Cereal Foods World Supplement 54-4

CEREAL FOODS WORLD Supplement Vol. 54, No.
4

Table of Contents
Abstracts of Pre-Meeting Workshops
at the 2009 Annual Meeting
(listed in alphabetical order by workshop title)
An Emerging Scholarship of Cross-Cultural
Engagement........................................................................... A1
Cellulosic Ethanol: Critical Constraints to Success.................. A1

Abstracts of Symposia Presentations
at the 2009 Annual Meeting
(listed in alphabetical order by title)
Advances in Delivery of Food Nutrients - Tailoring Process
Operations for Health and Wellness......................................... A3
Biofuel from Maize: Current Economics
and Future Sustainability...................................................... A4
Cereal Grain Components: Analysis and Bioavailability......... A5
Characterizing the Size and Molecular Weight
Distributions of Starch.......................................................... A6
Chemistry and Structure of Non-Wheat Proteins...................... A7
The Effects of Dietary Fiber from Cereals
on Gut Health........................................................................ A8
Health Claims and Use of Dietary Fibers
in Cereal Products................................................................. A8
HEALTHGRAIN Project Symposium...................................... A9
Opportunities to Enhance Cereal Products: Pulse
Components as Nutritional and Functional Ingredients........ A10
Replacing Gluten Functionality................................................ A11
The Role of Grain-Based Foods in the Prevention
of Childhood Obesity............................................................ A12
Tools to Evaluate Health Benefits of Cereals........................... A13

Oral Abstracts Submitted for Presentation
at the 2009 Annual Meeting ................................................. A15

Poster Abstracts Submitted for Presentation
at the 2009 Annual Meeting ................................................. A33

Author Index ........................................................................... A75
2009 Program Planning Team
Program Chair
Jodi A. Engleson, Grains for Health Foundation, Minnesota,
U.S.A.

Program Vice-Chair
Christophe Courtin, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Team Members by Scientific Initiative Track
Biotechnology and Sustainability
Chair: Ann E. Blechl, USDA ARS WRRC, California, U.S.A.
Vice-Chair: Peter Shewry, Rothamsted Research, United
Kingdom

Cereal and Polymer Chemistry
Chair: Mirko Bunzel, University of Minnesota, U.S.A.
Vice-Chair: Peter Koehler, Hans-Dieter-Belitz-Institute,
Germany

Engineering and Processing
Chair: Sajid Alavi, Kansas State University, U.S.A.
Vice-Chair: Vijay Singh, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, U.S.A.

Food Safety and Regulatory
Chair: Jack C. Cappozzo, National Center for Food Safety &
Technology, Illinois, U.S.A.
Vice-Chair: Lauren Jackson, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Illinois, U.S.A.

Health and Nutrition
Chair: Jan Devries, CSM, The Netherlands
Vice-Chair: Bruce Hamaker, Purdue University, Indiana, U.S.A.

Ingredients and Cost of Goods Sold
Chair: DAnne M. Hayman, Kellogg Company, Michigan, U.S.A.
Vice-Chair: Greet Vandeputte, Nestle PTC Orbe, Switzerland

Quality and Analytical Methods
Chair: Nancy Ames, Agric & Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg,
Canada
Vice-Chair: Art Bettge, USDA ARS WWQL, Washington. U.S.A.

http://meeting.aaccnet.org
A1

2009 Annual Meeting
Abstracts of Pre-Meeting Workshops
Abstracts submitted for presentation at the 2009 annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, September 1316. The abstracts are listed in alphabetical order by title of
workshop and time order of presentation within each workshop. Abstracts are published as submitted. They were formatted but not edited at the AACC
International headquarters office.

An Emerging Scholarship of Cross-Cultural
Engagement

Fundamentals of Chinese medical theory
C. Hafner
Crocus Hill Oriental Medicine
Cereal Foods World 54:A1
Chinese Medicine is one of several ancient systems of medical care based
upon a different world view than the prevailing biomedical model; it employs
its own language, systems of logic, and criteria for understanding health and
diagnosing illness. The fundamental ideas upon which Chinese medical theory
rest do not fit well within a biomedical model, and are often discounted or
ignored. Chinese Medicine does not rely upon the chemical composition of
food or herbs as a basis for understanding medicinal efficacy, safety or
quality. In Chinese dietary and herbal therapies the yin / yang qualities that are
inherent in foods and medicinal herbs are identified and classified through the
sensory attributes that naturally occur in these substances. Over-attachment to
a pharmaceutical approach, combined with under-appreciation for the
coherence of CM as a knowledge base for determining appropriate use of food
and medicinal herbs threatens the underlying integrity of the CM perspective
as a resource in solving todays complex diet-related health issues.

Culture and healing for all people
P. Schultz
White Earth Tribal College, Mahnomen, MN
Paul will speak about the importance of us allowing alternative ways of
knowing and practicing to integrate the way it was always meant to do in
human health care. In his tradition, individualization of care has gone on for
thousands of years. When the Indian Health Services came into the reserva-
tions to provide medical care, they treated the native people like children and
devalued their practices. So the challenge now How to impact the clinics
and physicians working there to create change? On White Earth Reservation,
change began when the local physician reached out to ask to join Paul in
healing. That one gesture has led to new definitions of mutual respect. The
indigenious healer is recognized as just as important and effective as the
medical doctor. This kind of respectful relationship can be built anywhere,
and these inroads to integration can be replicated!

An emerging scholarship of cross-cultural engagement
C. Hassel
University of Minnesota
Every human society has developed its own ways of knowing food and health
relationships as matters of survival and sustainability. Yet training in food and
nutrition sciences can lead members to hold so tightly to western/scientific
models for producing knowledge that little room seems available for open-
minded consideration of the epistemologies found in culturally diverse
communities. The assumptions and presuppositions underlying our scientific
methods are ideas we tend to think with, not about. As a result, we tend to
impose such ideas as universal truths, without learning the skills of how to
navigate the deeper dimensions of cultural difference. An emerging
scholarship asks professional scientists to develop skills in cross-cultural
engagement (CCE) as a prerequisite to work with culturally diverse
communities. CCE prepares scientists to respectfully access foreign ways of
producing knowledge of food and health that lie outside the orthodoxy of their
professional training. This practice allows for knowledge otherwise
incomprehensible to become more empathetically understood; it allows the
presuppositions and paradigms of scientific disciplines becomes more visible;
it can lead to broader and more appropriate forms of scientific inquiry.

Cellulosic Ethanol: Critical Constraints to Success

Cellulosic ethanol issues overview
R. Madl
Bioprocessing & Industrial Value Added Program/KSU Center for
Sustainable Energy, Manhattan, KS
Commercial ethanol production is based on biochemical conversion of sugar
or starch. To achieve higher production capacities, technology must
economically convert lignocellulosic feedstock to advanced biofuels. There
are several critical issues which must be solved before this is accomplished.
Logistics and transportation has been under recognized as a major constraint.
The low density cellulosic materials must be harvested and transported to the
conversion facility consistently throughout the year. The pretreatment and
enzymatic conversion of biomass to sugars has been an expensive and
A2
constraining step in the process. New advances in enzyme technology will be
described in the workshop. The biorefinery concept is important because it
utilizes all process streams to produce multiple products. One approach will
be described. An alternative to biochemical conversion that has received
increasing attention is the thermochemical platform. It solves some of the
initial deconstruction constraints, but creates new issues for separation of
multiple products. Can it contribute to ethanol production? Finally, the
regulatory standards are a key driver for all biofuels. New complications, such
as calculations for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and changes in land
use will be discussed to wrap up the workshop.

Feedstock logistics
R. Hegg
USDA-CSREES, Washington, DC
Achieving the cellulosic biofuel targets set forth in the Energy Independence
and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 will require a very large increase of
cellulosic biomass feedstocks from agricultural, forest, and other resources.
By 2022, it is estimated that 180 million dry tons of biomass will be needed
annually to produce the 16 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuels called for by
EISA. Supplying this volume of material will require developing an industry
comparable to current agricultural supply chains for commodity crops and
hay. Machines and systems capable of performing each biomass supply chain
operation (harvest and collection, storage, preprocessing, and transportation)
are not designed with the scale and efficiency required in the biofuel industry.
Logistics issues are those that affect the assembly of a biomass supply system
and impact its ability to deliver needed quantities of biomass in a cost-
effective and sustainable manner. Technology issues are those that must be
addressed in the design of new machines and systems in order to develop and
sustain biomass feedstock supply chains. The three major categories of
biomass feedstock resources: agricultural resources, forest resources, and
other resources, including municipal solid wastes, livestock manure, and
algae.

Breakthroughs in the conversion and integration of biomass technologies
C. Veit
Novozymes NA Inc., Franklinton, NC
Novozymes has focused its Biomass (lignocellulose to ethanol) R&D and
business efforts on developing new enzymes that enable cost effective
hydrolysis of lignocellulose to simple sugars. Work to date includes the
introduction of new enzymes characterized by higher specific activities,
increased expression levels, and lower overall production costs. Building upon
these past efforts and a belief that the conversion of Biomass to Biofuels is
almost upon us, Biomass has become the single largest R&D effort in
Novozymes history. Novozymes continues this unprecedented effort to
develop the products and continue to lower the costs to hydrolyze cellulose to
simple sugars. Novozymes also realizes that a market enabling process will
require the integration of technologies both upstream and downstream of
enzymatic hydrolysis. This integration of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and
fermentation technologies is an absolute must for any commercially viable
process to emerge. There is no single company which holds the key to all
parts of the value chain and therefore, technological and business driven
alliances and partnerships have emerged that will allow for the needed
breakthroughs to occur. Alliances between private and public companies,
universities and academia often facilitated by governmental support are
paving the way for needed breakthroughs in these key technologies. This
presentation will provide an update of current biomass developmental and
commercial efforts within Novozymes with news on product and process
developmental efforts. It will also outline the approach Novozymes is taking
towards overall process integration; an approach driven by the collaborations
Novozymes has established with Biofuel industry leaders.

Improvements in enzymes for cellulosic ethanol
M. Li
Genencor, a Danisco Division, Palo Alto, CA
Utilization of lignocellulosic materials as a renewable carbon source for
biofuels and chemicals depends on the advances in pretreatment, enzyme
production, enzyme hydrolysis, as well as conversion of those sugars to usable
fuels and chemicals. This presentation will provide an overview of
Genencors recent efforts on biomass enzymes including whole cellulases,
xylanases, as well as beta-glucosidase. The enzyme complex, including
Accellerase
1500, Accellerase
XY, Accellerase
XC, and Accellerase
BG,
can be used from laboratory evaluation to pilot plant/demonstration design
that is representative of what process developers will see at full scale. The
synergistic effect of enzyme systems on the lignocellulosic biomass
hydrolysis and fermentation will be discussed. It will also present Genencors
view of how the market is developing, and the ongoing challenges being
addressed as this emerging industry progresses toward commercialization.

An integrated approach to biorefining
P. Vadlani
Bioprocessing & Industrial Value Added Program, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS
Production of biofuels from cereal grains and renewable biomass is important
to attain self sufficiency in transportation fuel needs of the nation.
Considerable research and development efforts are underway to attain biofuels
production targets specified by federal mandates. While the efficiencies and
economics are mainly related to logistics and production methods used for
biofuels, it is imperative to integrate processes that will consider all the
constituents of the feedstocks and the byproduct streams for production of
high value products. This integrated approach to biorefining will provide
additional revenue streams and also alleviates environmental problems
associated with the disposal of byproduct and waste streams. In this
presentation, the biorefinery concept will be discussed, particularly pertaining
to the utilization of non-starch components in cereal grains, and protein and
lignin residues from cellulosic ethanol process. Bioconversion of pentose
sugar stream to other platform chemicals, such as succinic acid and 2,3
butanediol will also be discussed.

The thermochemical platform
P. Grabowski
US-Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Most of the biofuel discussion has been focused on the biochemical platform
which has major constraints with the pretreatment step and efficient
conversion of pentose sugars and lignin. These issues are overcome with the
thermochemical platform which converts biomass to a range of organic
compounds, some gases, and char in less than 10 seconds at 500-700 degrees
F in fast pyrolysis reactions. At higher temperatures, termed gasification,
biomass is converted to mostly hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane
under proper reaction conditions. Research on the former process is focused
on finding optimum conversion temperatures, subsequent separation
techniques, and catalysts for conversion to biofuels, other high value
chemicals and solvents. In the latter process, focus is on minimization of
carbon dioxide formation and catalysts to convert the gases to target biofuels.
The biochemical platform constraints have been exchanged for technical
issues with separation technologies and catalytic chemistry.

Renewable fuels 2009 and beyond The Federal horizon
P. Argyropoulos
US EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Washington, DC
The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 significantly
revised the National Renewable Fuels Standard Program (RFS2). Several key
changes were included in EISA. The Act significantly increased the total
volume of renewable fuel required for use in the transportation sector. The
Act also established specific standards for the type and specific volumes of
certain types of renewable fuels including conventional, advanced, biomass
based diesel and cellulosic. Further, EISA applied specific restrictions on the
land feedstocks can come from and applied specific definitional requirements
for feedstock type and use. Another key provision and of significant interest
and controversy is requirement that renewable fuels meet minimum
greenhouse gas reduction standards as compared to the petroleum based fuels
they are replacing. These revisions seta challenging and aggressive path
forward in the US, but also provided the opportunity for a more certain path
forward for the introduction and use of advanced and cellulosic based
renewable fuels. This presentation will provide deeper insight into EPAs
proposed rule and what else may be on the horizon at the federal level for
renewable fuels in the coming years.

A3

2009 Annual Meeting
Abstracts of Symposia Presentations
Abstracts submitted for presentation at the 2009 annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, September 1316. The abstracts are listed in alphabetical order by title of
symposium and time order of presentation within each symposium. Abstracts are published as submitted. They were formatted but not edited at the AACC
International headquarters office.

Advances in Delivery of Food Nutrients - Tailoring
Process Operations for Health and Wellness

Health impact of nanotechnology in food ingredients and processing
applications and implications
H. Chen
USDA/CSREES, Washington, DC
Recent advances in nanoscale science, engineering and nanotechnology have
revealed great potential for designing and testing novel vehicles for better
delivery of bioactives and drugs. New delivery systems aim at improving and
expanding functionality including higher bioavailability, controlled releases
on triggers, easier processing and integration into food matrixes, more
acceptable sensory attributes, and better stability under environmental
challenges. New food materials have been investigated for delivery
applications. New functionalities such as targeted delivery, integrating sensing
capabilities, and nanoscale tagging for product identify preservation and
traceability are under exploration. This presentation intends to give a brief
overview of relevant new research and development concepts and activities in
using nanotechnology for better delivery of nutraceuticals for enhancing
individual health management. Challenges in developing and marketing
nanotechnology enhanced nutraceutical delivery and functional foods,
including safety considerations, will be also highlighted.

High incorporation of cereal bran fibers into foods
B. R. HAMAKER, D. Pai, O. H. Campanella
Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Cereal bran fibers show good potential for high incorporation into processed
foods (e.g., extruded foods), but first must be modified to improve
functionality. Additionally, these fibers show good fermentation profiles for
colon health. In general, it is necessary to facilitate interaction of insoluble
fibers with the amorphous phase (e.g. starch) in processes such as extrusion
that favors expansion. The potential functionality of corn bran arabinoxylans
was examined. Relationship between the extrudate properties and the rheology
of composite formed by corn mean and different fractions of corn bran were
established. Alkali-soluble corn arabinoxylan, as well as alkali-treated bran,
provide different shear and extensional-based rheologies and have different
behaviors during the extrusion operation. Results show that it is possible to
incorporate arabinoxylans at levels up to 30% in extrudates with little effect
on quality parameters.
Phytonutrients and challenges of delivery
S. Lamikanra
Frito-Lay R&D, Plano, TX
Phytonutients are widely believed to be key compounds responsible for the
health promoting properties of some plants. While there are several reports
suggesting association of these compounds with specific benefits, direct
evidence of their roles when consumed from food sources appear to be
limited. In this presentation, a comparison will be made between functional
benefits commonly associated with Phytonutrients, particularly Flavonoids,
and results from studies that have determined their specific effects from food
on human health. Some research needs that could help bridge gaps between
perceived and authenticated benefits will also be discussed.

Novel thermal processing based on microwave and radio frequency
energy for packaged foods
J. Tang
Washington State University, Pullman, WA
Thermal processing is a preservation method commonly used to control food
pathogens and spoilage microorganism in production of refrigerated or shelf-
stable foods. In conventional thermal processing, slow heat transfer to and
within prepackaged solid or semi-solid foods lead to long process times and
often severe thermal degradation. Volumetric heating techniques using
microwave and radio frequency energy offers possibilities for developing
novel thermal processes. In microwave and radio frequency heating, direct
interaction between electromagnetic energy and foods that are hermetically
sealed in microwave transparent pouches or trays significantly reduces the
time needed for products to reach the desired temperatures to control the
targeted bacteria, and can potentially improve texture, appearance, and
nutritional values. This talk will provide a brief overview on status of
microwave and radio frequency technology research and developments for
packaged foods, and shows examples of improved quality for several ready-
to-eat foods, including pastas.

Impact of processing on functional ingredients
K. L. McCarthy
University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
With the growing awareness of the beneficial effects of a healthy diet on the
quality of life as well as on cost-effectiveness of health care, the food industry
is facing the challenge of developing new products with special health
A4
enhancing characteristics. To meet this challenge, research in my laboratory
has addressed the use of an existing processing technology, e.g., extrusion, to
boost the nutritional and functional characteristics of snack-type products. In
particular, barley and fruit pomace products were evaluated for their potential
to add fiber, antioxidants and B-vitamins to the diet. Fiber content was
successfully increased using barley, as compared to other grains. The addition
of fruit pomace (e.g., tomato, grape, pomegranate) increased the antioxidant
activity and phenolic content of feed material. However, both antioxidant
activity and phenolic content of the extrudate were significantly decreased due
to the heat and shear treatment. This work has led to the investigation of ways
to incorporate components into the food matrix that can withstand processing
and be released at the appropriate point during digestion.

Challenges to utilizing physically or chemically structured lipids in baked
product systems
K. Seetharaman
Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Solid shortenings are a preferred mode of lipid addition in baked product
systems for a number of reasons, many of which relate to improvements in
sensory, textural and/or shelf life of products. However, traditional structuring
of oils to semi-solid plastic pastes results in either increased saturated fats or
increased trans-fat levels, both of which have adverse impact on the
cardiovascular and metabolic health of consumers. Much focus has been
targeted to developing alternative processing or formulation strategies to
structure semi-solid plastic lipids, devoid of saturated or trans fats. One such
alternative shortening is the novel monoglyceride gel (MAG) that
encapsulates high volume fractions of oil in a water matrix. Positive health
benefits have been reported that are associated with the structure of MAG
gels; however, fundamental questions remain in terms of its use and
functionality in baked products, including; does the structure interact
differently with the dough matrix compared to the individual structural
components during processing; how does the water in the structural matrix
influence dough processing and baking; does the structure of the MAG gel
confer additional health benefits beyond any benefits derived from the
reduced lipid content? Answers to these and other questions are critical to
realizing the potential of using structured and self-assembled alternative
shortenings in the marketplace to provide consumers with baked products that
address nutrition, diet and healthy lifestyle needs.

Biofuel from Maize: Current Economics
and Future Sustainability

Biotechnology and its potential impacts on corn ethanol
N. Kalaitzandonakes
University of Missouri-Columbia
Biotechnology offers the potential to increase yields and lower input use in the
production of feedstocks as well as aid in the conversion of corn to ethanol.
These could have meaningful impacts on the energy balance and greenhouse
gas emissions of ethanol production as well as on its economics. The
realization of such benefits, however, is conditioned by prevailing market and
policy conditions. The potential economic and energy balance impacts of the
biotechnology pipeline will be discussed. The ways various policies, most
notably the Renewable Fuel Standard, condition the potential impacts of
biotechnologies will also be discussed.

Genomics-assisted improvement of biomass production among
Andropogoneae fuelstock grasses
S. Moose
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
Among the wide variety of plant species proposed as potential biofuel
feedstocks, four closely related grass species within the Andropogoneae tribe
emerge as leading candidates because of their superior efficiencies in
photosynthesis, nitrogen economy, and water use. Maize (Zea mays L.),
sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), and Sorghum are established and highly
productive biomass crops that collectively are cultivated across the global
spectrum of agricultural production environments. Miscanthus also shows
promise as a leading feedstock crop, based on its exceptional biomass yields
with minimal production inputs in recent European and U.S. field trials. Each
of these grasses also offers complementary advantages in their forms of
harvestable carbon, growth cycle and adaptation to diverse climates. A
comparative genomics approach to understanding genes that condition
phenotypic differences among the closely related Andropogoneae genomes is
likely to reveal strategies for improving biomass yield and quality in these
species. This presentation will present plans and progress to improving
biomass production towards this goal, with an emphasis on genetic control of
biomass and N utilization in maize and the development of functional
genomics resources for Miscanthus.

Review of biotechnology as a tool for starch modification and novel
starch applications
S. Patil
S.K. Patil & Associates
Starch is a primary feedstock for ethanol and other products in biofuels, food
and feed industry; 2nd only to cellulose as a carbohydrate feedstock and the
carbohydrate economies. Biotechnologies as tool via discovery of genetic
control and biosynthetic pathways of starch synthesizing enzymes have
enhanced our knowledge of how we can create novel starches and the
derivatives for multitude of food and industrial applications. Improvement in
the extraction of starch from corn kernel and the efficiency of processing this
into food and fuel area that has been overlooked by the industry. Great
possibilities also exist in providing additional functional benefits to food, feed
and industrial processing. Starch modification via biotechnology is poised to
make major functional improvements above and beyond available today by
chemical modifications for food & industrial applications. Chemical
modifications are costly; replacing this via biotechnology can create
sustainable solutions to satisfy growing global needs in the areas described.
Over all the market needs must drive the development efforts. Food markets
are highly fragmented and starches and their derivatives, modified and
unmodified have very diverse applications in many food segments. Starch and
their various derivatives are utilized in 100s of processed foods and non food
products. Modifications that can be achieved through transgenic means by
which genes for new enzymes are introduced into corn from other plants or
novel mutations for enhanced carbohydrates will be presented. The pace of
technological change seems to continually accelerate and the opportunities for
novel starches and the derivatives remain attractive going forward. This
presentation will provide insights into current developments and provide
examples of what may lie ahead to capture new opportunities with novel
functionalities in food, industrial fuel and feed markets.

Life Cycle Assessment as a tool for industry to optimise the
environmental performance of biofuel
T. Forman
Novozymes North America Inc., Franklinton, NC
Sustainability focused industries have traditionally used Life Cycle
Assessment to support the decision-making related to the development of new
processes and products as a tool to choose the environmentally most
favourable among more alternatives processes or products. With the general
increase in environmental awareness the use of LCA is expanding. Today
LCA is on top of the agenda of policy-makers as a means to ensure a
sustainable development of society. The life cycle concept is crucial to both
types of considerations, however the goal and the scope and thus the
modelling and data requirements are very different and there is a need to
distinguish clearly between these alternative uses of LCA. Biofuel provides a
very good example to illustrate this point. LCA is currently considered the
basic methodology for establishing a regulatory framework that will ensure a
sustainable use of biofuel by society. However, LCA is also used by the
biofuel industry and the agricultural sector to further decrease the
environmental footprint of producing biofuel. The presentation will address
this need of industry for a generally acceptable and operational LCA
framework, which supports the efforts to improve the environmental
performance of biofuel technology, short term as well as long term. More
specifically the presentation will present the views of a provider of
biotechnology and thus bring the production of biofuel into the broader
perspective of the biobased society.

Ethanol: Industry, policy and environmental impact
J. Caupert
National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center, Edwardsville, IL
The revitalization of the ethanol industry, in the early part of this decade, is
the result of the dedication of this nations farmers and their desire to develop a
value added market for corn. The corn (starch) based ethanol industry remains
A5
strong, despite recent media sound-bites. Today, there are more than 160 dry
grind ethanol plants in the United States with total production capacity in
excess of 10 billion gallons. The ethanol industries impact on the United
States is demonstrated by the following: The ethanol industry is a biofuel
that our Nations farmers are growing here at home in the United States. The
ethanol industry enhances rural development and job creation. The ethanol
industry lessens the carbon emissions of our automobiles. The ethanol
industry contributes directly to our National security by reducing our
dependence on imported foreign oil. When thinking of environmental impact,
water utilization and usage, is at the forefront of everyones mind. The ethanol
industry uses significantly less water than one might expect. In fact, it
requires less water to produce one gallon of ethanol than it takes to produce
any of the following: One gallon of gasoline; One pound of plastic; One
average size Sunday newspaper.

Examining the product stream and costs of corn fractionation systems
C. Hart
Iowa State University, Ames, IA
As the ethanol industry continues to work through tight economic margins,
companies are searching for processes to either reduce costs and/or increase
revenues. One process that offers potential is corn fractionation. Fractionation
is not a new process. Wet millers have been fractionating corn for decades, as
have dry millers for corn meal and flour. But dry mill fractionation is power
intensive and works best at a fairly large scale, above that needed for most
ethanol plants. However, fractionation offers several potential benefits to
ethanol plants, so several companies have devised fractionation processes
specifically targeted for ethanol plants. At one time, Ethanol Producer
magazine reported roughly 50 patents on processes to fractionate corn.
Ethanol companies are sorting through these processes to find approaches that
are cost effective and provide ethanol and co-product benefits. Fractionation
can benefit ethanol production because it increases the relative starch content
of the mash, it can reduce the work load for the enzymes, it reduces the
amount of oil that moves through the ethanol process, and it can reduce the
drying requirement for the distillers grains. Fractionation also opens up new
product areas. Higher grade corn oil can be captured. The fiber could be used
in a variety of ways, including new products for human or animal use or as an
energy source. This presentation will outline several corn fractionation
processes being installed across the ethanol industry. The outline will cover
the product streams that each process offers, the potential markets for those
products, and the costs associated with each process. From the outline, an
examination of the various product streams possible from the fractionation
processes will be presented, along with an exploration of the potential for
additional revenue streams to the ethanol plants that add fractionation
technology.

Cereal Grain Components: Analysis
and Bioavailability

Fiber and/or phenolics: Preventive compounds in cereal grains?
L. R. Ferguson
The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
An inverse association between high cereal intake and low cancer incidence
has been found in many epidemiologic studies. The cancers most associated
with these effects are breast, colorectal and gastric cancers, but not prostate or
lung cancers. There has been an assumption that this protection is associated
with the non-cellulosic polysaccharides present in cereals, i.e. arabinoxylans,
(13), (14)-beta-glucans, pectins and arabinogalactans. However, purified
preparations of these polysaccharides have not generally shown cancer
protection effects in animal studies, although there are some data showing
effects on immune response. In the gastrointestinal tract, digestion and
fermentation of dietary fibres lead to the generation of short chain fatty acids,
among which butyrate has been shown to have cancer preventive properties.
However, it seems likely that it may be the phenolic components of the
cereals, rather than the polysaccharides, that are the most beneficial. Recent
discussions on the definition of dietary fibre may confuse the picture still
further. A range of human, animal and in vitro data will be reviewed, in order
to address the question as to which really are the protective cancer preventive
compounds in cereal grains.

Challenges in the analysis of bioactive compounds in grains
E. M. ABDEL-AAL, J. C. Young
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada
Bioactive components found in grains play significant roles in human health.
Such components are essential for human well-being and a productive and
healthy lifestyle. They impart their physiological properties as antioxidants,
pro-vitamins, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, co-enzymes, hormone-like
substances, etc. Grains have been found to contain a variety of bioactive
compounds that their size and chemistries vary from small phenolic acids
through intermediate anthocyanins, phytosterols, tocols, alkyresorcinols and
carotenoids to very large dietary fiber and beta-glucan. The large number and
diversity of these compounds require collaborative efforts from industry,
governments and academia to establish internationally-harmonized standard
analytical protocols that provide accurate, precise and reliable methods for
extraction, separation, quantification and identification of these compounds.
Such protocols are required by regulatory agencies to monitor the quality of
products, i.e. to protect consumers from adulteration and fraud. The protocols
are also needed in R & D to develop new grains that are rich in bioactive
compounds, to investigate effects of processing on bioactive components and
to accurately determine bioactive compounds in biological fluids in order to
understand their bioavailability and functionality in human health. Challenges
that face the development of such protocols include chemical and structural
complexity of bioactive compounds, lack of efficient extraction procedures,
lack of authentic and pure standards, and lack of collaborative lab studies that
lead to development of validated methods. This presentation will address
these challenges with a particular interest to the analyses of carotenoids and
anthocyanins.

In-vitro tests for antioxidant activity: Effective tools to evaluate health
benefits of cereal grains?
V. Fogliano
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, PORTICI-NAPOLI, Italy
The determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) has gained much
interest as a tool to explore the role of antioxidant-rich products in preventing
degenerative diseases and for selecting cereal varieties with potential health
benefits. However, the TAC determination of cereals is complicated due to
wide ranges in polarity of extraction solvents, and covalently bound
antioxidants in cell walls. Despite the use of different extraction procedures,
the TAC of cereals/cereal products may be underestimated due to difficulties
in rendering bound phenolic compounds soluble prior to measurement. This
raises several basic questions: What are the most appropriate chemical
mechanisms (e.g. hydrogen atom transfer, electron transfer, etc) for
measurement of antioxidant activity? What is the physiological relevance (e.g.
LDL oxidation, ferric reducing capacity, etc) of the functions measured? What
are the sensitivity, reproducibility, laboriousness and costs of the method? The
direct procedure is a new approach for measurement of TAC of foods.
Extraction and hydrolysis are not required prior to measurement of antioxidant
capacity. The working hypothesis is to place in direct contact the solid food
and the radical reagent solution while skipping all extraction steps. The
soluble moiety of the sample exerts its antioxidant capacity by quenching
radicals present in the solvent according to the usual liquid-liquid type
reaction. At the same time the insoluble part exert its antioxidant capacity by
means of the surface reaction occurring at solid-liquid interface, where the
solid phase is represented by antioxidant groups bound to the insoluble
polysaccharide fraction and the liquid phase is represented by free
radicals present in the solvent. Data obtained with the direct procedure are
directly related to the antioxidant action in food or in the human
gastrointestinal tract.

Bioavailability and metabolism of ferulates and other grain phenolics
Z. Zhao, M. H. MOGHADASIAN
Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Canadian Centre for Agri-
food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds commonly found in grains may
offer benefits against chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and
cardiovascular disease. The impact of grain phenolics on health depends on
their absorption, metabolism and bioavailability. Factors such as chemical
structure, dietary dose (intake) and/or source determine the metabolic fate and
bioavailability of phenolic compounds. Limited studies suggest that the
relative bioavailability of free phenolic acids may be increased in the order
of caffeic acid < ferulic acid < p-coumaric acid. Experimental and
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clinical evidence suggests that free phenolic acids in low doses are quickly
absorbed in the stomach and foregut, while most of bound pnenolics reach
the hindgut, where free phenolics are released for absorption and meta-
bolism. Some phenolics are degraded into smaller molecules like m-
hydroxyphenylpropionic acid by gut microflora before absorption. Absorbed
phenolics are conjugated mainly by the liver with glucuronic acid, sulfate,
and/or glycine. Phenolics which are highly bound with insoluble fibers -like
heteroxylans in maize- are hardly digested and thus excreted intact through
feces. In this session, recent studies establishing the bioavailability and
metabolism of grain phenolics will be discussed. Future studies will determine
the impact of dietary source and the form of phenolics on improving human
health.

Enzymatic liberation of ferulate derivatives in the human GI-tract
C. B. Faulds
Centro de Investigaciones Biolgicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investi-
gaciones Cientficas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
The in vivo physiological importance of ferulic acid has been determined
from studies on its availability for absorption. However, ferulic acid does not
enter enterohepatic circulation and oral or intravenous ferulate does not easily
reach the colon. Ferulic and diferulic acids esterified to cereal-derived
arabinoxylans must therefore be cleaved by esterases located possibly on the
brush border membrane of epithelial cells or by the indigenous colonic
microbiota and released as free acids where they can then be absorbed into the
circulatory system and exert putative health-beneficial effects. Most of the
ferulate and diferulates enter the colon still esterified to the polysaccharide
matrix, with approximately 95% of the total release of feruloyl groups taking
place during fermentation. Arabinoxylan and large feruloylated
oligosaccharides do not appear to be absorbed, and so must be broken down
by inducible enzymes. The specificity of gut esterases as well as differences in
uptake across the epithelial membrane influences the bioeffectiveness of
phenolic acids. Diferulates are also released from cereals in the colon, but
at a slower rate and release is structure specific. Both epithelial and mi-
crobial feruloyl esterase activity can be cytoplasmic or internally mem-
brane-associated, and a feruloyl esterase has recently been purified from
Lactobacillus acidophilus. Enzymatic pretreatments can increase the
amount of phenolic acids released by faecal bacteria. The actual amount of
ferulic acid released by the gut microorganisms, however, is below the
threshold required to exert a chemopreventative effect. Methods to improve
the delivery of dietary ferulates and subsequent location of cleavage will be
discussed.

Conversion of grain phenolics by human intestinal microbiota
A. Braune
Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human
Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558
Nuthetal, Germany
The consumption of whole grains and whole-grain products has been
implicated in the prevention of cancer and other chronic diseases. Beside
dietary fiber, protection could also be attributed to phenolic compounds
contained in grains. Major grain phenolics include benzoic acids, cinnamic
acids, flavonoids, and lignans. Most of the phenolic compounds in the grains
are present in the bound form and may reach the colon. Human gut bacteria
catalyze not only de-esterification and deconjugation but also further
conversion of phenolics. The bacterial metabolites formed may have
biological activities that differ from those of the original compounds. Thus,
intestinal bacteria may play a key role in activation and inactivation of
phenolic compounds. We therefore strive to evaluate the impact of human gut
microbiota on the bioavailability of dietary polyphenols, which includes the
identification of microbial metabolites, elucidation of the degradation
pathways, and isolation of involved bacterial species. Based on the in vitro
studies, we test the activity of identified bacteria in vivo using gnotobiotic
animal models. To assess the importance of active bacterial species in human
subjects, their prevalence is determined in fecal samples. Our studies have
been mainly focused on flavonoids and lignans. Recently, we investigated the
ability of human intestinal microbiota to cleave dehydrodiferulic acids (DFA).
DFA form cross-links between cell wall polysaccharides and are abundant
components of cereal insoluble dietary fiber ingested by humans. The
cleavage of DFA by intestinal microbiota, which depended on their
coupling type, may affect not only the bioavailability of free DFA but also
the degradability of DFA-coupled fiber in the gut by host and microbial
enzymes.

Characterizing the Size and Molecular Weight
Distributions of Starch

Starch: Problems, solvents and mysterious molecular masses
S. Hill
University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
While our understanding of the fine structure of starches and an appreciation
of the architecture of the starch granules continues to develop, due to better
technologies in the areas of genetics, microscopies and spectroscopies, we
seem to have made poor progress in agreeing the molecular weights for
amylose and amylopectin. It may be a misdirected use of effort to try and
consider the size of materials by solution techniques when clearly starches
will normally exert their influence as complex aggregates of material.
However, while we continue to think it is reasonable to put a value on the
molecular mass for amylopectin and amylose we should at least be able to
justify this quantity. Therefore, like any other assessment, measurement of
starch molecular weights should be validated. With no standard methods for
starch dissolution, separation, detection or data handling it is not surprising
that there is no consensus on the size of these important macromolecules.
With no suitable standards or reference samples, it is hard to even know if
reporting of comparative molecular weights of starches is valid. For example,
does processing a sample reduce its molecular weight one hundred fold, or
does it change its solubility and this then impacts on a perceived change in
molecular weight? Solutions for this problem, like the formation of a starch
solution, may be difficult, but we must at least start to define acceptable
procedures and hence the new IUPAC working group. One area that needs
agreement is the dissolution of the samples and retaining the material in
solution throughout the assessment.

Current dilemmas and paths forward: The needs in food science
M. J. Gidley
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Much progress has been made in relating quantifiable structural features of
starch, such as amylose content and, amylopectin branch length distri-
butions, with properties such as aggregation, crystallisation and amylase
sensitivity. These physical properties underlie important end-use appli-
cation properties, such as stability, texture, and digestibility/ biode-
gradability. Because amylose content and amylopectin branch length
distributions can be determined routinely, the genes/enzymes responsible for
variation in these structural features have also been well characterised. In
contrast, there is little knowledge of the biosynthesis factors responsible
for determining starch polymer size, and limited understanding of how
molecular size (distribution) affects end-use properties. This is due largely to
the lack of standardized reproducible methods for quantifying molecular size.
This presentation will highlight the scientific opportunities that would be
made available if starch molecular size distributions could be measured
routinely.

Field-flow fractionation as a means to find true molecular weights and
sizes of undegraded starch
P. COLONNA, A. Sabate
INRA, Nantes, France
Starch consists of a mixture of two alpha-glucans built mainly upon alpha-
(1,4) linkages: amylose an essentially linear polymer, and amylopectin a
branched polymer by the presence of 5-6% alpha-(1,6) linkages. Functional
properties of starches are determined by their macromolecular characteristics
and the conformation in solution of both constitutive polymers. The need to
investigate the biological variability is reinforced by the recent opportunity to
create easily new genotypes using results from genomic studies. To
characterize starch polysaccharides, the method usually used is high-
performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) combined with multi-
angle laser light scattering (MALLS). The limitation of HPSEC columns is
their low exclusion limit regarding amylopectin size. Further technical
improvements are necessary to gain fractionation systems effective on the
entire distribution of amylopectin to achieve its complete structural
characterization. The present work analysed the structural properties of
starches with different amylose content and from different cereal sources
using a combination of AFFFF (Asymmetrical Flow FFF) and HPSEC with
MALLS, on-line quasi- elastic light scattering (QELS) -which provides the
RH distributions- and DRI (differential refractometric index) techniques. The
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procedure, involving a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) pretreatment and then a
solubilisation in water, provides a representative injected sample without
alteration of the degree of polymerisation. Amylopectin Mw and RG were
around respectively 1.05-3.78 1E8 and 163-255 nm. HPSEC and AFFFF
data are matchable but AFFFF allows a better separation of amylopectins and
thus an enhanced structural characterisation of starches. One advantage of this
experimental approach is to get both distributions as function of molar masses
and hydrodynamic radii as well.

Chemistry and Structure of Non-Wheat Proteins

Comparative properties of cereal seed proteins
P. Shewry
Rothamsted Research, Herts, United Kingdom
Cereals are the most important crops in the world in terms of yield and total
area, being used for food, feed and industrial raw material. The grain proteins
are particularly important in determining the end use quality, particularly for
nutrition of humans and livestock and for food processing. The major protein
fractions in all cereals except oats and rice are prolamin storage proteins,
which can be classified into two families. The major prolamins of the
Triticeae (wheat, barley and rye) and minor prolamins of maize and related
cereals form part of a large protein superfamily which also includes a
number of other protein groups, notably puroindolines, amylase inhibitors,
lipid transfer proteins and 2S albumin storage proteins. In contrast, the major
prolamins of maize, sorghum and related species appear to form a discrete
protein family with no known relatives. Prolamins are only minor components
in oats and rice but also belong to the prolamin superfamily. I will therefore
discuss our current knowledge of the molecular and genetic relationships of
cereal grain prolamins in relation to the phylogenetic relationships of the
species and to the utilisation of the grain.

Novel methods for seaparation and characterization of proteins from
non-wheat cereals
M. Tilley
USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS
Although once only regarded as useful in traditional foods, so-called ancient
grains are becoming popular in mainstream diets. Grains such as sorghum,
millet and teff are of particular interest for use in special bakery products,
health and organic foods including the expanding gluten-free market.
However, knowledge of the functionality of the storage proteins of these
grains is necessary. Previous reports analyzed storage proteins of teff using
multiple sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-
PAGE) techniques and isoelectric focusing (IEF) and showed substantial
polymorphism within the prolamin fraction. Additional research examined teff
prolamins by reverse-phase HPLC and N-terminal amino acid sequencing
revealed homology with the alpha type prolamins of maize. Free-zone
capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) is a separation technique that has been useful
in classification of cereals. A method for separation and characterizing teff
storage proteins by free-zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) was developed
and refined. This data and the use of methods such as HPLC, capillary
electrophoresis and lab-on-a-chip electrophoresis will be discussed with
emphasis on sorghum and teff.

Biochemistry, structure and function of non-wheat proteins: Case study
of barley beta-amylase
C. Henson
USDA-ARS, Madison, WI
The importance of a protein is not always evident and may be due to its
multifunctional nature. beta-Amylase in seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
constitutes approximately 2% of the total protein in mature seeds and is
assumed to be important when storage proteins are mobilized to support
protein synthesis during seed germination. However, its commercial impor-
tance is primarily due to its enzymatic ability to participate in hydrolysis of
starch during the industrial process of mashing for the production of ferment-
able sugars to produce alcoholic beverages. Unfortunately, its structural
limitations preclude maximal participation in this process as the protein under-
goes extensive thermal denaturation. This presentation will describe the results
of both traditional breeding and in vitro genetic manipulation efforts being used
to increase the utility of this protein. Additionally, the potential use of polymor-
phisms (SNPs and indels) in both coding and noncoding regions of the gene
by barley breeding programs using marker assisted selection will be discussed.

The proteins of rye grain-classification, analysis, and functionality
P. Koehler
Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer, Garching, Germany
Although rye and wheat are comparable in their overall composition, there are
specific differences in the functionality of the flours. This is especially valid
for the rye proteins, which do not form a cohesive, viscoelastic matrix
comparable to wheat gluten. With respect to the Osborne fractions rye
contains a considerably higher proportion of albumins/globulins as well as a
much lower content of glutelins than wheat. The storage proteins of rye have
been termed secalins. Same as for wheat they can be classified into the
alcohol-soluble prolamins and the alcohol-insoluble glutelins. Four types of
proteins are present in rye, namely high-molecular-weight (HMW-), gamma-
75k-, omega-, and gamma-40-k secalins. Except the gamma-75k-secalins
these proteins are homologous to protein types present in wheat gluten. In
contrast to wheat rye neither contains low-molecular-weight (LMW-)
subunits, nor omega5- or alpha-gliadins. The amino acid sequences of
gamma-75k-secalins are homologous to gamma-gliadins, however, the
molecular mass is considerably higher and they are present as aggregates
linked via intermolecular disulfide bonds. Rye protein types can be analyzed
quantitatively by means of a combined extraction/HPLC method, in which the
absorbance area of the peaks at 210 nm is used for quantitation. gamma-75k-
Secalins are the most abundant (46%), followed by the gamma-40k- (25%),
omega- (17%), and HMW- (7%) secalins. Specific structural features of rye
proteins in comparison to wheat proteins are responsible for the poor
breadmaking performance of rye flour. Bread baked from rye flour only gains
60% of the loaf volume a wheat flour bread achieves. HMW-subunits of rye
have a different pattern and number of cysteine residues, and this obviously
inhibits polymerization and in consequence high molecular mass aggregates.
Furthermore, rye flour lacks LMW-subunits which also contribute to the
formation of gel protein (GMP) in wheat. The importance of the structure of
the HMW secalins can be demonstrated by genetic engineering. The incor-
poration of HMW subunits from wheat into rye considerably improves the
GMP content and the breadmaking performance. The formation of high
molecular mass aggregates by cross-linking rye proteins with transgluta-
minase leads to comparable results.

Kafirin and zein disulfide bonding: Its negative and positive effects on
sorghum and maize nutritional and functional properties
J. Taylor
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
Cysteine-rich Mr 27 k gamma and Mr 19 k beta species of the kafirin group of
sorghum storage proteins crosslink through disulfide bonding with other
kafirin polypeptides. This crosslinking is promoted by wet heat treatment and
the actual extent of crosslinking is still to be clearly established. Some
workers consider that only oligomers are formed, whereas others have
presented evidence to indicate that polymers of Mr > 200 k are produced. The
gamma homologue of zein, the maize storage protein, also crosslinks but for
reasons unknown the degree of crosslinking is less. There is now compelling
evidence that crosslinking of the kafirin polypeptides is the major cause of
low protein digestibility of wet-cooked sorghum foods. This is probably due
to steric hindrance limiting the access of digestive proteases. The kafirin
crosslinking also seems to adversely affect starch granule expansion during
cooking, which in turn reduces starch digestibility. These negative effects of
kafirin crosslinking on sorghum nutritional quality are counterbalanced by
African indigenous knowledge that sorghum foods provide more sustained
energy than maize, and that sorghum is protective against Type II diabetes. As
yet there is little if any hard scientific evidence to support these observations.
Nevertheless, given what we know about kafirin crosslinking, they appear
likely. Regarding kafirin and zein functional properties, bioplastic films
produced from laboratory prepared whole kafirin are stronger than films from
commercial zein, where the gamma-zein species is absent. Kafirin disulfide
bonding is probably responsible for this difference. This is supported by the
fact that the visco-elastic properties of commercial zein resin (dough) are
superior to those of whole kafirin resin.

