups 22

1 Conceptual framework of the Variables of the Study 4

4 Drying the Peels under the Heat of the Sun 21

Background of the Study

Energy utilization and resources are a fundamental human need which

causes the effect to the environment, as well as to the economy. Whereas,

energy (Chauhan & Vig, 2007).

A biomass briquettes are known produced product of low-pressure

compact biomass such as agricultural waste, woods, sawdust, etc. (McDougal,

Eidemiller, & Weires, 2010). In connection, consumption of a large amount of

durian fruit produces an estimated amount of 70% inconsumable wastes in the

chemical compositions, durian contains a high amount of amylopectin and

compared to other agricultural residues. Meanwhile, durian peel has been

analyzed to have an approximate amount of 60.31% of carbon, 28.06% of

potential of durian peel (Chandra, Mirna, Sunarso, Sudaryanto, & Ismadji,

2009). Moreover, durian is a known source of biomass and a seasonal kind of

advanced agricultural technology (Yamaji, Chrisostomo, Vendrasco, & Flores,

peels residues in an area have caused major problems such as respiratory

produced energy supply, the researcher seeks an alternative source of energy

of durian peel as biomass briquette.

Purpose of the Study and Research Questions

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of durian peel as biomass

briquettes. It is sought to answer the following question:

1. What treatment is the most effective as biomass briquette in terms

1.1. Ash content;