Industrial extraction and utilization of zein
G. Selling
USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL
Through improved isolation techniques and new chemical modifications of
zein, a potentially major co-product bio-ethanol industry, the economics of
wet and dry-mill ethanol plants will be improved. While traditionally ethanol
has been used to extract zein from corn gluten meal, it has been found that
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other low molecular weight alcohols have a significant impact on the ability to
remove zein from corn-gluten meal. These alcohol methods will be compared
with using acetic acid as the extracting solvent. Improved utilization of zein
has been accomplished through cross-linking with glyoxal, glutaraldehyde and
formaldehyde. Films and fibers have been produced using zein modified with
these reagents. It has been found that not only are physical properties
improved with this modification, but resistance to dissolution by standard zein
solvents is also dramatically improved.

The Effects of Dietary Fiber from Cereals
on Gut Health

Nutritional and microbial modulation of intestinal epithelial integrity:
Role of dietary fibers
J. Dekker
Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
The intestinal epithelium is the only gateway by which food and fluid enter
the body. The condition and integrity of this epithelium is key to health and
survival. The intestinal epithelium maintains these absorptive capacities while
providing equally important protection against intestinal luminal hazards such
as microorganisms and antigens. The serious consequences of suboptimal
functioning of the intestinal epithelium, in particular malnutrition and intestinal
inflammation, are exemplified by e.g. celiac disease and inflammatory bowel
disease. But also in (near) healthy persons, every day effects of diet, intestinal
microorganisms, and lifestyle have their impact on intestinal epithelial function-
ing. Dietary fibers in their many forms are considered to have positive effects
on human health, and in many cases this can be attributed to their direct or
indirect effects on the intestinal epithelium. E.g. insoluble and indigestible fibers
act as mechanical stimulants of the intestinal epithelium. Soluble and ferment-
able fibers, such as inulin, are often described as prebiotics, i.e. they are
fermented by intestinal commensal microbes and some of the products, such
as short chain fatty acids, provide essential nutrients to the intestinal epithelium.
In our studies we use in vitro, animal and human models that represent or mimic
common dietary stressors to the intestinal epithelium to study the mechanisms
how diet affects the epithelium and these models report on essential epithelial
functions such as permeability, nutrient uptake, and parameters of cellular
damage. In our studies we take into account the effects of diet (including
fibers) on the epithelium and the microbial community in the intestine. These
models will also be used to evaluate effect of dietary fibers on intestinal
epithelium, providing mechanistic insight in the actions of fibers on the
epithelium.

Dietary fiber from cereals and gut health
J. Slavin
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Cereals are rich in fermentable carbohydrates that reach gut dietary fiber,
resistant starch, and oligosaccharides. Most research that supports the
importance of cereals and gut health was conducted with isolated fiber
fractions, rather than whole grains. Whole grains are an important source of
dietary fiber and grain fibers such as wheat, oats, barley, and rye are known to
increase stool weight, speed intestinal transit, get fermented to short chain
fatty acids, and modify the gut microflora. Wheat bran is particularly effective
in increasing stool weight with wheat bran increasing stool weight by a 5 to 1
ratio in contrast to many fibers that increase stool weight only on a 1:1 ratio.
In vitro fermentation studies with whole grains find that carbohydrates in oat
bran (rich in beta-glucan) were consumed by the bacteria faster than those of
rye and wheat brans (rich in arabinoxylan). Grain fibers were fermented more
slowly than inulin and there was less gas production. Wheat is particularly
high in fructo-oligosaccharides while wheat germ is high in raffinose
oligosaccharides. Whole grain breakfast cereal was more effective than wheat
bran breakfast cereal as a probiotic, increasing fecal bifidobacteria and
lactobacilli in human subjects. Wheat bran consumption increased stool
frequency. Thus, the gut enhancing effects of cereals are known, but most data
is from the fibers isolated from cereals.

Health Claims and Use of Dietary Fibers
in Cereal Products

Scientific evaluation for health claims and qualified health claims
K. C. Ellwood
FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.
The Nutrition labeling and Education Act (NLEA) passed in 1990 was to
assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices, provide a level
playing field for claims and encourage innovations in food products. Health
claims were first authorized through the NLEA. Health claims describe the
relationship between a substance (food or component of food) and a disease or
health-related condition. The standard that Congress set for scientific evidence
for the claim was the significant scientific agreement standard. This strong
standard was challenged by several manufacturers of dietary supplements.
Several courts cases, known as the Pearson Court Decisions, favored
disclosure over suppression for claims that did not meet the significant
scientific agreement standard. FDA was to provide for the claim as long as it
contained qualifying language as not to mislead the consumer. In December
2002, the agency announced a major new initiative, The Consumer Health
Information for Better Nutrition Initiative, which among other things,
provided for the use of qualified health claims for both conventional foods and
dietary supplements. The process for reviewing the scientific evidence for a
claim reaching significant scientific agreement and for those that require
qualifying language is the same. In January 2009, FDA issued a guidance
document entitled Evidence-Based Review System for the Scientific
Evaluation of Health Claims. The elements contained in this guidance
document are very similar to two prior guidance documents issued by FDA.
The process for the review of the scientific evidence for both health claims
and qualified health claims will be described in the talk.

Whole grain and dietary fiber health claims: An industry perspective
K. Wiemer
General Mills Bell Institute of Health & Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN
Since 1993, health claims have been approved for use on food products by the
FDA in the United States. There are a variety of routes to get an approved
health claim: Significant scientific agreement (SSA), Food & Drug
Modernization Act (FDAMA) and more recently, Qualified (QHC). This talk
will highlight the key differences among these types of claims and illustrate
how the food industry uses approved whole grain and dietary fiber health
claims, including key considerations, issues and opportunities when using
these claims on food products.

Fiber enriched products Challenges for product developers related to
label claims guidelines
B. Govindarajan
Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, MI
Fiber is a nutrient that is deficient in the diets of the majority of people,
particularly in developed countries. The food industry and consumers are
faced with the challenge of bridging the gap between the current intake of
fiber at 15-18 g per day to the recommended the dietary allowance of 25-38g
per day. Fiber can occur in many forms: structurally, functionally and
physiologically. However, approved health claims for fiber are very few.
Product developers face many challenges as the food industry competes for
shelf space with high fiber products. Product development challenges to
incorporate fiber into foods include taste, color, appearance and texture.
In addition, fiber also changes the processing of food systems and all
these factors have to be taken into consideration while developing high fiber
foods.

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HEALTHGRAIN Project Symposium

Healthgrain: EU approach to use more of grains for health maintenance
K. Poutanen
VTT, Espoo, Finland
The European integrated project HEALTHGRAIN (www.healthgrain.org,
2005-2010) has the aim to increase the intake of health-protective grain
components, and to increase understanding of cereal food factors and
mechanisms contributing to health effects of cereal foods especially with
respect to prevention of insulin resistance. HEALTHGRAIN is a forum of 43
research partners, over 50 companies in the industrial platform, and over
twenty leading health professionals in the nutrition information network. The
research deals with different aspects of the grain-to-consumer chain for
development of healthy grain-based foods and ingredients, and has a
technology transfer and communication program to bridge science with
industry and other stakeholders. The research program includes studying of
consumer expectations, developing a biotechnology toolbox for plant breeding
& novel bioprocessing and milling technologies for grain processing, studying
mechanisms behind the metabolic merits of foods in a series of in vitro,
animal and human studies, and identifying health-relevant cereal food criteria.
Emphasis is also put to enable production of tasteful cereal foods high in grain
dietary fibre and outer grain layers, and demonstrating the feasibility of new
technologies. The HEALTHGRAIN research programme has brought together
a large group of scientists from very different disciplines, and also has made
efforts in networking different industrial actors with each other and the
scientists in order to cross the interphase between producing and using
scientific knowledge. The expected impact in the long run is to facilitate better
use of cereal grain as human food, so as to exploit its protective potential in
maintenance of diet-associated well-being in the modern society. The study is
financially supported by the European Commission in the Communities 6th
Framework Programme, Project HEALTHGRAIN (FOOD-CT-2005-514008).

Strategies for improving the amounts and compositions of phyto-
chemicals and dietary fibre components in wheat
P. Shewry
Rothamsted Research, Herts, UK
Improvement of the amount and composition of bioactive compounds in
wheat requires sources of genetic variation that can be exploited by plant
breeders and tools to allow their selection in plant breeding programmes. We
have identified sources of variation by carrying out an extensive diversity
screen, with initial analyses being carried out on 150 lines grown on a single
site followed by more detailed analysis of 26 lines grown on four sites. In
addition, further variation in the composition of dietary fibre and starch is
being generated by the introgression of mutant genes (both naturally occurring
and induced) and transgenesis. Genetic and molecular approaches are also
being used to map QTLs and to identify novel genes that determine the
amount and composition of bioactive components which will facilitate the
development of molecular markers for use in breeding programmes. The
direct determination of major components, particularly dietary fibre will also
be facilitated by the development of NIR calibrations and kits based on
antibodies and inactivated enzymes. *This study was carried out by partners in
HEALTHGRAIN Module 2 including Li Li, Rebeca Fernandez-Orozco, Jane
Ward (UK), Vieno Piironen, Anna-Maija Lampi, Tanja Nurmi, Laura
Nystrm (Finland), Per man, Annica Andersson (Sweden), Zoltn Bed,
Mariann Rakszegi, Andrs Salg, Szilveseter Gergely (Hungary), Ivelin Rizov
(Bulgaria), Danuta Boros, Anna Fras, Wioletta Dynkowska (Poland), Kurt
Gebruers, Jan Delcour, Christophe Courtin (Belgium), Quraishi Umar
Masood, Jerome Salse, Catherine Ravel, Luc Saulnier and Gilles Charmet
(France). The study is financially supported by the European Commission in
the Communities 6th Framework Programme, Project HEALTHGRAIN
(FOOD-CT-2005-514008).

Strategic options for processing of cereals aiming to fully exploit their
health promoting potential
J. Delcour
Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
A large part of the Healthgrain programme deals with processing of cereal to
fully exploit their health promoting potential. In general, technologies to that
end can be classified into either dry or wet processing technologies. In this
presentation, the emphasis will be on selected achievements of the
Healthgrain Module Processing of Cereals. In the dry processing area, tools
were developed for understanding and control of cereal fractionation
processes, whole grain fractionation to produce functionally and nutritionally
improved flours and bran fine fractionation using cryogenic and electrostatic
technologies. Specifications have been proposed to quantify the relative
proportions of wheat tissues in milling fractions. The anti-oxidant capacity of
wheat fractions was highly correlated with their levels of aleurone, and ferulic
acid was the major component behind this activity. In the area of wet
processing, xylanase technology was developed for production of soluble
arabinoxylan and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides, and it was shown to deliver
improved properties of breads high in fibre. Fermentation also released
phenolic acids from the bran matrix. Work of relevance for celiac patients
showed that laccase improved the volume and bread crumb of 100% oat
breads. The study is financially supported by the European Commission in the
Communities 6th Framework Programme, Project HEALTHGRAIN (FOOD-
CT-2005-514008).

On the metabolic benefits of whole grain; briefing of findings from in
vitro and animal experimental models, and human intervention studies
I. Bjrck
University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
Epidemiological data suggest that whole grain intake is associated with a
lower body mass index and reduced risk for type 2 diabetes and cardio-
vascular disease. A variety of whole grain food factors have been implicated
e.g. dietary fibre, trace minerals, phyto-chemicals and antioxidants including
polyphenols, physiological methyl donors, and low glycaemic index
properties. However, the mechanisms for the preventive benefits remain to be
elucidated. The over-all objective of the nutrition research within
HEALTHGRAIN is to evaluate possible mechanisms for health benefits with
whole grain diets, and to utilize this knowledge in the tailoring of novel cereal
products with magnified effects. Data indicate that potentially bioactive
components in whole grain cereals vary in bioavailability. Ferulic acid
contributed considerably to the antioxidative capacity of wheat aleurone. The
in vitro bioavailability of ferulic acid in wheat products was low, but
increased importantly following cereal processes e.g. fermentation or enzyme
treatment. Colonic metabolism of whole grain components, as estimated in
vitro and in vivo, led to formation of potentially metabolically active
compounds such as e.g. SCFA, or phenyl-propionic acid derivatives. Semi-
acute meal studies in healthy humans showed that DF and RS present in
barley products improved several parameters related to glucose metabolism
and increased GLP-1, possibly mediated through colonic SCFA formation. A
12w intervention in over-weight women with hypo-caloric whole grain- or
refined wheat diets, respectively, indicated body weight reductions with both
diets. However, a significantly higher reduction in fat body mass (%) was seen
with the whole grain diet. Compared with a refined diet, a diet rich in wheat
aleurone, increased plasma betaine levels, and reduced CRP and LDL-
cholesterol following 4w intervention in at risk subjects. The study is

Consumer responses to grain products and health claims
R. Shepherd
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
In order to increase the consumption of both wholegrain and functional cereal
products it is necessary to understand the views of consumers about such
products. As part of the HEALTHGRAIN project (www.healthgrain.org) we
have carried out a series of studies in the UK, Finland, Germany and Italy.
Focus groups were followed up by quantitative surveys involving around 500
consumers in each of the countries. Although wholegrain products were rated
more positively than refined cereal products in terms of healthiness,
naturalness, being nutritionally balanced, filling and offering slow energy
release, these effects were more pronounced for the Finnish sample but less so
for consumers from the UK and Italy. Women were found to be more aware
of benefits of cereal based foods than men, to be more health conscious and to
expect less illness in later life caused by their eating habits. Women and older
people were more willing to use cereal products produced to have specific
health benefits (e.g. bread containing added fibre). Perceived healthiness and
pleasantness were the best predictors of willingness to use functional cereal
products. A second study investigated the impact of health claims on
perceptions of healthiness and likelihood of buying cereal products. There
were major differences between countries in the way in which health claims
were perceived and also differences between consumers according to age and
gender and whether the claims were directly relevant to them. The study is

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Healthgrain - and what is next? Introduction and discussion
J. W. van der Kamp
TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
HEALTHGRAIN is showing at the start of its 5th and last year the great
benefits of a multi-centre, multi-disciplinary research project: - A large (70),
and still growing amount of peer reviewed publications, many of them co-
productions of 2 or more groups. - Recognition of the quality of the work by
independent parties e.g. by best paper Awards and by Special Issues of
scientific journals e.g. J. Agr. Food Chemistry 56, with 11 publications of
the HEALTHGRAIN cereal diversity screen of bio-active components in 200
cereal cultivars. - Involvement at an unprecedented scale of industry in the
Industrial Platform, with 60 paying member companies, and of key
nutritionists of all major EU countries. A start has been made with developing
the HEALTHGRAIN Cereals and Health Research and Technology Platform
in short: the HEALTHGRAIN Network as a legal entity aiming at: -
Developing a Strategic Research Agenda cereals & health research for 2010
2015 and annual Working Plans for publishable research. - Uniting
participating research groups and industries participating in the execution of
the Working Plans. - Acting as a focal point in Europe, a) for activities related
to cereal and health R&D, such as regulatory issues e.g. developments in
food and health regulations, and the definition of whole grain and b) science
based promotion campaigns for healthy eating related to grain based products.
- Maintaining and extending a website with a highly functional database, with
information about research results and other important areas, such as
information about the issues as mentioned above. After a short outline of the
state of affairs regarding the HEALTHGRAIN Network participants are
invited to join the discussion on the best ways for continuing European and
international cooperation and coordination of activities.

Opportunities to Enhance Cereal Products:
Pulse Components as Nutritional and
Functional Ingredients

Opportunities to improve cereal products using pulses
J. A. Wood
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute,
Tamworth, NSW, Australia
Health is becoming a major issue for many western societies as diet-
preventable diseases become more prevalent. Diet-preventable diseases
account for approximately 60% of all deaths worldwide and include
cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. This percentage is
higher in western societies with increasingly sedentary lifestyles who
consume more energy-dense foods. The age at which people are diagnosed
with these diseases has been steadily decreasing. Whilst many people know
they should be eating a healthy diet that is high in wholegrains, fruits and
vegetables, they are reluctant to give up their convenience and snack foods
which are often laden with sugar and fat. In contrast, pulses are almost the
ideal health food. They are high in protein, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins and
minerals and contain many beneficial components such as antioxidants and
phytoestrogens and are gluten-free. In addition, pulses have very low
glycaemic indices (GI) and chickpeas have been shown to lower blood
cholesterol levels. Whilst some developing countries have a high consumption
of pulses (and a low incidence of diet-preventable diseases) they are seen as
unfamiliar and inconvenient in fast-paced western societies, so consumption
remains low. Cereals, however, are consumed world-wide and are commonly
used in many convenience foods in western societies. For example, bread,
pasta, rice, breakfast cereals, cakes, biscuits and many snack foods. Many of
these products are highly refined and there has been a lot of recent interest in
trying to improve the nutritional benefits of these foods by modifying/adding
ingredients and processes. Pulses are the ideal partner to cereals due to their
complimentary protein composition and GI-lowering ability and can achieve
nutritional improvement and a functional food status. There are opportunities
to improve cereal products using pulses and/or various fractions of pulses as
ingredients to confer nutritional and even functional properties. The
development of such products may help reduce the incidence of these diet-
preventable diseases by offering healthier alternatives.

The factors influencing digestibility in vitro of pulse starch
Q. LIU, H.-J. Chung
Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph,
ON, Canada
Starch digestibility has been known to vary among different starchy foods,
which have been ascribed to various factors, including botanical source, food
processing, particle size, amylose/amylopectin ratio, the molecular
characteristics of amylose and amylopectin such as chain length and its
distribution, density of branch chain, type of crystalline polymorphic (A, B or
C) form, interaction between starch and other components, and presence of
amylose-lipid complexes. In this study, the digestibility in vitro and
physicochemical and structural properties were investigated using various
analytical techniques including Megazyme procedure for resistant starch
content, Englyst method for slowly digestible starch, quickly digestible starch
and resistant starch, differential scanning calorimetry for starch gelatinization
and retrogradation, rapid viscoTM analyser for starch pasting, scanning
electron microscopy and light microscopy for starch morphology, high
performance anion exchange chromatography pulsed amperometric
detection for branch chain length and its distribution of starch, x-ray
diffraction for starch crystallinity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
with attenuated total reflectance for short-range order in starch. The factors
influencing pulse starch digestibility in vitro will be further discussed in
native and cooked starch in this presentation. In addition, what extent changes
to crystalline structure, properties and digestibility in vitro of pea, lentil, navy
bean and corn starches after hydrothermal modification with single and dual
heat-moisture and annealing treatments are also presented and discussed. The
results of this study may provide an alternative route for improving
digestibility of starch by selecting different pulse sources and using different
hydrothermal modifications.

Precooked pulse flour: Processing, quality and end product utilization
M. TULBEK, S. Simsek, C. Hall
Northern Crops Institute. North Dakota State University Department of Plant
Sciences. North Dakota State University Department of Cereal Sciences
Pulses are good source of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals which
can be utilized as staple as well as flour. Hydrothermal cooking can be applied
to pulses in order to enhance shelf life and improve the chemical attributes. In
this study process technology, physical, chemical, nutritional, microbiological,
rheological attributes and end product quality utilization of pre cooked pulse
products will be discussed. Whole pea, split pea and pre cooked lentils were
used. Hydrothermal treatment and extrusion processes were applied as a tool
for pre-cooked flour development process. Pea samples were soaked in water
(60C) for 30 min. Then soaked peas were roasted at 170C for 12.5 min.
Cooled peas were milled with Fitzmill- at 7200 RPM mill speed and 25 RPM
feed screw speed. Moisture, total protein, total starch and ash were
determined. RVA was used to determine pasting profile of the flours. Changes
in molecular weight of starch were determined using High Performance Size
Exclusion Chromatography (HP-SEC). Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(DSC) and X-ray diffraction was used to determine physicochemical changes
in starch. Changes in starch digestibility were determined using Englyst assay.
Pre cooked lentil flour was processed by Wenger TX-52 twin screw extruder
and further milled with Fitzmill at 4500 RPM. Roasting process significantly
decreased moisture content and test weight scores of all samples. Precooking
decreased peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity, final viscosity and setback
scores. There were significant changes in physicochemical properties (HP-
SEC, X-Ray diffraction and DSC profiles) of starches from peas, and they
were correlated to the changes in starch digestibility. Pre cooked pulse flour
samples had higher water absorption and stability compared to control pulse
flours in dough systems. Baking studies indicated that precooked lentil flours
processed with higher specific mechanical energy had higher loaf volume
score.

Gluten-free expanded snacks made from lentil-fiber based formulations
J. DE J. BERRIOS, J. Pan, M. Tom
USDA, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA, U.S.A.
Pulses, such as lentils and dry peas, are a great fit for the healthy eating
pattern. They are part of the high-protein food and the vitamin-rich vegetable
groups in the USDA Food Pyramid-Dietary Guidelines. They are high in
protein, dietary fiber, complex carbohydrates, B-vitamins and folate, and
significantly low in fat and sodium. Additionally, they are gluten-free. Wheat
bran and other fiber-rich cereal ingredients are generally used to increase the
fiber content in snacks and breakfast cereal products. However, these
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ingredients contain gluten, which represents a problem for a large number of
the population who are allergic to gluten, a disease known as the celiac
disease. Extrusion cooking is a high-temperature and pressure, and short-time,
versatile, and modern food processing operation. This study aimed to develop
unique, gluten-free expanded extruded snack-type foods from lentil-based
formulations fortified with gluten-free fiber ingredients (GFFIs). Extrusion
was performed using a Clextral EVOL HT32-H co-rotating, twin-screw
extruder operated at a speed of 500 rpm, and die temperature of 160 oC.
Formulations containing three GFFIs, alone and in combination, were
evaluated. Fiber addition varied from 0 to 10% among the different
formulations. High expansion ratio of extruded products is associated with the
desirable crunchy texture of expanded snacks and breakfast cereal products. In
general, the extrudates containing GFFIs were highly expanded and their
expansion ratio was directly related to fiber fortification. Conversely, the bulk
density of those extrudates was inversely related to fiber fortification. Shelf
stability of the developed products was similar to those of dehydrated food
products with water activity in the range of 0.44-0.50. Sensory evaluation,
using a 10-point hedonic scale, demonstrated that the novel, value-added, and
expanded extruded lentil-based snacks fortified with GFFIs had a desirable
crunchy texture and were highly acceptable to the sensory panel. This research
would bring new information to food scientists and the food industry on the
processing and utilization of pulses in an attractive, safe, and convenient form,
like snacks and Ready-to-Eat-type foods. Also, it would have great impact to
more than 7,000 people who are diagnosed as allergic to gluten in the USA
alone every year, improve the consumption of dietary fiber by consumers, and
benefit growers of pulses worldwide.

Use of pulse flours in cereal based products: Pasta, tortillas, muffins and
extruded snacks
A.-S. Bellido, L. MALCOLMSON, G. Boux, P. Frohlich
Canadian International Grains Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Consumers awareness about the relationship between food and health has
increased dramatically. Pulses such as peas, beans, lentils and chickpeas are
high in protein and dietary fiber and are low in fat making them a healthy food
choice. Their excellent nutritional profile along with their complementary
protein composition to wheat makes them an ideal ingredient to enhance
cereal based products such as pasta, tortillas, muffins and extruded snacks.
Research undertaken in our pilot plant has shown that chickpea flour could be
substituted for durum semolina in spaghetti up to a level of 30% without
negatively affecting the quality of the pasta, while yellow pea flour and navy
bean flour gave acceptable spaghetti when used at levels up to 20%. Addition
of pulse flours in pasta formulations improved the protein content by 16-18%.
The substitution of pulse flours for wheat flour in tortillas and muffins was
also possible although modifications were necessary to the formulations to
maintain quality. For both products, the total dietary fiber content significantly
increased allowing for a high fiber claim. It was also possible to obtain a
highly acceptable 100% non-wheat extruded snack using yellow pea flour
making it suitable as a non-gluten and non-corn based product.

Perspective on pulse uses in India
P. BANUMATHI, M. Ilamaran
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Home Science College and
Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
Pulses are important sources of protein in Indian Diets. India is the worlds
largest pulse producer and consumer accounting for 25 and 27% respectively.
Pulses are grown in an area of 22-23 million hectares with an annual
production of 13-15 million MT in 2007-08. In India, the state of Madhya
Pradesh (24%) is the largest pulse producer followed by Uttar Pradesh (18%),
Maharashtra and Rajasthan (14.0% each) and Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh and Bihar (5.0% each). Productivity of some important pulses like
bengal gram and horse gram are in the increasing trend by 10.4 and 22.5%
respectively from the year 2004-05 to 2005-06 whereas, there is a decreasing
trend in red gram (19.0%), green gram (15.8%) and black gram (10.6%).
Increasing demand for pulses due to rise in population has resulted in imports
rising to over 20 lakh tonnes during 2007-08 whereas, the same was only 4.6
lakh tonnes during 1998-99. There are too many uncertainties in the
indigenous supply chain and costs are also higher. Since demand for pulses is
price sensitive, the per capita consumption has gradually declined over the
years. While total pulse availability in the country has increased by nearly
1.39% every year during the last two decades, the population increased at
1.8% level every year. The importance of pulses in Indian diet has long been
recognized by nutrition workers. Commonly used pulses are: bengal gram, red
gram, green gram, black gram and lentil. The protein content of these pulses
varies between 22 and 25% and together with cereals; they are important
sources of protein. The use of pulses as components of weaning foods in
combination with cereals is a boon to malnourished children. Pulses can help
to manage weight related health problems such as type 2 diabetes and heart
diseases. Most pulses are consumed in shelled and split forms. Pulses are used
to make dhal, a thick, gravy like dish. Pulses are also used in curries and snack
foods, such as samosa, pakoda and pappad. Research on pulses has focused on
developing various technologies to improve the nutrient content of cereal
products by incorporating pulses. As part of Food Security Mission and Price
Control Measures, the Tamil Nadu Government proposes to encourage the
cultivation of pulses in the state by offering to procure pulses from farmers at
Minimum Support Prices. With ever growing health consciousness, the Indian
consumers are seeking pulse based foods that are not only tasty and
convenient to use, but which also provide added nutritional and health
benefits.

Replacing Gluten Functionality

Evaluation of risk of different dietary proteins for celiac disease patients
A. M. Calderon De La Barca
Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A. C., Hermosillo,
Mexico
Reliable and sensitive methods to evaluate risks of dietary proteins in
ingredients and processed foodstuffs are needed for celiac disease (CD)
patients. A sensitive and reproducible ELISA protocol was developed to
evaluate immuno-reactive dietary proteins using IgA antibodies in sera from
CD patients. The immuno-reactivity to foodstuffs was estimated relative to
100% immuno-reactivity to gliadins. The evaluated ingredients were caseins,
soy, amaranth, chia, millet, rice and maize as well as foodstuffs either
transglutaminase (mTG)-treated or not, and labeled as gluten-free or not.
Extraction was done with 0.9% NaCl for globulins and 70% ethanol or 40% 1-
propanol plus 1% DTT for prolamins. Among assayed grains, just maize
prolamins had high immuno-reactivity percentages. Extraction with 1-
propanol and DTT was better that ethanol for detection of immuno-reactive
proteins in processed foodstuffs. Some foodstuffs labeled as gluten-free and
all the barley malt- or maize-containing foods, particularly those of mTG-
treated bread, presented more than 20 ppm of reactive proteins, using crude
gliadins as standard. Breakfast cereals containing rice or amaranth were lower
than 20 ppm independently if they were labeled as gluten-free or not. The
proposed assay may be a sensitive method for evaluation of immuno-reactive
proteins in foodstuffs for CD patients.

Replacing gluten: Requirements to produce leavened products
B. S. SROAN (1), F. MacRitchie (2)
(1) Frito Lay Research and Development, Plano, TX; (2) Kansas State
University, Dept. of Grain Science and Industry, Manhattan, KS
Aerated products, of which the various bread types are the main ones,
comprise an industry worth billions of dollars. The soft spongy texture of
wheat bread, due to its cellular structure (gas cells), is relished by consumers.
The unique properties of wheat flour dough makes it ideally suitable for
incorporating air in the form of bubbles and allowing their expansion without
failure during proving and baking. Any flour system must meet three basic
requirements to produce a good leavened product: (1). To produce a
viscoelastic dough, capable of trapping and retaining air in the form of gas
cells, a dough must be mixed at a temperature higher than the glass transition
temperature (Tg) of its continuous phase; (2). The expansion of retained gas
cells depends on the dough being strong enough to prevent rupture of
expanding gas cells and extensible enough to allow the expansion. For this,
the developed dough must have a high strain hardening index. Achievement of
this, in turn, requires an optimum molecular weight distribution of its proteins.
The protein component must have a sufficient proportion of large-size
polymers (glutenins in the case of wheat) to provide resistance but not to
compromise the extensibility at the strain rates used in processing; (3). The
presence of compounds such as proteins and polar lipids capable of forming
stable monolayers at gas liquid interfaces provides a secondary stabilizing
mechanism for liquid lamellae that surround the gas cells. It may be possible
to apply the understanding of these requirements obtained from studies of
wheat dough systems to produce leavened products like breads from non-
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wheat cereals, meeting requirements for gluten intolerance and bringing
underutilized cereals into main stream food products.

Potential of prolamins from maize and sorghum to form gluten-like
structures in wheat-free bread
T. SCHOBER, S. R. Bean
USDA ARS-GMPRC, Manhattan, KS
Prolamins from maize (zeins) are known to form viscoelastic, extensible,
cohesive dough when mixed together with starch and water above their glass
transition temperature (Tg, ~28C). By adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(HPMC, a surface-active hydrocolloid) to this formulation, leavened bread
can be produced that closely resembles wheat bread. Zein-starch dough can be
shaped like wheat dough and made into hearth-type breads, rolls or pretzels
without the use of bread pans, a major advantage over traditional batter-like
gluten-free doughs. However, the ability of zein-starch dough to hold its shape
upon proofing depends on the zein quality. Several quality factors were
identified in commercial zein, including protein content, molecular weight
distribution of the proteins and lipid content. With commercial zein of the
appropriate quality, it was possible to make rolls that closely resembled wheat
rolls, whereas inadequate zein quality led to flat rolls. However, commercial
zein is a by-product from starch isolation and therefore not easily available in
a standardized quality. Isolation of zein directly from maize flour requires
sufficiently hydrophobic solvents (e.g. 92% i-propanol) to be functional for
breadmaking. Although regarded as highly analogous to zein, sorghum
prolamins (kafirin) could not be used for breadmaking. However, some
progresses in kafirin isolation led to an improved ability to aggregate above
kafirins Tg into a gluten-like substance.

Rheological characterization of gluten-free systems
O. POLENGHI, V. Cerne
Schar R&D Centre, Trieste, Italy
The use and related difficulties of some rheological instruments, to character-
ize gluten-free raw materials/doughs, are presented. Conventional cereal quality
instruments and methods are usually not suitable for gluten-free cereals or
need to be arranged to analyse gluten-free systems. Information and results
required different interpretations from data which come from gluten system.
For these reasons some methods such as micro visco-amylo-graph (Brabender)
and Mixolab (Chopin) are discussed and some illustrative data are given.

The gluten-free initiative: 3 friends, multiple disciplines, and a business
J. ENGLESON (1), W. (Bill) Attwell (2)
(1) Grains for Health Foundation; (2) Cargill Inc., Plymouth, MN
Our gluten-free initiative encompasses a gluten-replacer program to improve
gluten-free foods and investment in the first pharmaceutical company
exclusively dedicated to celiac disease, Alvine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., to
address unintentional gluten exposure with pharmaceutical therapies. Our
gluten-free and dairy-free breads have changed the breadmaking rules to some
extent. They deliver mild taste and soft, chewy texture that is very close to
conventional bread. The breads are made from a viscous batter that is high in
water compared to conventional dough. Mixing hydrates hydrocolloids,
modified starches and emulsifiers, which thicken and hold the batter together.
The batter requires shorter proof times than normal because diffusion is faster
in the batter and air cells are less stable compared to gluten-containing dough.
Emulsifiers increase the stability of air cells. The batter matrix retains air
cells, but lacks strength and collapses if it contacts a solid surface unlike
gluten-containing dough, which is extensible and has strength to prevent
collapse. Upon heating, yeast and chemical leavening and in turn expanding
air cells yield ovenspring, which must occur quickly before the batter sets.
This is faster than normal because there is no gluten competing for water in
the batter system. Film forming ingredients promote oven spring by
improving the strength and flexibility of the batter. The batter sets as starch
gelatinizes and proteins denature; set-ability is highly dependent on plasticizer
(sugar, water, etc.) content. Setting in the batter is more challenging than in
conventional bread because the batter does not contain gluten, which can
undergo strain hardening and thermoset. In the baked bread, hydrocolloids,
starches (modified), and emulsifiers impart soft and chewy bread texture. This
is traditionally the role of gluten in conventional bread. Gluten is not only
inherently rubbery; it also minimizes the formation of a continuous starch
network and in turn brittleness. Flavors are added to the batter to enhance final
bread flavor and compensate for the flavor of gluten and the flavor that results
from reactions between gluten and sugars. There is also minimal yeast
fermentation in the batter, and therefore yeast flavors are added to the batter.
Alvine Pharmaceuticals reported positive results with ALV003 in Phase 1
Trial of therapy in development for celiac disease. ALV003 is an orally
administered combination of two proteases (glutamine specific cysteine
protease and proline specific prolyl endopeptidase) engineered to degrade
gluten into non-immunotoxic fragments. Doses at 300mg achieved up to a
96% reduction of gluten in the stomach, which supports use of ALV003 as a
drug to be taken with meals to address unintentional gluten exposure and
further clinical development of ALV003.

Texture and cereal protein functionality
B. R. HAMAKER, C. D. Mejia, M. A. Goodall, B. A. Bugusu
Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Corn and sorghum prolamin proteins, the zeins and kafirins, have been
generally thought to be non-functional in food systems. Lack of functionality
is partly due to their location in fairly rigid protein bodies that precludes
protein-protein interaction during mixing. When outside the confines of the
protein bodies, however, zein proteins are known to be viscoelastic when
brought above their glass transition temperature. In this state, they can be
made to function much like gluten protein in forming viscoelastic fibrils
capable of trapping gas to make a leavened product. Increased viscoelasticity
coincides with an increase in beta-sheet structure that is similar to what occurs
in mixed wheat gluten. However zein protein shows a rapid loss of this protein
secondary structure as well as rheological properties during relaxation. We
found that small amounts of certain proteins can act to stabilize beta-sheet
structure, thereby improving the functional properties of the protein. Recent
results also show that sorghum kafirins can be made functional and can
participate in dough and bread structure.

The Role of Grain-Based Foods in the Prevention
of Childhood Obesity

The role of grain foods in childhood obesity
L. Marquart
Grains for Health Foundation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Several adult epidemiology studies suggest there is an inverse association
between whole grain intake and body weight. It is unclear if this relationship
also exists with children. Further studies are needed to understand the role
whole grains play in childhood obesity. The school food environment
influences the food decisions and choices made by students. Increasing the
availability of whole grain foods provides more nutrient dense food and can
potentially positively affect student health. Success in incorporating whole
grains may be enhanced by focusing on foods that are already typically
consumed in the school environment.

Working together Approaches to maximize consumption, nutrition and
value of whole grain foods
L. MARQUART, R. Rosen
Grains for Health Foundation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Data suggests children in the U.S. are not getting enough whole grainsless
than the 3 servings recommended dailyand therefore may not receive all the
health benefits whole grains offer. Acceptance of new foods, such as whole
grains, may take repeated exposure plus presentation in a combination of
familiar and unfamiliar attributes such as pizza with a whole grain crust.
Studies strongly suggest that gradually introducing whole grain foods, such as
rolls or snacks, with increasing levels of whole grain is a way to gain
acceptance and inclusion of whole grains into the diets of school-age children.
Educating parents, children, and foodservice staff can improve whole grain
availability and intake. Efforts based on communication and partnerships
between school foodservice, academia, food manufacturers, regulatory and
policy-making entities, and scientific and trade groups may increase
consumption of whole grain foods by increasing availability in schools. This
may improve diets of children and contribute to long-term health.

Incorporating behavioral research approaches into the development of
whole grain foods to maximize acceptance
E. ARNDT (1), R. Rosen (2)
(1) ConAgra Foods, Omaha, NE; (2) University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Food manufactures and school foodservice directors have used various
approaches to determine the acceptability of whole grain foods for school
lunch. Taste tests and focus groups are helpful, but dont provide complete
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information on the factors influencing the consumption of whole grain foods.
Observation of children eating school lunch and analysis of their behaviors
and intake has shown that the consumption of whole grain foods is influenced
by many factors including the other foods served within a meal and the overall
lunchroom environment. This type of research provides important insights that
can help manufacturers make whole grain foods that children prefer to eat.
Further collaboration between manufacturers and school foodservice directors
is needed to effectively optimize consumption of whole grain foods in
schools.

Regulations, labeling and communication for the National School Lunch
Program
L. Lapeze
USDA-FNS, Baton Rouge, LA
The National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs impact the
nutrition of more than 30 million students each day. To obtain broad scientific
input on recent changes in the science of childrens nutrition, USDA requested
the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to recommend updates and revisions to the
national nutrition standards and meal requirements for school meals. The
recommendations are to reflect new developments in nutrition science,
increase the availability of key food groups in school meals, and increase the
ability of the Programs to meet the nutritional needs of students, foster healthy
eating habits, and safeguard childrens health. This 24 month study, which
began February 2008, anticipates recommendations for October 2009. The
regulatory process by which USDA will update the nutrition standards and
meal requirements after receiving the IOM recommendations will be
reviewed. In the meantime, USDA-FNS encourages all schools to make
changes to implement the 2005 Dietary Guidelines within their menu planning
approaches, and has provided guidance to assist the schools. USDA-FNS has
implemented the Healthier US School Challenge, a voluntary nutrition and
wellness initiative, to recognize schools efforts to provide healthier meals.

The role of grain components in school lunch - bran, germ and aleurone
J. Wellnitz
Cargill Incorporated, Plymouth, MN
As work continues to increase the nutritional value of foods provided to
children in school food programs, barriers still exist. Economics and
availability, sensory performance, among other challenges, can inhibit schools
from incorporating better foods into menus. As we continue to learn about the
health benefits of the WHOLE grain, we cannot overlook the grain
components that significantly contribute to these benefits. Bran, germ, and
aleurone are examples of wheat components that can deliver concentrated
nutritional benefits. This session will discuss the economic feasibility of using
grain components to deliver nutrition versus whole grains as well as the
benefits and challenges of whole grain components in school food programs.

Whole grains in the marketplace
C. Harriman
Whole Grains Council, Boston, MA
Although dietary guidelines recommend that all of us, including children,
make at least half our grains whole, 2008 data show that kids actual
consumption is at only 9% and that children eat a lower percentage of their
grains as whole grains than any other age group. Understanding whole grains
benefits for weight control and for health in general, and formulating better
whole grain products are only part of the battle; we also need to craft creative
programs that entice parents to buy whole grains, and children to eat them.
This session will detail several innovative programs that are successfully
bringing more whole grains to kids, including the Whole Grain Stamp
program, the annual Whole Grains Challenge for schools and foodservice
operations, and the new Whole Grains Yardstick Awards.

Tools to Evaluate Health Benefits of Cereals

Clinical evaluation of cereal grains
P. Jones
Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, MB,
Canada
Evaluation of efficacy and safety of bioactive ingredients in well controlled
clinical trials represents the hallmark of evidence needed to establish health
claims for functional foods. Clinical trials have been used to successfully
study many different cereal grains, however, variations in study design and
endpoint measures selected can influence the usefulness of the data that
emerge from such trials. Optimal study designs for proof-of-concept studies
examining cereal grains include randomized, crossover approaches with
controlled feeding regimens to optimize volunteer compliance. The dosage of
and duration of intervention with the cereal of interest must be given careful
consideration, as well as the manner in which that material is matrixed into the
food or capsule provided. The study subject group to be studied must be
carefully selected. In addition, the primary and secondary endpoints must be
chosen so as to ensure that the appropriate disease surrogate marker has been
identified. For instance, measuring the lipid lowering capacity of a cereal
bioactive component may be inappropriate if the health advantage of that
bioactive has been shown to be more likely to affect glucose and or insulin
metabolism. Also important in the clinical evaluation is maintaining the
correct level of blinding through the investigation and ensuring that adequate
samples have been collected to enable secondary freezer study analyses to
be carried out subsequent to completion of the study trial itself. Such aspects
of clinical evaluation of cereal grain foods and food-related bioactives are
important in ensuring that data emerging from such human studies are of the
highest quality and applicability to understanding potential health effects.

Use of cell culture techniques to link cereal grain components to
reduction of disease risk in humans
D. Pascoe
Cargill Animal Nutrition, Elk River, MN
The use of in vitro models, specifically cell culture has been neglected in
many applications of nutraceuticals and functional foods. Cell culture has
several advantages over other models: simplicity, high through-put, increased
turn-around time, and accessibility of cell lines. Today the options for
obtaining an immortalized cell line for every major tissue in humans exists
with the additional benefit of being able to create specialized cells through
somatic, stem, and hybridoma cells. A particular cell line can become a
screening tool under diverse designs to accommodate the question being
asked. The creativity with which some in vitro models have been successfully
applied and published provides opportunity. The opportunity to apply these
models to the evaluation of whole grain components has never had more
momentum. Carbohydrate characterization in cereal grains has been
evaluated, but with new processing technologies and diverse grain genetics,
similar polymers may have different functionalities and are often not found in
related publications. Data from two different cell culture models (immune and
endothelial cell lines) will be shared to demonstrate the opportunity to further
investigate whole grain components.

Understanding the nutritional benefits of cereal foods through animal
models
W. Yokoyama, H. Kim
USDA, ARS, Albany, CA
Ideally, individuals consume nutritious foods with the objective to optimize
their health and longevity. However, often nutrition is a component of a
program to restore health or prevent further deterioration of an unhealthy
condition. For example, about 50% of the U.S. population have high blood
cholesterol and hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular
disease. Blood cholesterol can be reduced by cereal beta-glucans. As a result
of human studies and 39 animal studies FDA approved health claims for
cereal beta-glucans. Cereals contain a diverse array of phytochemicals
including tocols, plant sterols, dietary fibers, and proteins that have beneficial
bioactive properties. Sterols reduce blood cholesterol, fiber prevents colon
cancer, and protein hydrolysates can reduce hypertension. Soluble dietary
fibers prevent many of the obesity related metabolic disease characteristics
such as hypercholesterolemia, abdominal fat weight gain, fatty liver, elevated
fasting glucose and insulin, elevated blood pressure in hamsters on high fat
diets. The development of molecular methods such as microarrays, pcr and
antibodies has increased the utilization of animal models in order to discover
new benefits of bioactive food components and to understand the molecular
mechanisms behind their observed physiological activities.

Assessing availability of grain components using rapid techniques
R. G. Fulcher
University of Manitoba, Department of Food Science, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Cereal grains contain an extraordinary range of bioactive substances, from
soluble and insoluble fiber, through low molecular weight antioxidants,
A14
phenolic compounds and high levels of vitamins and minerals, to potential
antibiotic and anti-inflammatory compounds. The complexities associated
with these numerous compounds relative to bioavailability, potential activities
in mammalian systems, and effects of processing on their activities are
difficult to assess, and often demand major financial investment in time,
personnel, equipment. In addition, much of the expenditure is targeted to
feeding studies (in both small mammals and humans), which are themselves
prohibitively expensive and time-consuming. Such studies often are limited in
the breadth of experimentation (i.e. number and frequency of feeding trials)
that can be used economically, and this in turn often limits the utility and
applicability of the results. Perhaps more critical is the fact that many
important grain constituents are esterified and/or otherwise bound in mature
grains such that they resist digestion. In order to assess the potential of these
many compounds to act as bioactives, we therefore must first ask whether
they can, in fact, be made available by simple digestive processes. To this end,
we have begun to develop simple procedures to determine the level(s) of their
release during digestion, and of the effects of manufacturing on the process.

In vitro assays for cereal grain based nutraceutical/functional ingredients
L. (Lucy) Yu
University of Maryland, College Park, MD
In vitro assays play a role in researching and developing nutraceuticals and
functional foods although animal and pilot human studies are important to
confirm the efficacy of nutraceuticals and functional foods. In vitro assays
could be used for screening large number of samples, evaluating effects of
food formulation and processing conditions on selected health component(s)
or optimizing food formulation and processing conditions, investigating the
possible mechanisms behind the biological actions of food factors, and
identifying possible marketing factors. Examples will be discussed with the
emphases on assay selection, important health factors of cereal grains, and the
interpretation of the results from in vitro assays. The examples will include
improving functionality of psyllium and enhancing antioxidant availability of
wheat-based food ingredients and food products.

Evaluating the structure function relationships of dietary fibre: Cereal
beta-glucan, a special case
P. Wood
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
Consumption of oat and barley products leads to reduced levels of serum
cholesterol, associated with a lower risk of heart disease. The US and other
jurisdictions have allowed health claims on this basis, and identify oat soluble
fiber as a bioactive ingredient on which to base the claim. The soluble fiber
sub-division of dietary fiber was originally intended to distinguish those fibers
which appeared to modify glycemic response by virtue of a capacity at low
concentrations to greatly increase solution viscosity. These polysaccharides
also lowered serum cholesterol levels. Viscosity is a property of
polysaccharides controlled by molecular size and solubility. The soluble fibre
naturally present in oats and barley, (13)(14)-beta-D-glucan (beta-glucan)
is a linear high MW polysaccharide which at low concentrations in water
generates shear sensitive high viscosity which above about 0.2-3% increases
exponentially with concentration and MW. Health claims specify that an
eligible food source must reasonably be able to supply a daily intake of 3 g
beta-glucan. However, if physiological effect is related to development of
viscosity in solution, and if there is variation between food sources in
solubility and MW, total amount of beta-glucan may not fully describe
bioactivity. Various studies indicate that there are indeed differences in
solubility and MW distribution of beta-glucan amongst the different cereals
and amongst varieties of each. In addition to differences based on cereal
source, changes may arise during processing/cooking. The presence of beta-
glucanases in wheat flour leads to depolymerization of beta-glucan
incorporated into wheat based foods such as bread and pasta.
Depolymerization may produce both an increase and decrease in solubility
within food products, and freeze-thaw treatments may greatly modify
solubility. Data showing strong correlation between attenuation of glycemic
response and solubility, MW distribution and viscosity in different food
matrices will be reported, and approaches to evaluating bioactivity of foods in
terms of these properties will be suggested. The literature on the role that the
physicochemical properties of beta-glucan play in the lowering of serum
cholesterol levels is less clear and will be discussed.

A physicochemical method for evaluation of health effects of cereal fibre
T. Sontag-Strohm, R. Kivel, L. Nystrm, H. SALOVAARA
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
The paper describes a viscometric method for evaluation of the physiological
potential of extractable and soluble dietary fibre, such as oat beta-glucan.
Dietary fibre is a concept that includes nondigestable carbohydrates of various
chemical structures, sizes and physicochemical characteristics. The
mechanisms imparting the health benefits of dietary fibre are not fully
understood. However, there is clear evidence that the physicochemical
characteristics, such as increased lumen viscosity, as caused by viscous
dietary fibre, contribute to the physiological health effects, for instance to
blood glucose attenuation, and probably to cholesterol lowering. Surprisingly,
little attention has been paid to development of analytical methods which
describe the physicochemical properties of the various forms of dietary fibre.
We have used an in vitro type method for the characterisation of the soluble
fibre found in oat foods. The soluble fibre is extracted in a manner mimicking
the procedure applied in the original Asp analysis for dietary fibre. The
modified procedure includes a concentration step and measurement of the
apparent viscosity of extracts containing increasing concentrations of the oat
beta-glucan. Informative curves are finally obtained by plotting the viscosities
against beta-glucan concentration. The method has been used as a
complementary tool to dietary fibre analysis for predicting physiological
health effects of foods and ingredients containing oat beta-glucan. Evidently
such a method is of great value to those working in product development in
industry and to those performing clinical studies for substantiation of health
claim potential. The paper also discusses the role of various mechanisms
which may possibly cause instability of beta-glucan and its physicochemical
properties.

A15

2009 Annual Meeting
Abstracts of Oral Presentations
Abstracts submitted for oral presentations at the 2009 annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, September 1316. The abstracts are listed in alphabetical order by
first authors last name. Abstracts are published as submitted. They were formatted but not edited at the AACC International headquarters office.

Fundamental studies on molecular interactions in starch/PVOH/clay
nanocomposites used for making biodegradable packaging films
S. S. ALI (1), X. Tang (1), S. Alavi (1), J. Faubion (1)
(1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
The use of petroleum-based packaging material is of great environmental
concern and also a drain on limited non-renewable resources. This study
focuses on replacing petroleum-based films with starch-based biodegradable
films, which are comparable in cost and performance. In this study,
nanocomposites of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), starch and clay were
produced using solution and melt extrusion methods. X-ray diffraction
(XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) studies were carried out to determine the d-spacing
between clay nano-layers, study the nano-structural conformation of starch
and clay particles, and measure the glass transition (Tg) properties of the
nanocomposites, respectively. This greatly facilitated an understanding of the
molecular interaction in the multi-component starch/PVOH/clay nanocom-
posites. Results from XRD and TEM explained the phenomenon of inter-
calation and exfoliation in the nanocomposites made from both solution and
melt extrusion methods. It was observed that nanocomposites made by
solution method showed good intercalation but lesser exfoliation than films
made from nanocomposites developed through melt extrusion. The higher
shear and mechanical energy from extrusion system helped in better
dispersion of clay layers which resulted in better exfoliation. DSC studies
showed an increase the Tg when clay was added to the PVOH/ starch system.
This increase in Tg was due to the phenomenon of intercalation in the
nanocomposites. Study on mechanical and barrier properties showed that
tensile strength and elongation at break of films ranged from 17.1 to 23.5 MPa
and 63.4 to 130.5% respectively, while water vapor permeability ranged from
1.51 to 1.91 g.mm/kPa.h.m
2
. This study helped in understanding the
underlying phenomena that regulate these critical performance parameters.

Comparison of rheological properties of gluten modified with changes in
surface tension and disulfide linkages
A. A. AMBARDEKAR (1), P. Kalyanaraman (1), S. Mulvaney (2), P. Rayas-
Duarte (1)
(1) Robert M Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, OK; (2) Department of Food Science, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY
A study involving changes in surface tension and the oxidation state of gluten
and the effect of its rheological properties is reported. Surface tension and
disulfide linkages in gluten were changed by using diacetyl tartaric acid ester
of monoglycerides (DATEM) (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0% w/w) and ascorbic acid (AA)
(50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm), respectively. These levels were applied to six
commercial hard red winter wheat flours with different protein quantity (8 to
13.7% protein) and quality. Flours with no treatment were used as controls.
Viscoelastic properties of gluten were analyzed with a creep-recovery method.
Molecular weight distribution, monomeric to polymeric proteins ratios and
allelic variation of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits were also
analyzed. Baking properties were evaluated using a straight dough method on
pup loaves. The levels of surface tension modifications used decreased creep-
recovery compliance in all flours by 31 to 50%, strengthening the gluten. The
decrease in creep-recovery compliance of gluten with modifications in their
oxidative state was lower (19 to 35%) than the surface tension changes and
observed in a reduced number of samples. Changes in surface tension
modifications showed significant increase in specific volume (density) of
loaves in all levels of DATEM and flours by 12 to 23%. No significant
differences were observed in specific volumes in loaves treated with AA. The
results of this study suggest that changes in surface tension were more
effective in increasing the elastic response of gluten (decreased compliance)
compared to oxidative changes promoting disulfide bond formation.

Carotenoid production on whole stillage by mixed and monoculture
fermentation of Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus
N. ANANDA KONAYAKANA HALLI (1), P. Vadlani (1)
Whole stillage, a by-product of the corn-based ethanol industry, is used as
animal feed in the form of Dried Distillers grain with Solubles (DDGS).
Carotenoids are added separately to animal feed to enhance meat color and
quality, vitamin-A levels in milk and meat, and reproductive efficiency. This
study explored the use of whole stillage as a substrate for carotenoid
production by red yeasts, Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus, and
compared their production in mono and mixed culture fermentations.
Astaxanthin and -carotene were produced by P. rhodozyma, while S. roseus
produced only -carotene. Submerged fermentation of whole stillage medium
supplemented with glycerol and corn steep liquor was carried out in shake
flasks at 20C, 180 rpm for nine days. At the end of fermentation, samples
were freeze dried and analyzed for astaxanthin and -carotene using HPLC,
with confirmation by MALDI/TOF-MS. Carotenoid concentration was
expressed as g/g of freeze-dried whole stillage. This study showed that
mixed culture fermentation of whole stillage for astaxanthin and -carotene
production is feasible, wherein P. rhodozyma accounted for 6.5% astaxanthin,
and P. rhodozyma and S. roseus accounted for 93.5% -carotene prior to
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optimization. Phaffia rhodozyma monoculture (90 g/g) produced twice the
astaxanthin yield as mixed culture (43 g/g) fermentation. -carotene yield in
mixed culture was 623.5 g/g, which was similar to that of S. roseus (696.5
g/g) and significantly greater than that in P. rhodozyma (100 g/g). This
study showed that carotenoid-enriched whole stillage can be produced by
secondary fermentation and has promising application in animal feed and feed
blends.

Structural changes from native waxy maize starch granules to water
soluble dextrin
Y. BAI (1), Y. Shi (1)
Producing dextrin by heating a starch in the presence of acid has been known
for a long time but the detailed structural changes during the dextrinization
process is not well understood. In this study, structural changes from native
waxy maize starch granules to water soluble dextrin were investigated by
synchrotron based small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and wide angle X-
ray diffraction (SAXD), and new insight was obtained regarding the structural
changes during dextrinization. Waxy maize starch (40% solids, w/w) was
slurried in water, adjusted to pH 3.0 by 0.5N HCl, filtered and air dried. The
air dried starch was ground and heated at 170C for 30 min and 4 h, resulting
in dextrins with 21 and 100% solubility in water, respectively. Even though
the dextrin heated for 4 h was 100% water soluble, it was still birefringent
when viewed in glycerin under polarized light and shown granular structure.
In addition, the two dextrins displayed A-type crystalline pattern as
determined by WAXD. The dextrin of 21% solubility did not have any peak in
pure glycerin in SAXS, but a peak at about 0.6 nm
1
appeared when a mixture
of water and glycerin (2:8, w/w) was mixed with the dextrin. However, the
peak size was reduced compared to the native starch. For the dextrin with
100% solubility, no peak was observed in SAXS when it was hydrated with
the mixture of water and glycerin, indicating that the regularity between the
amorphous and crystalline regions was destroyed during the dextrinization
process.

Molecular markers for starch quality improvement in rice
J. BAO (1), H. Corke (2), M. Sun (2)
(1) Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou, PEOPLES REP OF CHINA; (2) School of
Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P R China
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping and association mapping are currently
used to dissect the natural occurring variations for traits of agronomical
importance. We found that the major QTLs for starch quality co-locate at the
starch-synthesizing gene loci, e.g. Wx locus controls the genetic basis of
amylose content, pasting viscosity, gel texture and retrogradation properties,
while starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) locus controls the gelatinization temperature
(GT) and amylopectin structure. Some of other genes involved in starch
biosynthesis and other minor QTLs were also detected. Gene tagged markers
such as simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) that were inside or close to those starch-synthesizing genes were
designed. Among 499 nonwaxy rice accessions, polymorphisms of SSR in the
Wx gene, soluble starch synthase I gene (SS1) and starch branching enzyme I
gene (SBE1), SNPs in Wx and starch branching enzyme III gene (SBE3) and
SSIIa, and a sequence tagged site (STS) in SBEI were surveyed. Ten SSR
alleles were found at the Wx locus and four SSR alleles were found at the
SBE1 and SS1, respectively. Two continuous SNPs (GC/TT) alone can
differentiate rice with high or intermediate GT (possessing GC SNPs) from
those with low GT (possessing the TT SNPs). Association test was conducted
using all starch gene markers. Results indicated that Wx SSR and SNPs were
strongly associated with amylose content, pasting viscosities, gel hardness,
and retrogradation properties, whereas the SSIIa GC/TT SNPs were strongly
associated with the pasting temperature and retrogradation properties, which
confirmed the findings from QTL mapping. These markers are useful in
molecular breeding for improvement of rice eating and cooking qualities. This
study was jointly supported by funds from NSFC (30771327), 863 project
(2006AA10Z193), Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province
(2007C32014) and IAEA (12847).

Dietary interventions with fibre ingredients considerations, measure-
ments and manipulations
E. J. BECK (1), L. C. Tapsell (1), S. M. Tosh (2), M. J. Batterham (1), X.
Huang (1)
(1) University of Wollongong, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA; (2)
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Large bodies of epidemiological data show an inverse relationship between
dietary fibre intake and body weight so the logic of including fibre in an
energy-controlled diet remains tantalizing, but practicalities need to be
confirmed. In this analysis we show the impact of fibre enriched foods on
dietary intakes in a randomised-controlled dietary intervention trial. The trial
was designed to measure the effects of increased levels of intake of the mixed
linkage -glucan in oat bran on weight reduction. Products were developed to
provide significant levels of -glucan at breakfast (35 g) and afternoon tea
(34 g). Molecular weight, viscosity and solubility were determined to ensure
the integrity of products. Dietary modelling for intervention advice considered
usual dietary patterns and study dietary targets. Compliance was monitored
using 3-day weighed food records. Despite a significant reduction in total
energy intake (8725 kJ at baseline vs 6000 kJ at three months, P < 0.001), and
a significant difference in fibre intake between groups (control 22 g vs high -
glucan 33 g, P < 0.001) the amount of bread and cereal products consumed by
both groups was similar and maintained throughout the study. Analysis of
food records indicated that >90% of the change in fibre intake was attributed
to the supplied intervention products. This demonstrates that product
development of high fibre foods enables high fibre intake with usual
consumption levels in the context of an energy-restricted diet. Subjects, as a
representative group of consumers, could significantly increase fibre intake
with well-designed functional foods rather than consuming greater amounts of
cereal-based products.

Rice sustainability will require enhanced grain nutrient profiles
C. BERGMAN (1), A. McClung (2), E. T. Champagne (3), C. C. Grimm (3),
M. Chen (4)
(1) Department of Food and Beverage Management, University of Nevada,
Las Vegas; (2) Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, AR;
(3) Food Processing and Sensory Quality Research, USDA, New Orleans, LA;
(4) USDA, Beaumont, TX
The term sustainability when referring to rice production means different
things to different groups of people. For rice farmers, the focus is generally on
the use of production practices that preserve the growing environments
productivity. Those in the nutrition and food processing arenas include in the
definition of rice sustainability that it be produced in sufficient quantity and
quality to meet the cultural desires and health needs of the human population.
Much of the globes population today suffers from two forms of malnutrition:
over- and under-nutrition. Thus rice needs to include nutrients and fractions
that will meet the health needs of both of these groups. There are many
research projects under way across the globe focused on enhancing the health
benefits of rice. This presentation will address two of these. We are working
to understand consumer preferences for milled versus brown rice. Both forms
of malnutrition could be lessened by changing eaters preferences from milled
to unmilled rice. Those that are under-nourished would benefit from
consuming more protein and essential vitamins and minerals. Those suffering
from chronic diseases related to over-nutrition would also likely benefit due to
the association between whole grain consumption and reduced risk of
developing heart disease and some forms of cancer. We are also working to
understand the potential for using a giant embryo mutant to increase
kilocalorie intake of those that are under-nourished. This mutant is also being
evaluated for its potential use as a cultivar designed to increase the levels of
several cholesterol lowering fractions contained in rice bran oil. The health
needs of rice consumers across the planet are many. Rice can no longer be
looked at as only a source of kilocalories. For rice to be sustainable, cultivars
must be developed that are specifically designed and processed to meet human
health needs.

Molecular composition of acid-resistant crystals obtained from waxy
maize starch granules
E. BERTOFT (1), S. Prez (2), H. Angellier-Coussy (3), J. Putaux (2), S.
Molina-Boisseau (2), A. Dufresne (4)
(1) Swedish Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SWEDEN; (2)
CERMAV-CNRS, Grenoble, France; (3) Universit Montpellier II,
Montpellier, France; (4) Pagora Grenoble INP, Saint Martin dHres, France
Crystals of remarkable specific shapes of the nano-size scale were obtained by
treatment of waxy maize starch granules in diluted sulfuric acid. In this work
the molecular composition of the crystals was investigated. The crystals were
composed of two main fractions also described by several other groups,
namely a major group usually denoted the linear fraction with a degree of
polymerization (DP) around 13, and a minor group known as singly branched
dextrins at DP around 25. The two groups were isolated by gel-permeation
chromatography into fractions named C and A, respectively, and their
structures were further analysed using enzymatic treatments in combination
A17
with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). From the
estimations of the molar amounts of the products obtained by debranching and
-amylolysis, it was possible to quantitatively describe the composition and
the principal molecular structures of the dextrins in the two fractions. It was
found that a substantial part (1/3) of the linear fraction C was in fact
composed of branched dextrins, probably singly branched, and the singly
branched fraction A was to a large extent composed of multiply branched
dextrins. Overall, the quantitative data suggested a regular distribution of
linear and branched molecular species, including the position of the branches
at either the non-reducing or the reducing-end side of the molecules. As the
nano-crystals were remnants of acid-resistant crystalline lamellae inside the
starch granules, their composition reflected the molecular structure of the
lamellae, of which probably the branches were remnants of the branched
building blocks that build up the clusters of the amylopectin macromolecule.

Recent applications of small-angle scattering techniques in the structural
characterisation of resistant starches
J. BLAZEK (1), A. R. Bird (2), M. K. Morell (3), Z. Zhou (2), M. J. Gidley
(4), I. A. Appelqvist (5), E. P. Gilbert (1)
(1) Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation,
Menai, New South Wales, Australia; (2) Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation, Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia; (3) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation, Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,
Australia; (4) Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AUSTRALIA; (5) Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Food Science Australia,
North Ryde, NSW, Australia
A major challenge in cereal biotechnology is to achieve rational design of
renewable polymers to meet specific requirements for improving human
health, nutrition and food quality. Increasing awareness of the health benefits
of resistant starch, and enhanced understanding of the role of amylose content
on the wide range of industrially important properties of starches, can be
exploited to create novel variability in carbohydrate polymers in cereal grains.
Small angle neutron and X-ray scattering techniques available at the
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation have been used in
collaboration with the Food Futures Flagship to enhance our understanding of
the structural changes occurring in starch-based systems during digestion.
Scattering methods offer a unique potential to directly probe materials on
length-scales between those of modern crystallography and microscopy, thus
bridging the gap in spatial resolution between the two groups of techniques.
Our group has applied scattering techniques in multidisciplinary studies of the
molecular structure of starch fractions resistant to digestion. Previous studies
using native starches subjected to in vitro digestion suggested that enzyme
resistant starch is not a specific structure present in predigested starches but is
in fact formed during the digestion process through the rearrangement of
amylose chains into enzyme-resistant structures. It is of interest to elucidate
whether similar principles to the ones observed in simple in vitro systems
apply during the in vivo digestion of starch-based products. Understanding the
structural mechanisms governing starch digestion will make it possible to
design and select those ingredients and processes which render desirable
structural morphologies and nutritional properties.

Influence of starch structure on the swelling and leaching of starch
microparticles
N. BORDENAVE (1), Y. Yao (1)
(1) Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.
Starch micro-particulate is of great interest as an economic and effective
carrier for the protection and controlled release of active substances. The
functional properties of starch microparticles are affected by their capability to
swell and leach in aqueous system. The current work aims to understand the
relationship between the molecular structure of starch and the swelling and
leaching behavior of microparticles. Starch microparticles were made using
reverse emulsion methodology, in which starch aqueous solution was
dispersed in mineral oil. The starch-containing aqueous droplets were allowed
to retrograde to solidify for particle collection. To study the influence of
starch structure, normal corn starch (NCS) and high amylose corn starch
(HACS) were subjected to acid treatment and/or debranching. Particle size,
swelling and leaching properties of starch microparticles were evaluated. The
molecular weight distribution of treated starch and leached materials were
characterized by high performance size-exclusion chromatography. Particles
average diameters ranged between 8 and 15 mm. Starch microparticle
swelling and leaching was associated with starch sources and the treatments.
For NCS, debranching substantially reduced swelling and increased leaching,
and acid treatment enhanced leaching and reduced the swelling of native
starch. In contrast, for HACS debranching significantly reduced the leaching
whereas having minor effect on swelling, and acid treatment had negligible
impact on swelling and possibly minor impact on leaching. Conceivably, the
difference of amylose content and amylopectin structure between NCS and
HACS was a primary factor of different swelling and leaching behaviors. This
study provides knowledge on the behavior of starch microparticles as
functional carriers.

Isogenic wheat discrimination via in situ FT-IR microspectroscopy and
imaging
L. R. BREWER (1), D. L. Wetzel (1)
(1) Microbeam Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
Isogenic waxy wheat lines differ from their non-waxy wild type parents in
their functionality, end use, their amylopectin content in place of amylose, and
an increase presence of lipids. In breadmaking, blending a portion (non
amylose containing) wheat flour with that of normal (wild) wheat has been
used to advantage. Genetic expression characterization of waxy kernels vs
non-waxy parents in chemical terms, is performed using FT-IR
microspectroscopic in situ probing and imaging of kernel frozen sections
applied to genetically pure, well documented isogenic breeding lines. The
motive is to assist the current plant breeding efforts to develop new lines
targeted for breadmaking that incorporate desirable traits from both genetic
sources by spectroscopically determining the relative compositional change of
individual experimental lines. Preliminary InSb chemical imaging in the near
IR was successful in sorting parent wheat kernels from nulls. The objective of
the present study has been to use microspectroscopy of high spatial resolution
on mid IR fundamental vibrations and mass spectrometry of the lipid extracts
to elucidate the chemical manifestation of the waxy genetic expression.
Isogenic waxy lines of a particular hard wheat for comparison with their
parent wild type included a hexaploid triple null involving all three wheat
genomes (A B D), three double nulls, and three single nulls. Genetic
properties differ slightly for the Durum wheat, used in pasta making which is
a tetraploid, only containing the A and B genomes for waxy traits. The genetic
expression of the waxy gene influence is shown in dramatic vibrational
spectroscopic terms by comparing the spectra from numerous contiguous
pixels of the endosperm images of the triple null with a single group of
endosperm spectra from the parent. Comparison within groups of spectra tests
for homogeneity and establishes a consensus resulting in a mean spectrum.
Enhanced visualization is produced via spectral subtraction and multivariate
pattern recognition is applied. These resulting spectroscopic criteria for waxy
genetic expression are applied to the double null and single null isogenic
specimens. The mass spectrometry of lipid extracts is used to compliment the
infrared data.

Cellulolytic enzyme system production in mixed fungal culture and its
utilization for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis
K. BRIJWANI (1), H. S. Oberoi (1), P. V. Vadlani (1)
To attain the DOE milestone of 60 billion gallons of ethanol by 2030, the
emerging cellulosic technologies need to mature. The most crucial stage in
bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is the enzymatic
saccharification. Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
involves synergistic action of several enzymes (cellulases, -glucosidase and
xylanase) that are together called as cellulase enzyme system. Solid state
fermentation is a proven approach to produce the enzyme system in a single
process. Production and characterization of balanced cellulase enzyme system
in mixed-culture solid-state fermentation has been demonstrated in this study.
Fermentation was performed using co-culture of Trichoderma reesei and
Aspergillus oryzae on soybean hulls supplemented with wheat bran as solid
media. Three parameters - initial moisture content, incubation temperature,
and initial pH - were optimized with respect to filter paper and -glucosidase
activities in culture flasks using response surface methodology. Optimized
parameters were used for laboratory scale-up in tray fermenters. Fermentation
was performed for the period of 120 hours and an incubation period of 96
hours was found to be optimum. Expression profiles of the cellulase complex
were characterized using SDS-PAGE. The enzyme broth after 96 hours was
concentrated and used for saccharification of pretreated wheat straw.
Pretreatment using both acid and alkali were performed and differences in
sugar yields were reported. Results showed that alkali treatment generated
higher sugar levels than acid pretreatment. This was due to lignin removal and
concentration of cellulosic fraction. Current work shows that a well balanced
celluloytic enzyme system can be produced in mixed fungal cultures, which
can efficiently saccharify lignocellulosic biomass such as wheat straw into
fermentable sugars.

A18
Potential influence of ferulate oligomers on physiological effects of cereal
dietary fibers
M. BUNZEL (1)
(1) University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, St.
Paul, MN, U.S.A.
Young Scientist Research Award
Cereal grain plant cell walls are a major source of dietary fiber.
Hydroxycinnamates, i.e. ferulate derivatives, are minor components within the
plant cell wall. Due to their ability to act as cross-links between
polysaccharides they strongly influence the physico-chemical properties of the
cell wall. As most physiological effects of dietary fibers are closely related to
their physico-chemical properties ferulate derivatives are supposed to
influence the physiological effects of cereal fibers. Two studies will be
presented investigating how ferulate oligomers might modulate the
physiological properties of cereal fibers. In the first study, we tested the
influence of feruloylation on cell wall degradability by human fecal
microbiota. Nonlignified primary cell walls from maize cell suspensions,
containing varying degrees of ferulate substitution and diferulate cross-
linking, were incubated in nylon bags in vitro with human fecal microbiota.
Shifting cell wall concentrations of total ferulates from 1.5 to 15.8 mg/g and
diferulates from 0.8 to 2.6 mg/g did not alter the release of carbohydrates or
the overall degradation of cell walls. The results indicate that low to moderate
levels of ferulates and diferulates do not interfere with hydrolysis of
nonlignified cell walls by human gut microbiota. In the second study, we
tested whether cross-linking of arabinoxylans through ferulate oligomers alter
the effects of arabinoxylans on postprandial blood glucose levels. We isolated
arabinoxylans from corn bran and cross-linked them by oxidative coupling
using laccase/oxygen. The formed gels were dried and used in a one-meal
animal feeding study. The starch-based meals contained fibers from different
sources including arabinoxylan gels. We demonstrated that arabinoxylan gels
blunt the blood glucose maximum and shift this maximum to later time points
after feeding. Long-term feeding studies are required to support these
promising data.

Prediction of fermentable starch content of corn by near-infrared
spectroscopy
A. BURGERS (1), C. R. Hurburgh (1)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
Measuring the fermentable starch content of corn allows ethanol plants to
know how much ethanol can be produced from a specific lot of corn.
Laboratory fermentable starch measurement can take hours to days to
complete. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid nondestructive
technique that is able to measure organic substances in minutes. The objective
of this study was to develop an NIRS fermentable starch calibration using
spectra and reference data, then compare the fermentable starch calibration to
the regression analysis of combinations of NIRS- predicted values of protein,
oil, starch, and density. Near infrared (NIR) spectra from a FOSS Infratec
1229 Grain Analyzer were obtained for 249 corn samples from the 2006 and
2007 crops. Laboratory fermentable starch measurements came from the
Illinois Crop Improvement Association. A partial least squares (PLS)
calibration relating fermentable starch content to NIR spectra was developed.
A multiple linear regression (MLR) including combinations of current NIR
measurements (protein, oil, starch and density on a 15% moisture basis) was
also created. The first external validation was conducted using 26 new
samples representing a wide range of composition. The second validation used
30 samples from the 2008 corn crop. The NIR calibration for fermentable
starch had a R
2
of 0.863 and a SECV of 0.025, while the combination of
protein, oil, starch, and density had a R
2
of 0.80 and a SECV of 0.030.
However, the calibration had poor results in predicting corn ethanol yield
from the new samples, with an SEP = 0.40 and a R
2
= 0.28. The component
model gave consistent results with the best combination being protein, oil and
density with an SEP = 0.044 and a R
2
= 0.88. Implementing a constituent
calculation is easier and more economical than implementing a new NIRS
calibration. Any NIRS unit can use constituent regression.

Limitations in the effectiveness of size exclusion chromatography (SEC,
or GPC) on the analysis of starch
R. A. CAVE (1), S. A. Seabrook (1), M. J. Gidley (1), R. Gilbert (1)
(1) University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
The size distributions of starch molecules are important for establishing
biosynthesis-processing-structure-property relations. The applicability and
reliability of the application of conventional size exclusion chromatography
methods to the analysis of starch has been studied using a combination of
experimental data and droplet-shear theory. These data were obtained using a
solvent/eluent system, DMSO + LiBr, which fully dissolves the starch from a
natural source (rice in this case) without degradation. It has been shown that
conventional SEC (or GPC) is limited to the analysis of the smaller, less
branched, amylose molecules, due to shear forces in the system and their
effect on the amylopectin. Although this has been observed previously, it has
never been accurately quantified. The amylopectin region, for hydrodynamic
radii > ~175 nm, is shown to degrade substantially by shear scission, even at
the lowest flow rates. A combination of theory and experiment shows that the
flow rate and/or eluent viscosity in the system would need to be reduced by
order of magnitude lower than what is currently possible. However, the
distribution of the amylose region obtained from SEC with lower flow rates
can be shown to be effectively unpolluted by the shear-scission products of
larger chains, allowing reliable analysis of this region. This work thus shows
that the only way that true full size distributions of starch requires two modes
of separation: SEC for the smaller component (largely amylose), with the
study being performed over a range of flow rates, and a low-shear separation
technique such as field-flow fractionation for the larger component
(amylopectin).

Characterisation and functionality of brewers spent grain proteins and
their hydrolysates
I. CELUS (1), K. Brijs (1), J. A. Delcour (1)
(1) Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science
and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Brewers spent grain (BSG), the residue of barley malt resulting from beer
wort production, is the main co-product of the brewing industry. However, its
main application is limited to animal feeding. The aim of this work was to
provide a scientific basis for the valorization of one of the main constituents
of BSG, i.e. the protein constituents. Enzymatic conversion of BSG proteins
to hydrolysates with techno-functional as well as bio-functional properties
was studied. Proteins in unmalted and malted barley and in BSG were
fractionated based on their differential extractability in different media and the
resultant fractions were characterized by SDS-PAGE and HPLC. Enzymatic
hydrolysis of BSG protein concentrate (BPC), prepared by alkaline extraction
of BSG followed by acid precipitation of the extractables, improved solubility
and emulsion and foaming properties. Physico-chemical characterization of
the hydrolysates indicated the importance of the presence of protein fragments
with relatively high molecular weight (MW) (exceeding 14.5 k) and high
surface hydrophobicity for favorable techno-functional properties. As BPC
hydrolysates consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of peptides, they were
further fractionated using precipitation with ethanol or ammonium sulfate to
result in more homogeneous peptide fractions. It became clear that the
physico-chemical properties required for emulsions differ from those required
for foaming. The results clearly show that neither MW nor hydrophobicity
alone determine the emulsifying and foaming properties. Angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides, which can result in a blood
pressure lowering effect, were purified from the BPC hydrolysates using
affinity chromatography. Peptides with ACE inhibitory activity were
identified.

Avenanthramides in oats: A new method of producing whole oats and oat
ingredients with greatly elevated avenanthramide levels
F. COLLINS (1)
(1) Agric & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
Avenanthramides, of which over 35 distinct components have been found to
date, represent the major readily-bioavailable, soluble phenolics present in the
oat kernel These hydroxycinnamoyl alkaloids are found only in oats and have
been shown to not only act as antioxidants but also to inhibit the pro-
inflammatory processes associated with atherosclerotic disease progression.
Based on recent in vivo pharmacokinetic results in humans and in vitro human
vascular cell culture models, effective concentrations of avenanthramides
required to influence vascular antioxidant status and the inflammatory
response can be provisionally projected. Threshold response levels
(approximately 30 to 60 mg from a dietary source delivery system such as a
50 g serving of oat bran) would require an oat product with at least 600 to
1,200 ppm total avenanthramides. This is a significantly higher concentration
range than those currently recorded for existing oat varieties or existing whole
grain oat products. Recently a process has been found that significantly
increases the levels of avenanthramides in native oat kernels. Levels ranging
from about 900 to 2,000 ppm in the whole groat, representing an enrichment
factor of about 25- to 40-fold have been achieved by this process, without
significantly altering the milling quality of the product. The process involves
the concept of false malting wherein selected or pre-treated grain is
conventionally malted but does not germinate. The selected oats refer to
dormant oat varieties, i.e. varieties exhibiting secondary dormancy and
preferably hulless, while non-dormant varieties can be made dormant using a
A19
simple dry heat process. In-depth HPLC analyses of avenanthramides from
oats treated by this patent-pending process show little if any qualitative
differences relative to untreated oats. Abrasion bran fractions show levels as
high as 3,500 ppm total avenanthramides.

Basic insights in cereal constituents as a basis for progress in cereal based
biotechnological processes
J. A. DELCOUR (1)
(1) Katholieke Univ Leuven, Heverlee, BELGIUM
Thomas Burr Osborne Medal Award
The main constituent of cereals by far is starch, but proteins and nonstarch
polysaccharides also occur in levels which impact cereal processing and
functionality. The present Thomas Burr Osborne address deals with progress
in research in which the presenter and members of the research group which
he leads participated and which contributed to our basic understanding of
cereal starches, proteins and nonstarch polysaccharides over the past two
decades. A major element of progress has been in enzyme systems of
microbial origin that modify specific cereal constituents and have been used to
unravel their role in cereal applications. The address illustrates how acquired
insights can be applied to develop and optimise cereal based biotechnological
processes, the production of cereal derived health promoting constituents, and
contribute to final product organoleptic properties. Thus, different links of the
knowledge chain consisting of basic cereal research over application oriented
research to final application will be discussed. Particular focus will be on the
arabinoxylan system, the insights gained on its functionality by use of
xylanases, the concept of xylanase inhibitors and the conversion of
arabinoxylan in health promoting constituents.

Hyperspectral image analysis of damaged wheat kernels
S. R. DELWICHE (1), M. S. Kim (2)
(1) USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A.; (2) USDA-ARS, BARC, Beltsville,
MD, U.S.A.
While near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been available to the cereals
community for more than 30 years and digital image analysis for more than 20
years, the combination of these technologies to this field is a relatively new
phenomenon. Known as hyperspectral or spectroscopic imaging, this
technology has the potential to offer new rapid, objective methologies for
assessment of grade, quality, and food safety issues in bulk samples of grain.
Recently, our laboratory has assembled a hyperspectral imaging system that,
unlike prevailing systems which operate in the silicon wavelength region (400
to 1000 nm), operates at longer wavelengths (~8001600 nm). With this
longer region, the information conveyed in classical NIR spectra (i.e., protein,
oil, and carbohydrate structure) is now combined with morphological
information from imagining. Applications of wheat kernel damage, as defined
in U.S. wheat standards (e.g., black tip, frost damaged, and Fusarium
damaged) are discussed in this presentation.

Dietary fiber methodology: AACC Approved Methods commensurate
with dietary fiber research and the CODEX definition
J. W. DEVRIES (1), B. V. McCleary (2), G. Cohen (3), J. I. Rader (4), L.
Prosky (5), D. C. Mugford (6), M. Champ (7), K. Okuma (8)
(1) Medallion Laboratories/General Mills, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.; (2)
Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland; (3) Kraft Foods, Tarrytown, NY, U.S.A.; (4)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, U.S.A.; (5)
Consultant, Rockville, MD, U.S.A.; (6) Bread Research Institute, North Ryde,
NSW, Australia; (7) University of Nantes, Nantes, France; (8) Matsutani
Chemical Co LTD, Itami Hyogo, Japan
Edith A. Christensen Award
From a nutrition perspective, dietary fiber is unique in that its benefits relate
to its resistance to digestion. Consequently, dietary fiber consists of a
digestion resistant complex mixture (mostly carbohydrate) of components that
vary by source, preparation, and processing but exhibiting similar nutrition
properties. Serious research on dietary fiber in the 195070s resulted in a
definition by Trowell et al in 1976[1]. AACC International validated
Approved Methods[2] 32-05, 32-06, 32-07, 32-20, 32-21, and 32-25 to match
that definition. Scientific advances in the subsequent two decades resulted in
the conclusion that additional components such as resistant starch and non-
digestible oligosaccharides are, on a physiological basis, validly included in
the Trowell et al definition, therefore AACC Approved Methods 32-28, 32-
31, 32-32, 32-33, 32-40, and 32-41 for these components have also been
validated. Recently, the CODEX Committee on Nutrition and Foods for
Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) has produced a single, concise, clarifying
definition of Dietary Fiber (see ALINORM 09/32/26) that reflects the
scientific findings of the past five plus decades. AACC International scientists
are collaborating in the validation of an all inclusive method commensurate
with this definition. Over a dozen laboratories have submitted data as part of
the effort. A brief history[3], the method and collaborative study results will
be covered. [1] Trowell 1976 Trowell, H.C., Southgate, D.A.T., Wolever,
T.M.S., Leeds, A.R., Gassull, M.A., and Jenkins, D.J.A. 1976. Dietary fiber
redefined. Lancet a:967 [2] 10th Edition Approved Methods of AACC. [3]
J.W. DeVries and J.I. Rader. 2005 Historical Perspective as a Guide for
Identifying and Developing Applicable Methods for Dietary Fiber. JAOAC
International 88(5), pp 1349-1366.

Variation in polar lipid composition within near-isogenic wheat lines
containing different puroindoline haplotypes
S. FINNIE (1), R. Jeannotte (2), C. F. Morris (3), M. Giroux (4), J. Faubion
(1)
(1) KSU, Grain Science and Industry, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (2) KSU,
Division of Biology, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (3) USDA-ARS WWQL; (4)
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, U.S.A.
Best Student Research Paper Competition
An extensive amount of research has investigated kernel hardness. However,
the exact mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown. Puroindoline-a
and puroindoline-b proteins must be present in their wild-type form to create
soft textured wheat. Similar to puroindoline proteins, polar lipids are
presenton the surface of starch granules. However, a full profile of the lipid
species found on the surface of starch granules has not been reported. The
objective of this research was to determine the specific polar lipid species
present on the surface of wheat starch from near-isogenic wheat lines that
contain different puroindoline haplotypes and endosperm hardness. Five near-
isogenic wheat lines were used in this analysis, all derived from the soft
cultivar Alpowa. Water-washed starch was isolated using a modified batter
method. Direct infusion tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the
lipid species in both the flour and starch samples. Endosperm hardness
had no significant effect on the polar lipid contents in wheat flour, had a
slight influence on the polar lipid contents of the whole-meal fractions and
had a significant influence on the composition of the polar lipids located
on the surface of wheat starch. The greatest quantities of polar lipids on the
starch surface occurred when both puroindoline proteins where present in
their wild-type form. Starch surface polar lipid content dramatically
decreased when one of the puroindoline proteins where null, or if the PIN-B
was in the mutated form (Trp-44 to Arg). Within the hard textured samples,
more polar lipids where presenton the starch surface when PIN-B was in its
wild-type form and PIN-A was null than when PIN-A was in its wild-type
form and PIN-B was null; the least amount of polar lipids where present when
PIN-B was in its mutated form (Trp-44 to Arg) and PIN-A as in its wild-type
form.

Improving the well-being of rice farmers and consumers by improving
the tools to select for quality
M. FITZGERALD (1)
(1) Intl Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES
The income of rice-farming families is determined by both yield and quality.
The value of rice is determined by two traits of physical quality - chalk and
broken grain. The secondary factor affecting price is the reputation of the
variety in terms of sensory properties. A limitation to maximising farmers
profit is the difficulty of combining high yield with the desired package of
quality traits. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture came into force in 2004, providing a clear legal framework
for germplasm exchange, facilitating wider transfer of varieties and
information. Germplasm is despatched with information on quality traits and
this information is used as a selection criterion to determine the hybridisation
program in which the variety is used, and generates expectations of grain
quality in potential new varieties developed from the crosses. However
different rice improvement programs use different methods to measure quality
traits, and the low-cost methods for routine phenotyping are not always
sufficiently discriminatory. In order to bring new science to old traits and to
harmonise methods around the world, the International Network for Quality
Rice (INQR) was formed. The INQR consists of every quality evaluator in
national rice improvement programs, scientists whose research addresses rice
quality, and companies with products relevant to rice quality. The INQR has
several taskforces applying genetic, metabolomic, structural and rheological
research to rice to understand the science underlying current traits and to
identify new traits. The INQR is also carrying out ring tests, surveys and
proficiency tests in order to standardise screening programs rice world-wide.
This paper will report the work of the INQR and its progress on new traits of
quality, and present an analysis of how this can improve the well-being of
poor rice-farming families.

A20
Utility of promoter sequence variation in plant breeding
A. FURTADO (1), R. J. Henry (1)
(1) Southern Cross University, Lismore, AUSTRALIA
DNA-based markers such as SNP and SSR, rely on the variations in DNA
sequence, which in coding sequences can be determined by comparing EST
sequences. The public availability of EST sequence data has supported the
mining and discovery of a larger number of SNP-based markers. The advent
of next generation sequencing (NGS) has accelerated the production of whole
genome sequences providing sequence data of coding sequences but also of
promoter sequences. The sequence variation within promoter sequences can
now be harnessed to develop DNA-based markers for plant breeding.
Promoter sequences are crucial for functional genomics where controlled
expression of a transgene is desired to determine or confirm its function in
transgenic plants. In addition, well characterised homologous and
heterogonous promoters would be a valuable tool for successful gene stacking
to impart multiple traits. We are interested in altering gene expression in the
seed to manipulate grain quality. Several promoters from rice, wheat and
barley that control the expression of genes in the grain were investigated to
determine their utility to drive gene expression in the grain across these
cereals for quality manipulation. Included in our study are the barley B- and
D-hordein gene and the bifunctional alpha-amylase and subtilisin gene
promoters, the rice glutelin-B1 and globulin gene promoters, and the wheat
high molecular weight glutenin and the Early maturing gene promoters. Our
data demonstrates that seed-specificity of these cereal promoters is not always
maintained in other heterologous cereal suggesting adequate testing of
promoters in the desired cereal. We also report the strength of these promoters
and their potential to drive high levels of transgene expression in the cereal
grain.

Arabinoxylan improves indices of gut health and reduces DNA damage in
pigs consuming a high risk Western diet: A pilot study
M. J. GIDLEY (1), B. A. Williams (1), D. Zhang (1), P. Gunness (1), D.
Mikkelsen (1), B. Gorham (1), H. L. Keates (1), W. L. Bryden (1), D. P.
Belobrajdic (2), M. A. Conlon (2), S. Kang (3), C. S. McSweeney (3), A. R.
Bird (2), D. L. Topping (2)
(1) University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, AUSTRALIA; (2) CSIRO Food
Futures Flagship; (3) CSIRO Livestock Industries
The effects of a wheat arabinoxylan concentrate on a range of gastrointestinal
tract health-related indices were studied in a porcine model. Two groups of
pigs (n = 5) were fed a highly-digestible Western-type diet containing
barbecued red meat, with or without 10% arabinoxylan. After an experimental
period of four weeks, the animals were euthanased and samples taken from
the small intestine, caecum and large intestine for analysis of short chain fatty
acids (SCFA), colonocyte DNA damage (Comet assay), microbial ecology
(DNA- and RNA-based from both mucosa and digesta), and re-absorbed bile
acids (hepatic portal vein). The results showed that consumption of the high
risk diet containing the arabinoxylan fraction: (1) increased SCFA production,
(2) reduced DNA damage in colonocytes, (3) modified the colonic microbial
population favourably, and (4) decreased re-absorption of bile salts in the
small intestine. This pilot study suggests that an arabinoxylan-enriched wheat
fraction may improve health markers significantly, with implications for
reduced risk of both cardiovascular and large bowel diseases.

Probing the molecular origins of starch properties: Methods and models
M. GIDLEY (1)
(1) Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
Alsberg-French-Schoch Memorial Lectureship
The deceptively simple text book description of starch as a polymer of glucose
hides a multitude of complexity in hierarchical assembly, but also points to
the opportunity of describing and modelling structure in ways that would not
be possible for chemically more complex polymers. Thus, direct information
on the range of polymer chain conformations for solid, solution, and gel
forms, and quantitative descriptions of order at the helix and crystallite levels
can all be obtained. The effect of chain length on aggregation, crystallisation
and gelation properties can also be quantified using near monodisperse chains
either separated from debranched starch/glycogen or synthesised by the action
of phosphorylase. The resulting information provides baseline knowledge
from which the behaviour of the complex polymer architectures found in
granules and processed forms of starch can be extrapolated with the aid of
materials models. The presentation will summarise learnings from model
systems, and discuss how they may be applied to current scientific challenges
such as identifying the factors responsible for granule integrity and the control
of starch digestibility.
Using size distribution data to understand the mechanisms of starch
biosynthesis, digestion and degradation
A. Gray-Weale (1), A. Wu (1), R. A. Cave (1), R. G. GILBERT (1)
(1) University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
Size separation techniques, eg size-exclusion chromatography (SEC, or GPC)
and field-flow fractionation, give various distributions of starch, such as the
number of chains with a given size (viscometric detection), the weight of
chains of a given size (DRI detection) and mass-squared distribution
(MALLS).(These techniques separate by size, not by molecular weight, and
can never give a true molecular weight distribution). These distributions
contain information about starch biosynthesis and degradation (by processing,
digestion or biodegradation). A simplified model for these processes is used to
give expressions for the number distribution of fully branched chains, and of
the debranched (chain-length) distributions. These solutions show how size
separation data can be plotted to test the applicability of assumed mechanisms,
and to obtain information on enzymatic rates. The model shows that
debranched number distributions can be meaningfully plotted as ln(number
distribution/degree of polymerization); fitting this form to extensive
experimental data for rice and other starches shows that the rate of
propagation by starch synthase is 5 times faster than the rate of action of the
branching enzyme, the first time such enzymatic rate data have been obtained
for an in vivo (indeed, in rice paddy!) system. This ratio is insensitive to the
type of grain, which has implications for conserved processes in evolution.
Ways in which data for branched distributions from various detectors can be
usefully plotted will be also be presented and illustrated. Thus, for MALLS,
rate ratios are obtained by plotting (MALLS signal/mass2) against
hydrodynamic volume. DRI and viscometric data for rice starch treated with
this methodology show that larger amylopectin molecules are effectively
randomly branched on size scales of importance, which is of significance for
digestion.

Toward high quality whole grain soft wheat flour
M. J. GUTTIERI (1), C. H. Sneller (1), E. J. Souza (2)
(1) The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, U.S.A.; (2) USDA-ARS Soft
Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wooster, OH, U.S.A.
Obtaining whole grain (WG) flours with desirable pastry quality is
challenging as the entirety of grain non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) is
present in the WG flour. Moreover, WG flour milling methods developed for
hard wheat may produce inferior soft wheat flour because starch damage due
to milling, generally beneficial for bread quality, is detrimental to soft wheat
quality. Among six soft winter wheat genotypes grown at two locations in
2007, WG flour preparation method significantly affected pastry quality: WG
flours prepared from flour + ground bran from a long-flow pilot mill (Miag
Multomat) was substantially inferior to WG flour produced from a micro mill
(modified Quadrumat) with only a break and a reduction roll pass. Long-flow
milling increased starch damage in resulting WG flours. Water-extractable
(WE) NSPs, particularly the concentrations of arabinoxylan (AX) and
arabinogalactan (AG), and the ratio of arabinose:xylose in the WE-NSPs, are
important determinants of white flour soft wheat quality. To examine WE-
NSP variation in the bran and bran-associated endosperm and its effect on
wire-cut cookie quality, we characterized the bran fraction obtained from
micro-milling 16 soft winter wheats grown at two locations in 2007 and 2008.
Genotypes varied significantly for cookie quality from the WG flour, as well
as bran-associated WE-xylose and WE-galactose concentration and the
Ara:Xyl ratio in the WE-NSPs. Diameter of WG wire cut cookies was
effectively predicted by a two-parameter regression model containing the
Ara:Xyl ratio galactose concentration of bran-associated WE-NSPs. Wheat
genotypes with highly substituted WE-AX (high Ara:Xyl ratio) and low AG
concentration produced the most desirable WG wire-cut cookies. Selection
among wheat genotypes for AX structure and AG concentration in bran-
associated WE-NSPs may improve the quality of WG soft wheat flour.

Characterization of starch in pig digesta
J. HASJIM (1), R. Cave (1), M. J. Gidley (1), R. G. Gilbert (1)
(1) University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, AUSTRALIA
Data are presented for the in vivo digestion of starch granules in the pig
digestive track. Pigs were used as model animals because their digestive
system is very close to that of humans. The pig test diet contained red meat,
maize starch and wheat bran, resembling a typical western diet. Digesta were
collected from different parts of the pig small intestine in order to study the
starch digestion at different stages of the in vivo digestion. Starch granules
were isolated from the digesta for further characterization. The size
distributions of amylopectin and amylose at different stages of starch
digestion were analyzed using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and
asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF
4
). The chromatograms of the
A21
maize starch samples in the digesta (in vivo digestion) and from a model in
vitro digestion showed three fractions, whereas that of the native maize starch
only showed two fractions. The results also suggested that amylopectin was
hydrolyzed more rapidly than amylose. The starch hydrolysis produced a new
fraction, which was smaller than amylose: a type of resistant starch. The
results of starch hydrolysis in the in vivo and in vitro digestions were
qualitatively similar but displayed significant quantitative differences.

Innovating a laser wheat-perforating technology to reduce kernel
hardness for milling
G. G. HOU (1), Q. Ling (2), Y. Zhou (3), B. Lee (1)
(1) Wheat Marketing Center, Portland, OR; (2) Oregon State University Food
Innovation Center, Portland, OR; (3) Wheat Marketing Center, Portland, OR,
and Dept. of Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
Wheat kernel hardness has a profound influence on milling performance and
end-use quality. The amount of force required for milling a particular wheat
grain is directly related to the kernel hardness. The wheat grains are often
conditioned with water for up to 24 hrs to soften or mellow the endosperm and
make it easier to grind before milling. The time given for the water to
penetrate the grain also varies with the grain hardness. If the kernel hardness
can be physically reduced, shorter tempering time and less energy power may
be required in milling. This research is to innovate a wheat-perforating
technique using a novel laser processing technology in wheat milling. Hard
red spring (HRS) and soft white (SW) wheat grains were used in the study.
Wheat grains were perforated with the laser beam to produce holes spaced by
0.15 cm to full depth of kernels. HRS grains were tempered to 16% moisture
for 24 hours and SW grains were tempered to 14% moisture for 18 hours.
Grain hardness index (HI) was measured with the Single Kernel
Characterization System during tempering. Perforated grains had significantly
lower HI values than the control grains for both HRS and SW wheat. For
HRS, HI value at 7-hr of conditioning was similar to that of the control wheat
at 24-hr of conditioning. For SW, HI value at 5-hr of tempering was less than
the control wheat at 18-hr of conditioning. Laser perforation of grains could
have facilitated water penetration into endosperm. Laser perforation of wheat
grains under these processing conditions substantially reduced kernel hardness
and tempering time, but had little effect on flour yield, protein content, ash
content, and starch damage level, except that flour L* (whiteness) and b*
(yellowness) were slightly reduced. Further optimization of laser processing
parameters is needed to achieve maximum milling efficiency for different
wheat classes.

Raisin and dried fruit intake is associated with increased whole grain and
nutrient intakes and reduced overweight and obesity: NHANES, 19992004
J. JONES (1), D. Keast (2)
(1) St. Catherine University; (2) Food and Nutrition Database Consultants
NHANES, 19992004, data were used to examine the associations of dried
fruit consumption with MyPyramid food group and nutrient intake, and with
body weight and adiposity in adults over 18 (n = 13, 292), and children 218
years (n = 11,093). Anthropometric assessments included adiposity,
overweight/obesity, and abdominal obesity based on skinfold thickness, BMI,
and waist circumference, respectively. Sample-weighted means, standard
errors, and ANOVA (adjusted for covariates including physical activity and
other lifestyle factors) were determined using SUDAAN. In adults, consumers
of 1/8 equivalent cup fruit/day from dried fruit ate more whole grain foods
(1.35 0.06 vs 0.60 0.02 oz/d) than non-dried fruit consumers, and had
greater intakes of other food groups recommended by MyPyramid guidelines.
Further, intakes of many nutrients and dietary fiber were greater for
consumers than non-consumers of dried fruit out-of-hand and in food.
Between-group difference in subscapular (1.0 mm, p < 0.05), but not triceps
skinfold was significant. Weight (2.7 kg, p < 0.01), BMI (1.1 kg/m
2
, p <
0.01), and prevalence (%) of overweight/obesity (56.0 2.4 vs. 65.8 0.7, p <
0.01); waist circumference (2.6 cm, p < 0.01), and prevalence (%) of
abdominal obesity (40.5 2.3 vs. 49.4 0.8, p < 0.01) were all lower in dried
fruit consumers than non-consumers. Logistic regression also indicated dried
fruit consumption was associated with reduced overweight/obesity (OR =
0.64, 95% CI = 0.510.81) and reduced abdominal obesity (OR = 0.67, 95%
CI = 0.540.83). Data for children 218 years mirrored that for adults. Dried
fruit consumption was associated with increased whole grain and nutrient
intakes, lower body weight measures and reduced risk for abdominal obesity
in adults. Supported by California Raisin Marketing Board.

Enzymatic and process technologies to increase corn dry grind slurry
solids
P. KAUR (1), K. D. Rausch (1), M. E. Tumbleson (1), V. Singh (1)
(1) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, U.S.A.
In a conventional dry grind process, corn is ground and mixed with water to
produce slurry. The slurry is cooked; slurry starch is liquefied, simultaneously
saccharified and fermented to produce ethanol. Typical solids concentrations
range from 30 to 33% (db) during slurry preparation. High slurry solids
fermentation (above 33%) is important in reducing energy costs through
decreased water input leading to less evaporation and dehydration. High
ethanol concentrations are expected to reduce distillation cost. High solids
fermentation (>33%) increases slurry viscosity and causes osmotic stress on
yeast, resulting in incomplete substrate utilization and lower fermentation
efficiencies. The objective was to increase slurry solids concentrations using
enzymatic and process technologies. A modified conventional process that
combines use of conventional amylases and granular starch hydrolyzing
enzymes was employed to evaluate slurry solids concentrations at 35 and 40%
(db). Liquefaction was conducted at 55C for 1.5 hr with higher dose of -
amalyse followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using
granular starch hyrolyzing enzyme, urea and yeast. Control treatments for 35
and 40% solids were conducted with conventional enzymes (-amalyse and
glucoamaylse) and a higher liquefaction temperature (82C). The modified
process resulted in reduced viscosity of liquefied slurry compared to control
treatments. Final ethanol concentrations for the modified process increased by
3% at 35% solids (from 18.9 to 19.5% v/v) and by 4% at 40% solids (from
18.8 to 19.5% v/v). Lower glycerol levels were obtained, 0.98 and 1.06% v/v
for 35 and 40% solids, respectively indicating reduced osmotic stress on yeast.

Grain and grain products quality and safety system in the Russian
Federation
A. V. KHATUNTSOV (1)
(1) Centre for Grain Quality Assurance, Moscow, Russia
In the year 2008, 2.7 mln tones of poor and dangerous grain, cereals, feeds
and feeds components were detected, that works out 10% from the inspected
ones. This quantity of bread products wasnt permitted of import without
relevant treatment and the part of it was returned to the suppliers or
annihilated. Much attention is paid to grain and grain products state control
during the export. It is particularly topical, considering prospects of Russia
enlistment into WTO and importance of country prestige supporting on the
international grain market. Suppression of poor and dangerous products
exports efforts influenced in an essential way on the food safety in the inside
market. During the import 27% of poor inspected production was detected.
Import grain and grain products delivers put together the biggest percent of
low-grade detections. For example, during the rise import 31.2 thousand tones
of products, dont meet the demands of national standards and SanPin, were
detected, among them essential safety indexes excess was recorded in some
lots: micotoxins content twice as much; pesticides residue: chlorpyriphos
excess 300 times as much and permethrin excess 12 times as much;
cadmium excess 56 times as much. Besides, the rise lots with infestation and
insect impurity, defective odour, moisture excess, metal-magnetic impurity
content excess, damaged and beighted kernels and kernels with other factors
were detected. Taking into consideration that rise is the social notional food
product and supplied to the consumer including infant food without further
technical updating, such detections estimated as the most important.

Ethanol production from hard and soft endosperm corn types
E. KHULLAR (1), E. D. Sall (2), K. D. Rausch (1), M. Tumbleson (1), V.
Singh (1)
(1) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL; (2) Monsanto Company, St.
Louis, MO
The conventional dry grind process involves grinding corn to reduce particle
size, expose starch granules and increase surface area for enzymatic action.
Yeast is used to ferment the glucose to ethanol. Fractionation methods differ
from the conventional process in removal of germ and pericarp fiber prior to
fermentation. Corn endosperm consists of starch granules held together by a
matrix comprised of protein bodies. Two types of endosperm were used: hard
and soft. Hard and soft endosperm types differ in protein-starch interactions,
starch granule shapes and protein types present. As a result, hard and soft
endosperm have different milling properties. Two corn fractionation methods,
wet and dry, were compared to the conventional dry grind process using hard
and soft endosperm corn types. Four hard endosperm corn types were com-
pared to a soft endosperm corn type using conventional and wet and dry frac-
tionation processes. Final ethanol concentrations and profiles were generated.
Germ oil and protein were analyzed. Residual starch content was measured in
germ and pericarp fiber from the fractionation processes. Pericarp fiber was
analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. Wet fractionation resulted
in 0.3% and 1.8% v/v higher final ethanol concentrations respectively, than
dry fractionation and conventional processes. Germ from wet fractionation
had higher oil (32.2%) and protein contents (14.2%) and lower starch contents
than from dry fractionation (17.7% and 12.6%, respectively).
A22
Naked barley A rediscovered source for functional foods!
M. KINNER (1), S. Siebenhandl-Ehn (1), H. Grausgruber (1), K. Huber (1),
S. Nitschko (1), M. Prckler (1), M. Poppernitsch (1), E. Berghofer (1)
(1) University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna,
AUSTRIA
Naked (hulless) barley possesses interesting technological properties and is
recognised as valuable nutritional source due to its high content of dietary
fibre and secondary plant metabolites. This report deals with intermediate
outcomes of a three years nationally funded project (FWF). Out of an existing
collection of more than 90 genetic resources of naked barley (blue, black,
purple or yellow coloured) 30 genotypes were used to study the variation of
the content of a number of phytochemicals and dietary fibres. All varieties
were grown in one location around Vienna (Austria) in 2007 and 2008.
Wholegrain samples have shown significant differences in the trait of total
pentosanes (ranging from 4.05 9.12 g/100 g) between the different colour
groups whereas beta-glucan ranged not significantly between 3.18 6.06
g/100 g. Interestingly, delphinidin glucosides were predominant in blue
genotypes contrary to purple genotypes for which cyanidin glucosides were
found as the dominant anthocyanins. HPLC analyses of carotenoids revealed
that zeaxanthin and lutein varied in a ratio of 1:2 to 1:1, respectively, between
the colour groups. Within the technology work package the aim was to
investigate the utilisation of such raw materials and to determine changes in
the health beneficial components during processing. PCA analysis was used to
explore relationships based on dough forming abilities and dough stability
properties. PC1 accounted for 51.3% of the cumulative variance and PC2
explained 20.7% of the total cumulative variance. Furthermore, initiating with
ICC method 131 an experimental design was done to examine the influence of
process parameters to produce tin breads of 100% barley flour. With new
evidence about the functional and health beneficial properties of naked barley
genotypes, the project will contribute in an important way to consumer health
and quality of life.

Development of a benchtop baking method for chemically leavened
crackers
M. KWEON (1), L. Slade (2), H. Levine (2), E. Souza (1)
(1) USDA ARS, Wooster, OH, U.S.A.; (2) Food Polymer Science
Consultancy, Morris Plains, NJ, U.S.A.
Applied Research Award for 2008
Traditionally, the baking performance of soft wheat flours has been evaluated
by well-established benchtop cookie-baking methods. In contrast, a benchtop
cracker-baking method has not been widely explored or implemented as an
official method, due to hurdles including the difficulty in finding ideal
diagnostic flours and the absence of suitable benchtop equipment (powerful
dough mixer, sheeter, multi-zone oven). Despite such hurdles, there is still a
demand in academia and industry for a benchtop baking method to predict the
contribution of gluten functionality and performance to overall flour
performance for chemically leavened crackers. In an initial investigation, the
effects of total solvent (TS) and sugar concentration (%S) were explored to
establish a diagnostic cracker formula. Dough rheology was analyzed to
evaluate the extent of gluten development during mixing and machining. The
effects of enzymes on cracker baking performance were explored to assess the
impact of damaged starch and pentosans. Validation of the method for
predicting gluten functionality and performance was carried out using various
flours. As the diagnostic formula, 38 TS and 23.7% S were selected. Cracker
dough rheology, measured in the direction of sheeting, showed a positive
correlation with the ratio of cracker height to dough weight, but a negative
correlation with the ratio of cracker width to length. Use of alpha-amylase and
pentosanase demonstrated the improving effects of enzymes on cracker
baking performance, resulting from decreased dough crumbliness and
increased cracker height. The gluten performance ratio of SRC LA/(SC+Suc)
was found to be a better predictor of cracker geometry than was the gluten
functionality value of LA SRC alone. Flours with a gluten performance ratio <
0.52 produced blistering.

Starch-antioxidants interaction: Innovative tracks to improve nutritional
quality in food
P. LE BAIL (1), C. Begue (1), C. Genot (1)
(1) INRA, Nantes, FRANCE
In food products, natural and processed lipids are frequently used in the form
of emulsion. Emulsion consist of two or more immiscible or partially miscible
liquids (such as lipid and water) with one liquid being dispersed in the other in
the form of droplet. The oxydative deterioration of lipids in emulsions
negatively affects the quality of food emulsions by altering the products
flavor, odor, and nutritive value. Antioxydants are an effective tool to control
lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsion. The phenolic acids from vegetal
origin represent an major stake for the research and the industry. Indeed, their
use would can constitute an attractive alternative at the synthetic antioxidants
which are less accepted by the consumer. Phenolic acids have numerous
health benefits too. The main objective of this work is to preserve a part of the
phenolic acids nutritional interest in food emulsions An innovative strategy
has been developed to incorporate the phenolic acids in the emulsion with the
aim of protecting their nutritional properties in the aqueous phase. A
protective assembly made of hydrocolloids (using starch in particular) is in
charge of embedding the antioxidant. This assembly has been studied by X
rays diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry to better understand the
interaction and the location of the antioxidant in the assembly. Ageing tests
have been carried out to assess the stability of the system. This work
demonstrates the importance of the order of incorporation of protective
compounds and of health benefit substances during the production of a food.

Behaviour of prefermented dough during refrigeration; impact of CO2
solubility on gas cell equilibrium
A. LE BAIL (1), F. Ben-Aissa (2), G. Domagoj (3), D. Curic (3), J. Monteau
(1)
(1) ENITIAA, UMR GEPEA (CNRS 6144), Universit de Nantes, Nantes
Atlantique - NANTES - FRANCE; (2) ENITIAA - GEPEA - 44322 NANTES
FRANCE; (3) Zagreb University, PBF, Zagreb Croatia
The interruption of fermentation during the bread making process and
eventually the freezing of prefermented dough offers some advantages such as
flexibility for bread production. However, the freezing of pre fermented
frozen dough is a challenging process in that the fermented dough is a fragile
structure that is exposed to collapse during chilling and freezing. CO2
solubility in dough is a key parameter for dough expansion and stability (ie
collapse of dough during refrigeration). CO2 solubility has been evaluated
between 15 and 40C using a protocol based on fermentation at constant
volume. Data have been extrapolated to a broader (0 to 50C) based on an
Arrhenius law that rules solubility dependence with temperature. It was found
that the solubility of CO2 in dough is increasing from 5 10
6
to 1.6 10
5
g
CO2 kPa
1
g
1
LPD (Liquid Phase of Dough) between 50C and 0C. Tests
have been done to track the impact of refrigeration on the volume change of
bread during chilling and freezing. A model based on the Young Laplace
equation has been developed to model the volume change of fermented dough
during pre fermentation and refrigeration (at 4C). A distribution of gas cells
in the dough has been considered. This model accommodates the dependence
of solubility and of the Henry coefficient with temperature as well as the
impact of temperature on total pressure. The model fits well with experimental
results obtained during the chilling of a pre fermented dough at 4C. It shows
that even though the pressure and therefore the volume of the cells embedded
in the dough decreases at the onset of refrigeration, the dough re expand
for longer times due to new equilibrium between the liquid and gaseous
CO2 phases. This project is funded by the EU-FRESHBAKE (20062009)
which is supervised by the author of the paper. (http://eu-freshbake.eu/
eufreshbake/)

Starch digestion with human mucosal enzymes
A. LIN (1), Z. Ao (2), B. Nichols (3), R. Quezada-Calvillo (4), D. Rose (5), L.
Sim (6), B. Hamaker (7)
(1) Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.; (2) [email protected];
(3) [email protected]; (4) [email protected]; (5) [email protected]; (6)
[email protected]; (7) [email protected]
Starches are the major source of dietary glucose in weaned children and
adults. The digestion of starches in human body requires 6 known enzyme
activities. There are two luminal enzymes, salivary alpha-amylase and
pancreatic alpha-amylase, and four small intestinal mucosal enzyme activities
related to the maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) and sucrose-isomaltase (SI)
complexes. Our research used different substrates including raw starch
granules, solubilized starches and alpha-limit dextrins from various botanical
sources to study glucogenesis as it occurs in the human body. Recombinant
human N-terminal maltase-glucoamylase (rh-N-MGAM) can attack starch
granules or molecules without pre-digestion by alpha-amylase, but alpha-
amylase dramatically amplifies the glucogenic activities by producing malto-
oligomer as the substrates of mucosal enzymes. The N-terminal mucosal
enzymes have higher affinity to substrate than C-terminal enzymes. The N-SI
(N-terminal SI) has higher affinity to substrates than N-MGAM, but C-SI (C-
terminal SI) has lower affinity than C-MGAM. The released maltotriose and
maltotetraose from alpha-amylolysis, and core structure of alpha-limit dextrin
might be the main factors that affect the mucosal enzymes digestion. Mucosal
enzymes attack alpha-limit dextrins of starches from various genetic
backgrounds differently and generate different residues for the mucosal
enzymes glucogenesis, which we have defined as slowly digestible dextrin
A23
(SDx). Our research show that alpha-amylase is not an absolute requirement
for starch degradation in human body, and human enzymes digest starch
substrate of various botanical sources differently and generate different
residues in the small intestines.

Dough rheology and breadmaking traits of flour mill streams from a
hard spring wheat and relationships to sulfur content and protein size
distribution
Y. LIU (1), G. A. Hareland (2), J. Ohm (2)
(1) North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.; (2) USDA/ARS Wheat
Quality Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
Knowledge of the differences in quality traits among individual flour mill
streams (FMS) provides more precise blending techniques that would meet
customers flour specifications. The aim of this study was to evaluate
differences in dough rheology and breadmaking traits among FMS and their
relationships to sulfur content and protein size distribution. Three break and
three reduction FMS were obtained from Buhler laboratory milling trials of
the hard red spring wheat variety Glenn that was grown at two locations.
Nitrogen and sulfur contents were analyzed by the LECO combustion
analyzer. Protein size distribution was analyzed by size exclusion HPLC.
Dough mixing and rheology characteristics were determined by farinograph
and extensigraph, respectively. Bread quality was evaluated by C-cell digital
imaging. The break FMS had higher nitrogen and sulfur contents than the
reduction FMS. The third break FMS had the highest nitrogen and sulfur
contents among FMS but poor breadmaking quality in addition to high ash
content. Partial correlations using ash content as a partial variable indicated
that sulfur content had greater associations with bread loaf volume,
farinograph development time, and dough rheology properties than nitrogen
content in FMS. SDS unextractable high molecular weight polymeric proteins
showed greater correlations with dough extensibility and resistance to
extension, farinograph development time, and bread loaf volume than the
other unextractable protein fractions separated by size exclusion HPLC. Bread
traits measured by C-cell imaging also had significant correlations with SDS
unextractable high molecular weight polymeric proteins. Results from this
study indicated that FMS were significantly different in quality traits; and
sulfur content and protein size distribution in FMS affected dough properties
and breadmaking quality.

Applying basic research in developing analytical solutions
B. V. MCCLEARY (1)
(1) Megazyme Intl Ireland Ltd, Bray, County Wicklow, IRELAND
Applied Research Award for 2009
Much of the food we eat has been processed to some degree. This includes
such traditional items as bread, beer, wine, juice and milk, as well as more
complex foods and food ingredients. The discerning consumer demands
safety, quality and consistency in the foods he/she purchases. Safety, quality
and consistency require routine analysis of the raw material (grain, fruit, milk)
and the processed product at every stage of the production line. Biochemical
test kits have an important part to play in meeting these requirements. At
Megazyme, we have focused on quality and consistency issues and have
researched and developed a range of test kits to assist the food processor and
analyst in their functions. In this presentation, I will give a brief outline of
how I became interested in this area of research. In particular, I will discuss
the development of a few example test procedures from first principles, and
describe some of the challenges in getting the product to market and ensuring
proper evaluation and, hopefully, ultimate acceptance. Examples will include
the beta-glucan assay kit, tablet tests for alpha-amylase and xylanase, dietary
fibre methodology and finally, some of our newer kits for sugars of interest in
biofuels research.

Organic rice production systems and their impact on grain quality
A. MCCLUNG (1), K. Bett-Garber (1), C. Bergman (2), C. Grimm (3), M.
Chen (1), E. Champagne (3)
(1) USDA, Stuttgaart, AR, U.S.A.; (2) University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV,
U.S.A.; (3) USDA, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A.
Interest in organic production of rice has been increasing in the US as a result
of expanding demand by consumers and interest by growers in capturing this
value-added market. Currently, about 35,000 acres in the US are dedicated to
organic rice production with about 10% of the Texas rice acreage under
organic management. Typically, organic growers receive a significant
premium which offsets lower yields and their greater exposure to risk due to
their inability to use standard agricultural chemicals. We have been
conducting research on organically grown rice for 10 years with the aims of
identifying cultivars that have the best performance under organic conditions,
determining the impacts of organic management on cooking, processing,
sensory, and nutritional quality, and identifying cultural management options
that improve yield and reduce risks for farmers and end users. Initial studies
demonstrated that high yielding indica cultivars perform well under organic
management and would do particularly well if used in the brown rice market.
Subsequent studies compared five cultivars having diverse cooking properties
that were grown under conventional management using 100% or 50% of the
nitrogen fertilizer requirement or using organic management. The impact of
organic management was determined on cooking quality parameters, protein
content, mineral content, whiteness, aroma, and texture and flavor sensory
analysis. In general, organic production methods improved the whiteness and
texture of rice without any negative impacts on quality. Currently,
experiments are underway to evaluate a broader range of cultivars, including
aromatics, colored bran, and niche market varieties that would be desired by
organic consumers and producers. The impact of these factors on yield and
various grain quality aspects will be determined.

Cereal-legume pasta: How process, by modifying pasta structure, can
change its nutritional properties
V. MICARD (1)
(1) Montpellier Supagro, Montpellier, FRANCE
Pasta enriched with legume (35% w/w) were processed. The effects of legume
addition and process parameters on pasta structure and its impact on pasta
nutritional properties were studied. Protein and starch digestibility, fibre and
non digestible oligosaccharides fermentability (in particular the flatus risk
associated) and lipids bioavailability were determined in vitro. The effect of
the food structure on its nutritional properties (matrix effect) was studied at
two different scales by: i) comparison of mixed pasta with the same
composition but with different structures (small scale matrix effect). These
pasta are produced by modifying the drying step of the process; ii) comparison
of a mixed pasta produced in standard conditions with a mixed meal made
from 65% of pure durum wheat spaghetti and 35% of legume puree, this
percentage being those used to produce the mixed pasta (large scale matrix
effect). Variations of the pasta structure at small scale changed the
digestibility of its protein and starch fractions. Drying pasta with very high
temperature decreased, for example, their content in rapidly available starch
from 11 to 14 points (% of total available carbohydrate content) depending on
the legume. The content in rapidly available starch of a food is linked to the
Glycemic Index measured in vivo. This strong small scale matrix effect
determined on mixed pasta with the same composition but different
structure contrasted with the light large scale matrix effect, determined
between mixed pasta and the corresponding mixed meal. The demonstration
of the link between process, structure and nutritional properties for the mixed
pasta shows the nutritional interest to structure durum wheat and legume in a
single pasta food. This link, which involves process parameters, emphasizes
the key role of industrial in the determination of the nutritional properties of
food.

Combining quality and yield: Overcoming barriers to adoption for
specialized grains
M. K. MORELL (1), Z. Li (1), J. Ral (1), A. Regina (1), G. J. Tanner (1), C.
Howitt (1)
(1) CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, AUSTRALIA
Innovation in cereal grains frequently confronts a hurdle in that genetic
manipulation (through either GM or non-GM breeding processes) that result
in significant and potentially valuable changes to composition and
functionality are often found to be associated with a yield penalty incurred as
a result of reduced seed weight or decreased plant productivity. The
magnitude of yield penalty is critical because throughout the value chain, the
additional costs associated with production of the altered grain must be
recouped through additional value creation at point of sale. Furthermore, the
additional value must be distributed among value chain participants so that
each participant is appropriately compensated. While overcoming such yield
penalties is an important economic imperative in innovating in developed
economies, there is also a significant moral imperative to address this issue
from a food security and sustainability perspective. Research in our program
has focused on production of novel grain types with specific changes in
composition and functionality targeting consumer needs. In this research, we
have developed products opportunities where the desired target func-
tionality has been achieved but where a yield penalty is seen. A number
of genetic approaches have been successfully applied to restore some, if not
all, of the yield penalty, positioning these technologies for sustainable
commercial exploitation. This presentation will demonstrate some examples
of approaches that have been used to restore grain yield in specialty barley
and wheat crops.

A24
Effect of health information on the acceptability of bread fortified with
barley beta-glucan
S. MORIARTEY (1)
(1) University of Alberta, Gwynne, AB, CANADA
Cereal beta-glucans have a cholesterol lowering effect. This property is
extremely pertinent today as there is a causal relationship between high blood
cholesterol and heart disease, the leading cause of death in North America.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a health claim for the
association between consumption of products containing oat/barley beta-
glucan and a reduction in heart disease risk. However, fortifying bread with
beta-glucan has been shown to reduce bread quality, though gluten addition
may lessen this effect. Consumer acceptance and purchase intent of bread
fortified with beta-glucan at levels deemed necessary to be physiologically
effective by the FDA (0.75 g/serving) in the presence or absence of health
information has not been investigated previously. Therefore, the effect of
beta-glucan and gluten addition on bread quality, consumer acceptability and
purchase intent in the presence or absence of health information was
investigated in this study. Bread quality was characterized using height,
volume, firmness, and colour measures, while consumer liking of appearance,
texture, flavour, and overall acceptance was gauged using a 9-point hedonic
scale. A 5-point scale assessed purchase intent. Beta-glucan and gluten
addition at 1.5 g/serving improved quality measures greater (p < 0.05) than the
0.75 g beta-glucan/serving bread. Consumers (n = 120) rated all breads as
acceptable. Health information positively influenced (p < 0.05) flavour liking,
overall acceptability and purchase intent. Health information had a greater
impact (p < 0.05) on female consumers liking of flavour and texture, and
overall acceptability. Optimizing beta-glucan fortified bread with gluten and
presenting health information at point of purchase may hold the key to
creating a readily accepted consumer product with the health benefits of beta-
glucan.

Milling behavior of a soft durum wheat line
C. F. MORRIS (1), D. A. Engle (1), A. D. Bettge (1), M. C. Simeone (2), D.
Lafiandra (2), K. Shantz (3)
(1) USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Pullman, WA, U.S.A.;
(2) Department of Agrobiology & Agrochemistry, University of Tuscia,
Viterbo, Italy; (3) WestBred LLC
During the initial hybridization of two wild grasses to form the wheat species
Triticum turgidum some 0.5 m years ago, the puroindoline genes from both
wild species were eliminated, along with their inherent and mysterious ability
to soften kernels. Consequently, all durum wheat varieties have very hard
kernels. Humankinds interaction with durum wheat is intricately interwoven
with its very hard kernels. Durum milling produces primarily coarse semolina
and flour. Through traditional cytological (non-GMO) means, we have
rectified the accident of nature and restored the puroindoine genes to durum
wheatand with them, soft kernel texture. We describe our preliminary results
on the milling behavior of soft durum. Grain was from Yuma, AZ; protein
content 17.1%. Two samples were milled on a Miag Multomat pilot flour mill.
The first milling was set up using standard soft wheat milling procedures. The
grain was tempered to 14.5% mc. First midds (M1) produced the lowest ash
flour (0.41%) and 10.3% yield. The greatest quantity of flour was off the M2
(25.7% at 0.47% ash). A straight-grade flour (10 streams) was obtained at
74.9% yield and 0.58% ash. Dropping the last two streams (3.7% yield)
dropped the ash down to 0.51%. The soft durum milled like a typical soft
wheat. The second mill run had the objective of testing the premise that
semolina could be obtained from soft durum. In this case, only the B1 rolls
were used; the sifters were clothed 720 and 145 um and overs were collected
manually. The 720 overs were re-sifted on an 850 um sieve (no. 20), and the
overs of the 145 on a 150 um sieve (no. 100) to conform more closely to the
CFR definition of semolina. As a result, the calculated semolina yield
(without bran removal/purifying) was 47.4%, re-iterating from a single roll
pass. The original bran (720 overs) was re-milled on B1; recovered products
of 145-720 um yielded 25%, break flour 21%.

Time domain
2
H-NMR relaxation study of starch-
2
H
2
O interactions in
gelatinized and ungelatinized starches
T. MOTWANI (1), A. Benesi (1), S. Anantheswaran (1)
(1) Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A.
Starch-water interactions are critical for developing a mechanistic
understanding of the gelatinization process. The objective of this study was to
characterize the molecular jump dynamics of water associated with
gelatinized and ungelatinized starches using solid state quadrupole echo and
liquid state
2
H NMR relaxaometry. Deuterium exchanged native wheat starch
was used to prepare 30% starch-
2
H
2
O slurry, which was heated to 90C for 30
min and freeze-dried to obtain gelatinized starch. Also, starch-
2
H
2
O slurry, not
given any thermal treatment was freeze-dried to obtain ungelatinized starch.
2
H quadrupole echo NMR spectra of starch were obtained at 11.74 T (76.73
MHz) and the spin-lattice relaxation times (T
1
) were measured at 7.04 T
(46.03 MHz) and 11.74 T at several temperatures between 50 to 90C.
Liquid state
2
H NMR measurements indicated presence of 0.99 and 1.26
moles of
2
H
2
O per mole of glucose in gelatinized and ungelatinized starches,
respectively. At 25C, the quadrupole echo spectra of both the starches
exhibited a sharp isotropic central peak and a broad powder pattern, which
were attributed to the tetrahedral jumps executed by O-
2
H groups of
2
H
2
O and
starch, respectively. At lower temperatures ( 25C), the sharp central peak
was replaced by a powder pattern, attributed to the tetrahedral jumps of O-
2
H
groups of
2
H
2
O and starch. The T
1
values of gelatinized and ungelatinized
starches exhibited magnetic field dependence. At 25C, T
1
values for
ungelatinized starch were 5.3 ms and 7.4 ms at 7.04 T and 11.74 T,
respectively, which were two orders of magnitude lower than those of liquid
2
H
2
O. This indicated the presence of yet unreported solid state ice-like
2
H
2
O
at room temperature in wheat starch (tetrahedral jumps are associated with O-
H bonds of water in frozen (ice) state). This is the first study to report jump
dynamics of water associated with starch and presents novel insights into
starch-water interactions.

The dehydrogenase-mediated recycling of NADPH shows antioxidant
activity in intake of oryzanol and ferulic acid extracted from rice bran
S. MYOUNGJIN (1), K. Miyoung (1), K. Sumi (1), K. Juhee (1)
(1) Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOREA
NADPH has important rule in the redox balance of the cell. NADPH is one of
the main end products of several metabolic pathways and is essential substrate
for reductive biosynthetic reactions in animal and plant. Rice bran oil contains
a relatively higher proportion of nonsaponifiable component than that of most
vegetable oils have. Oryzanol is a class of nonsaponifiable lipids of rice bran
oil and it contains ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohol and plant sterols in
its structure. The aim of this work was to study the function of NADPH-
generating dehydrogenases and the antioxidant capacity of rice bran and
ferulic acid in the mechanism of oxidative stress induced by hypercholesterol
intake. The main enzyme which have the capacity to generate reducing power
in the form of NADPH are: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P), Malic
enzyme (ME), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), Glutathione peroxidase
(GR). Fifty C57BL male mice weighing 12 g of the same age were initially
fed with pellet type lab chow for two weeks. Mice were randomly grouped
into 5 different groups of 10 animals each group (1) normal diet (AIN76), (2)
high cholesterol diet (20%), (3) rice bran (20%), (4) oryzanol (0.5%), (5)
Ferulic acid (0.5%). Mice were fed for 7 weeks and allowed free access to the
foods and water. The activity of anioxidative enzyme has already showed a
significant increase of catalase, superoxide dismutase in rice bran, oryzanol
and ferulic acid groups under hypercholesterol intake condition, the activities
of G6PDH, ME, GSH-PX, GR were decreased, while showed high level of
activities in rice bran, oryzanol and ferulic acid groups. These results indicate
that Rice bran and its composition have a great antioxidant capacity and
animals respond to the metabolism of inducing antioxidative enzymes of
NADPH-producing dehydrogenases by recycling NADPH for the protection
against oxidative damages.

Structural differences in diverse barley lines for SKCS hardness index
S. G. NAIR (1), S. Ullrich (1), B. Baik (1)
(1) Washington State University, Pullman, WA, U.S.A.
Increasing awareness about the role of whole grain in controlling life style
related diseases has made barley an ideal candidate for functional foods.
Recent research highlighting health benefits of -glucans is rekindling interest
in barley as a food source. Due to limited use of barley for food, there is a lack
of experience in breeding and cultivating food barley varieties. In order to
meet the demand for food barley, thorough understanding of the grain
characteristics and their functionality required for food uses is crucial. Grain
hardness is an important trait known to influence food processing and product
quality in wheat, a close relative of barley. The role of endosperm texture in
malting quality is well recognized, but grain hardness has been little
investigated for food uses. An objective of our research is to understand the
structural basis of endosperm texture in barley lines differing in hardness.
Transverse sections of six diverse barley lines for SKCS hardness index (HI)
values (31.895.0) were used for light (LM) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) studies. The bulk of the seed was composed of starchy
endosperm that showed both A and B type starch granules. Endosperm cell
wall thickness measured under LM varied from 1.49.6 for soft lines while
it was 2.313.7 for hard lines. The average cell wall thickness was 3.0 for
A25
soft lines and 5.5 for hard lines and showed positive correlation with HI (r =
0.83*) suggesting that hard grain has thicker cell walls than soft grains. Under
SEM, soft lines showed loosely packed endosperm with numerous A and B
type granules. Hard lines exhibited tighter packed endosperm and numerous A
type granules covered by protein matrix but fewer B type granules which
appeared to be obscured by the protein covering. These results suggest that
barley HI is associated with cell wall thickness and packing of the endosperm.

Role of starch granule surface components in pasting
D. NATH DE OLIVEIRA (1), S. Finnie (1), M. Giroux (2), J. Faubion (1)
(1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (2) Montana State
University, Bozeman, MT, U.S.A.
Endosperm texture is an important characteristic in determining wheat
processing requirement and end use. The presence of puroindoline proteins on
the starch granule surface are a biochemical marker for endosperm softness in
wheat. Even though polar lipids are present in soft and hard wheat flour in
equal quantities, starch isolated from soft wheat presents higher amounts of
polar lipids attached to the starch granule surface compared to starch isolated
from hard wheat. Polar lipids are involved in the interaction of puroindolines
with soft wheat starch surfaces. The objective of this study is to investigate the
role starch surface components play in the pasting process. Prime starch from
soft (HGAB18) and hard (Hi-line) near-isogenic wheat samples was isolated
using a batter method. Lipids were extracted from HGAB18 starch to provide
a comparison between native and lipid-removed-starch. A Brabender
MicroViscoAmylograph was used to create the pasting profiles. Amylograms
demonstrated a lower final viscosity for Hi-line (497 BU) starch compared to
starch isolated from HGAB18 (707.5 BU). The final viscosity of the lipid-
extracted-HGAB18 (678.5 BU) starch decreased in relation to native
HGAB18 starch. These results indicate that starch surface components, in this
case lipids, effect starch pasting viscosity. Characterizing the relationships
between starch granule surface components and pasting profiles provides
insight into how endosperm texture affects flour and dough characteristics.

Saltiness enhancement in bread by inhomogeneous spatial distribution of
salt
M. NOORT (1), M. Stieger (2), R. Hamer (1)
(1) TI Food & Nutrition (formerly known as Wageningen Centre for Food
Sciences), 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands, and TNO Quality of Life,
3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; (2) TI Food & Nutrition (formerly known as
Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences), 6700 AN Wageningen, The
Netherlands, and NIZO Food Research, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands
There is a wide consensus that the western diet leads to a sodium (Na) intake
twice the recommended level. Cereal products -and bread in particular- are
main contributors of Na in the diet. A reduction of Na in bread will lead to
significant health benefits. As a consequence, governments throughout the
world are stimulating reduction of Na levels in food. However, it is difficult to
decrease the Na content of bread and maintain the organoleptic quality at the
same time. Several strategies have been described to reduce the Na content in
bread, such as replacement of Na by blends of other ions, enhancement of
saltiness by addition of taste boosters or gradual salt reduction over longer
time periods. In this study we present an alternative approach to enhance
saltiness perception in bread following the concept of taste contrast. An
inhomogeneous spatial distribution of salt in bread was obtained by preparing
breads consisting of several dough layers varying in salt concentration. The
ratio of salt between layers varied between 1:1, 1:5 and 1:11 at constant
overall salt concentrations ranging from 1.0% to 2.0% (on flour base). The
influence of the inhomogeneous salt distribution on saltiness perception was
determined using a nave consumer panel (n = 63) which rated perceived
saltiness in duplicate. A significant enhancement of perceived saltiness (p <
0.05) was observed for breads which had an inhomogeneous distribution of
salt when the salt concentration gradients were large (1:11). The results
demonstrate that an inhomogeneous distribution of salt in bread can be used as
a new tool to allow significant reductions in Na concentration, while
maintaining organoleptic properties.

Hybrid rice improves sustainability
B. OTTIS (1)
(1) RiceTec, Inc., Sikeston, MO, U.S.A.
Hybrid rice has been cultivated since the mid 1970s and is now grown on
approximately 50% of the rice area in China and accounts for 60% of its rice
grain production. Only in the last decade has this technology gained
commercial popularity in the United States. Since the release of hybrid rice in
the southern United States, hybrid rice production area has risen substantially.
Hybrid rice has many agronomic advantages over pureline cultivars due to
heterosis, or hybrid vigor, which is the result of combining germplasm with
diverse heritages. Some of these advantages include increased yield, better
water use efficiency, greater disease and insect tolerance, greater
photosynthetic rates, and better yield stability across a range of environments.
Hybrid rice worldwide typically shows an average 20 to 30% yield advantage
over pureline cultivars with equal or less fertilizer input. Additionally,
increased resistance to disease and insect pressure lessens the need for costly
fungicide and insecticide applications, reducing the pesticide load on the
environment. As with other hybrid crops, such as corn and grain sorghum,
seed from hybrid rice cannot be saved for planting. Producing hybrid seed has
become much more efficient in recent years as parent lines have been
developed with increased seed yield. Mechanization has also facilitated
increased hybrid seed production rates and efficiencies in the United States.

Genotypic and environmental characterisation of seed composition in
Australian pulses cultivars
J. PANOZZO (1), N. Neumann (1), M. Jason (1), C. Walker (1)
(1) Department of Primary Industries, Horsham, VIC, AUSTRALIA
Australia is a leading producer of pulses, particularly lentils, kabuli chickpeas
and field-peas, of which approximately 90% are exported as a minimally
processed product. Unlike cereal grains, the marketing of pulse varieties is
based primarily on visual grain characteristics such as seed size, shape and
colour. The perceived impact of these physical characteristics is often linked
with processing quality, for example splitting efficiency and cooking quality
and very little emphasis is placed on composition. It is generally agreed that
pulse grains should be a major part of the human diet, yet in western diets,
pulse grains are seldom used even though most consumers are aware that
pulses are high in protein, starch fibre and other nutrients. Pulses also contain
a range of secondary plant metabolites which are biologically active
compounds and may exert metabolic benefits to humans when consumed on a
regular basis. There is increasing evidence to suggest that these compounds
may be beneficial in reducing the probability of diabetes and coronary heart
disease. To date there has been very little emphasis in incorporating physical
grain characteristics and quality traits associated with grain composition in the
development of new varieties. There are increasing market demand for pulses
that can be used in a wide range of food applications and therefore there is a
need for increased knowledge on grain composition particularly secondary
plant metabolite compounds. This paper discusses the genetic and
environmental variation in the composition of Australian grown pulses and the
identification of pulse cultivars with enhanced seed composition profiles that
may lead to increased consumption of pulses.

The impact of redox agents on sugar-snap cookie quality
B. PAREYT (1), K. Brijs (1), J. A. Delcour (1)
(1) Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food
Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven
Sugar-snap cookies of superior quality generally have large diameters. Their
diameter depends both on the spread rate and the set time. The spread rate
largely depends on the sugar and fat levels and on how much water is bound
by the flour used. The set time is dictated by a sudden viscosity increase
which stops the spread. Since starch does not gelatinize, it is believed that
proteins impact cookie dough setting. This was earlier related to the
occurrence of an apparent glass transition. However, there is no consensus
on the mechanism. In our work, we used of reducing (L-cysteine, glutathione)
and oxidizing agents (KIO
3
, KBrO
3
) to understand the mechanism whereby
gluten stops dough spread. Reducing agents significantly decreased dough
setting, while the opposite was true for oxidants. This resulted in smaller (83.7
to 84.9 mm) or larger (87.8 to 88.3 mm) diameters respectively than those of
the control cookies (87.3 mm). This was related to more pronounced
entanglement and subsequent cross-linking when reducing agents were used
to modify the gluten, and less pronounced entanglement and cross-linking
whenever oxidants were added. Furthermore, more cross-linking led to
reduced collapse. Microfocus computer tomography, a technique based on
differences in X-ray absorption between pores and cookie material, clearly
showed that modifying the gluten largely influences the internal cookie
structure. In conclusion, pronounced formation of gluten networks limits
sugar snap cookie dough spread, but, at the same time, increases resistance to
structural collapse.

A novel approach in the determination of estimated glyceamic response of
some breads commonly consumed in Republic of Ireland by RP-HPLC
A. PATRAS (1), E. Gallagher (1)
(1) Teagasc, Dublin, IRELAND
In this study, a new technique for determination of hydrolysis index (HI) and
estimated glyceamic response (eGI) of seven different breads, white (C),
A26
wholemeal (W), multigrain (M), petit pan (PP), brown soda (S) and gluten-
free (GF) was developed. Bread samples were subjected to an in vitro
enzymatic starch digestion over a 3 hr period and dialysates were analysed for
total dialysable sugars (fructose, glucose, maltose and sucrose) with a
reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.
The separation was carried out on carbohydrate column (4.6 mm i.d. 250,
Waters) using refractive index detection. The developed HPLC method
showed good intra- and inter-day precisions, good accuracies, and high
correlation coefficients for standards subjected to the entire procedure. A non-
linear model was applied to describe the kinetics of starch hydrolysis and
estimate the area under the curve for bread samples. As expected, the eGI,
based on the hydrolysis index, for bread samples varied significantly (p <
0.05). The HPLC based method requires less time and proved to be sensitive,
precise and accurate for measuring total dialysable sugars. Therefore, the
proposed method could be used in routine analysis for eGI calculations.

Study of gas cells during proofing and baking using biaxial rheology and
X-ray microtomography
M. PICKETT (1), H. Dogan (1)
Wheat flour dough exhibits extremely complex rheological properties which
make it capable of occluding and retaining gas cells. Gas retention, even
distribution of gas cells, and their stability throughout the proofing and baking
process is critical to final bread structure and volume. The objectives of this
study were to establish a method for using X-ray microtomography to study
the microstructure of proving dough as well as bread, to compare the stability
of wheat flours of varying strength (Karl92, BZ20 and Alpowa) throughout
the proofing and baking process, and to understand the interrelationship
between protein quality, biaxial rheological properties and microstructure.
Amount of total polymeric and unextractable polymeric proteins in three
wheat flours were determined using SE-HPLC. Doughs were prepared
according to AACC method 10-10B. Biaxial rheological properties of dough
samples were studied using D/R dough inflation system (Texture
Technologies, NY). The strain hardening indices of Karl92, BZ20 and
Alpowa were found as 2.41, 2.74 and 1.83, respectively. Sections from
unproofed (0 min), underproofed (20 min) and optimally proofed (40 min)
doughs were cut and frozen at 80C. 96 specimens cut from both proofed
and baked loaves were scanned using a high resolution X-ray micro-CT
system (Skyscan1072, Belgium). 3-D analysis of dough samples indicated that
the void fractions increased dramatically over the proof time from 31.7% for
the unproofed dough (0 min) to 63.2% and 72.7% for the underproofed and
optimally proofed doughs, respectively. Oven spring caused further expansion
in the baked loaves which increased average void fraction to 84.4%. A
corresponding decrease in cell wall thickness was observed due to expansion
on gas cells. Understanding the factors affecting gas cell stability during
breadmaking process is important when creating the distinct structural and
textural characteristics.

Effects of sulfhydryl oxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on baking
and rheological properties of wheat flour
L. POPPER (1)
(1) Muehlenchemie GmbH & Co. KG, Ahrensburg, GERMANY
About two decades ago, sulfhydryl oxidase (SOX, EC 1.8.3.2) from
Aspergillus sojae was suggested for use in baking and dairy applications. SOX
specifically oxidizes sulfhydryl groups in protein and peptides. In relation to
the number of oxidized sulfhydryl groups, much less hydrogen peroxide is
formed by SOX than by glyco-oxidases. Due to its small molecular size of
only 17 kDa and the strong binding of its co-enzyme FAD sulfhydryl oxidase
(SOX, EC 1.8.3.2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is extraordinarily stable
towards heat and oxygen as compared to glucose oxidase (GOX, the most
commonly used oxidase in baking). The potential of SOX from S. cerevisiae
was tested in diverse baking applications, such as French baguette, pan and
hearth bread, breakfast rolls, Chinese steamed bread, butter croissants and
sponge cake. With the exception of sponge cake it showed good potential to
improve the shape, the baking volume and the crease, in particular in
applications involving lamination steps and prolonged fermentation. In butter
croissants made from frozen dough, no formation of off-flavour was noted,
while GOX-treated samples developed a strange smell. In dough rheology,
SOX was effective even under the time-limited Farinograph and Alveograph
conditions, where it increased dough stability and resistance, respectively.

Current fiber regulations affecting existing products and new product
launches
S. POTTER (1)
(1) Tate & Lyle, Decatur, IL, U.S.A.
Dietary fiber has catapulted to the forefront of research and debate in recent
years. While many domestic and multinational food companies are gearing up
for new product launches with fiber, they may not be aware of the most recent
fiber regulations affecting their businesses. Although a definition has been
agreed upon in Europe and reflects consensus at the Codex level, debate
among scientists regarding what is classified as dietary fiber continues to
exist. This session is designed to provide the most recent information about
changes in fiber regulations and pinpoint key information needed by product
developers to help ensure compliance with current regulations.

Amylose-lipid complexes as additives in starch based food systems
J. A. PUTSEYS (1), L. Lamberts (1), J. A. Delcour (1)
(1) Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science
and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
While amylose-lipid complexes have been studied profoundly, little
information is available about the possible functionality of such complexes
when used as additive in starch based systems. We here studied the impact of
both monodisperse short-chain semi-enzymically synthesized and more
polydisperse longer-chain solution-grown complexes on starch gels and
breadmaking. Semi-enzymically synthesized type I complexes induced severe
viscosity changes when added to starch in a Rapid Visco Analyzer heating,
constant temperature and cooling cycle. During heating of starch suspensions,
these complexes (partly) dissociate (in line with their differential scanning
calorimetry properties) thereby liberating both lipids as well as short amylose
chains. The latter subsequently contribute to network formation during cooling
of the gel by participating in double helix formation with long amylose chains
leached from the starch granules, resulting in a viscosity increase. We next
used in vitro methods for the determination of resistant starch levels and
hydrolysis indices which were both based on chewing of the starch containing
material. The gels containing amylose-lipid complexes had higher resistant
starch levels and lower in vitro degradabilities than the controls. When the
complexes were added in breadmaking, they decreased bread volume and
changed its in vitro digestibilities. Resistant starch content increased
especially for semi-crystalline type II amylose-lipid complexes. Amylose-lipid
complexes can hence be used as a tool for the controlled release of lipids and
short amylose chains, on the one hand, and, on the other, as an ingredient
reducing starch in vitro degradability by increasing resistant starch contents.

Relationships among viscosity of -glucan found in oat foods, starch
digestibility and human glycaemic response
A. Regand Ramirez (1), S. M. TOSH (1), P. J. Wood (1)
(1) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, CANADA
Soluble fibre, such as mixed linkage -glucan found in oats, has been
identified as a bioactive component in many foods with low glycaemic
indices. The viscosity of a -glucan solution which is extracted from food
under physiological conditions has been correlated with the decrease in peak
blood glucose rise (PBGR) after consumption of oat bran foods containing 4
to 12 g of -glucan. The mechanism is believed, in part at least, to be slowed
absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract, but exactly how this
operates with starchy foods is not well understood Snack foods were
formulated using rolled oats and oat bran to contain 6 g of -glucan and either
40 or 60 g of starch. Some foods were prepared as is, to maintain the native -
glucan molecular weight (MW), whereas -glucanase was added to the batter
of some batches to partially depolymerise the -glucan before baking. By
adding different amounts of -glucanase, medium and low MW products were
produced for both starch doses. Equivalent control products were made from
white flour and whole wheat flakes. Postprandial blood glucose responses
were measured in human subjects (n = 12). As shown previously, -glucan
solubility decreased in the lowest MW foods. The proportion of rapidly
digestible starch (RDS, Englyst method) decreased as the viscosity of the
extract increased and, conversely, the slowly digestible starch (SDS) increased
with increasing viscosity. The average PBGR was correlated with log
(viscosity), percent reduction in RDS and percent increase in SDS. The effect
was larger for the 40 g starch dose, where the ratio of -glucan to starch was
higher. This study demonstrates that a decrease in the rate of starch digestion
related to the increased viscosity in the gut due to the presence of oat -glucan
is at least in part responsible for the reduction in glycaemic response to these
starch containing foods.

Field-flow fractionation as a means to find true molecular weights and
sizes of undegraded starch
A. ROLLAND SABAT (1), P. Colonna (2)
(1) INRA, Nantes, FRANCE; (2) [email protected]
Starch consists of a mixture of two -glucans built mainly upon -(1,4)
linkages: amylose an essentially linear polymer, and amylopectin a branched
A27
polymer by the presence of 56% -(1,6) linkages. Functional properties of
starches are determined by their macromolecular characteristics and the
conformation in solution of both constitutive polymers. The need to
investigate the biological variability is reinforced by the recent opportunity to
create easily new genotypes using results from genomic studies. To
characterize starch polysaccharides, the method usually used is high-
performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) combined with multi-
angle laser light scattering (MALLS). The limitation of HPSEC columns is
their low exclusion limit regarding amylopectin size. Further technical
improvements are necessary to gain fractionation systems effective on the
entire distribution of amylopectin to achieve its complete structural
characterization. The present work analysed the structural properties of
starches with different amylose content and from different cereal sources
using a combination of AFFFF (Asymmetrical Flow FFF) and HPSEC with
MALLS, on-line quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) -which provides the RH
distributions- and DRI (Differential Refractometric Index) techniques. The
procedure, involving a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) pretreatment and then a
solubilisation in water, provides a representative injected sample without
alteration of the degree of polymerisation. Amylopectin M
w
and R
G
were
around respectively 1.053.78 10
8
g.mol
1
and 163255 nm. HPSEC and
AFFFF data are matchable but AFFFF allows a better separation of
amylopectins and thus an enhanced structural characterisation of starches. One
advantage of this experimental approach is to get both distributions as
function of molar masses and hydrodynamic radii as well.

Quantification of the antifungal compounds phenyllactic acid and 2, 5
diketopiperazines in sourdough and bread
L. A. RYAN (1), F. Dal Bello (2), P. Koehler (3), M. Czerny (3), E. K. Arendt
(2)
(1) University College Cork, Cork, IRELAND; (2) Department of Food and
Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland; (3) Deutsche
Forschungsanstalt fur Lebensmittelchemie, Garching, Germany
Fungal growth is the most common type of microbial spoilage in bread
leading to significant economical and health problems worldwide. Lactic acid
bacteria (LAB) in the form of sourdough have a proven history as an
antifungal agent in bread. Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.7 (LP 1.7) has
previously been identified as having strong antifungal activity in vitro.
However on addition of sourdough fermented by LP 1.7 a significant increase
in the mould free shelf life of bread was found. The compounds responsible
for this activity in vitro were isolated and identified at a chemical level using
solid phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography and nuclear
magnetic resonance as well as liquid and gas chromatography in combination
with mass spectrometry. The compounds were identified as lactic, acetic and
phenyllactic acid (PLA) as well as cyclo (
L
-Leu-
L
-Pro) (CLP) and cyclo (
L
-
Phe-
L
-Pro) (CPP). The quantification of these compounds in sourdough and
bread was then performed using, liquid (CLP and CPP) and gas (PLA)
chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. PLA was quantified
at a maximum level of 33.48 mg/kg of dough after 48 h of fermentation. This
level is almost 1000 times below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
of ca. 7.5 mg/ml. CLP and CPP were also quantified at a maximum level of
34.08 and 24.28 g/kg of sourdough respectively after 48 h of fermentation.
At this level the compounds are present at approximately one million times
below the MIC of ca. 20 mg/ml. Interestingly, in bread crumb (100C) and
crust (230C), both CLP and CPP were present at 10 and 1000 higher
magnitude respectively than those quantified in sourdough alone. The results
of this study clearly show that analytical techniques can be applied to identify
compounds responsible for the antifungal activity of LAB.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of wheat flour: Comparison
between surface and bulk composition
M. SAAD (1), C. Gaiani (2), J. Scher (2), B. Cuq (1)
(1) INRA - Montpellier SupAgro - UMR IATE, Montpellier, FRANCE; (2)
ENSAIA, Nancy, France
Wheat flour is used as raw material in several food products. The surface of
wheat flour particles is considered to play a significant role as the interface to
particle-particle and particle-water interactions. While a lot of studies were
conducted to characterize the bulk chemical composition of wheat flour, only
few work have focused on the surface chemical composition of particles. In
this study, we develop a method to quantify the relative coverage of flour
main components on the surface of particles by using the X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy. We selected a native flour and separated it to its main
components (protein, starch, arabinoxylan, and lipids). Physically modified
flours were prepared from the native flour by regrinding and/or sieving.
Simplified flours were obtained by mixing protein and starch (separated from
the native) with different proportions. Four wheat flours with different bulk
compositions were also selected. XPS analyses were realized on samples from
separated components, native, modified, simplified, and the four wheat flours.
XPS identified elements (O, C, N, and S) on surface of particles and
determined their relative concentrations. Based on these concentrations we
calculated the relative coverage of components for native and simplified flours
by using a matrix. XPS is not able to distinguish starch and arabinoxylan but it
is able to distinguish polysaccharides (starch and arabinoxylan) protein and
lipids. The calculated relative coverage and the bulk chemical composition are
similar for the simplified flours but different for the native flour. Compared to
bulk chemical composition we could suggest that, on the surface of particles,
there is an overrepresentation of protein and lipids, but there is underrepre-
sentation of polysaccharides. Surface composition results are discussed in
regards with changes in bulk chemical composition, particles size, and wheat
origin.

Effect of ozonated wheat flour on bread quality
H. S. SANDHU (1), F. A. Manthey (1)
(1) North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
This project was aimed at studying the effect of ozonated wheat flour on bread
quality. All purpose unbleached wheat flour was procured from three different
companies. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of ozone
on wheat flour and bread quality. In the first experiment, wheat flour was
ozonated at 1,500 ppm for 4.5, 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45 min. In the second
experiment, wheat flour treated with ozone gas at 1,500 ppm for 45 min was
added to non treated wheat flour at concentrations from 10 to 100% (w/w). All
the results were compared with the control flour that was not ozonated. Flour
samples were evaluated for pasting properties using Rapid ViscoAnalyzer
(RVA), color analysis using Minolta Colorimeter and lipid oxidation by
determining peroxide value according to AOCS Official Method Cd 8-53.
Twenty-five gram breads were baked according to AACC basic straight-
dough bread-baking Approved Method 10-09. Bread texture analysis studies
were done using a texture analyzer. The C-Cell-Digital Imaging Instrument
was used to study bread crumb structure. Increased ozonation time and
amount of ozonated wheat flour added to the control flour resulted in
increased peak viscosity, final viscosity and setback values (based on RVA
analysis), and in increased peroxide values. Color results indicate that wheat
flour became whiter and less yellow with increased ozonation time and
amount of ozonated wheat flour added to the control flour. Ozonation of
wheat flour for 4.5 min and addition of 10% ozonated flour to control flour
significantly increased the loaf volume. C-Cell data showed that the crumb of
the bread made from wheat flour blended with 10% ozonated wheat flour was
less dense, had same number of holes and crumb texture was slightly coarse.

Combining low frequency ultrasound with large strain techniques to
evaluate the properties of wheat flour doughs
M. G. SCANLON (1), J. H. Page (1), Y. Fan (1), A. Kiefte (1), K. L. Mehta
(1)
(1) University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA
Ultrasound is particularly sensitive to the presence of bubbles contained
within the doughs viscoelastic matrix, so measurements of ultrasonic velocity
and attenuation over a wide range of frequencies have allowed us to identify
three distinct regions that are associated with the mechanical response of the
dough matrix and its bubbles. New information on dough properties can be
derived from ultrasonic measurements at low frequencies, where the
properties of the dough as a whole (matrix and bubbles) are investigated.
Ultrasound is a low strain technique, but ultrasonic measurements of doughs
made from flours with a range of breadmaking quality correlate well with
parameters acquired from conventional large strain techniques such as the
alveograph and farinograph. Ultrasound techniques can also be combined with
large strain techniques. By subjecting samples of dough to uniaxial
compression and monitoring their relaxation with ultrasound, markedly
different behaviour is evident in air-mixed doughs compared to those mixed
under vacuum. Therefore, bubbles appear to substantially affect the short-time
relaxation behaviour of air-mixed dough samples. Substantial changes in
ultrasonic parameters were also observed as dough samples were subjected to
triaxial tension by applying a vacuum so that the expanding bubbles induced a
large strain in the dough. In conclusion, ultrasound is an emergent technique
with the potential to provide new information on dough properties.

Influence of glycolipids on the technological properties of wheat dough
P. L. SELMAIR (1), P. Koehler (1)
(1) German Research Centre for Food Chemistry, Garching, GERMANY
The aim of this study was to determine the potential of glycolipids from
lecithins in breadmaking in comparison to classical surfactants and two
synthetic glycolipids. The most important glycolipid classes in commercial
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lecithins, such as soybean, rapeseed or sunflower, were found to be sterol
glucosides, acylated sterol glucosides, cerebrosides and digalactosyl
diacylglycerides. These classes were isolated and characterized for their
techno-functional properties by micro-scale baking and extension tests (10 g
of flour). The baking tests revealed the excellent baking potential of all
isolated glycolipid classes, with clearly better or equal baking activities than
commercial surfactants. The synthetic monogalactosyl monoglyceride and the
isolated digalactosyl diglycerides showed the highest bread volume increases.
Furthermore, the glycolipid classes influenced the crumb structure
significantly by improving the crumb softness and grain. Interestingly all
glycolipid classes showed no significant antistaling effect, except the synthetic
monogalactosyl monoglyceride with a considerably weaker effect than the
commercial surfactants used for this purpose. A direct effect on the overall
rheological behavior of the dough was only found for the commercial
surfactants. However, the rheological effect seen on Glutomatic-obtained
gluten revealed that the surfactants could be divided into two main groups.
One group, acylated and non-acylated sterol glucosides, only had a significant
influence on the resistance to extension of the gluten and the other group, this
being all other glycolipid classes and the reference compounds, only had a
significant influence on the extensibility of the gluten. In conclusion these
results indicate that in wheat dough glycolipids rather seem to have an impact
on the dough liquor than on the gluten-starch-matrix and here with different
modes of action.

Study on saccharification experiment for extrusion of rice with or without
enzyme added as beer adjunct
D. SHEN (1)
(1) Shandong University, Zibo, Province Shandong, China
Researchers in China and abroad had studies on the extrusion-cooking of beer
adjunct from early 1980s to early 1990s. However, these researches came to
a halt due to the difficulties in the saccharification and filtration of the
resulting mash. The investigation relating to the extrusion of beer adjunct with
or without enzymes added is carried on at our laboratory at all times from
early 1989 to now. Based on lots of test results of the laboratory, the
productive experimental study was conducted for brewing 100 t beer at
Wuchang Beer Brewery of Heilongjiang Province in China in
September/October, 2002. The results indicate that the main indices that the
problem of difficult saccharification and filtration of wort of extruded adjunct
has solved. The main indices of beer quality of extruded and non-extruded
adjuncts are all reached to the indices of nation standard (GB4927-2001). The
recoverable ratio of wort extract for extruded adjunct is about 1~2% more
than that of non-extruded adjunct. Nevertheless, both the magnitude and the
stability of the increase in recoverable ratio of wort extract was not ideal.
After this, the studies on the extrusion of beer adjunct with enzymes added are
carried on at our laboratory from early 2005 to now. The process of
saccharification and filtration of wort of extruded adjunct with enzymes added
was carried on better. The productive experimental study was conducted for
brewing 200 t beer at Wuming Beer Brewery of Shandong Province in China
on 29 to 30 March, 2008. The main indices of beer quality of extruded
adjuncts with enzymes added are all reached to the indices of nation standard
(GB4927-2001). The recoverable ratio of wort extract of extruded adjunct is
2.1%~3.57% more than that of traditional non-extruded adjunct. About
research results has applied the invention patens in China and USA.

Addressing rice industry sustainability; assessing hybrid rice processing
characteristics
T. J. SIEBENMORGEN (1), M. I. Saleh (1), R. C. Bautista (1), J. Meullenet
(1)
(1) University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A.
Sustainability typically connotes production-related topics and opportunities.
However, the spectrum of sustainability must encompass post-harvest
processing issues as well, such as energy efficiency, packaging, and water use.
These analyses should also include an assessment of sustainable production
practices in terms of their effects on processing and end-use qualities that are
especially critical in the rice industry. This presentation will address the
properties and processing performance of hybrid rice, given the inherent
production characteristics of hybrids that favor many sustainable production
practices. Post-harvest properties, including kernel-to-kernel moisture content
and dimensional distributions, will be compared between hybrid and pureline
rice cultivars. Similar comparisons will be made in terms of milling quality
characteristics, specifically head rice yield and degree of milling. Preliminary
data indicate that the milling durations required to attain desired degrees of
milling are considerably less for hybrids than pureline cultivars. Possible
explanations for this finding are provided through micrographs indicating bran
layer thickness differences between hybrids and purelines. The ramifications
of these bran layer thickness differences for milling and subsequent quality
measurements, including rheological and cooking properties, will be
discussed.

Analysis of cereal starches by high performance size exclusion
chromatography
S. SIMSEK (1)
Starch has unique chemical and physical characteristics among other
carbohydrates. It occurs naturally as distinct particles, called granules. The
other uniqueness of the starch is that most starch granules are mixture of two
sugar polymers: a highly branched polysaccharide named amylopectin, and a
basically linear polysaccharide named amylose. Amylopectin is a very large,
highly branched glucose polymer and constitutes about 75% of the cereal
starches. Amylose is a linear, relatively smaller glucose polymer. The
objective of this study was to develop new, simple, one-step and accurate
method suitable for simultaneous determination of amylose and amylopectin
ratio in cereals. Starch from ground samples of wheat (spring and durum),
barley, oat, rye, buckwheat, rice and corn were extracted using KOH, urea and
ethanol. Starch samples were solubilized and, then neutralized using HCl.
Samples were run on a Agilent 1200 series High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) system with a refractive index detector using a
Waters Ultrahydrogel column. To verify the identity of the peaks, fractions
were collected and soluble starch assay was performed additional to Gas
Chromatography (GC) analysis. We found that all the fractions contain only
glucose and soluble starch assay is correlated to the HPLC fractionation. This
method can be used to determine amylose amylopectin ratio in cereal samples.

Affect on pasta quality and in vitro starch hydrolysis with non-traditional
ingredients
M. SISSONS (1), N. Aravind (2), C. Fellows (2)
(1) NSW Dept of Primary Industries, Calala, NSW, AUSTRALIA; (2) School
of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New
England, Armidale, Australia
With growing popularity of functional foods, our work involved evaluating
the addition of various fibres to durum wheat spaghetti to investigate affects
on technological quality and the extent of in vitro starch hydrolysis. The aim
of this work was to prepare pasta with lower in vitro starch hydrolysis while
minimising impact on the textural and sensory properties. Ingredients selected
included durum bran and pollard, inulin, guar gum (GG), carboxy-
methylcellulose (CMC), Novelose 330J (resistant starch source) and Barley
Balance (-glucan concentrate, BG). Both bran and pollard had negative
impacts on pasta cooking loss, water absorption and yellowness. The extent of
pasta starch hydrolysis was increased probably due to interference with starch-
gluten matrix formation as shown by microscopy. Inulin had minor impact on
quality but starch hydrolysis reached a minimum at 5% inclusion due to
encapsulation of starch granules. GG greatly increased pasta stickiness and
decreased starch hydrolysis due to forming a mucilaginous protective layer.
BB increased -glucan content in pasta, with increased firmness and stickiness
but a yellow-brown colour. BB significantly lowered starch hydrolysis extent.
CMC had little impact on quality but decreased starch hydrolysis extent.
Novelose 330J RS when added to semolina had a subtle affect on pasta quality
at 10% and 20% substitution. The ingredients investigated show a range of
affects on pasta quality and starch hydrolysis of pasta with possibilities to
further lower the glycaemic index of pasta.

Improved glucose recovery from hydrolysis of rice straw for bioethanol
production using fungal enzymes
S. SRICHUWONG (1), M. Ike (1), M. Fujiwara (1), L. Wu (1), J. Park (1), Y.
Arai-Sanoh (2), M. Kondo (2), K. Tokuyasu (1)
(1) National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; (2) National
Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Rice straw is one of the most important lignocellulosic biomass that can be
utilized as a feedstock for bioethanol production. Recently, rice straws
containing significant amounts of starch and soluble sugars (total 2025%
w/w) have been identified in our laboratory. These carbohydrates can be
readily converted to fermentable sugars by enzymes without severe pretreat-
ment. In this study, fungal enzymes possessing cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic
and amylolytic activities were produced from solid-state fermentation using
six strains of Aspergillus. The crude enzymes supplemented with commercial
cellulase showed improved glucose recovery from rice straw and other
lignocellulosic materials. High glucose yield of 2530% (w/w) was obtained
from hydrolysis of native rice straw (cv. leaf star). In addition, the
combination of fungal enzymes and commercial cellulase enhanced glucan
saccharification of alkali-treated sugar cane bagasse to greater than 75%
within 24 h. Correlations among greater cellulose degradation, removal of
A29
hemicellulose and -glucosidase activity were also observed. This study
should be useful for biofuel industry by providing guidelines on appropriated
enzyme cocktails for effective saccharification of lignocellulosic materials.

Effect of fractionation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on
pelleting characteristics of broiler diets
R. SRINIVASAN (1), A. Corzo (1), K. Koch (2), M. Kidd (1)
(1) Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, U.S.A.; (2) Northern
Crops Institute, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
Recently, the Elusieve process, a combination of elutriation (air classification)
and sieving (screening) was developed to separate fiber from distillers dried
grains with solubles (DDGS) to increase DDGS utilization in nonruminant
(poultry and swine) diets. Elusieve process produces three products; 1) a
product (Pan DDGS) with 5% higher protein content than the conventional
DDGS, which would be used at higher inclusion levels in broiler diets because
of low fiber content, 2) a product (Big DDGS) that with nearly same protein
content as conventional DDGS, which would be used at same inclusion levels
as conventional DDGS, and 3) Fiber product. The objective of this study was
to determine and compare pellet-mill throughput, power consumption and
pellet quality for broiler diets incorporating different levels (0%, 10%, and
20%) of conventional DDGS and DDGS products from Elusieve process.
Poultry oil contents were lower (1.5 to 1.6%) in diets comprising Pan DDGS
and diet without DDGS than in other diets (2.2 to 3.1%). The feed throughput
was not affected by inclusion levels or type of DDGS. Pellet quality (pellet
durability index; PDI) for diets comprising Pan DDGS (both 10% and 20%
inclusion levels) was significantly better than PDI for diets comprising
conventional DDGS, Big DDGS, and the diet without DDGS. Better pellet
quality of diets comprising Pan DDGS could be due to lower quantity of
poultry oil used as well as compositional characteristics such as low fiber and
high protein. Diets with Big DDGS had similar pelleting characteristics as
those with conventional DDGS. Pellet quality deteriorated at higher inclusion
levels of conventional DDGS, Big DDGS, and Enhanced DDGS. Considering
that Pan DDGS would be included at higher inclusion levels in broiler diets,
superior pellet quality of diets comprising Pan DDGS is beneficial.

Low salt low sugar great taste: Three ways to enhance taste
perception
M. STIEGER (1), H. Bult (1), K. Burseg (1), P. de Kok (1), C. Mosca (2), M.
Noort (3), G. Sala (2), F. van de Velde (1), R. Hamer (4)
(1) NIZO Food Research, Ede, NETHERLANDS; (2) Wageningen University
& Research Centre, Wageningen, NETHERLANDS; (3) TNO Quality for
Life, Zeist, NETHERLANDS; (4) TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen,
NETHERLANDS
The reduction of sugar and salt in cereal products and other foods remains a
challenge due to the importance of those ingredients in providing a highly
desired taste quality, enhancing flavor, determining the behavior of structuring
ingredients, and ensuring microbiological safety. Several technologies have
been used to reduce sugar and salt content in foods such as replacement of
sugar by sweeteners, replacement of sodium salts by blends of other salts,
taste enhancement by aromas and taste boosters or gradual reduction of sugar
and salt over time. In this study we present three alternative approaches to
enhance taste perception. First, the use of an inhomogeneous spatial
distribution of sugar in food gels is introduced as a way to enhance sweetness
perception. The translation of the concept of taste contrast to bread
applications is discussed. Secondly, it is demonstrated how the intensity of
sweetness can be enhanced through pulsed delivery of sugar stimuli under
well defined experimental conditions. The results show that sweet taste
enhancement depends on pulse frequency and peaks at a pulsation period
range of 0.5 up to 2 times the sweet taste fusion point suggesting an
involvement of frequency-dependent neural integration of subsequent
stimulus responses. Thirdly, we demonstrate how the serum release under
compression of mixed polysaccharide/protein gels can be engineered to
enhance sweetness perception. An increase of serum release by 5x allowed to
reduce sugar content of gels by 30% while maintaining sweet taste intensity.
These approaches can be used to further optimize the development of cereal
products with reduced sugar and salt content while maintaining taste intensity.

Barley limit dextrinase and its interaction the proteinaceous barley limit
dextrinase inhibitor
B. SVENSSON (1), M. B. Vester-Christensen (2), J. M. Jensen (2), P.
Hagglund (2), M. Abou Hachem (2)
(1) Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Kgs Lyngby, DENMARK; (2) Enzyme
and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University
of Denmark
The starch debranching enzyme limit dextrinase (LD) hydrolyses -1,6-
glucoside linkages in limit dextrins and amylopectin during seed germination.
LD is highly activity towards pullulan with K
m
= 0.16 0.02 mgml
1
and k
cat

= 79 10 s
1
. Besides a role in germination, LD is important in brewing by
hydrolysing a-limit dextrins
1
during mashing and malting. LD occurs in
aqueous malt extracts in a free, active and a bound inactive form
2
. The
inactive form stems partly from binding of the endogenous limit dextrinase
inhibitor (LDI). LDI is a CM family member of about 12 kDa, contains 4
disulfide bonds and has a free thiol group present in mixed disulfide with
cysteine or glutathione. LDI competitively inhibits LD hydrolysis of pullulan
with subnanomolar K
i
. Both LD and LDI were produced recombinantly in
Pichia pastoris and fitting of a 1:1 binding model to surface plasmon
resonance data of LDI and LD confirmed very tight binding of K
D
= 40 3
10
12
M. This high affinity stemmed from very slow k
off
of ~5 10
5
s
1
,
while k
on
of 1 10
6
M
1
s
1
was in the usual range for proteinaceous inhibitor
and amylolytic enzymes. Binding was optimal at slightly acidic to neutral pH
and 0.150.3 mM NaCl. The interaction was monitored at 1545C and
analysis of the vant Hoff thermodynamics showed favourable enthalpic and
entropic components of binding free energy (G = 58 kJ mol
1
) suggesting
that the LD-LDI complexation is driven by hydrophobic interactions. The
available systems for recombinant production of LD and LDI is utilised in
mutational analysis of pivotal structural elements in the very high affinity
interaction. This work is supported by a DTU Ph.D. scholarship, (MBVC),
Danish Natural Science Research Council, the Carlsberg Foundation.
References 1. Kristensen M et al. 1999, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1431,:538-
546. 2. MacGregor AW et al. 1994, Cereal Chemistry 71: 610-617.

Mechanical and barrier property modeling of starch, polyvinyl alcohol
based nanocomposites and their characterization
X. TANG (1), S. Alavi (1), S. Shaur (1), J. Faubion (1)
(1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
In this study, nanocomposites consisting of starch and Polyvinyl Alcohol
(PVOH) filled with silicate clay particles are investigated. Recent and ongoing
research has shown that dramatic enhancement can be achieved in mechanical
and barrier properties in these nanocomposites with just a small amount of
particle concentration. The resulting nanocomposite properties are intimately
related to the compatibility of the multiphase system and dispersion of the
particles in the polymer matrix. In the Experiment, extrusion processing was
used to produce nanocomposites. Morphological characterization and
determination of film properties were conducted to understand the effect of
montmorillonite/dispersion/compatibility on the tensile and barrier properties
of starch, PVOH-based nanocomposites. Mechanical and barrier property
models of multiphase system, including starch, PVOH, glycerol, exfoliated
clay and intercalated/aggregated clay layers were developed respectively. The
mechanical model, which was based on Mori-Tanaka method with some
modifications, was applied to predict properties of the nanocomposites as a
function of the clay concentration, the exfoliation ratio and the compatibility
of starch, PVOH and glycerol. The barrier model was developed from
permeability model taking into consideration the influence of tortuous
pathway, clay concentration and compatibility factor. For our experiments,
tensile strength and elongation at break of films ranged from 22.1 to 28.0 MPa
and 160 to 320%, respectively, while water vapor permeability ranged from
0.8 to 1.02 g.mm/kPa.h.m
2
. Predicted results are in a good agreement with the
experiments and show that the mechanical and barrier property model can be
used as an indirect characterization technique to predict the properties of
glycerol plasticized starch, PVOH nanocomposites.

Potential applications of kafirin microparticles
J. TAYLOR (1), J. Taylor (1)
(1) University of Pretoria, Pretoria Gauteng, REP OF SOUTH AFRICA
It has been found that kafirin, the prolamin protein of sorghum can be used for
the preparation of microparticles (microspheres) by phase separation from an
organic acid. Kafirin microparticles made by this method are small, (110
mm), mainly spherical particles, with internal holes or vacuoles, resulting in a
very large surface area. Kafirin microparticles may have many potential
applications in the food, biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. For
example, kafirin microparticles were used to make very thin (< 15 mm) bio-
plastic films, which are relatively strong but not extensible, with good water
barrier properties and low protein digestibility. In addition, kafirin
microparticles made by this method were used for encapsulation, as a method
to deliver dietary antioxidants by controlled release. Approximately 70% and
50%, respectively total antioxidant activity was released under simulated
gastric conditions over a period of four hours, when the model antioxidants,
catechin and sorghum condensed tannins were encapsulated within kafirin
microparticles.

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Soft carbohydrates in culm of rice straw as new substrates for bioethanol
production
K. TOKUYASU (1), S. Srichuwong (1), M. Ike (1), M. Arakane (1), T.
Seyama (1), S. Riki (1), Y. Arai-Sanoh (2), M. Kondo (2), J. Park (1)
(1) Carbohydrate Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, JAPAN; (2) National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
JAPAN
Rice straw has been attracted a keen interest as a feedstock for bioethanol
production, without competition with food/feed production. Soft
carbohydrates (SCs), defined as carbohydrates readily recoverable by mere
extraction from the biomass or brief enzymatic saccharification, were found in
significant amounts in rice straw in the form of free glucose, free fructose,
sucrose, starch, and -1,3-1,4-glucan. We found that 75% of total SCs exist in
the culms of straw from the Leaf Star cultivar and that the total amount of
SCs in the culm was about 55% of dry weight. Taking cellulose into account,
the total amount of hexose in the culm reaches 72% of the dry weight. During
the storage of rice straw, we observed quantitative and/or qualitative changes
in the SCs component of culms, suggesting the importance of quality control
during the storage period. We developed a simple method for bioethanol
production from the culm, by a heat treatment for sterilization and starch
gelatinization, followed by simultaneous saccharification / fermentation with
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method would offer an efficient process for
bioethanol production without the aid of harsh thermo/chemical pretreatment
step.

Activity-guided fractionation of cereal phytochemicals according to their
antioxidative properties and their phase I enzyme modulating activity
C. TYL (1), M. Bunzel (1)
(1) University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.
Whole grain consumption is correlated with a decrease in the risk of diseases
associated with chronic inflammation, such as colonic cancer. Certain
phytochemicals isolated from cereal grains have been shown to possess
antioxidative and anti-tumor activities. Moreover, wheat bran extracts have
been found to modulate xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes (XME), but the
responsible constituents have not been identified yet. The aim of this study is
to find out which phytochemicals from whole wheat are key compounds
exhibiting antioxidant and XME modulating activities by using activity
guided chromatographic fractionation. Ground whole wheat is consecutively
extracted with solvents of different polarity, and cell-wall bound components
are obtained by extraction after alkaline hydrolysis. The Folin Ciocalteu assay,
the TEAC assay and the leucomethylene blue test are used for the evaluation
of the extracts reducing and radical scavenging properties. Modulation of the
phase I enzyme cytochrome P-450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is investigated in a yeast
model. Only extracts with the most pronounced effects in these tests are
selected for further purification by size exclusion chromatography and HPLC.
Finally, the structure of the most bioactive compounds will be elucidated by
mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results
obtained so far include trolox equivalents of crude extracts in the above-
mentioned antioxidant-tests and the determination of their effect on CYP1A2
activity. The highest antioxidative activity was found in the extracts obtained
after alkaline hydrolysis. Purification of crude extracts with subsequent testing
is currently underway. This study is intended to be the first approach towards
investigating how technological processes may release bioactive compounds
and also towards the breeding of cereal lines enriched in health-promoting
phytochemicals.

Starch derivatives and their properties
W. VORWERG (1), S. Radosta (1), B. Volkert (1), K. Hettrich (1)
(1) Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Potsdam, U.S.A.
The feedstock starch provides a manifold potential for desired polymer
applications, predominantly in the areas of food and pharma industry,
technical specialies and packaging materials. The development and
optimisation of starch products is focused besides fermentation processing on
applications like regulation of viscosity or gel rigidity in hydrophilic or
lipophilic systems, functional additive in binder formulations, encapsulation
or embedding of agents, usage as emulsifier, cationic or anionic
polyelectrolyte and production of films or injection moulded materials.
Processing and product properties are determined by the choice of starch type,
composition of the starch, the kind of enzyme or depolymerisation agent,
applied oxidation agents or reagents for the preparation of esters or ethers, the
substituent pattern of introduced functional groups and the molar mass
distribution. Compared with the methods of physical treatment and acidic and
enzymatic hydrolysis the chemical derivatisation becomes more important.
Ionic, neutral and hydrophobic substituents cause a broad spectrum of
different physical properties. The different ways to establish structure-
property-relationships are described by several examples of modification for
enzymatic conversion, preparation of viscosity stable non aggregating
products, the suitability as emulsifier or encapsulation agent, the development
of retention and surface sizing aid in papermaking and the replacement of
polyvinyl alcohol and polyolefins in packaging materials. Methods for the
characterisation of physical properties comprise the molar mass distribution,
degree of substitution as information about the chemical composition,
rheological behaviour like flow curves and oscillation measurements,
adsorption isotherms of cationic starch on cellulose fibre, paper strength,
water stability, printability, flocculation and mechanical properties of films.

Synchrotron infrared confocal microspectroscopic imaging reveals
chemical modification sites on single starch granules
D. L. WETZEL (1), Y. Shi (1), J. A. Reffner (2)
Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (2) John Jay College, New York, NY
This is the first attempt to pinpoint modification sites on single starch granules
by FT-IR microspectroscopic techniques involving small step mapping to
achieve localization. The spatial resolution achievable with the combination of
synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy and the confocal image plane
masking of the double-pass single mask Continuum on the U10b beamline
of the National Synchrotron Lightsource of Brookhaven National Laboratory
was used in this study. Commercial use of modified starch is well established
and widespread. Octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch has had approval
for food use for decades. Starch from grains such as corn or wheat exists in
granules. The size of the granules depends on the plant from which the starch
is produced. In this study, the granules typically had a median size of 15 m.
In the production of modified starch, typically an acid anhydride is reacted
with OH groups of the starch polymer. On any one granule, there are a large
number of sites available. With a two-phase solid starch and liquid reagent
reaction mixture, homogeneity in coverage is not predictable. The resulting
ester formation at a modification site adds the ester carbonyl (1740 cm
1
)
organic functional group as well as contributing to CH
2
stretching vibration
from the hydrocarbon chain of the ester to enhance the 2927 cm
1
band
intensity. Detection of the modifying group at any of these locations on a
single granule can be accomplished from the baseline adjusted peak area the
added carbonyl functional group. By stepping a confocal 5 m x 5 m mask 1
m at a time in both the x and y directions, location of adduct functional
groups is localized in spite of the limitations of diffraction. Results of this
study are shown for granules of corn starch modified with octenyl succinic
anhydride. Additionally, a modified wheat starch granule, extended the study
to another starch. Several individual modified corn starch granules were
mapped in small steps with a 5 m 5 m confocal image plane masking in a
raster scan procedure. A ratio of the 1740 cm
1
carbonyl bond area to a band
representative of starch in the 1150-1025 cm
1
region produced images that
revealed the locus of modified sites in 10 m 10 m areas.

Mapping composition of cereal products by NIR hyperspectral imaging
M. B. WHITWORTH (1), S. J. Millar (1), A. Chau (1)
(1) Campden BRI, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, GL55 6LD, UNITED
KINGDOM
Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy is widely established in the
cereals industry for rapid analysis of average properties for bulk samples. New
technology enables images to be taken for which an NIR spectrum is available
for each pixel, enabling the distribution of composition to be mapped. This
paper describes applications to cereal grains, flour and baked products.
Measurements were taken using a system supplied by Gilden Photonics Ltd.
(Glasgow, UK) incorporating a Specim (Oulu, Finland) SWIR camera with a
cooled 14 bit HgCdTe detector and N25E spectrograph. Samples were
scanned in a pushbroom mode using a motorised stage. The system has a
spectral resolution of 256 pixels covering a range of 9702500 nm and a
spatial resolution of 320 pixels covering a swathe adjustable from 8 to 300
mm. Images are acquired at a rate of up to 100 lines/s, enabling samples to be
scanned within a few seconds. An application is shown for measurement of
changes in moisture distribution in baguettes during storage. Replicate
samples were taken at intervals of time after production. Hyperspectral images
were taken for slices and reference moisture measurements were made for
core samples by oven drying. A moisture calibration was developed by PLS
analysis using mean spectra for regions corresponding to those from which
cores were cut. The calibration was applied to map the distribution of
moisture for each pixel in the slices. Results are presented as a function of
storage time and humidity. Further examples for baked products include a
comparison of crystalline and non-crystalline sucrose in biscuits and a cream
filling, and measurement of moisture and fat distributions in fried products
A31
including doughnuts. Results will also be presented from ongoing studies of
moisture diffusion in starch pellets, wheat and flour homogeneity, and malting
of barley grains.

Modified starches reveal starch and protein functionality in a model
pound cake system
E. WILDERJANS (1), A. Luyts (1), H. Goesaert (2), K. Brijs (1), J. A.
Delcour (3)
Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven; (2) KULeuven LRD; (3) [email protected]
Different modified wheat starches were used in a pound cake formula using
gluten-starch blends as flour models. The impact of incorporation of 30%
cross-linked starches on batter properties during baking was much smaller
than that of incorporation of the same level of hydroxypropylated starches.
Incorporation of hydroxypropylated starch in the recipe fastened batter
viscosity increase during baking and diminished oven rise. Furthermore, cakes
containing hydroxypropylated starch rather than native starch had higher
protein extractability. During cooling, control cake collapsed less than cross-
linked starch containing cake, which itself collapsed less than
hydroxypropylated starch containing cake. Presumably, most of the cake
collapse takes place before the starch gel is formed during cooling. Protein
aggregation during baking, on the other hand, provides cell walls with
structural material and a higher resistance to collapse. Furthermore, the starch
gel as well as reacted protein influenced the cell wall texture. Obviously, the
combination of a protein network, formed during baking, with a starch gel,
formed during cooling, makes up the crumb cell walls and determines cake
quality.

A consumer packaged goods company perspective on rice sustainability
M. WILSON (1)
(1) Mars Food US, Rancho Domiguez, CA, U.S.A.
Global warming, greenhouse gas, water stress index and carbon footprint are
all terms that have been added to our daily vernacular to describe the various
aspects of sustainability. More and more consumers are making informed
choices on the products and brands they purchase based on their
environmental impact. Rice feeds nearly half of the worlds population and is
responsible for over 20% of calories consumed. Thus, growing rice and its
processing, distributing, preparation and disposal have significant impacts on
the environment and even small improvements can make an important
difference. It is now obvious that creating a more sustainable rice industry is
not just the responsible thing to do, its vital for the long term viability of our
industry. Although the US rice industry accounts for a small percentage of the
global rice market, we clearly have an opportunity and obligation to work
together to demonstrate our leadership on sustainability and environmental
stewardship.

Preparation and properties of reversibly swellable starches
K. WOO (1), P. A. Seib (2)
(1) MGP Ingredients Inc, Shawnee, KS; (2) Kansas State University
Reversibly swellable starches were prepared from wheat, waxy wheat, potato,
corn, waxy corn, and high-amylose (70%) corn by pre-swelling, cross-linking,
gelatinizing and drying. Starch was subjected to pre-swelling for 3090 min at
45C in water (1520% w/w starch solids) with sodium hydroxide (13%,
starch basis) and sodium sulfate (515%, starch basis). Then, cross-linking
was done by adding 10% (sb) of a mixture (99/1, w/w) of sodium
trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate and stirring at 45C for 28 h.
After isolation the modified starch was gelatinized in excess water by boiling
for 30 min, and oven-dried (40C) to give practically a quantitative yield of
reversibly swellable starch containing up to 0.4% phosphorus and 560% total
dietary fiber. Reversibly swellable wheat starches exhibited reversible
swelling in excess water at 25C and 95C that was equal to swelling power,
312 g/g at either temperature. The equal swelling powers at 25C and 95C
imply that the hydratable starch chains in the reversibly swellable starch do
not retrograde into intractable solids upon oven drying, probably because of
the limited mobility of the cross-linked network. During six cycles of
hydration in excess water at 95C followed by oven drying at 100C, the
modified wheat starch with moderate swelling (swelling power 8 g/g)
maintained the same swelling properties without losing granular structure or
soluble starch. Reversibly swellable wheat with moderate swelling power of 8
g/g did not develop sufficient viscosity to register a pasting curve at 8% starch
solids. A pasting curve was observed at 20% starch solids. Reversibly
moderately swellable wheat starch hydrated with 89 parts of water produces
a smooth, fat-like semisolid. Reversibly swellable starches show potential as
non-gelling, opaque thickeners, as well as fat replacers, recyclable desiccants,
flowing agents, drug and flavor carriers, and off-odor absorbers.

Evaluation of waxy grain sorghum for ethanol production
S. YAN (1), X. Wu (2), S. Bean (3), J. Pederson (4), T. Tesso (5), R. Chen
(3), D. Wang (2)
(1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; (2) Kansas State University,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Manhanttan, KS; (3) USDA-ARS
Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, KS; (4) USDA-
ARS Grain, Forages and Bioenergy Research, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE; (5) Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS
The objective of this research was to investigate the fermentation performance
of waxy grain sorghum for ethanol production Waxy grain sorghum varieties
were evaluated using a laboratory dry grind procedure. Total starch and
amylose contents were measured using Megazyme assay procedures. The
range of total starch and amylose contents were 65.476.3% and 5.57.3%,
respectively. Fermentation efficiencies were 8995%, corresponding to
ethanol yields from 2.613.03 gallon/bushel. The major advantages of using
waxy sorghums for ethanol production are low energy input for cooking
process, high starch and protein digestibility, high free amino nitrogen
content, and short fermentation time. The results showed there was strong
linear relationship between free amino nitrogen and fermentation rate.
Fermentation rate increased as free amino nitrogen content increased,
especially during the first 30 hours of fermentation (R
2
= 0.91). Total starch
content in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was less than 1% for
all the waxy varieties.

Inhibitory effect of sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanin structure on esophageal
cancer cell proliferation in vitro
L. YANG (1), J. M. Awika (1)
(1) Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station,
TX, U.S.A.
Epidemiological evidence has correlated consumption of sorghum with
reduced incidences of gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer, especially esophageal
cancer. We recently found that the level of pigmentation in sorghum affected
their potency to inhibit human GI cancer cell growth in vitro. This study aims
to determine how structure of isolated sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanin pigments
affects their antiproliferation potential. Inhibitory capacity of pigments
isolated from black sorghum (Tx430) on human esophageal carcinoma cells
(OE33) growth were evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and PicoGreen assays. The 3-deoxyantho-
cyanins found in black sorghum were luteolinidin, apigeninidin and their
derivatives. Luteolinidin and apigeninidin showed a 50% inhibition (IC
50
) of
OE33 proliferation at 169.5283.3 M, which was comparable to genistein,
the isoflavone in soybean (IC
50
s117.5144.2 M); 7-methoxylated luteolini-
din and apigeninidin exhibited stronger inhibitory potential with IC
50
s from
41.0192.0 M; the 5,7-dimethoxylated forms had strongest potency: IC
50
s
were 47.2102.0 M for 5,7-dimethoxyluteolinidin and 17.918.5 M for 5,7-
dimethoxyapigeninidin. Glycosides had lower potency compared with their
aglycones. Higher molecular weight 3-deoxyanthocyanin fractions showed
inhibitory potential with IC
50
s 73.2103.4 g/mL, which was stronger than
the crude extract from black sorghum (IC
50
251422 g/mL). Apigeninidin
and its derivatives have stronger inhibitory potency than respective
luteolinidin derivatives. Methoxylation generally improved the inhibitory
capacity of the molecules. Sorghum 3-deoxyanthocyanins, which are known
to be stable colorants, have strong inhibitory capacity against human
esophageal cancer cell growth and could be valuable functional ingredients in
health-related products.

Novel thermo-mechanical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for
efficient ethanol production from agricultural residues
J. YOO (1), S. Alavi (1), P. Vadlani (1), V. Amanor-Boadu (1)
The 2008 National Biofuels Acti gallons of annual ethanol production in the
U.S. by 2022, most of which is expected to be met by advanced biofuels. This
study was to investigate an efficient pre-treatment process based on thermo-
mechanical extrusion processing foron Plan envisions 36 billion low cost
lignocellulosic ethanol production along with optimum process parameters for
enzymatic saccharification. Sugar yield was determined by using a
dinitrosalicylic acid sugar assay and HPLC. The enzyme combination for
maximum reducing sugar yield from soybean hulls, pre-treated using dilute
acid hydrolysis, was found at 84.3, 82.2 and 111.3 ml/g cellulose for cellulase,
A32
cellobiase, and cell-wall degrading enzyme, respectively, following response
surface methodology. However no optimum could be found in the studied
range from alkali hydrolyzed or extruded soybean hull. After 48 hrs
incubation, more than 80% of starch and non-starch polysaccharides in the
extrudate were hydrolyzed, and the saccharification rate stabilized. The effect
of extrusion process parameters on sugar yield, such as barrel temperature, in-
barrel moisture, and starch addition was compared. Extrusion processing was
facilitated by the addition of corn starch. Maximum sugar yield was obtained
with 20% starch, 20% in-barrel moisture, and 80C barrel temperature. For
samples extruded at 80C, glucose content ranged from 24 to 28 g/L, which
corresponded to 59 to 71% conversion of cellulose. Extrusion processing
increased cellulose conversion to glucose by up to 42.7% compared with non
extruded soybean hull-starch mixture. High in-barrel moisture content (40%)
without starch addition also helped extrusion processing of soybean hulls, and
its sugar yield was comparable to traditional pre-treatments. The extrusion
process resulted in less change in cellulose crystallinity than did acid or alkali
hydrolysis.

A33

2009 Annual Meeting
Abstracts of Poster Presentations
Abstracts submitted for poster presentations at the 2009 annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, September 1316. The abstracts are listed in alphabetical order
by first authors last name. Abstracts are published as submitted. They were formatted but not edited at the AACC International headquarters office.

Cooling procedure after sterilization in a liquid of a specific starch
determines the in vitro digestion and particle size characteristics
E. ABRAHAMSE (1), F. Dijk (1), J. Knol (1), H. Bouritius (1)
(1) Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen,
NETHERLANDS
In a previous study it was shown that a specific sterilization temperature
applied to an aqueous suspension of (modified high amylose starch) mHAS
makes it slowly digestible in vitro and low glycemic in rats (J Nutr, 2007.
137(10): 2202-7). In the current pilot study the effect of different cooling
procedures after sterilization on in vitro digestion characteristics as well as
particle size distribution was investigated. After heating the starch suspension
at 121C in an oil bath, the products were placed in a water bath of 4, 20, 30
or 40C to let starch retrogradation take place. After 24 hrs the nutritionally
important starch fractions RDS (rapidly digestible starch), SDS (slowly
digestible starch) and RS (resistant starch) were determined with the method
of Englyst. Particle size distribution was determined using laser diffraction.
The digestibility appeared to increase with decreasing cooling temperature;
the amount of RS dropped from approx. 55% at 40C to 8% at 4C. The
amount of SDS and RDS both increased with decreasing cooling temperature,
although more pronounced for SDS; from approx. 6% at 40C to 32% at 4C
versus 30% at 40C to 52% at 4C for RDS. The particle size distribution also
appeared to be temperature dependent; the specific surface area, calculated
from the surface weighed mean particle diameter, increased with decreasing
temperature. The resulting higher surface to volume ratio may be an
explanation for the higher digestibility. These results show that by means of
heat and especially cooling treatment the characteristics of the starch source
mHAS can be designed for a specific need; in this case highly but slowly
digestible for inclusion of a low glycemic, high energy diet for malnourished
diabetic patients.

Physical, texture and preference characteristics of pasta added with
unripe banana flour
E. AGAMA-ACEVEDO (1), J. J. Islas-Hernandez (1), P. Osorio-Diaz (1)
(1) CEPROBI-IPN, Yautepec, Morelos, MEXICO
Banana is a starchy food that contains a high proportion of indigestible
compounds such as resistant starch and non-starch polysaccharides. Products
with low glycemic response such as pasta are considered favorable to health.
The objective of this study was to use unripe banana flour to make spaghetti
with low-carbohydrates digestibility and evaluate its physical and texture
characteristics, as well as consumer preference. Formulations consisting of
100% durum wheat semolina (control) and mixtures of semolina:banana flour
of 85:15, 70:30 and 55:45 were prepared for spaghetti processing. The
addition of banana flour decreased the lightness and diameter of cooked
spaghetti, and increased the water absorption of the product. Hardness and
elasticity of spaghetti were not affected by the addition of banana flour, but
adhesiveness and chewiness increased when banana flour level in the blend
rose. Spaghettis prepared in the laboratory (control and those added with
banana flour at different levels) did not show difference in the preference by
the consumers. In general, the preference of spaghettis added with different
banana flour level was similar. Addition of a source of indigestible
carbohydrates (banana flour) to spaghetti did not produce changes in
preference by consumers and is possible to elaborate a nutraceutical product.

Characterization of sorghum starch
Y. AI (1), R. Wongsagonsup (1), D. Wang (2), J. Jane (1)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.; (2) Kansas State University,
Sorghum, a drought-tolerant cereal crop, has considerable potential for food
and bioethanol applications. Objectives of this study were to characterize the
physicochemical properties and digestibility of starches isolated from five
sorghum lines (6B73, 6C21, 6C69, 7R34, and X789). The sorghum kernels
consisted of 71.7 to 77.7% starch (db). Starches of X789 and 7R34 lines had
the lowest onset gelatinization temperature (T
o
, 66.6C), and that of the 6C69
had the highest T
o
(67.4C). The starches had different amylose contents. The
X789 starch had the least amylose content (27.1%), whereas the 7R34 starch
had the largest (29.6%). The pasting temperatures of the five starches varied
from 72.4 to 74.0C. The X789 starch showed higher peak viscosity (183.0
RVU) than other starch samples (152.1-173.3 RVU). All starches displayed
the A-type X-ray pattern with percentage crystallinity of 25.829.6%. Among
all the starches studied, the X789 starch displayed the greatest susceptibility to
porcine pancreatic -amylase hydrolysis, and the starch hydrolysis reached
47.2% after 48 h, whereas for other starches it ranged from 36.3 to 40.0%.
The mass ratio of long branch-chains (27 < DP < 118) to short branch-chains
(DP < 27) of amylopectin of the X789 starch, determined using HPSEC, was
smaller (0.37) than other starch samples (0.410.45). The fewer long branch-
chains of the X789 starch could result in its lower T
o
and greater digestibility
to enzyme hydrolysis than other starches.

Separation and isolation of intact parenchyma cells from raw (uncooked)
potato (Solanumtuberosum) tissue
A. ANANTACHOTE (1), H. Kim (1), K. C. Huber (1)
(1) University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, U.S.A
During processing of commercial potato products, heat processing renders
starch within tubers readily digestible, leading to high glycemic, low resistant
starch products. The overarching goal of this research was to develop and
characterize a dehydrated potato-based food ingredient possessing an intact
A34
parenchyma cell structure (potential for RS1) and ungelatinized starch granule
fraction (potential for RS2). Two potato cultivars, Russet Burbank (RB) and
Russet Norkotah (RN), and two isolation schemes, alkaline (ALK) and
enzyme (ENZ) treatments, were evaluated for generation of parenchyma cell
flours (i.e., Cell fractions). Isolated Cell fractions representing cultivar/
isolation methods were analyzed in regard to fraction yield, microstructure,
chemical composition, and physical properties. Cultivar/isolation method
combinations yielded Cell fractions in the range of 4060% (w/w) of fresh
potato dry solid contents. Cell fraction yields from raw potato tissue for the
four cultivar/isolation scheme combinations followed the order: RN/ENZ >
RB/ENZ > RN/ALK > RB/ALK. RN produced greater Cell fraction yields
than RB, while the ENZ method was more productive than the ALK method.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM) observations
revealed that Cell fractions were comprised of intact parenchyma cells
possessing ungelatinized starch granules. Swelling, gelatinization, and pasting
characteristics of isolated Cell fractions varied according to isolation method
(ALK vs. ENZ). These products could potentially be utilized as is in low-
moisture food applications (e.g., baked or snack products), or be subjected to
additional physical and/or chemical treatments to modify physical properties,
moderate digestibility, and/or enhance resistant starch content and stability.

Effect of retrogradation and dehydration process on physicochemical and
texture properties of maize tortillas
G. ARAMBULA-VILLA (1), A. Escalante-Aburto (2), I. Verdalet-Guzman
(2), E. Gutierrez-Arias (3)
(1) CINVESTAV-IPN Queretaro, Queretaro, Qro., MEXICO; (2) Instituto de
Ciencias Basicas. Universidad Veracruzana. Veracruz, Mexico; (3) Cinvestav-
Qro., Queretaro, Qro., Mexico
The maize tortillas lose their texture characteristics after theirs elaboration and
during storage. The staling of maize tortillas could be caused by
retrogradation of starch granules, but the water loss due the dehydration can
affect this property also. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of
retrogradation and dehydration process on the main physicochemical and
textural properties of maize tortillas. Two types of maize grain (Conico
norteo and QPM) were used to make tortillas by the traditional
nixtamalization process. To evaluate the retrogradation effect, the tortillas
were kept at constant relative moisture, and to evaluate the dehydration
process, the temperature and relative moisture were kept constant. Three
relative moisture, 30, 40 and 50%; and three temperatures, 25, 35, y 45C
were tested. The physicochemical properties of experimental tortillas were
similar to that from tortillas elaborated with other types of maize considered
as adequate for nixtamalization. The moisture content for tortillas elaborated
with Conico and QPM was 47.01% and 42.94%, respectively. Tortillas from
both types of maize showed adequate puffing degree and rollability, but the
tensile strength showed significant differences. The values of cutting force
were similar in tortillas from two types of maize. Tortillas elaborated with
Conico and QPM maize showed similar behavior, increasing the tensile
strength and cutting force as the storage time was increased. The
retrogradation enthalpy was higher for tortillas storage with non-controlled
relative moisture with temperature 5C. In the first hour of storage, the higher
value of retrogradation enthalpy was showed. The values of Effective
Moisture Diffusion Coefficient were 6.97 10
7
cm
2
s
1
for QPM tortillas and
11.43 10
6
cm
2
s
1
for Conico tortillas, this indicated higher rate of
dehydration for Conico tortilla samples.

Irradiation as a tool for modifying physiochemical characteristics of rice
flours and rice cake quality
B. BAIK (1), J. Lee (2), M. Byun (2), J. Kim (2), J. Kim (3), S. Lim (3)
(1) Washington State University, Pullman, WA, U.S.A.; (2) Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea; (3) School of Life Sciences and
Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Gamma irradiation is an effective way to control insects and microorganisms
in food ingredients, and is also known to cause modifications of food
components, affecting their physicochemical properties and, subsequently,
food product quality. Irradiation may be used as a rapid and convenient tool
for modifying properties of major food components. We irradiated two rice
flours of different amylose content at doses of 1, 3, 5 and 10 kGy, and
determined their functional properties and rice cake quality. Both pasting
viscosity and setback of rice flour of 12% concentration decreased
consistently as irradiation dose increased, probably due to the breakdown of
both amylopectin and amylose molecules by irradiation. While normal rice
flour of 12% concentration formed a relatively strong gel before irradiation, it
failed to form a gel even with irradiation dose of 1 kGy and remained as a
paste after 7 days at 4C, indicating that amylose molecules of rice starch
sustained severe damage with irradiation. DSC onset temperature and
enthalpy for gelatinization of waxy rice flour of 50% concentration was little
affected by irradiation dosage up to 10 kGy. For melting retrograded waxy
rice flour of 50% concentration, irradiation of 1 to 10 kGy showed no
influence on onset temperature, but lowered enthalpy from 14.2 in non-
irradiated flour to 11.311.8 J/g with little dosage effect. Rice cakes prepared
from both normal and waxy rice flours showed shrinkage with irradiation to a
greater degree in normal than in waxy flour. Normal rice flour irradiated at 1
kGy and waxy rice flour at 1 to 3 kGy produced rice cakes of similar or lower
hardness compared to non-irradiated flour. When stored for 1 day, rice cakes
of waxy rice flours irradiated at 1 to 3 kGy exhibited lower hardness
compared to rice cakes of non-irradiated flours.

Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their
relations to grain color, size and weight
J. BAO (1), Y. Shen (1), L. Jin (1)
(1) Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PEOPLES REP OF CHINA
Total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant capacity from a wide
collection of rice germplasm were measured, and their relations to grain color,
grain size and 100-grain weight were investigated. Highly significant geno-
typic differences were observed in total phenolic, flavonoid content and 2,2-
azino-bis-(3-ehylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)
radical cation antioxidant capacity. Significant positive pair-wise correlations
were found among the phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity,
and the coefficient between the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was
extremely high (r = 0.96). Among all rice accessions, the grain color parameters
had negativet correlations with the phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant
capacity (p < 0.001). The negative correlation between color parameter a* and
antioxidant capacity, and the positive correlation between color paramter hue
(H
o
) and antioxidant capacity were consistent within the respective white rice
and red rice groups. Flavonoid content had positive correlation with grain
length and length to width ratio, and had negative correlation with the 100-
grain weight among all rice accessions. It was also found that 100-grain
weight still had negative correlations with phenolic, flavonoid content and
antioxidant capacity within the white rice genotypes. These relationships may
be served as index to indirectly select breeding lines high in the phenolics,
flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. This project was funded by Zhejiang
Provincial Natural Science Foundation (R3080016) and the New-Century
Young Investigator program from the Ministry of Enducation, China.

Optimized combinations of fibers used as nutritional stabilizers in cereal
based products
S. BARAY (1)
(1) Colloides Naturels International, Rouen, France
Colloides Naturels International (CNI) has developed a line of functional and
nutritional food ingredients based on two all-natural co-processed dietary
fibers: acacia gum, a soluble fiber, and wheat fiber, a gluten-free insoluble
fiber. This Fiber Innovation is manufactured using a proprietary and unique
technology developed exclusively by CNI and contains a minimum level of
90% dietary fiber on a dry weight basis. This Fiber Innovation combines the
numerous proven nutritional and health benefits of acacia gum (notably a
strong prebiotic effect and the ability to reduce blood glycemia) with the well-
known positive effect of wheat fiber on transit regulation. An optimized and
balanced ratio between the two essential types of fibers has been achieved in
this range of healthy ingredients to deliver the highest level of functionality in
a variety of food products. Many application studies have been completed to
show that Fiber Innovation mimics the rheological properties of fat while
enhancing the freshness of different foodstuffs. Not only the nutritional profile
of food products is improved through the enrichment with soluble and
insoluble fibers, but also the overall caloric value can be significantly reduced
by replacing fat with non digestible fibers. In bakery products such as muffins,
cakes and cookies, 1% Fiber Innovation can substitute up to 50% of the fat
while noticeably improving the texture and the shelf life. This new ingredient
is dispersible in cold water and requires no heating or shearing for activation,
in order to develop its unique smooth texture. The Fiber Innovation is a pre-
activated dust free and instantized pure powder that is tasteless and odorless.
It is easy to use and tolerant to most processing conditions (high shear,
temperature or pH extremes).

Cluster analysis of lowland and upland rice cultivars based on grain
quality attributes
P. Z. BASSINELLO (1), O. P. de Morais (1), J. P. de Oliveira (1), M. Chen
(2), A. McClung (3)
(1) EMBRAPA Rice and Beans, Santo Antonio de Goias, GO, BRAZIL; (2)
USDA, Beaumont, TX; (3) USDA, Stutgart, AR
Rice is cropped in many countries all over the world and plays an important
role in human nutrition as well as in agricultural economics, besides its social
A35
importance. Embrapa Rice and Beans is responsible for national rice
enhancement programs and is conducting breeding projects to increase yield
and grain quality. A big challenge has been to characterize rice quality based
on indirect methods and, especially for lowland cultivars, differentiate the
cooking or technological properties of those samples with similar amylose
content. The aim of this work was to evaluate some quality parameters in
different rice cultivars from upland and lowland systems and submit them to
the cluster analysis. The following analyses were done: apparent amylose
content, gelatinization temperature (alkali test), RVA and cooking test
according to standard methods. Data analyses were performed based on
cluster and corr procedure using Statistical Analysis System (SAS institute
2002). Based on the results, most of samples were classified as intermediate
apparent amylose, but presented different gelatinization temperatures (low and
intermediate) and viscoamylographic profiles. The cluster analysis showed at
least three main groups based on all studied parameters and it was possible to
separate one group for lowland rice and two others for upland rice. Only one
irrigated rice recommended for tropical areas was out of lowland group. The
main attributes which seem to affect this pattern were the apparent amylose
content and gelatinization temperature, when considering all the attributes
together. When only the RVA results are considered, a different profile is
exhibited by the cluster analysis, showing new combinations. The analysis
also revealed the cultivars from both systems with similar patterns for almost
all attributes.

Algae as a nutritive valuable ingredient in food
K. S. BECH (1)
(1) Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus C, DENMARK
Algae (seaweed and phytoplankton) are generally speaking an unexploited
source of a large number of nutritive valuable ingredients which can be used
to increase the nutritional value of food. The Danish Technological Institute, a
government approved technological service institute, is developing cost-
effective ways of using algae components in food to improve the nutritional
value of food products. For centuries algae have been used as an important
source of food for humans and feed for domestic animals in Denmark as well
as in numerous other countries but are now mostly used in Asia. In the future
it is expected that the use of algae as supplements in food products will
increase due to the beneficial compounds in algae. Depending on the algae
species and growth conditions the chemical composition can vary enormously.
Phytoplankton can under certain conditions contain up to 90% lipids (dw) and
not uncommonly above 50% (dw). Lipids in algae generally have an omega-
3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio of approximately 1
which is as low as recommended in human diet. Seaweed has generally a low
content of lipids but accumulates large concentrations of carbohydrates (i.e.
alginate and carragenaan which are used as food stabilizers). Both seaweed
and phytoplankton can contain high concentrations of protein with a very high
amino acid score (based on the amount of essential amino acids) of up to 91-
100. These values are substantially higher than what is found in cereals and
are equal to what is found in animal protein. Interestingly, algae also contain
several minerals and vitamins which can be used to enrich food products that
are not nutritionally optimal. To enrich human food with algae extracts in the
future appears to be highly beneficial as the production of algae is ecological
as well as economic sustainable.

Effects of minimisation of sodium chloride in baked goods
M. BECK (1), M. T. Jekle (1), T. Becker (1)
(1) Technische Universitt Mnchen - Lehrstuhl fr Brau- und
Getrnketechnologie - 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan - Germany
The traditional use of sodium chloride (NaCl) in baked goods has
technological and sensory reasons. Besides a controlled fermentation, an
improved gluten structure, prolonged shelf life and improved processability,
NaCl is most important for the sensory impression of baked goods. The
sensory perception is, however, not only determined by the salty taste. In
addition, salt also induces other sensory impressions, e.g. sweet taste and
masks metallic aromas or bitter taste. Using NaCl in the production of food
has been discussed controversely. An increased intake of sodium has been
shown to be correlated with hypertension, which is associated with
cardiovascular disease. Therefore, NaCl has been classified as an unwanted
constituent of foods in the EU Health Claim regulation. As about 35% of the
sodium demand are covered by baked goods. Baked goods contain about 1
1.6 g salt /100 g and are therefore critical according to the planned
regulations. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects
of varying amounts of NaCl on rheological, sensorial and wheat bread texture
properties. The technology effects were in particular studied by baking tests
and DSC effects. Textural properties were measured by a Texture Analyser
over a seven-day storage period. The addition of NaCl improved the hardness
of wheat bread crumb and result in decreased retrogradation as determined
with DSC. Further sensorial investigations were done. An optimum of bread
popularity was recognized between 1,5 and 2% NaCl concentration in wheat
bread. The results of this work confirm that NaCl owns important effect on
wheat dough and on bread and sensorial quality and because of the above
mentioned reasons the baking industry needs replacers for NaCl preserving
the high quality of the products and a pure salty taste.

Structural studies of maize and barley starches: Amylose and amylopectin
L. A. BELLO-PEREZ (1), S. Rodriguez-Ambriz (1)
Cereal starches such as maize, wheat, rice are widely used at the industrial
level, and the molecular and structural characterization of its components
(amylose and amylopectin) is an important step to predict and explain their
physicochemical and functional behaviour. Solubilization procedures were
tested, and that with the highest solubilization percentage was chosen to study
the structural characteristics of amylose and amylopectin. To study the
amylase molar mass a size-exclusion chromatography with refractive index
(SEC-RI) system using a pullulan standard curve was used. Besides,
microbatch system using a MALLS detector was used to determine the molar
mass and gyration radius of starch and amylopectin. Difference in the shape
and size of maize and barley starches were evident by the microscopy
analysis, and intact granules were obtained after the isolation procedure.
Microwave heating, produced higher solubility percentages than autoclave,
and differences were found between both starches. The sample solubilized
with microwave heating presented higher molar mass and gyration radius
values than autoclave, showing that this process gives representative
information of the initial starch sample in structural studies. When starch
components were separated, amylose showed lower purity than amylopectin.
Lower purity was obtained for amylose separated from barley starch, but no
difference was obtained from purity of amylopectin separated from both
starches. Barley amylopectin had higher solubility percentage than maize
amylopectin. Molar mass of barley amylose was 1.03 10
5
g/mol and for
maize of 2.25 10
5
g/mol. The molar mass of amylopectin separated from
both starches was lower than its starch counterpart, although the same
solubilization procedure (microwave heating) was used. The difference might
be due to during separation of the starch components depolymerization was
produced.

Effect of the acetylation degree in the morphological, physicochemical
and structural characteristics of barley starch
L. BELLO-PEREZ (1), P. B. Zamudio-Flores (1), G. Mendez-Montealvo (1),
S. L. Rodriguez-Ambriz (1)
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the major cereal crops. Barley grain is
mainly used in the brewing and malting industries and for animal feeds.
Although the interest in barley as a component of food systems is mainly for
the potential health benefits of -glucans, barley still presents an important
starch source for food and industrial applications. The objective of this study
was to investigate the morphological, physicochemical and structural
characteristics of acetylated barley starch at two different levels. Barley starch
was acetylated at two levels (low degree (LD) and high degree (HD)
substitution) and the morphological, physicochemical and structural of the
resultant acetylated barley starch were determined. The acetylated barley
starches presented the signal at 1226 cm
1
that corresponds to the C-O
stretching of acetyl groups. The morphological study showed fusion of starch
granules in the acetylated starch with HD. This effect was evident in the
pasting test, because the viscoamylograph profile of HD starch showed the
absence in peak viscosity, viscosity breakdown and viscosity setback. The
peak gelatinization was similar for native and LD and decrease in the HD
acetylated starch. The gelatinization enthalpy value showed difference among
the samples, indicating that the loss of the ordered double helices more than
the crystallinity loss was higher in the HD acetylated barley starch. In the
retrogradation test, HD substitution avoided the retrogradation because the
lowest enthalpy value was obtained in this acetylated starch. The Mw and Rz
values decreased due to the acetylation process, indicating depolymerization
of starch components as it was evidenced by the increase in short chains level
in the acetylated samples.

Small scale and rapid starch isolation using a combination of ultrasound
and sucrose gradient
M. BENMOUSSA (1), B. Hamaker (1)
(1) Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Dept. of Food Science,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Generally, the conventional procedures of starch extraction from cereal grains
are longer than 48 hr and require a large amount of grain material. In any
A36
starch isolation procedure, grain milling, protein extraction and starch granule
separation are the main steps. An efficient procedure with reduced extraction
time and material weight would be beneficial for analytical work. For this
purpose, we propose a modification of all steps. Our goal in the present study
was to develop a rapid starch isolation method with non-harmful chemicals
and from dry-grinded flour. Maize and sorghum grains were selected for dry
and wet milling. Our proposed procedure starts the dry milling and mixing the
flour (100 mg) with NaCl solution (0.05 M) in a ratio of 1/5, w/v. Ultrasound
was then used to reduce protein extraction time. Flour slurries were treated
using an ultrasound probe at 25% amplitude followed by filtration through a
nylon screen (52 m). The slurry was again treated by ultrasound and then
layered on top of a sucrose gradient solution (65%, w/v) for protein and starch
granule separation. Tubes were centrifuged at low speed for 15 s. The pellet
was washed three times with water or ethanol and then dried. Light
microscope observation of separated fractions showed that starch granules
were found in the pellet and proteins and damaged starch are collected from
the top layer of the gradient. Isolated starch quality was tested using a
birefringence microscope showing intact starch granule from the pellet. The
proposed extraction method showed 67% yield for sorghum and 68% for
maize. Protein content in isolated starch was below 0.5%. Isolated starch
physicochemical properties were investigated. The combination of dry
milling, ultrasound and sucrose gradient methods offers a small scale, rapid
method for starch granule separation.

Prevalence and detection of mycotoxins in dried distillers grains from
Nebraska
A. BIANCHINI (1), J. Stratton (1), L. B. Bullerman (1), S. Chung (1), T.
Jackson (1)
(1) University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
Dried distillers grains are corn co-products produced by the ethanol industry,
which primarily go into farm animal feed. A major concern is the possible
presence of mycotoxins, which are not destroyed during the grain-to-ethanol
conversion process. Mycotoxins can have deleterious effects on animal health,
but few studies have been done to determine their prevalence in distillers
grains. The objective of this study was to conduct a survey of distillers grains
from ethanol plants in Nebraska for aflatoxin and fumonisin levels, and to
optimize the methods of detection by high performance liquid
chromatography. Forty-five samples of distillers grains were collected from
ethanol plants and analyzed using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 HPLC system
with Chromeleon
software. Waters Nova Pak
4 m 3.9 150 mm reversed

phase C18 columns were used to perform the chromatographic separations
and quantification. Of the samples surveyed, 45 of 45 samples were positive
for one or more of fumonisin B1, B2, and B3, with the mean total detected at
7.0 ppm. The highest level detected was 17.6 ppm. For aflatoxin, 41 of 45
samples were positive for one or both aflatoxin B1 and B2, with the mean
total detected at 2.0 ppb. The highest level detected was 14.4 ppb.
Optimization of the detection methods for aflatoxin and fumonisin consisted
of adjusting the mobile phase solvent ratios and the use of immunoaffinity
clean-up columns. In addition, 15 samples were tested for aflatoxin and
fumonisin using commercially available ELISA rapid detection kits. The
overall results were comparable with the HPLC method, supporting their use
for rapid screening. Distillers grains tested for deoxynivalenol by the ELISA
method averaged 0.4 ppm per sample, with the highest level detected at 2.3
ppm.

Near IR Focal Plane Array imaging determines uniformity and
composition in formula feed production using an edible tracer
M. D. BOATWRIGHT (1), D. L. Wetzel (1), L. R. Brewer (1)
Consumption of grain either directly or indirectly is responsible for a very
large portion of the human diet. Bread, the staff of life, a product of cereals
is consumed directly. Many grains find their way to human consumption by
conversion of plant protein to animal protein, through the feeding of livestock.
Formula feeds have a prominent role in the production of meat, dairy and
poultry foods. The protein content of formula feeds is one of the primary
guaranteed specifications. Essential nutrients and other ingredients,
customized to suit the feeding objective and animal health, are blended during
processing. The addition of trace nutrients and other additives requires a
uniform distribution throughout the finished product. Assessing efficiency of
the mixing operation is subject to the physical form in which the feedstuffs
exist. To assure uniformity in the product, the performance of the mixing
devise that typically has a capacity of 1000 lb or more, must be determined
experimentally. Tracers commonly used that have a different granularity do
not necessary have the flow characteristics of some of the nutrient additives.
A tracer with granularity similar to the base material (ground corn, ground
sorghum) offers an advantage. Near-IR spectral differences of an edible
porphyrin from those of the commodities used allows a tracer function to be
performed from near-IR images produced by an InSb focal plane array
instrument that yields 82,000 pixels. Per image, spectra for each pixel are
produced simultaneously in 3 minutes with no moving parts by electronic
wavelength switching of a Liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF). Imaging of
samples collected at in regular 30 second intervals of the process from which
the tracer population is assessed relative to the major commodity may be used
to determine completeness of the mixing operation and avoid inefficient
overmixing. Homogeneity of the mixed materials is reached when the tracer
spectral response relative to the matrix reaches a steady state. Future flow
rates and residence times in the mixer may be planned from such a test
procedure. A spectroscopic difference in the tracer that maintains flow
characteristics compatible with the commodity are the key to its employment
and success in the procedure recommended in this study.

Bread making prediction for breeders from 50 grams of flour
N. BOINOT (1), O. Le Brun (1), A. Dubat (1)
(1) CHOPIN Technologies, Villeneuve la garenne, FRANCE
Bread making is the most accepted quality control tool for determining wheat
flour quality. Nevertheless, Breeders often face the problem of small amount
of sample, making it impossible to perform laboratory bread making tests
following the standard method. A possibility is to use available laboratory
instruments and to develop predictive models able to approach, as close as
possible, the real breadmaking value. Normally developing such models
require summing up results obtained from different laboratory devices. This
leads to an increase uncertainty (cumulative uncertainty of each instrument)
and need to higher sample quantity. The development of a new method based
on the Chopin Technologiess new Mixolab is under development in our
applications department. The goal is to use the complete information given by
the instrument (protein behavior, starch behavior, enzymes actions and
interactions) in one single test and with a limited amount of samples (50
grams). We studied 191 wheat samples from two French crops, every sample
was referenced in bread making characteristics following the French Standard
NF V03-716. Each sample was tested on the Mixolab following the standard
procedure (ICC N173). Data Treatment and statistical treatment were made
using Minitab
1.15. For baking water absorption, the model allowed to have

88% and 99%. For the volume, we obtained 66% and 95%. For Dough
Scoring we reached 63% and 93% and for bread scoring we obtained 58%
within the repeatability limits and 81% within the reproducibility limits. This
promising study continues by adding more samples and incorporating new
crops. If confirmed, these results can offer a good alternative for breeders in
order to evaluate the bread making potential of new lines. Such a method, first
developed from French bread making, can be applied to any other type of
processes.

Gelatin as functional ingredient in gluten-free bread
S. E. BOSWELL (1), C. M. McDonough (1), L. W. Rooney (1)
(1) Cereal Quality Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,
U.S.A.
Interior crumb and grain structure development of gluten-free bread in certain
non-scientific publications (recipe books) has used gelatin for promoting
structure. The objective was to create a traditional gluten-free bread with and
without gelatin using one pound and pup loaves to determine if gelatin is
necessary in baking to set crumb structure that was acceptable to older and
newly diagnosed gluten sensitive patients. Replicated baking trials were
compared and no significant differences in volume were found between
breads with and without gelatin, however significant baking behaviors and
results were noted. Breads containing gelatin had consistently smaller loaf
volume (41 cc) in one pound loaves. These differences in loaf volume were
not statistically significant by using a paired t-test, indicating that gelatin is
not a necessary ingredient. More importantly however, the baked loaves were
significantly different in appearance, smell, and taste. The interior crumb
properties of bread containing gelatin had a more random distribution of air
bubbles in both one pound and pup loaves. This has been confirmed using
electron microscopy. Informal sensory panels with non-gluten sensitive
people indicated the crumb properties were more gummy and higher in
moisture than breads without gelatin; this is currently being confirmed using
texture profile analyses using a TA.XT2i. This is most likely due to syneresis.
Sensory panels also noted that the bread containing gelatin had a bitter
aftertaste. We conclude that gelatin addition is not necessary for gluten-free
bread formation, it requires modifications in baking procedures, and may
decrease the overall quality and acceptance of the final product. Formal
tasting panels with and without celiac patients are planned to confirm these
conclusions.

A37
Testing for mycotoxins using LC/MS/MS
C. BREWE (1), D. Houchins (1), M. Prinster (1)
(1) Romer Labs, Inc., Union, MO, U.S.A.
Mycotoxins have traditionally been detected by a variety of methods,
including rapid methods (test kits) and reference methods, such as HPLC and
GC. Of the reference methods, GC can be limited due to the necessity of
derivatizing the compounds of interest. This may also be required for some
HPLC methods. However, liquid chromatography may be used in conjunction
with a variety of detectors, including fluorescence, UV-VIS, and others,
including mass spectrometers. The coupling of liquid chromatography with a
mass spectrometer (or tandem mass spectrometers, LC/MS/MS) allows for
methods which are applicable to a wide variety of analytes, with no
limitations by molecular mass, a straightforward sample preparation, and no
chemical derivatization required. These methods also have the benefit of
providing structural information on the target compound and the possibility of
testing for many analytes in one run. Matrix effects and the effects of
variations in sample preparation may be eliminated by the use of stable
isotope-labeled internal standards. These features make LC/MS/MS methods
useful and versatile in the detection of mycotoxins.

The effect of cooling, freezing and freeze-thawing on slowly digestible
starch formation in mashed potatoes
T. BUI (1), Q. Liu (2), R. Yada (1)
(1) University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA; (2) Agriculture and Agri-
Food Canada
Starch retrogradation is responsible for the formation of slowly digestible
starch (SDS) which could provide some human health benefits. It is also
known that the digestibility of potato products is influenced by the crystalline
structure of starch. It is possible that the degree of crystallinity could be varied
under differing processing conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to
investigate the SDS formation in mashed potatoes using different cooling,
freezing and freeze-thawing conditions: (1) two cycles of cooling at 4C for 3
days and reheating using microwave; (2) cooling at 4C for 24 hrs before
freezing at 20C for 1, 2, and 3 months; (3) three cycles of freeze-thawing
(freezing at 20C, thawing at room temperature). The in vitro digestibility
and physicochemical and structural properties of mashed potato and its starch
will be studied using analytical techniques including Englyst method for
rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch;
differential scanning calorimetry for starch retrogradation; light microscopy
and scanning electron microscopy for starch morphology; and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance for short-
range order in starch. Cooling and reheating produce little SDS fraction while
reheating partially disrupted the ordered structure. Freeze-thawing produced
high SDS fraction with slow thawing at room temperature resulting in starch
macromolecules having greater mobility resulting in faster aggregation to
form ordered structures. The results of this study may provide effective
processing conditions to achieve the desired level of SDS which can improve
the nutritional value of mashed potatoes.

Combined protein and starch rheological measurements for evaluation of
bread-making potential in hard red spring wheat breeding lines
M. CAFFE (1), K. Glover (1), P. Krishnan (1)
(1) South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, U.S.A.
Major characteristics for bread-making (bake mixing time, bake absorption
and loaf volume) were predicted using Mixolab and Mixograph parameters.
The Chopin Mixolab is a newer apparatus that is able to collect data
concerning protein and starch rheological characteristics. The temperature is
controlled which provides accuracy and enables measurements of starch
gelatinization and retrogradation, as well as enzymatic activity. The
Mixograph is probably the most widely used method within US wheat
breeding programs for prediction of baking characteristics and was therefore
used as a reference method. Our objective was to evaluate use of the Mixolab
as a new tool for end-use quality characterization by comparing it with the
Mixograph to predict bread-making quality. In 2006 and 2007, eighteen spring
wheat entries from our Advanced Yield Trials were grown at six locations
throughout Eastern South Dakota. Flour from the resulting 216 samples was
analyzed using both Mixograph and Mixolab methods. Additionally, samples
were sent to the USDA Hard Red Spring Wheat Quality Laboratory in Fargo,
ND, where standard end-use quality data were collected. Data were analyzed
as location means and each year was considered separately. Using Mixolab
parameters collected in both years, we were able to successfully predict bake
mixing time, bake absorption and loaf volume with R
2
values higher than
0.76. Prediction models derived from Mixolab parameters had higher R
2

values than those from Mixograph parameters for bake absorption and loaf
volume. Mixolab stability was a prominent variable in the predictability of
loaf volume. Starch gelatinization measured by the Mixolab had a negative
effect on loaf volume. Data from 2008 field trials are currently being
compiled and will be added to the analysis.

Structure and digestibility of debranched waxy wheat, waxy corn, and
waxy potato starches
L. CAI (1), Y. Shi (1)
Starch is the most important source of food energy, yet the fundamental
relationship between starch structure and digestibility is not well understood.
Our overall objectives are to understand starch architecture, structural
formation of different types of crystals and to establish the relationship
between the starch crystalline structure and its digestibility. The specific aim
of this work is to compare the structure and digestibility of debranched waxy
wheat, waxy corn and waxy potato starches. Native waxy wheat and waxy
corn starches give an A-type X-ray diffraction pattern whereas waxy potato
starch has a B-type X-ray pattern. When these three waxy starches were
cooked, debranched at 5% solids and crystallized at 50C for 24 h and 25C
for another 24 h, they all resulted in crystallites with a typical B-type X-ray
diffraction pattern, indicating that low solid concentration (5%) favored the
formation of B-type crystals. The average chain length of waxy potato starch
was larger than that of waxy corn and waxy wheat starch, resulting in a higher
yield of crystalline aggregates (72.6%). An endothermic peak ranged from
80C to 140C were observed for all three debranched starch crystallites, as
determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The debranched waxy potato
crystallites showed slightly higher peak temperature (116.2C) and enthalpy
(19.2 J/g) than the debranched waxy corn (99.88C and 18.6 J/g, respectively)
and waxy wheat crystallites (99.73C and 18.3 J/g, respectively). The in vitro
digestion results indicated that crystallites from waxy potato starch had higher
resistant starch content (77.8%) and lower slowly digestive starch content
(8.75%) than that of waxy corn (68.14% and 14.35%, respectively) and waxy
wheat starch (63.43% and 19.64%, respectively). These differences suggested
that we may debranch and crystallize different waxy starches and produce
products with different rates and extents of digestion.

Relationships between the MixoLab outputs and the sensory assessment
of Udon noodle eating quality
L. CATO (1), G. B. Crosbie (1)
(1) Dept. of Agric and Food WA, Bentley Delivery Ctr, WA, AUSTRALIA
A number of studies have indicated that the excellent quality of selected
Western Australia wheat varieties for Japanese Udon noodles can be largely
attributed to the quality of the starch component of this wheat and its effect on
the eating characteristics of the boiled noodles. The high quality of this wheat
has been associated with high starch paste peak viscosity as determined by the
Brabender Viscograph. Flour swelling volume is also highly correlated with
starch paste peak viscosity and various aspects of the texture of boiled
noodles. Other important factors influencing noodle texture include protein
content and protein quality. The main objective of this study was to evaluate a
range of wheats using the MixoLab (Chopin, Paris, France) and to
investigate the relationship between outputs derived from the Mixolab and
various noodle properties. Preliminary results indicated that the difference
between Mixolab parameters C3 and C4 appeared to be linked with boiled
noodle yield and noodle firmness, suggesting that the Mixolab may have a
role in the assessment of potential noodle quality in advanced wheat breeding
lines.

Fractionation of wheat middlings, soybean meal and cottonseed meal
using combination of sieving and air classification
R. K. CHALLA (1), R. Srinivasan (1), F. D. To (1)
(1) Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, U.S.A.
Recently, it was found that Elusieve process, the combination of sieving and
elutriation (air classification) was effective in separating fiber from distillers
dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The objective of the study is to evaluate
the combination of sieving and air classification for fiber separation from
wheat middlings (WM), soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM). Feed
were sieved into size fractions and the size fractions were then air classified
into lighter and heavier fractions. The product obtained by combining the
heavier fractions is called enhanced feed and the product obtained by
combining the lighter fractions is called fiber product. Unprocessed feeds,
size fractions and air-classified fractions from all the feeds were analyzed for
neutral detergent fiber (NDF), protein, fat, ash and moisture contents. At low
yields of lighter fraction (5%), the quantity of fiber product separated was 4.8,
3.7 and 1.3% by weight of WM, SBM and CSM, respectively. At high yields
of lighter fractions (15%), the quantity of fiber product separated was 11, 8.9
and 3.5% by weight of WM, SBM and CSM, respectively. Processing resulted
A38
in enhanced feeds with higher protein content than unprocessed feed by 0.2 to
0.6% points for WM, by 1.4 to 2.0% points for SBM and by 0.6% points for
CSM. Fiber purity (NDF content) was higher at lower yields of lighter
fractions as compared to high yields of lighter fraction.

Thermal properties and heat-stable resistant starch content of corn
starches after acid-methanol and heat-moisture treatments
Y. CHANG (1), J. Lin (2), C. Wen (1)
(1) Providence University, Shalu, TAIWAN, REP OF CHINA; (2) MingDao
University, Peetow, TAIWAN, ROC
Waxy, normal, Hylon V and Hylon VII corn starches with different molecular
size (DP 10
5
~10
2
) were prepared by treating in ethanol containing 0.36% HCl
at 45C for 1 to 15 days. The acid-ethanol-treated starches were then heat-
moisture treated with 30% moisture content at 100C for 80 min. The thermal
properties and heat-stable resistant starch (RS) content of starches after
treatments were determined, and the effect of molecular structure on thermal
properties and heat-stable resistant starch content of corn starches were
investigated. Results showed that the gelatinization onset, peak and
conclusion temperatures of starch increased after heat-moisture treated. The
gelatinization temperatures of treated starches were unchanged or slightly
increased with decreasing molecular size of starch, while the increment on
gelatinization peak temperature with decreasing molecular size for Hylon V
and Hylon VII starches were more obvious than that of waxy and normal corn
starches. The heat-stable RS content of all starches obvious increased after
treated, and increased with decreasing molecular size of starch. The heat-
stable RS content of waxy and normal corn starches, for both native and
treated starch, were less than 10%. However, higher heat-stable RS contents
(12~36%) and more obvious increases in heat-stable RS content were
observed for Hylon V and Hylon VII starches after treated. This is inline with
the alternation on gelatinization peak temperature of Hylon V and Hylon VII
starches after treated, reflecting that the heat-moisture treatment increases the
heat stability and enzyme resistance of starch molecules. Results also indicate
that long chain fraction, such as amylose or long chains of amylopectin, favors
the formation of heat-stable RS, and partial degradation of starch improves the
aliment of starch chains.

Interaction of iodine with different homo-glucan structures
F. CHAUHAN (1), K. Seetharaman (1)
(1) University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
The helical complex formation between iodine and a linear glucan polymer
has been the cornerstone of research on starch. This reaction and resultant
color/absorbance properties have been used to interpret many different
properties and attributes of starch. The objective of this study was to
investigate the interaction of iodine vapor with different branched homo-
glucan polymers. The different glucan polymers studied included native
granules, non granular starches, beta limit dextrins of the starches, and starch
lintners from corn and potato starches, and their waxy counterparts, and high
amylose corn starch. Glycogen, pure amylose, and cellulose were also studied.
All of these materials were exposed to iodine vapor for 24 h and the resultant
material was evaluated for their absorption spectra (K/S) and for their X-ray
diffraction spectra. Except for cellulose all the structures bound iodine to
different degrees, including beta-limit dextrins and 40-day lintners. Within
each starch type, the beta limit dextrins exhibited the highest amount of
absorption, followed by non-granular starches. The absorption spectra exhibit
absorption values as high as 630 nm for many of these structures. The X-ray
diffraction spectra also supports the iodine binding observation as is evident
from the peak at 20 2-theta. These observations are interesting because they
highlight the ability of a range of branched homo-glucan polymers to bind
iodine; an observation that implies the presence of long enough linear regions
that can form an alpha helix without stearic hindrances, even in structures like
a beta limit dextrin that have very short A-chains.

Isolation of anticancer phytochemicals obtained from black sorghum
bran
R. A. CHAVEZ-SANTOSCOY (1), J. Gutierrez-Uribe (2), S. Serna-Saldvar
(1)
(1) Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (2) ITESM,
Monterrey, N.L., MEXICO
Isolation of phytochemicals associated to the bran of black Shawaya sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was carried out based on their in vitro
anticancer effect. The effectiveness of compounds first extracted with 80%
methanol and then partitioned with butanol: water: ethyl acetate (47:13:40)
and water: ethyl acetate (98:2) was tested against the activity of quinone
reductase (QR), key phase II enzyme for protection against oxidative stress
and cancer. Fractions were assayed for antioxidant capacity (ORAC),
anthocyanins, ferulic acid and QR using murine hepatoma cells Hepa 1c1c7.
The most bioactive fractions were further partitioned and isolated in a
preparative-HPLC system and the resulting compounds identified via HPLC-
MS-TOF, the masses obtained from the HPLC-MS analysis did not
correspond to previously reported compounds from sorghum: the simple
phenolics usually have masses ranging from 94 to 126; phenolic acids from
138 to 196, flavonoids from 269 to 290 and anthocyanins from 255 to 447.
However, there are many other phytochemicals that have not been fully
characterized. The chromatograms of the bioactive sub-fractions had a
predominant peak with a molecular mass [M+H]
+
m/z = 452 that has not been
previously reported in sorghum.

A modified alveograph method for dough evaluation of wheat breeding
lines
R. Y. CHEN (1), B. W. Seabourn (1), T. J. Herald (2)
(1) USDA, ARS, GMPRC, Hard Winter Wheat Quality Lab; (2) USDA, ARS,
GMPRC, Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit
Dough rheological characteristics, such as resistance-to-extension and
extensibility, are very important wheat flour quality traits evaluated in wheat-
based food industries and wheat breeding programs. However, small sample
size, rapid testing time, and large sample throughput are necessary in breeding
programs, and are formidable challenges when using the standard Alveograph
method (AACC method 54-30A). Therefore, a modified Alveograph test
method was developed to measure dough extension characteristics that
utilized 80 g flour at 60% water absorption and 2.5% salt solution. The dough
was mixed for 4 min in a 100-g micro-mixer and then sheeted under a sheet
roll (National Manufacturing Division, TMCO, Lincoln, NE). Three dough
patties were prepared under controlled conditions and tested on the
Alveograph. Test results from this method modification showed that the flour
sample size could be reduced 68% compared to the standard method, while
simultaneously reducing analysis time by one third as well as making dough
preparation more convenient in terms of dough mixing, dough forming, and
cleaning. Data generated by this modified Alveograph method was
significantly correlated with data generated by the standard Alveograph
method. The correlation coefficients (r) for each of six Alveograph dough
characteristics for 40 advanced breeding lines and wheat varieties grown in
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, and South Dakota were 0.92
for P (tenacity), 0.73 for L (extensibility), 0.83 for W (area under the curve),
0.90 for P/L (curve configuration ratio), 0.90 for le (elasticity), and 0.76 for G
(swelling index). Therefore, this modified Alveograph method could be very
useful for wheat breeding programs, and could also be used as a viable
alternative for milling and baking industries as well as wheat research.

A new engineering method for understanding extrusion cooking process
H. CHENG (1)
(1) Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DENMARK
A new engineering method is proposed to understand extrudate expansion and
extrusion operation parameters for starch based food extrusion cooking
process through dimensional analysis principle, i.e. Buckingham pi theorem.
Three dimensionless groups, i.e. pump efficiency, water content and
temperature, are suggested to describe the extrudate expansion. Using the
three dimensionless groups, an equation is derived to express the extrudate
expansion. The model has been used to correlate the experimental data for
whole wheat flour and fish feed extrusion cooking. The average deviations of
the correlation are respectively 5.9% and 9% for the whole wheat flour and
the fish feed extrusion. An alternative 4-coefficient equation is also suggested
from the 3 dimensionless groups. The average deviations of the alternative
equation are respectively 5.8% and 2.5% in correlation with the same set of
experimental data.

Sugar sensing by Caco-2/TC7 cells
M. CHENG (1), B. R. Hamaker (1), G. Zhang (2)
(1) Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A; (2) School of Food Science
and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
Individuals show different glycemic responses after they consume different
types of glycemic carbohydrates that may result from the different structures
of these carbohydrates and the digestion and absorption rate. To understand
the relationship between the structure of simple carbohydrates and the
coordination between digestion and absorption rate, caco-2 cells/TC7 were
selected to use as a model to mimic human digestion. In this study, glucose,
maltose, isomaltose, fructose, and sucrose were tested as energy substrates for
caco-2 cells/TC7. Cells were cultured in complete growth Dulbeccos
modified Eagles medium (25 mM glucose DMEM) on 6-well porous
supports. After cultured for 21 days (about 10 days post-confluent), cells were
A39
then switched to glucose-free DMEM supplied with glucose, maltose,
isomaltose, fructose, or sucrose for 2 days. Glucose/fructose production,
glucose/fructose transportation, sucrase-isomaltase (SI) protein expression,
and other glucose transporter expressions of the cells were analyzed. Caco-
2/TC7 produces only SI, though this enzyme has sucrase, isomaltase, and
maltase activities. Caco-2/TC7 cells transported glucose from the apical to
basolateral part of the transwells. They were shown to have the ability to
digest maltose, however, cells showed little ability to utilize sucrose and
isomaltose and sucrase activity was lower in these cells. Western blot analysis
showed that cells produced more sucrase-isomaltase when they were fed with
glucose or maltose suggesting a higher enzyme synthesis.

Raw material changes and their processing parameters in an extrusion
cooking process
H. CHENG (1), H. Rasmussen (2), A. Friis (1)
(1) National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby,
DENMARK; (2) Renewable Energy and Transport Centre, Pilot Plant, Danish
Technology Institute
In this work, the effects of raw material and process parameters on product
expansion in a fish feed extrusion process were investigated. Four different
recipes were studied with a pilot-scale twin-screw co-rotating extruder
according to a set of pre-defined processing conditions. In the four recipes,
wheat and protein contents were adjusted and compared with a reference
sample. It has been found that a dimensionless equation can well correlate the
process parameters and product bulk density for the four different recipe
extrusion. The average deviation of the correlation for bulk density is 2.4%.
The experimental data show that product expansion decreases with increase
of protein content. Several different methods have been applied to
quantitatively correlate the changes of raw material composition with product
bulk density.

Starch characterization by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation with
multi-angle light scattering and refractive index detection (AF
4
-MALS-
RI)
E. T. CHIARAMONTE (1), H. Yang (1), D. R. White (1)
(1) The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, U.S.A.
In addition to being the most common source of carbohydrates in the diet,
starch is used in a variety of applications in pharmaceuticals, household and
beauty products. Both native and modified starches are employed as
thickeners or extenders and, more recently, have received important
consideration for use as low-cost replacements for synthetic polymers. The
rheological and functional properties of starch are influenced by the size and
molecular weight distribution of the polymer, the ratio of amylose to
amylopectin, and branching characteristics. AF
4
-MALS-RI was applied for
the fractionation of starches from different sources. The AF
4
technique offers
the advantage of an open-channel separation without shear degradation and/or
column adsorption effects in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Unlike
SEC, resolution can be controlled by varying cross-flow. Detection by MALS-
RI enables absolute molecular weight determination without the need for
calibration standards. A sample preparation procedure was used that involved
DMSO treatment followed by ethanol precipitation, filtering, washing, and
finally resolubilization in water with the aid of pressurized microwave
digestion. Separation of amylose and amylopectin could be achieved by
applying a gradient cross-flow. The weight-average molecular weights
(M
w
) were calculated to be in the 10
5
range for amylose and 10
8
10
9

for amylopectin, which agree reasonably with values in the literature.
Ratios of amylose to amylopectin agreed well with expected values where
available.

What consumers want: Weight management, digestive health and
immunity defense
H. CHIMOFF (1)
(1) Tate & Lyle, Decatur, IL, U.S.A.
Not long ago, fiber was considered a bland, grainy necessity to help support
regularity in adults and children. Times are changing. Tate & Lyles
multinational market research finds that more than 50 percent of consumers
now believe fiber can taste good and many are looking for benefits beyond
regularity. Through qualitative research of more than 7,000 people living in
the United States, Mexico and Brazil, Tate & Lyle found that consumers want
healthier fare and that fiber is a top nutrient to help them achieve their healthy
eating goals. This presentation will reveal the fiber applications in the grain-
based food categories that consumers find appealing, and label claims that
command their attention and prompt them to pay extra dollars for fibers
functional benefits.

The effects of selected hydrocolloid ingredients on the attributes of
instant fried noodles
A. Choy (1), L. Cato (2), D. M. SMALL (3)
(1) Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University,
Melbourne, Australia; (2) Department of Agriculture and Food W.A.
(DAFWA), Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia; (3) RMIT Univ,
Melbourne, VIC, AUSTRALIA
The objective of this study has been to investigate the effects of two
ingredients i) acetylated potato starch and ii) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
(CMC) on the textural attributes and appearance of instant noodles. Varying
proportions the two ingredients were studied using a central composite design.
Noodles were prepared from a low protein soft wheat flour (Australian Soft)
and product texture, color and fat uptake were measured. Textural
characteristics were assessed using the TA-XT2, color by the Minolta
Chromameter and the data were analyzed by response surface methodology.
The two ingredients enhanced the hardness and reduced adhesive values of
cooked instant noodles. Electron microscopy showed enhancement of the
structure within the noodles. Addition of CMC increased the slipperiness
attributes which provides enhanced mouthfeel of the noodles. There was
relatively little effect of the various combinations on product color with the
various treatment combinations. Overall, noodles prepared using these
variables had slightly dull color appearances, that is less white and less
yellow. Trials to reduce the fat uptake and lower the stickiness indicated that a
combination of 10% acetylated potato starch and 0.5% CMC was optimal.
This suggests that a variable formulation can be used with low protein wheat
flour to produce the required eating quality and color attributes. It is
concluded that acetylated potato starch and CMC have the potential to
enhance the acceptability of instant noodles made from low protein wheat
flour.

Effect of steam flaking in fusel alcohol production during fermentation
with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C. Chuck-Hernandez (1), E. Perez-Carrillo (1), S. O. SERNA-SALDVAR (1)
(1) Tecnolgico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. MEXICO
The aim was to study the effect of steam flaking on higher alcohols
production during fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A bifactorial
experiment with a level of confidence of P < 0.05 was designed to study
differences among grains (sorghum and maize) and the efficiency of the steam
flaking treatment. Grains were steam-flaked and a ground into meals that were
further processed into ethanol. N-propanol, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohols
were determined. During the first 30 hr fermentation the concentration of fusel
alcohols was similar among treatments; however after 72 hr, the mashes
produced from whole grains had significantly higher fusel alcohols compared
to the steam-flaked counterparts. Among fusel alcohols, the isoamyl alcohols
had the highest concentration followed by isobutanol and propanol. The total
concentration of fusel alcohols at the end of fermentation was: 513 mg/L for
whole maize treatment, 420 mg/L for whole sorghum and 354 and 384 mg/L
for steam-flaked maize and sorghum.

Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) profile in relation to flour charac-
teristics and baking volume in mini pup-loaf
W. CHUNG (1), R. Gan (1), M. Morrical (1), T. Hansen (1)
(1) Kraft Foods, Inc., Glenview, IL, U.S.A.
Determination of the quality of hard wheat flour depends on the functional
properties of flour components and their interactions. These flour component
interactions affect milling and baking performance. SRC methodology has
been developed for predicting soft wheat flour functionality. The objectives of
this study were (1) to evaluate the solvent retention capacity profile, mixing
characteristics, and bench-top mini pup-loaf baking performance in hard
wheat flour, (2) to investigate the possibility of SRC as a predictor of hard
wheat flour functionality by finding the relationships among SRC profile,
baking performance, and flour characteristics, and (3) to stimulate further
discussion on applying SRC methodology in various different dough systems.
The chemical analysis, SRC of four solvents (water, 5% sodium carbonate,
50% sucrose, and 5% lactic acid), mixing properties, and bench-top mini pup-
loaf baking test were conducted on 23 hard wheat flour samples. This sample
set showed quite a narrow range of protein content of 10.3 13.0% among 23
flour samples. Since the protein quantity and quality as well as damaged
starch content play a critical role in bread system for dough strength and water
retention in bread, the investigation was focused on 5% sodium carbonate
SRC and 5% lactic acid SRC. The 5% lactic acid SRC and 5% sodium
carbonate SRC exhibited positive correlation trends with mini pup-loaf
volume, and 5% lactic acid SRC value plus 5% sodium carbonate SRC value
showed also positive correlation with mini pup-loaf volume. The water SRC
value and 5% sodium carbonate SRC value were positively correlated with
A40
bandwidth of mixograph that indicated dough strength and stability. Since this
sample set is relatively small, flour samples from various sources will be
added to the database and further data analysis will be conducted.

Susceptibility of different forms of wheat starch to enzymic attack
L. COPELAND (1)
(1) University of Sydney, NSW, AUSTRALIA
Starch is a major constituent of the human diet. How we digest this
polysaccharide has important implications for health and nutrition, and
relating digestibility of starch to its structure is a major challenge in food
science. In this study we have examined the susceptibility of different forms
of starch from various wheat varieties to in vitro digestion by alpha-, beta- and
iso-amylases and amyloglucosidase. Native starch granules were attacked
readily by pancreatic alpha-amylase, and also to a lesser extent by beta-
amylase, isoamylase and amyloglucosidase. Starch granules from a waxy
wheat variety were degraded more rapidly than granules that contained
amylose, and differences in degradation patterns were observed between
starches with small differences in amylose content. The results indicate that
the form of starch granules, and the structure and internal organization of the
starch molecules, influence susceptibility to enzyme attack. There were no
differences in digestibility of gelatinized starches, but monopalmitin reduced
the digestibility of all but the waxy starch. Retrogradation of gelatinized starch
led to the decrease in digestibility of both amylose-rich and waxy starches.
We conclude that digestion of starch in vitro is determined by a combination
of the amylose content and amylopectin architecture, with other underlying
varietal factors also involved.

Biaxial extensional viscosity in cooked spaghetti in relation to its firmness
A. COTA-GASTELUM (1), M. Salazar-Garcia (2), M. Silveira-Gramont (2),
A. Islas-Rubio (3)
(1) Univ De Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, MEXICO; (2) Departamento de
Investigacion y posgrado en alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo
Sonora, Mexico; (3) Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo,
Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
Besides the firmness, it is important to have other objective measures of the
quality of the cooked spaghetti. To evaluate such measuring, an experiment
was planned where commercial spaghetti was used, subjected to three cooking
times (9.5, 12.5, and 15.5 min), and three holding times (0, 2 and 5 h). The
biaxial extensional viscosity and the firmness of the cooked spaghetti were
measured; also, the relationship between the two measurement was analyzed.
For measuring biaxial extensional viscosity in spaghetti, the method of
uniaxial compression with lubrication, at a speed of deformation of 0.3 mm
min
1
was selected. The spaghetti firmness was measured in the texture
analyzer TA-XT2. It was observed that biaxial extensional viscosity
measurement as well as firmness decreased significantly with the cooking
time, and also with the holding time. The biaxial extensional viscosity
behavior profiles for cooking and holding times were similar to those of the
firmness. There was a highly significant correlation (r = 0.83) between the
biaxial extensional viscosity and firmness values. This indicates that the
changes in the quality of the cooked spaghetti shown by the firmness were
also detected by the biaxial extensional viscosity, which could be a new useful
complementary measure of quality of the cooked spaghetti.

Effect of xylanase addition on quality characteristics of pan bread
prepared from refined or whole-grain wheat flour
C. B. da Silva (1), L. Z. Jaekel (1), C. J. STEEL (1), Y. K. Chang (1)
(1) University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, BRAZIL
The effect of the addition of the enzyme xylanase on quality characteristics of
pan bread prepared from refined or whole-grain wheat flour was studied in
this work. The loaves were produced by the modified straight dough method
and the enzyme was tested at three different levels: 4, 8 and 12 g/100 kg flour.
Bread quality characteristics measured were: specific volume and the
variation of moisture and firmness during storage. Loaves produced with
refined wheat flour and added xylanase presented higher specific volumes
(5.12 to 5.16 mL/g) than the control (without enzyme) (4.38 mL/g); however,
there was no significant difference (p 0.05) among the loaves with the
different enzyme concentrations. All formulations prepared with whole-grain
flour and added xylanase also presented specific volume significantly higher
than the control (4.09 mL/g), the highest value being that for the formulation
with 8 g xylanase/100 kg flour (4.96 mL/g). With respect to the moisture
content of the loaves prepared from refined wheat flour, on day 7 of storage, it
could be observed that it ranged from 39.80 to 40.73% for the formulations
with the different enzyme concentrations, presenting only a small significant
difference in relation to the control (39.99%). For the loaves produced with
whole-grain flour, moisture content varied from 39.41 to 43.30%, while the
control presented 40.23%. In general, the loaves obtained with the addition of
8 g enzyme/100 kg flour presented the lowest firmness values (211.00 g for
the loaves from refined wheat flour and 254.73 g for the loaves from whole-
grain wheat flour), and were considered having the best technological
characteristics.

Real-time PCR assay for quantification of Fusarium graminearum in
cereals and correlation with deoxynivalenol and fusarium damaged
kernel values
T. DEMEKE (1), R. Clear (1), T. Graefenhan (2), A. Phan (1), I. Ratnayaka
(1), S. Patrick (1), D. Gaba (1)
(1) Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba; (2) Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa
Fusarium graminearum is a major fungal pathogen that affects the yield and
quality of cereal grains. The relationship between Fusarium damaged kernel
(FDK) and deoxy-nivalenol (DON) has been used to roughly estimate the
DON levels in wheat, but is unsuitable for even estimating DON levels in
barley or oat. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay was optimized to determine the
fungal mass of Fusarium graminearum. 50 ng total DNA was used for RT-
PCR assay. The standard curve was generated by serial dilution of pure F.
graminearum DNA (10,000, 2,000, 400, 80, 3.2 and 0.64 pg DNA). Samples
of red winter wheat, red spring wheat, barley and oat were assessed for F.
graminearum mass and DON levels. The wheat samples were also assessed
for correlation with FDK. Overall, there was a positive correlation between
fungal mass determined by RT-PCR and DON level determined by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Details of the results including statistical
analysis carried out will be presented.

Identity confirmation of a processed cereal product using near infrared
fingerprinting: The example of Belgian Trappist beer
G. DOWNEY (1)
(1) TEAGASC, Ashtown, Dublin 15, IRELAND
Beer is an economically-important product of cereal fermentation. In
Belgium, beers from Trappist monasteries enjoy particular status on account
of their perceived high and consistent quality. To protect this status and as an
aid to marketing, beers brewed in monastic sites under the control of Trappist
monks are entitled to display a Trappist logo on their label. A number of
breweries which were once under monastic control produce beers in the
Trappist style but are not entitled to use the label logo. Near infrared
spectroscopy has been deployed as a fingerprint technique to develop models
for confirming the claimed identity of Trappist beers. A collection (n = 124)
of Trappist and non-Trappist beers (mainly sourced in Belgium) have been
collected from several production batches and analysed by NIR in
transflectance mode. Models have been developed using a number of
chemometric methods; the general approaches used have involved
discriminant and class-modelling techniques. Each has particular merits and
these, together with their respective prediction accuracies, will be presented
and discussed. Implications for the deployment of this approach for identity
confirmation in processed cereal foods will be addressed.

Description of a laboratory milling process to obtain Quinoa flour and
pericarp
A. DUBAT (1), S. Geoffroy (1), O. Lebrun (1)
(1) CHOPIN Technologies, Villeneuve la garenne, FRANCE
Quinoa (or Quinua) (chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a pseudo-cereal native to
the Andes Mountains of Bolivia, Chile and Peru. It names in the Inca
language means mother grain. The grain size of the Quinoa is about 1.0 mm
thick and ranges in diameter from 1.0 to 2.5 mm. The seed weight ranges from
1.9 to 4.3 g/1.000 seeds. Quinoa has excellent nutritional quality which was
compared to dried whole milk by the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO). The protein quality and quantity of Quinoa are superior to those of
cereals. Quinoa has a rather high oil content (1.8 to 9.5%, average is 5.8%).
The major antinutritional factor of quinoa is the presence of saponins, mainly
present in the outer layers of the grain. The aim of the work was to propose a
laboratory milling process of quinoa able to separate the endosperm and the
pericarp. We applied the conventional wheat laboratory milling using a
Standard Chopin CD1 mill. Three different processes where studied: 1/ dry
quinoa, breaking and reducing, 2/ tempered quinoa, breaking and reducing; 3/
tempered quinoa, reducing only. We started with small sample of 300 grams
and we analyzed the quantity of products as well as the color index Lab in
order to measure the purity of every fraction. When protocol was adjusted a
larger sample (1 kg) was milled allowing obtaining 70% extraction rate for
flour and 30% remaining bran. The conclusion is that Quinoa laboratory
milling is easily possible by using a standard Chopin CD1mill without any
modification. Best results were achieved when quinoa is prepared (mix with
A41
water for 15 minutes). This poster gives an easy to use protocol for persons
dealing with Quinoa and aiming to obtain laboratory scale flour (possible mix
with wheat flour) or bran fraction (increasing the saponin concentration).

Finger millet and sorghum phenolics: Effects on malting and malt
quality, and gene expression in caco-2 cells
G. DUODU (1), M. Siwela (2), J. Taylor (1), Y. Bao (3), P. Belton (3)
(1) University of Pretoria, REP OF SOUTH AFRICA; (2) University of
Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa; (3) University of East Anglia, UK
Finger millet and sorghum are important cereal grains in the semi-arid and
tropical regions of Africa and Asia. They are processed into various food
products including fermented beverages such as opaque beers, and porridges.
These cereals are also important sources of phenolic compounds which
possess antioxidant properties and therefore provide potential agronomic and
health benefits. Finger millet grain and malt were studied to determine
potential effects of content of phenolics on their malting and malt quality.
Aqueous extracts of sorghum flour and bran were also studied to determine
their effects on gene expression for quinine reductase in caco-2 cells.
Unmalted finger millet grain types were infected by various fungal species
(Eurotium, Fusarium, Phoma, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus),
while their malts were infected by a larger variety of fungal species. Total
fungal load was negatively correlated with phenolic content in finger millet
grain and malts. Finger millet types with high levels of phenolics had higher
malting and malt quality than types with low levels of phenolics. Thus
phenolics in finger millet grain impact positively on its malting and malt
quality by contributing to limiting its fungal load. Aqueous extracts from
sorghum bran and flour had a heterogenous chemical composition, containing
phenolic compounds as well as sugars, amino acids and small peptides. The
extracts appeared to have random effects on gene expression for quinine
reductase in caco-2 cells with no consistent trends.

Potential of hyperspectral imaging for monitoring post-production
changes in food structure
C. Esquerre (1), V. Di Egidio (2), A. Gowan (3), C. McDonnell (3), G.
DOWNEY (1)
(1) TEAGASC, Ashtown, Dublin 15, IRELAND; (2) University of Milan,
Italy; (3) University College Dublin, Ireland
Processed food products undergo a wide range of chemical and physical
changes during post-production storage and distribution which often
negatively impact on the consumer experience. A number of physico-chemical
approaches have been deployed to monitor these changes and help devise
recipe or process alterations to minimise their magnitude but traditionally
these approaches have followed changes at the macro level e.g. in the entire
finished product or have applied non-destructive technologies such as NIR
spectroscopy for point measurements. Recently, near infrared hyperspectral
camera systems have become available which have the capability to collect
digital images from a large sample surface, enabling more effective
information gathering. In parallel, chemometric methods for analysis of these
large datasets have appeared allowing for the extraction of spectrally and
spatially-resolved information. The facility for simultaneously extracting such
information may facilitate greater understanding of molecular events
underlying complex post-production structural changes. The potential of this
technique will be explored using changes in conventional and gluten-free
breads as an example.

Preparation and partial characterization of a whole wheat based product
fortified with mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)
M. R. FALCON (1), J. M. Barrn (1), A. L. Romero (1), M. G. Salazar (1), N.
G. Heredia (1)
(1) Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mxico
The growing consumer concern for increasing the amounts of dietary fiber in
their daily diet has trigger the interest of the food industry for development of
high fiber breakfast cereals, usually prepared by extrusion. In the present
study, a whole wheat fortified with mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and
prepared by extrusion was developed. The effect of the extrusion process on
the total dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble fractions) of the fortified product
was determined. Sensory evaluation of the fortified breakfast cereal product
was also conducted, to determine the preference related to the level of
fortification. Three levels of fortification (whole wheat : mesquite) were
tested: 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50. A single screw experimental extruded
(Brabender Md. KE19) was used. Experimental condition were: Z1 = 65C,
Z2 = 62C, Z3 = 61C and Z4 = 140C; 100 rpm screw speed, 50 rpm feeding
rates, and 3.0 mm die plate. Extruded products were evaluated in their
chemical composition, total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents.
Sensorial evaluation of the extruded products was also performed. Results
showed an increase in % total protein and ash, and a decrease in the total fat
and carbohydrates contents due to the extrusion process. Extruded products
showed an increase in total and insoluble dietary fiber for the 70:30 and 50:50
mixtures, but these dietary fractions decreased in the 90:10 mix. Soluble
dietary fiber fraction increased in all three combinations mixtures. Sensory
evaluation using a hedonic scale showed that the 50:50 extruded mix was the
most accepted one. This extruded mix of 50:50 gave a proximate chemical
analysis of: 12.3% total protein, 9.68% moisture, 3.9% ash, 2.09% fat and
25.9% total dietary fiber. According to these results the 50% addition of
mesquite to whole wheat is highly recommended for the preparation of
extruded high fiber breakfast products, with viable commercial potential.

Adsorption of polyethylene from solution onto starch film surfaces
F. C. FELKER (1), G. F. Fanta (1), J. H. Salch (1), R. L. Shogren (1)
(1) USDA/ARS/NCAUR, Peoria, IL, U.S.A.
Since starch adsorbs onto polyethylene (PE) surfaces from cooled solutions of
jet cooked starch, this study was carried out to determine whether adsorption
of PE onto hydrophilic starch film surfaces would also take place if starch
films were placed in hot solutions of PE in organic solvents, and the solutions
were allowed to cool. Methods such as this for reducing the water sensitivity
of starch films through the application of hydrophobic coatings are of interest
because of their potential for expanding the range of end-use applications for
biodegradable, starch-based products. Starch films were prepared by jet
cooking aqueous dispersions of high-amylose starch and then allowing the jet
cooked dispersions to air-dry on Teflon surfaces. When the starch films were
immersed in 1% solutions of PE in 1-dodecanol, dodecane and xylene at
120C and the solutions were allowed to slowly cool, PE precipitated from the
solutions and adsorbed onto the starch film surfaces. FTIR spectroscopy was
used to estimate the g of PE adsorbed per cm
2
of starch film. PE was
preferentially adsorbed onto the film side that was in contact with the Teflon
surface during drying. The amount of PE adsorbed ranged from about 8 to 45
g/cm
2
and depended upon the solvent used and the final temperature of the
cooled solution. SEM of starch film surfaces showed discontinuous networks
of adsorbed PE on the Teflon side and widely spaced nodules of adsorbed PE
on the air side. NMR analysis showed that the PE adsorbed onto the starch
surface was more linear and/or had a higher molecular weight than the starting
PE. Possible reasons for selective adsorption of PE onto the Teflon side of the
starch film surface are discussed.

Study of compressive strength properties (Poissons ratio) of different
wheat classes
J. FIGUEROA CARDENAS (1), Z. J. Hernndez (1), P. Rayas-Duarte (2), K.
Khan (3)
(1) CINVESTAV Unidad Queretaro, Queretaro, Qro., MEXICO; (2) Robert
M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK; (3) Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, ND
Large amounts of losses of grain and other food commodities are due to poor
kernel quality and handling during operations such as harvesting,
transportation, storage, conditioning and milling. The evaluation of elastic
properties of wheat kernels such as Poissons ratio, elastic, shear (rigidity) and
bulk (incompressibility) moduli to compare the relative strengths of different
cereals and their technological characteristics may increase the efficiency of
grain selection for processing, marketing and end-use. The average Poissons
ratio (v) in wheat kernel classes ranged from a value of 0.27 for small kernel
size to 0.49 for large kernel size at 13% moisture content. Bread wheat kernels
changed from a Poissons ratio of 0.358 at 13% moisture content and reduced
the compressibility of v to 0.282 with additional 6% moisture content. Durum
wheat also showed similar behavior except that for the same force applied, the
deformation was lower as indicated by the strain and the bulk modulus. The
kernel sizes in Durum wheat showed differences in values where 30% of
kernels in the sample were small kernels with values of 0.34 and 75% were
large kernels with good strength and showed mean values of 0.43.
Therefore, by removing the small kernels, the final product may be improved
significantly. These findings have important implications for using v and
elastic, shear and bulk moduli in processing and end-use quality.

Quantitative characterization of polar lipids from wheat whole-meal,
flour and starch
S. M. FINNIE (1), R. Jeannotte (1), J. Faubion (1)
While lipids comprise only a minor proportion of total flour components, they
have a significant influence on loaf volume and crumb grain of bread.
Because the composition and structure of wheat flour polar lipids have an
influence on the end-use quality of bread, it is important to determine
A42
specifically which lipid class and molecular species are present in wheat.
Lipid profiling is a targeted, systematic characterization and analysis of lipids.
The use of lipid profiling techniques to analyze grain-based food has the
potential to provide new insight into the functional relationships between a
specific lipid species and its functionality. The objective of this study was to
utilize lipid profiling techniques to quantitatively determine the polar lipid
species present in whole-wheat meal, flour, and starch. Two commonly grown
wheat cultivars were used in this study, Alpowa and Overley. Direct infusion
electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and
quantitatively determined 145 polar lipid species in wheat. The predominant
polar lipid classes were DGDG, MGDG, PC, and LPC. ANOVA results
concluded that wheat fraction contributed a greater source of variation than
did wheat cultivars on total polar, total phospholipid, and total galactolipid
contents. Wheat meal, flour and surface starch contained greater concentration
of total galactolipids while internal starch lipids contained greater
concentrations of monoacyl phospholipids. The overall hypothesis was, that
lipid profiling will provide the ability to determine the functional relationships
between specific lipid species and their impact on end-use quality.

Water absorption and mixing behavior of hard and soft wheat flours with
bran inclusions
H. GAJULA (1), J. Faubion (1), H. Dogan (1)
Whole grain products are a rich source of fiber. Wheat bran, in particular, is
one of most important dietary fiber sources in the bread making industry. The
objective of this study was to investigate the effects of bran source and
inclusion level on water absorption and rheological properties of dough
systems of different strength. Cleaned hard red spring (HRS) and soft white
(SW) wheat samples were milled on a Buhler mill (AACC 26-21A, 26-31) to
create straight grade flour, bran and shorts. Water sorption behaviors of bran
samples were characterized after equilibrating the samples at water activity
levels of 0.11, 0.33, 0.59, 0.75 and 0.97 using saturated salt solutions. There
was no significant difference in sorption isotherms of HRS and SW bran for
all water activity levels except for the level 0.75. Both bran fractions were
added to each of flours resulting in: HRS bran + HRS flour; HRS bran + SW
flour; SW bran + HRS flour; SW bran + SW flour at 0%, 5% and 10% levels.
Water absorption rate, mixing tolerance index, mixing peak time of the dough
systems were studied using the Farinograph and Mixograph. Initial studies
were done on HRS bran + HRS flour and SW bran + HRS flour. Wheat bran
inclusion produced significant effects on dough water absorption and mixing
tolerance index. Increasing the bran percentage (010%) in the dough systems
increased dough water absorption rate from 63.7%65.2% for HRS bran and
63.7%66.5% for SW bran whereas its mixing tolerance index decreased from
29 FU 24 FU for HRS bran and increased from 29 FU 32 FU for SW bran
in HRS flour. Mixing peak time increased from 2.282.97 min for HRS bran
and from 2.283.13 min for SW bran with the increase of bran percentage (0
10%) in HRS flour. From above results, SW bran inclusions resulted in higher
water absorption rate and mixing times as compared to HRS bran in HRS
flour.

The interactions of bran with gluten proteins during dough development
using x-ray microtomography
H. GAJULA (1), J. Faubion (1), H. Dogan (1)
Phytochemicals and nutrients associated with the non-endosperm (bran and
germ) portion of the cereal grains have been proven to have significant health
benefits like type 2 diabetes risk. However, the inclusion of the non-
endosperm components to dough systems presents challenges. The nature and
extent of bran interactions with the gluten protein matrix play a dominant role
in processing and end-quality of whole grain baked goods. The objective was
to study the development of gas cells during proofing and the resulting crumb
texture of the baked product of optimally developed dough with different bran
contents using X-ray microtomography, a non-destructive imaging technique.
The microstructure of dough systems with 0, 5 and 10% bran inclusions at 0,
30 and 60 min proof time were studied. Doughs were prepared according to
AACC method 10-10B. Unproofed, underproofed and optimally proofed
dough pieces were frozen at 80C prior to scanning with a high resolution X-
ray micro-CT system. Shadow images obtained at 1.35 scan steps through
180 of rotation were reconstructed to create cross-sectional images using
CTAn software. 3-D analysis of the specimens indicated that the void
fractions changes dramatically during proofing. Higher mean gas cell size
values were observed in bran containing dough samples due to weakening
effect of bran on gluten network causing gas cell coalescence. Void volume
increased from 7.69.1% to 61.872.2% during proofing. As % bran addition
increased the mean cell size increased from 0.0150.016 mm to 0.2560.726
mm, as compared to control dough. Gas cells retained in the control dough (no
bran) were dispersed over a narrower range than those in the bran containing
dough indicating a better stability during proofing. Overall results support the
view that dough consistency affects the evolution of gas cells, and their
number and size distribution.

Replacing wheat flour with lower GI ingredients in white wheat bread
E. Gallagher (1), P. Burton (1), A. PATRAS (1)
(1) Teagasc, Dublin, IRELAND
The regular consumption of foods exhibiting a high glycaemic index (GI) is
associated with the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, certain
cancers and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. White wheat bread is
consumed worldwide. However, the starch present in most white breads is
rapidly digested and absorbed in the small intestine, producing undesirably
high blood glucose and insulin responses. In the present study, ingredients
which are known to have a lower GI than white wheat flour (rice bran, maize
flour, novelose resistant starch, chickpea flour) were incorporated into a bread
formulation, to replace the wheat flour at levels up to 20%. The resulting
dough properties (development time, stability, gaseous release), baking
characteristics (loaf specific volume, crust/crumb colour, digital image
analysis, staling properties) and sensory aspects of the baked breads were
assessed. Water absorption and development times of the doughs were not
significantly affected following the replacement of wheat flour with lower GI
ingredients. The introduction of maize flour reduced loaf volume (P < 0.05)
and increased the CIE b* value (yellow hue) of the crumb (P < 0.05).
Novelose, when used at a 5% replacement level, resulted in a crumb structure
that had an increased number of cells/mm
2
when compared with the wheat
control (P < 0.05), indicating a fine crumb structure. Sensory panellists rated
all of the test breads as acceptable on a hedonic scale. A novel in vitro method
has now been established for analysing the estimated glycaemic index of
cereal products such as breads. This method and results from trials will be
discussed in an oral presentation.

Effect of flaxseed addition on proximal composition and digestibility of
corn tortilla
F. GARCA-SUAREZ (1), G. Pacheco-Vargas (1), F. Gutierrez-Meraz (1)
(1) CEPROBI-IPN, Yautepec, MEXICO
The objective of this study was to supplement nixtamalized corn flour (NCF)
with ground flaxseed to evaluate total dietary fiber (TDF), starch digestibility
and proximal composition. TDF, ash, protein, and fat were analyzed according
to AOAC and AACC Methods: 985.29, 08-01, 46-13, and 30-25, respectively.
Total starch (TS) and in vitro rate of hydrolysis were measured using
enzymatic hydrolysis. Flaxseed was added at three levels (10, 15 and 20%,
w/w) and the flours were hydrated to obtain masa. Ash contents varied from
1.54 1.64%, and non-significant differences (p > 0.05) between control
tortillas and those containing flaxseed flour. An increase in the protein content
(10.8712.95%) was observed with respect to the level of flaxseed added to
the tortilla. This increase in flaxseed-added tortilla might be important to
increase the essential amino acid level that is deficient in corn. The amount of
lipids (8.2312.00%), in the flaxseed-added tortilla increased approximately
between 100% and 200%. The total carbohydrate content decreased (85.32
73.43) when the flaxseed level rose in the composite tortilla. However, more
important was the increased level of non-starch polysaccharides (calculated as
total carbohydratetotal starch), a fraction consisting of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin from flaxseeds and included in the insoluble dietary
fiber. Furthermore, a significant increase (p < 0.001) in TDF content was also
obtained with the flaxseed-flour addition (approximately between 20% and
50%). TS values in tortilla decreased when the flaxseed flour level rose. The
reduced enzymatic starch hydrolysis rate indicated slow digestion features.
Today, flaxseed is used as a good source of soluble and insoluble fiber to
reduce blood cholesterol and promote laxation. Flaxseed-added tortilla can be
considered as a nutraceutical food.

Nixtamalized corn flour obtained by ohmic heating
M. GAYTN-MARTNEZ (1), E. Morales-Snchez (2), J. Figueroa (1), H.
Martnez-Flores (3), P. Vzquez Landaverde (4), M. Reyes Vega (2)
(1) CINVESTAV Unidad Queretaro, Queretaro, Qro., MEXICO; (2) CICATA
IPN Unidad Quertaro, Mexico; (3) Facultad de Qumico Farmacobiologa,
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicols de Hidalgo; (4) CICATA INP
Unidad Quertaro, Quertaro Mexico
Nixtamalization, also known as alkaline cooking, is an old method to process
corn into tortillas. The method consists in cooking whole corn in a boiling
water-lime solution (1 to 2% by weight of Ca(OH)
2
) by a short time (2045
minutes) and steeping in this solution, as it cools, for all night long (12 to 18
hours). The cooking liquor, called nejayote, is discarded and the corn grains
are washed to remove excess of lime. The cooked whole corn or nixtamal is
A43
ground with a stone mill to produce corn dough (masa). Ohmic heating is a
conduction heating technique by which rapid internal resistive heating occurs
by passing the AC electrical current through a product. The objective of the
present work was to use the ohmic heating technique for the elaboration of
nixtamalized corn flour. Results shown that is possible making corn flour to
elaborate tortillas applying ohmic heating method. The tortilla yields obtained
were 1.7 to 1.9 kg of tortilla/kg of flour, which were higher than those
obtained by the traditional process, in addition the rheological and sensory
quality was also superior. Besides that, other important advantages of using
the ohmic heating were the elimination of liquid waste, shorter processing
time from hours to minutes, and homogeneous cooking temperature that
improved the heating quality.

Nutrient composition of retail samples of sorghum, millet, and whole
wheat flour
S. E. GEBHARDT (1), R. G. Thomas (1)
(1) USDA ARS BHNRC, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A.
More than 2 million people in the United States have celiac disease, or about 1
in 133 individuals. People who have this disease cannot tolerate gluten, a
protein in wheat, rye, and barley. The only treatment for celiac disease is a
gluten-free diet. Nutrient profiles were lacking in the USDA National Nutrient
Database for Standard Reference (SR) for sorghum and millet flour, both of
which can be used in gluten-free diets. Three different brands of each type of
flour were purchased from retail suppliers. Whole wheat flour samples were
also obtained to update the existing nutrient profile. Samples were prepared at
the Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center at Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University and shipped by overnight delivery to analytical
laboratories with appropriate analytical quality control and reference
materials. These laboratories had previously been qualified to perform
analyses of nutrients through the National Food and Nutrient Analysis
Program. Samples were analyzed for proximate components, vitamins,
minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids. Whole wheat flour is highest in protein
content at 13.7% versus 10.8% for millet, and 7.7% for sorghum flour. Millet
is the highest in total fat content at 4.9% versus sorghum at 3.5% and wheat at
1.9%. Wheat flour is significantly higher (p < .05) in iron, phosphorus, potas-
sium, copper and manganese compared to sorghum flour and significantly
higher (p < .01) in phosphorus, potassium and manganese compared to millet
flour. For health professionals who advise clients on food choices as well as
for people who are trying to follow a gluten-free diet, having data for millet
and sorghum flours in the SR provides an easily accessible and reliable source
of nutrient information (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata).

Rapid product development for multi-component cereal-based foods
using TD-NMR technology
S. GHOSH (1), X. Tombokan (1)
(1) Bruker Corporation, The Woodlands, TX, U.S.A.
The interaction of ingredient molecules become a dictating factor during the
prodcut development process of complex food systems, with multi-
components with widely difefreing physicochemical characteristics. A fast
non-invasive technique to quantify this interaction becomes very useful in
accelerating product development and decision making process. TD-NMR
(time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance) technique can be implemented
very easily using a small bench-top or hand-held instrument to precisely
measure the mobility of molecules in a sample in a non-invasive way.
Automated data acquision to look at dynamic system can also easily be
implemented. The TD-NMR technology is based on extracting the signal from
nuclear spins in the sample and mathematical calculation on the signal to
rapidly obtain physicochemical information on the sample at molecular level.
The principles of TD-NMR will be described in the talk. Experimental details
and results of successful application of this technology to cereal-based multi-
component foods will be elaborated. Future research direction and other TD-
NMr applications to cereal products will also be touched upon.

Making fundamental sense of the Alveogram: Application of computer
simulations to inversely identify rheological parameters from the
Alveograph
A. GOH (1)
(1) Curtin University of Technology Sarawak, Miri, MALAYSIA
The Alveograph is a test device that has been routinely used to assess the
breadmaking quality of flour. The test is normally considered to be empirical
since the recordings are expressed in terms of bubble pressure versus time
rather than in terms of any particular rheological parameters. Although it is
possible to convert the Alveogram into biaxial extensional properties, the
analysis requires rather tedious measurements of the shape of the bubble.
Furthermore, the variation of strain rate during the bubble inflation means that
the viscoelastic properties need also to be considered in the analysis. In the
current work, an inverse method based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
and the finite element method has been applied to identify viscoelastic
constitutive properties from the bubble pressurepiston displacement
relationship. The strain dependent behaviour was characterised by a two-
parameter Mooney Rivlin hyperelastic model while the time dependent
behaviour was characterised by the Prony series. The inverse method was
evaluated using numerical experiments and it was found that good estimates
of the viscoelastic properties could be obtained using only one set of bubble
pressurepiston displacement data. The results suggest that data from the
Alveograph can be used to provide information about the fundamental large
strain viscoelastic properties of test samples.

Effects of the emulsifier sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and of the
enzyme maltogenic amylase on the quality of sandwich bread during
storage
C. R. GOMES-RUFFI (1), R. H. Cunha (2), Y. K. Chang (3), C. J. Steel (4)
(1) ITAL Inst de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, SP, BRAZIL; (2)
[email protected]; (3) UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Cidade Universitria Zeferino Vaz, Distrito de Baro Geraldo, Campinas - SP,
BRASIL, Caixa Postal : 6101, CEP 13081-970; (4) State University of
Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Emulsifiers and enzymes are used as anti-staling agents in bakery products,
providing increased shelf life, which is especially interesting for industrialized
breads, such as the traditional sandwich bread. The objective of this study was
to evaluate the effects of the emulsifier sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and of
the enzyme maltogenic amylase on the quality of sandwich bread during
storage. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the
influence of the addition of SSL (0.0 to 0.5%, flour basis) and maltogenic
amylase (0.00 to 0.04%, flour basis) on bread quality parameters. The
responses evaluated from the 2
2
complete factorial experimental design were
specific volume on day 1 and instrumental firmness on days 1, 6 and 10. The
addition of SSL and maltogenic amylase showed positive effects on specific
volume, which ranged from 5,65 to 6,53 mL/g for breads with added
emulsifier and/or enzyme (compared to 5,80 mL/g for the control, without the
addition of emulsifier or enzyme) and on texture. Experimental firmness
varied from 80,09 to 134,76 g.f. on day 1 for breads with added emulsifier
and/or enzyme (compared to 123,84 g.f. for the control); from 126,42 to
222,52 g.f. on day 6 for breads with added emulsifier and/or enzyme
(compared to 241,42 g.f. for the control) and from 130,94 to 267,65 g.f. on
day 10 for breads with added emulsifier and/or enzyme (compared to 282,64
g.f. for the control). Response surfaces and mathematical models were
obtained for all the responses studied, showing the positive effect of the
addition of SSL and maltogenic amylase on the increase of bread volume and
the reduction of firmness, especially on day 10.

Effect of partial replacement of wheat flour for fiber and protein of soy
and technological changes in the properties of dough
C. R. GOMES-RUFFI (1), F. P. Collares-Queiroz (2), S. H. Biondi (1), F. M.
Montenegro (1), M. X. Paz (1), A. C. Dalmora (1)
(1) ITAL Inst de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, SP, BRAZIL; (2) State
University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
The soybean and its derivatives have great potential in the functional foods
market due to the presence of bioactive compounds (isoflavones), being also
excellent to protein enrichment, mainly as a source of essential amino acids
(lysine) and dietetic fiber (soluble and insoluble), translating into benefits for
health and adding value to the product. However, the partial substitution of
gluten (wheat flour) by soy protein and fiber can lead to impairment of the
technological performance of the dough. The objective of this study was to
evaluate the rheological behavior of mixtures of wheat flour and different
proportions of derivatives of soy (protein and fiber) and technological changes
in the properties of dough. Therefore, 3 samples of wheat flour with partial
replacement of 6%, 10% and 14% of soy derivatives (mix with 52% fiber and
30% protein) and 1 control sample (without additions) were analized. The
samples were evaluated on the physical (color) properties and rheological
farinography, extensography, gluten content and falling number, in triplicate.
The extensographic results of elasticity (R, Rm) showed similar behavior to
the control flour. However, this elasticity is not effective since the dough
showed a different behavior: no retraction after modeling in the cylinder.
There was decrease in extensibility (easy rupture when stretched) due to
interference by fiber and soy protein exerted on the viscoelastic properties, as
confirmed by the results of farinography where values of water absorption,
time of arrival, time of stability, development time increased compared to
control. The addition of soy derivatives increased the gluten content of flour
and the color tended to light beige, however, not affecting the value of falling
number (over 400).
A44
Sensory and rheological properties of noodles enrichment with J atropha
curcasflours
N. GUEMES VERA (1), G. Flores-Miranda (1), E. Gomez-Montes (1), S.
Soto-Simental (1), E. Perez Soto (1), J. Martinez-Herrera (2), J. Chavez-
Hernandez (3), R. Gomez-Ramirez (1)
(1) Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Autonoma del Estado de
Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, MEXICO; (2) Centro de Productos Bioticos
del IPN Yautepec Morelos Mexico; (3) Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomicas
del Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora, Cd. Obregn Sonora Mexico
Pasta made from semolina is a good source of complex carbohydrates. Pasta
contains relatively high amounts of resistant starch and is low in fat and
protein, an alternative to compensate these deficiencies is the use of oilseeds
such as Jatropha curcas. It was prepared from semolina enrichment with 5,
10, 15, 20 and 25% of Jatropha curcas flour. The protein content showed
13.62% (compared with 11% for commercial pasta) for noodles with 10% of
Jatropha curcas flour and a lysine content of 6.5% (compared with 2.3% for
control). Sensory analysis of enriched noodles with 10% of Jatropha curcas
flour was accepted by the judges. The extensibility of noodles presented with
10% of Jatropha curcas flour was 35.3 cm, the R max was 38.9. These results
were similars to the noodles control. The firmness from noodles with 10% of
Jatropha curcas flour (0.55 Kf) was similar to the noodles control (0.51 Kf).
The b* value decreased when percentage of oilseed flour was increased. The
best treatment was when 10% of Jatropha curcas flour was used.

Baking characteristics of Tollocan, Saturno and Salamanca wheat flour
using extensibility, adhesives and texture profile analysis
N. GUEMES VERA (1), E. I. Mera Garca (2), M. M. Lpez- Rodrguez (2),
S. Flores-Mera (2), A. Santos-Escamilla (2), S. Soto-Simental (1), J. F.
Hernandez-Chavez (3)
(1) Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Autonoma del
Estado de Hidalgo Tulancingo Hidalgo MEXICO; (2) Instituto Tecnolgico
Superior del Occidente del Estado de Hidalgo Mexico; (3) Ciencias Veteri-
narias y Agronmicas del Instituto Tecnolgico de Sonora Cd. Obregon Sonora
The selection of new varieties of grains of wheat to cover the needs
increasingly demanding of the industry of bakery needs some standards for
the improvement of the products of bakery. The objective was evaluating
dough quality of three wheat flour using extensibility, adhesiveness and
texture profile analysis as indicators. Three wheat flour obtained from
Tollocan, Saturno and Salamanca varieties of wheat grains growed in
Mixquiahuala, Hidalgo, Mxico. Dough extensibility, adhesiveness and
texture profile analysis were measured in a TAXHD texture analyzer. Results
obtained for extensibiliby were 36.8, 19.6 and 44.3 cm to Salamanca,
Tollocan and Saturno, respectively. Adhesion averages of dough were 19.6,
30.4 and 42.3 kgf to Salamanca, Tollocan and Saturno, respectively. Texture
Profile Analysis parameters for doughs were 0.26, 0.25 and 0.15 kgf for
firmness to Salamanca, Saturno and Tollocan flours, respectively. It was
concluded that Salamanca flour has the best quality to prepare dough.

Effect of storage of flour-blasted brown rice on lipolysis, peroxide value,
texture, water absorption and pasting properties of their flours
H. GURAYA (1), J. Patindol (1), E. Champagne (1)
(1) USDA-ARS-SRRC, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A.
Brown rice was blasted with flour rather than sand in a sand blaster to make
tiny little nicks and cuts so that water can easily enter into the brown rice
endosperm and can cook the brown rice in a shorter time. The flour-blasted
American Basmati, long grain and parboiled rice samples were stored in
Ziploc
bags and vacuum packs, and were periodically tested for changes in
% water absorption (WA) during cooking, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide
value (POV), viscosity changes of flour using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA)
and texture of whole cooked kernal using Texture Analyzer during storage for
300 days. Flour-blasted rice absorbs less water but needed less cooking time
than non-floublasted counterpart. Parboiled rice was more resistant to increase
in FFA after flourblasting as compared to other flourblasted non-parboiled
rice due to inactivation of lipases during heat moisture treatment used to
manufacture parboiled rice. The ANOVA showing the F values were
significant for all four factors, i.e., the type of rice, blasting treatment, type of
packaging and time of storage at p < 0.05 for FFA, POV, peak viscosity (PK),
final viscosity (FV), breakdown viscosity (BD) and setback viscosity (SB),
hardness, gumminess and % WA but packaging alone did not significantly
affect FFA, BD, gumminess and %WA. An increase in FFA, POV, PV, FV,
BD and SB during storage of flourblasted brown rice for 300 days but no
change was observed in texture (hardness, gumminess) and % WA. The
combined (includes all types of rice) coefficient of correlation were 0.86
between FFA and FV, 0.90 between FFA and SB is 0.90 at p < 0.0001. Other
correlations also occur in the data, which could be used to model rancidity and
develop standard methods, which could then be used by the rice industry to
monitor rancidity.

Effects of drying conditions on endogenous enzyme activity and starch
properties of corn
J. GUTESA (1), S. Harjadi (1), A. P. Burgers (1), C. R. Hurburgh (1), J. Jane
(1)
Objectives of this study were to understand how drying conditions affect
quality of corn and its endogenous enzyme activity, attributes that are of
importance for the utilization of corn. For 2007 crops, an increase in starch
gelatinization temperature and no significant changes in the endogenous
enzyme activity were observed in corn dried up to 65C comparing with the
control dried at 25C. Corn dried at 85C showed less enzyme activity (17.1%
decrease in reducing sugar yield after 20 h incubation time), higher starch
gelatinization temperature (T
0
, T
p
, T
c
) and enthalpy change (2.5C, 1.5C,
1.6C, and 1 J/g increase, respectively), and less starch swelling power and %
solubility than the control. The increase in the gelatinization temperature and
enthalpy change suggested that during the drying at 65C and 85C starch lost
some weak crystalline structure, which gelatinized bellow the respective
temperatures. Corn kernels dried at 10C also showed a higher gelatinization
temperature of starch than the control. This could be attributed to that the
drying temperature of 10C was close to the optimal temperature for starch
crystallization (45C) and thus, enhanced starch crystallinity. Starch isolated
from kernels dried at ambient temperature (25C and 45C) was hydrolyzed
faster than that dried at temperatures of 10C, 65C and 85C using a raw-
starch hydrolyzing enzyme. For 2008 crops, the endogenous enzyme activity
was not affected by increasing the drying temperature up to 85C. Kernels
dried at 105C and 125C, however, showed less endogenous enzyme activity
(13.5% and 31.4% decline in the reducing sugar yield, respectively, after 20 h
incubation time) than the control. The results obtained from this study provide
useful information for animal feed and ethanol production to optimize drying
conditions of corn and obtain the best quality and yield of products.

Technological properties of extruded flour and tortillas from transgenic
maize (Zea mays L.) expressing amarantin
R. GUTIERREZ-DORADO (1), J. Milan-Carrillo (2), S. Mora-Rochin (3), J.
Lopez-Valenzuela (3), A. Valdez-Ortiz (3), C. Reyes-Moreno (3)
(1) [email protected]; (2) Univ Autonoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa,
MEXICO; (3) [email protected]
The maize kernel contains 713% protein (dry basis, db), but the quality of its
proteins is poor because they are deficient in the essential amino acids lysine
and tryptophan. Through biotechnological approaches was successfully
expressed the main seed storage protein of amaranth (named amarantin) in the
kernel of common maize; this transgenic maize showed a significant
increment in total protein (+32%) and the essential amino acids lysine
(+18%), isoleucine (+36%) and tryptophan (+22%), also is not an important
allergenicity inducer. Nevertheless, additional evaluations of this transgenic
maize and its products are required to determine its potential use and impact
on human nutrition. In this work, technological properties of extruded flour
from transgenic maize (genetically modified maize containing the cDNA
encoding amarantin) were compared to those of commercial nixtamalized
maize flour (CNMF). Extruded transgenic maize flour (ETMF) showed higher
protein (13.1 vs 8.98%, db) and crude fiber (2.2 vs 1.5%, db) contents, total
color (14.95 vs 12.13) and pH (6.89 vs 6.61) values, and water solubility
index (7.51 vs 3.97 g solids/g original solids, db), and lower lipid (4.8 vs
5.1%, db) and ash (1.73 vs 1.75%, db) contents, Hunter L value (87.6 vs
89.91), and water absorption index (3.20 vs 3.39 g gel/g solids, db) than
CNMF. Tortillas from ETMF had higher protein and crude fiber contents and
pH values, and lower lipid and ash contents than tortillas from CNMF,
differences similar to those exhibited by their flours. However, the tortillas
from ETMF had a higher whiteness (higher Hunter L value and lower total
color difference) than those from CNMF. Tortillas from both ETMF and
CNMF showed similar sensory properties (rollability, puffing and
acceptability). The use of transgenic maize for flour and tortilla preparation
may have a positive impact on the nutritional status of people from countries
where maize is the basic staple food.

The effects of extruded lentil flours on white pan dough and bread
characteristics
C. HALL (1), M. Tulbek (2)
(1) North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; (2) Northern Crops Institute,
Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
The effect of extruded lentil flours on dough and bread characteristics was
studied. The level of lentil flour addition appears to affect dough and bread
A45
characteristic more than the type of lentil flour, i.e. lentil extruded at 350, 400
or 450 rpm and then made into flour. However, extrusion of lentils at 350 rpm
had the least impact on dough properties and white pan bread characteristics.
The water absorption values of the wheat increased with increasing
concentration of extruded lentil flours, indicating that more water should be
added to flours containing higher levels of lentil flours to produce a dough
similar to flours with lower values of lentil flour. Regardless of the level of
lentil flour added, the trend of increasing water absorptions existed with
increasing rate of extrusion. For example, the white flour blended with lentil
flour obtained from the 450 rpm extrusion conditions had the highest water
absorption. Bread made with up to 10% extruded lentil flour using the water
absorption of 62% were not substantially different from breads made without
lentil flour. The best lentil-fortified breads were made with 5% of the 350 rpm
extruded lentil flour. However, an acceptable loaf, as measure by analytical
instruments, also could be produced using 10% extruded (350 rpm) lentil
flour. The data suggests that that increasing the level of lentil flour in the
bread increased the rate of crumb firmness. The type of extruded lentil flour
slightly affected the crumb firmness. An important observation was that the
percentage increase in bread firmness over 5 days was higher for bread made
with raw lentil flour than with processed lentil flour. This observation
supports the need for processing of the lentil flour before addition to bread.

Measurement of amino acid content of whole-kernel corn with near
infrared spectroscopy
C. L. HARDY (1), C. R. Hurburgh (1), G. R. Rippke (1), W. Goldstein (2)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.; (2) Michael Fields Ag Institute,
East Troy, WI, U.S.A.
In food and feed products, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to
measure an increasing number of chemical parameters that have traditionally
been measured by analytical chemistry. Rapid measurement of amino acids in
raw and processed grain is becoming increasingly important in balancing
livestock rations. National Organic Program standards are expected to change
in 2010 to disallow synthetic amino acid supplements in organic feeds. The
ability to rapidly measure amino acids enhances plant breeding and livestock
ration balancing. NIRS measurement of amino acids in corn has been
hampered by the high correlation between the total protein content and the
typical amino acid level. When average corn is used to calibrate NIRS
analyzers, the calibration estimates the typical amounts of amino acids for the
protein level. The organic corn breeding program coordinated by Michael
Fields Agricultural Institute is developing organic lines of corn with increased
levels of methionine, lysine, and cysteine, deliberately manipulated to break
the correlation with total protein. Calibrations were developed for two whole-
seed NIRS transmission analyzers (Bruins OmegAnalyzer G and Foss
Infratec 1241 Grain Analyzer). Samples from 2006 and 2007 crops were
used for calibration; samples from 2008 crop were used as validation. Lysine
and methionine calibrations had R
2
of 0.73 0.84, significantly higher than
the correlation of each amino acid to the total protein. These calibrations are
suitable for genetic screening in corn breeding programs (high vs. low genetic
evaluations). Cysteine was only reflective of protein but this amino acid is less
important in ration formulation than lysine and methionine. A standard
protocol was also developed to evaluate NIRS calibrations for factors that are
correlated with other properties already known to be measureable with NIRS.

Effects of glutenin loci allelic diversity and rye translocations on dough
properties within U.S. Hard Winter Wheat breeding programs
S. E. HARMER (1), B. W. Seabourn (1)
(1) USDA-ARS-GMPRC, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
Allelic variation at the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci is known to contribute to end-use
qualities in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Glu-1 loci, which encodes high
molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), and the Glu-3 loci, which
encodes low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), are polymorphic
and therefore multiple alleles exist in different breeding programs. However,
the effect of different glutenin alleles at all six loci on dough and bread-
making properties is poorly characterised, particularly in U.S. breeding
programs. In this study, a set of advanced breeding lines and cultivars from
the USDA-ARS Regional Performance Nursery (RPN), consisting of hard
winter wheat from breeding programs across the U.S. Great Plains growing
region, were used to determine HMW-GS and LMW-GS allelic composition
using SDS-PAGE and lab-on-a-chip
technologies. Three, eight and four

alleles were detected at the HMW-GS encoding loci for Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and
Glu-D1, respectively. The LMW-GS loci were diverse, with six alleles each
detected at Glu-A3 and Glu-D3 loci and nine alleles detected at the highly
polymorphic Glu-B3 locus. Estimates of glutenin allele effects on dough
mixing properties were analysed using mixograph mix-time data (adjusted for
protein content) from the RPN crop years 19952007. The degree of
association of glutenin alleles to mixograph mix time was determined using
ANOVA. These results showed that the Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect
(p < 0.0005) on mixograph mix time. Generally, Glu-D1d, Glu-B3d and Glu-
A1a were associated with higher mixograph mix times, whilst Glu-A1c,
GluB1f, Glu-D1a were associated with lower mixograph mix times.

Investigation of soba noodles prepared with tartary, green and common
buckwheat
D. W. HATCHER (1), M. Izydorczyk (1), J. E. Dexter (1), G. G. Bellido (1),
C. Campbell (2)
(1) Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA; (2) Kade
Research, Morden, MB, Canada
Buckwheat flour has many beneficial nutraceutical compounds capable of
improving human health in addition to proteins with a unique amino acid
composition. Buckwheat or soba noodles are made from a blend of common
wheat flour and buckwheat flour and are consumed both hot and cold
throughout Asia. This study compared the texture of soba noodles prepared
from a brown tartary, a green testa buckwheat and two common buckwheat
varieties. The buckwheat flours were combined (80:20) with a high protein
Canada Western Red Spring flour (13.0% protein) as well as with a lower
protein (11.5%), but stronger dough strength, Canada Prairie Spring (Red)
flour. All soba noodles exhibited significant (p < 0.0001) reductions in cooked
noodle thickness compared to either common wheat control noodles.
Empirical mechanical tests on the cooked noodles; maximum cutting stress
(MCS), resistance to compression (RTC) and recovery (REC) as well as a new
uniaxial stress relaxation technique; SR20 (stress relaxation at 20 s), K1
(initial rate of relaxation), K2 (extent of relaxation) and elasticity index (EI),
highlighted differences in noodle texture. MCS, RTC and REC values of the
soba noodles were at least a third lower (p = 0.05) than those in either of the
control common wheat noodles. Tartary soba noodles however displayed the
highest MCS, RTC and REC values of the soba noodles, indicating that they
had superior texture than all other buckwheat blends. Uniaxial stress
relaxation parameters showed that soba noodles had significantly lower
elastic-like behaviour than their corresponding common wheat control
noodles, with viscoelastic behaviour varying in soba noodles depending on
buckwheat flour source. This study indicates that differences in buckwheat
starch content were primarily responsible for the observed rheological
behaviour of tartary, green, and common buckwheat soba noodles.

WiSci Finder: An innovative approach to communication in grain science
D. A. HAUGE (1), D. Vukson-Van Beek (1), D. Gallaher (2), L. Marquart (1)
(1) Grains for Health Foundation, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.; (2) University of
Minnesota
Todays complex scientific issues require communication, collaboration and
action among a diverse group of scientists from around the globe. This
establishes a need for a systematic approach that allows scientists to locate
collaborative expertise, state of the art technology and techniques to
successfully conduct interdisciplinary research. The purpose of this project
was to develop and pilot test a comprehensive and searchable database (WiSci
Finder) of experts in the areas of whole grains, dietary fiber and related
bioactive compounds. The WiSci Finder includes information about
experts/researchers including location, laboratory capabilities (equipment,
standard compounds, methodologies, techniques), publications, and grants. A
qualitative survey extended to a sample of users during the pilot period
examined usability, relevance of categories, and expected outcomes when
using WiSci Finder. This data will be used to optimize WiSci Finders design
to enhance functionality and usefulness to the researcher. WiSci Finder
profiles are continually updated and maintained by the Grains for Health
Foundation to remain relevant and accurate. WiSci Finder offers a place to
track collaborative efforts and to assess outcomes for future reference. The
long-term outcome of this project is to enhance connectivity among grains
researchers in order to focus, prioritize, and leverage research related to whole
grains, dietary fiber and grain components.

WiSci Method: An innovative approach to communication in grain
science
D. A. HAUGE (1), D. Vukson-Van Beek (1), D. Gallaher (2), L. Marquart (1)
(1) Grains for Health Foundation, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.; (2) University of
Minnesota
Todays complex public health issues require grain scientists to deal with
large amounts of detailed information in overwhelming quantities. The next
generation of research involves communication and collaboration by
organizing world experts in grain science and technology. Currently, no
organized discipline exists to connect and synchronize scientific outcomes
from various experts, labs, methods, and techniques. Through the WiSci
Finder, experts are virtually housed together, giving opportunity to focus,
A46
prioritize, and leverage research to impact public health. The purpose of this
project was to pilot test the WiSci Method. The WiSci Method is a process to
define and frame a research problem within a prearranged context. The
Method steps include: identify a topic, search WiSci Finder, gather experts,
chat and discuss, define focus, conduct a webinar or conference, generate
action steps, award grants/perform research. Experts were identified to present
Cereal Grain Components: Analysis and Bioavailability, a symposium at
AACCIs annual meeting. During the course of a four month period presenters
communicated by conference call and virtual meetings to frame the scope of
the symposium. Their presentations focused the panel discussion through
which next steps for research related to measurement of grain compounds and
bioavailability will be generated. This Method will be evaluated through
individual interviews with scientific and communication experts to examine
opportunities pertaining to the use of technology, scientific context, and
communication efforts in the WiSci Method. This input will be used to
enhance the Method to accurately reflect researchers needs today and in the
future. In this way, gaps in the grain supply chain can be addressed by target-
ing grant development, policy and regulatory recommendations, or major
research initiatives that benefit both the grain industry and public health.

Changes in anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity during the elaboration
of tesgino, a traditional Mexican corn beer
H. HERNANDEZ-SANCHEZ (1), D. Nava-Arenas (1), A. R. Jimenez-
Aparicio (2)
(1) Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas - IPN, Mexico DF, MEXICO; (2)
CeProBi-IPN, Mexico, DF, Mexico
Tesgino is a traditional beer-like beverage from Northern Mexico obtained
from sprouted white or yellow corn. Blue corn has a higher anthocyanin
content and antioxidant activity than other types of corn, so the objective of
this study was to elaborate and evaluate a blue tesgino as a functional
product. Germination conditions were 24 h steeping time, a ratio of 200 ml of
water / 100 g of grain and a 96 h germination time at 25C. The sprouts were
milled and cooked at 94C with water (4.3 L / kg of sprouts) for 8 h. This wort
was divided in two batches. The first batch was allowed to cool and inoculated
with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum (a probiotic
strain) cultures and fermented for 24 h at 30C. The two batches were now
mixed and allowed to ferment for 32 h and analyzed for moisture,
anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Moisture content
increased from 10% (grains) to 40% (germinated grains) to 86% (wort) to
88% (tesgino). Anthocyanins (expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside) increased
from 50 to 88 mg / 100 g dry solids due to the germination process to decrease
to only 8 after the cooking and fermentation. Constant stirring at high
temperature for 8 h could be responsible for this. Phenolic compounds
(expressed as gallic acid) showed an important increase (25%) after the
germination process only to fall 47% after the cooking process and remain
constant after that. Antioxidant activity remained constant during the
germination process but decreased in 40% after the preparation of the wort
and increased slightly (1%) during the fermentation. The final value was 19%
DPPH inhibition. The final product was sensorially acceptable. It was red,
sour (pH 3.2) and with 1.8% alcohol. These results indicate that the blue
tesgino can be considered as a functional food with a good antioxidant
activity and probiotic lactobacilli.

A comparative evaluation of antioxidant properties of commercial brands
of regular- and whole-wheat spaghetti
R. Hirawan (1), W. Ser (1), S. Arntfield (1), T. BETA (1)
Whole grains contain more vitamins, minerals, natural antioxidants and
dietary fibre than regular, refined grain products. Therefore, consumption of
whole grain products is associated with beneficial health effects. The present
investigation evaluated the antioxidant properties of ten samples of regular-
and whole- wheat spaghetti that are commercially available. The methods
employed were total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl
free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity
(ORAC) and ferulic acid content by HPLC analysis. The effects of cooking on
the antioxidant properties of spaghetti were also studied. Whole wheat
spaghetti exhibited significantly higher levels of total phenolic content (1389
g/g) than regular wheat spaghetti (865 g/g); however, TPC in both regular
and whole wheat spaghetti was 4878% of the original content after cooking.
There were no significant differences in ORAC values (34.3 to 100.4 mol
Trolox equivalent/g) or DPPH scavenging activity (1.0 to 2.3 mol Trolox
equivalent) among whole wheat and regular spaghetti. Whole wheat spaghetti
(234 g/g) had significantly higher ferulic acid than regular spaghetti (p <
0.05). TPC and ferulic acid content were found to be good indicators of the
antioxidant capacity of spaghetti with both indices demonstrating the
superiority of whole wheat over regular pasta products. The current findings
on spaghetti add to the mounting evidence on the potential health benefits to
be derived from consuming whole grain products.

Effect of genotype and environment on starch and protein content in, and
the physicochemical properties of starch from, field pea and fababean
S. HOOD-NIEFER (1), R. Tyler (2)
(1) Parrheim Foods, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA; (2) [email protected]
The effects of genotype and environment and their interaction on the
concentrations of starch and protein in pea and fababean and amylose
concentration and thermal and pasting characteristics of starch from pea and
fababean were investigated. Genotypic differences in the concentrations of
starch and protein in pea and fababean were observed. On a dry weight basis,
pea and fababean contained 44.146.2% and 41.147.5% starch and 24.2
27.5% and 27.532.4% protein, respectively. CDC Striker and CDC Tucker
contained the highest protein concentrations of the genotypes tested at 27.5
and 27.1% (dry basis), respectively. Gloria had the highest protein
concentration at 32.4% (dry basis). CDC Fatima, NPZ4-7540 and SSNS-1
contained 30.7, 29.7 and 30.2% protein (dry basis), respectively. Genotypic
differences in the onset temperature (To) and peak temperature of
gelatinization of fababean starch. Additionally, genotypic differences were
observed in the pasting, trough, cooling and final viscosities of pea starch and
fababean starch. Significant two-way interactions (location genotype) were
observed for the concentration of starch in fababean. Significant two-way
interactions were also observed for the amylose concentration in fababean
starch, and the To, endothermic enthalpy of gelatinization and trough viscosity
of fababean starch. Significant three-way interactions (location year
genotype) were observed for the concentration of starch in pea and the
pasting, trough, cooling and final viscosities of pea starch. The effect of
genotype on the concentrations of starch and protein in pea and fababean was
sufficient to be of practical significance to end-users. However, the significant
interactions detected may complicate the manipulation through breeding of
the concentrations of protein and starch in pea and fababean.

Comparison of NIR and BioFoss (FTIR) for analysis of Ethanol, Lactic &
Acetic acid, Glycerol and Sugar composition for ethanol fermentation
M. HOST (1), R. Pradon (2), J. Persson (2)
(1) Foss North America, USA; (2) FOSS Analytical AB, Sweden
Advances within spectroscopy and chemometrics in combination with the
high attention the Biofuel area is getting from manufacturers of spectroscopic
analyzers pave the way to improved analytical solutions. Near Infrared (NIR)
technologies has for a long time been the method of choice when it comes to
rapid analysis of ingredients or rapid control of production processes.
Although NIR is an excellent technique it still has its limitations. This will be
demonstrated with an example from the rapidly expanding biofuel industry.
Near Infrared (NIR) has, for a long period been the preferred method for
analyzing whole grain at intake or in grain trading for parameters such as
moisture, starch, ethanol yield and test-weight. The same technology has, in
recent years, migrated into the ethanol process (e.g. fermentation). However,
the relatively limited analytical performance achieved by NIR for
fermentation monitoring has so far not lead to a wide spread use of the
technology. Our studies have shown that the use of NIR for fermentation
monitoring in normal situations can produce quite acceptable results but this is
mainly an effect from the natural correlations between the components in a
normal fermentation process. If the unexpected happens in the process, these
natural correlations fall apart and NIR calibrations fail. In such situations a
new simple instrument BioFOSS based on FTIR technology has been found
to outperform NIR instruments. The operating principles of this instrument
will be presented and its performance will be exemplified with a comparison
vs NIR technology for a range of critical fermentation control parameters such
as Ethanol, Lactic acid, Acetic acid, Glycerol and Sugar composition.

Phytoglycogen, a dendritic polysaccharide nanoparticle, has unique
hydrolysis pattern with amyloglucosidase
L. HUANG (1), Y. Yao (1)
Phytoglycogen (PG) is a dendritic alpha-D-glucan generated in the su1-
containing mutant corns. In these mutants, the lack of isoamylase-like starch
debranching enzyme leads to the generation of highly branched PG
nanoparticles replacing starch granules. In an early study, we found that the
susceptibility of PG to alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase (AMG) is lower
than that of starch, probably due to the high branch density of PG molecules.
In the current study, our goal is to examine the proceeding of AMG-catalyzed
hydrolysis of PG in comparison with amylopectin (AP) of waxy corn starch.
The enzymatic reaction was conducted in 10 mL NaAc buffer containing 10
units of AMG and 0.25 to 5.0% of PG or AP, at pH4.5 and 55C. The reaction
A47
was monitored by measuring the glucose release at 0.5, 1, 2, 10 min, and
thereafter every 10 min for 1 hr. The results showed distinct hydrolysis pattern
for PG and AP, which is affected by the concentration of substrates. For
substrate concentration of 1.0% and higher, in the initial stage (stage-1) of
hydrolysis (less than 10 minutes), the amount of glucose release from PG was
greater than that of AP, suggesting a higher availability of non-reducing ends
from the PG outer layer to AMG enzyme. In the next stage (stage-2), the
amount of glucose release from PG was surpassed by that of AP, suggesting
the inhibitory effect of exposed alpha-1,6 linkages on glucose release.
Interestingly, when the concentration of substrates was less than 1.0%, the
existence of stage-1 was not observed. This may be attributed to the saturated
enzyme binding and maximized hydrolysis at the surface of individual PG
molecules, and this effect may remove the 1,4 linkages at the outer layer in
less than 0.5 min. The information obtained from this work allows us to gain
more insight on the structure uniqueness of PG and its applications as a
carbohydrate food ingredient and functional nanocarrier.

Characteristics of starch fine structure and pasting properties of waxy
rice during storage
Y. HUANG (1), H. Lai (1)
(1) National Taiwan University, Taipei, TAIWAN
Waxy rice was the major rice variety used for making snacks in Asian. It had
been realized that the physicochemical properties of waxy rice affected by
variety and storage condition after harvesting. The objectives of this study was
to investigate the starch fine structure and pasting properties of two domestic
waxy rice varieties, TNW1 (Japonica type) and TCSW1 (Indica type) during
storage. The milled rice were stored at 4 and 17C and the paddy rice were
stored at room temperature (25 5C) for 15 months. The chain length of
amylopectin (AP) were determined by using HPAEC-PAD and pasting
properties of rice flour and rice starch suspensions were determined by using
RVA. Principle component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the corre-
lations between RVA and AP chain-length data of waxy rice. The amount of
short chains (DP6-15) of AP increased but that of the long chains (DP15)
decreased when TNW 1 was stored for 7 months at all three storage con-
ditions. The changes in chain length of TCSW 1 AP during storage were smaller
than those of TNW 1. After 15 months of storage, the peak viscosity (PV) of
waxy rice starches determined in both H
2
O and in 2.5 mM AgNO
3
solution
increased and the increments were larger in TNW 1 than TCSW 1. There were
no significant changes in viscograms patterns of TCSW 1 rice flour both in
H
2
O and in 2.5 mM AgNO
3
solution when they were stored at 4 and 17C.
While, significant increases of PV were found in TNW 1 rice flour in H
2
O and
slight increases in 2.5 mM AgNO
3
solution when they were stored at 4 and
17C. The first two components of PCA explained 66% of overall variation of
the total variation in the measurements. PCA indicated that the pasting
properties of waxy rice flour were mainly affected by the changes in the chain
length of AP during storage, which resulted from the reactions of endogenous
amylase in rice during storage and/or heating stage of RVA measurements.

Bread making performance after partial substitution of wheat flour with
corn processing by-products
A. R. ISLAS-RUBIO (1), T. L. Maldonado-Parra (1), M. C. Granados-
Nevarez (1), F. Vasquez-Lara (1), L. R. Lorence-Rubio (2)
(1) Centro de Investigacin en Alimentacin y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo,
Sonora, MEXICO; (2) Industrias CENTLI, S.A. de C.V., Los Mochis,
Sinaloa, Mexico
The benefits of dietary fiber (DF) in human health are well documented.
Health conscious consumers demand foods with higher DF content. The
objective of this study was to determine the maximum substitution level of
wheat flour (WF) by fine (FF) or coarse (CF) fiber, and germ-rich fraction
(GF) in bread manufacturing. Breads were made following the direct dough
procedure, maintaining a constant amount of ingredients, except for water,
flour and the amount of each of the by-products. Bread making performance
was evaluated by measuring specific volume, crumb and overall appearance.
In addition, bread firmness and water activity were evaluated during storage
(up to 7 days) at 25C. Significant differences on specific volume, bread
firmness and water activity between the control bread (0% substitution) and
the composite flour breads were observed. Wheat flour substitution level of
10% FF and 20% CF or GF provided the best results. It is possible to include
this type of by-products in bread manufacturing without significantly affecting
bread quality.

Confocal laser scanning microscopy as a tool in the analysis of cereal
products
M. JEKLE (1), T. Becker (1)
(1) Technische Universitt Mnchen, Freising, GERMANY
The effects of different ingredients and production parameters on dough and
baked products are evaluated in a lot of studies. Nevertheless the
microstructure of proteins and starch in dough and baked goods is still of
special interest. Therefore a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was
used to examine the protein and starch distribution. One of the main
advantages of the relatively new technique is the slight extend of sample
preparation that is required. The images were acquired with a Nikon Ti-E
microscope in combination with an e-C1plus confocal system. An excitation
wavelength of 543 nm of a green HeNe laser was utilized to detect the protein
phase dyed with Rhodamin B. Nile Blue was used to examine the protein
phase and simultaneously starch granules in dough and crumb samples (red
HeNe laser, 637 nm). Optical sections were taken every 0,15 m through the
sample and three-dimensional images were produced by digital processing.
The study shows the advanced possibilities of the use of CLSM within the
scope of different raw materials (wheat and rye flour), protein cross-linking
due to Transglutaminase in rye dough, and the variation of the properties of
protein and starch during baking and as a central objective the investigation of
the changes in the microstructure of wheat dough due to different dough
yields. In wheat dough the composition and the spatial orientation of the
gluten protein are of particular importance for its rheological and textural
properties. For the correlation of the visible results of the CLSM with these
aspects the effect of the varied water content was examined with frequency
sweep test, creep recovery test and stickiness of the dough and the specific
volume of the wheat bread. The results submit an innovative new view on the
phase distribution of the protein network in dough which varies significantly
with different water content.

Dosage effect of high-amylose modifier (HAM) gene on physicochemical
properties of maize amylose-extender (ae) starch
H. JIANG (1), M. Campbell (2), J. Jane (1)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.; (2) Truman State University,
Kirksville, MO, U.S.A.
GEMS-0067, with a pedigree of GUAT209:S13(OH43aeH99ae), is an
inbred maize homozygous for the recessive ae (sbe2b) allele and a HAM gene
containing sbeI allele. GEMS-0067 produces starch with ~25% more
resistant-starch (RS) content than maize with the ae mutation alone. The
objective of this study was to understand how the HAM gene dosage affected
the RS formation in the maize ae-mutant starch. Starches isolated from
triploid endosperm of GEMS-0067 (3 doses of HAM gene), GEMS-
0067H99ae (2 doses), H99aeGEMS-0067 (1 dose), and H99ae (0 dose)
were used in this study. The content of amylose/intermediate component (IC)
increased from 68.9% to 88.2% upon increasing the dosage of HAM gene. As
HAM gene doses decreased from 3 to 2, 1, and 0, RS contents determined
using the AOAC Method 991.43 for total dietary fiber were 35.0%, 28.1%,
12.9%, and 15.7%, respectively. Two gelatinization thermal-transition peaks
were observed on the differential-scanning-calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for
most starches. The first peak (~82.6C), corresponding to the melting of the
crystallites of amylopectin/IC, showed as a shoulder for GEMS-0067 but
increased with the decrease in the HAM gene dosage, whereas the second
peak (~99.1C), resulting from the melting of the amylose crystallites and the
amylose-lipid complex, decreased with the decrease in the HAM gene dosage.
These results suggested that the increased dosage of HAM gene was re-
sponsible for the increase in amylose/IC content of the maize ae-mutant starch
and, in turn, the formation of the amylose crystallites and amylose-lipid com-
plex. Two doses of HAM gene substantially increased the RS content, but one
dose of HAM gene had little effect on the RS content. The results of this study
provided information for plant breeders to develop high yielding corn with
large RS contents by selectively crossing lines with HAM and ae-null genes.

Hydrothermal characteristics of pearl millet (Pennisetumglaucum) flour
during cooking into Fura
V. A. JIDEANI (1), D. J. Scott (1)
(1) Department of Food Technology, Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, Cape Town 8000, SOUTH AFRICA
The effects of hydration times [HT] (1, 3.5, and 6 hours) and cooking times
[CT] (20, 40, and 60 minutes) on the thermal characteristics of cooked pearl
millet flour [CPMF] was investigated. The DSC thermograms depicted two
separate endothermic transitions, identified as starch gelatinisation (29C
30C) and disruption of the starch-lipid complexes (90C120C). The onset
(T
o
), peak (Tp) and conclusion temperature (Tc) of uncooked pearl millet flour
[UPMF) were 50.6, 72.2 and 80.2C respectively; that for the hydrated and
CPMF ranged from 28.349.1C, 47.979.7C and 51.386.9C respectively.
The gelatinisation temperature range (DTr) for the UPMF was 29.6C and that
of the treated flour ranged from 3.237.7C. HT and CT significantly (P <
0.05) affected the gelatinisation properties of the millet flour. HT gradually
decreased the degree of gelatinisation, whereas CT drastically increased the
A48
degree of gelatinisation. Hydrating millet flour for 1 h and cooking for 40 min
was sufficient to achieve 100% gelatinised flour. Starch-lipid complex formed
after gelatinisation at hydration time (3.5 h) and cooking for 40 min. HT (3.5
min) and CT (40 min) significantly decreased the To, Tp, Tc temperatures and
uniformity of gelatinisation (PHI). Melting range (DTr) and melting enthalpy
(DH melting), for the UPMF is 34.63C and 1026.94 J/g respectively; 28.16
to 35.49C, and 751.61 to 1072.44 J/g respectively for the CPMF. Increasing
both the HT and CT reduced the amount of energy required to break the
starch-lipid complex formed during the cooking of millet flour. The UPMF
showed a typical A-type X-ray diffraction pattern, which was altered by the
hydrothermal treatments (1 h hydration and 20 min cooking) resulting in a
transformation into the V-hydrate form evidence of starch-lipid complex
formation. The formation of this complex possibly explains why millet flour
remains intact during cooking into fura.

In-vitro starch digestibility and glycemic property of Acha (Digitaria
exilis) porridge
V. A. JIDEANI (1), S. C. Podgorski (1)
(1) Department of Food Technology, Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, Cape Town 8000, SOUTH AFRICA
The in-vitro starch digestibility of acha flour and glycemic property of acha
porridge was investigated for two acha cultivars (Digitaria exilis, white and
Digitaria iburua, brown) compared to maize porridge. The total starch (TS)
for maize, white and brown acha flours were 45.3, 42.6 and 41.5%
respectively. The resistant starch (RS) was 2.9, 2.1, and 1.2 respectively for
maize, white and brown acha flours. The digestible starch (DS) was 43.7, 41.4
and 40.0% respectively for maize, white and brown acha flours. There was no
significant difference between the maize flour and the two acha cultivars in
TS and DS. However, brown acha differed significantly from white and maize
flours in RS content. Both time and porridge type significantly (P < 0.05)
affected the amount of hydrolysed starch. Within 180 min, a significantly
higher amount of starch in maize porridge (32.8%) was hydrolysed compared
to 18.6 and 15.5% respectively for white and brown acha porridge. The
rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and slowly digestible starch (SDS) 31.2 and
40% respectively for maize porridge were significantly higher than those of
white (13.7, 24.1%) and brown (16.3, 18.5%) acha porridge. The brown and
white acha porridge had low estimated GI values (40). Acha grain may have a
potential as a low GI food. However, further work is on going to establish
effect of different processing methods on this grain.

Effects of resistant starch on the physical, sensory and textural properties
of wheat flour tortillas
T. O. JONDIKO (1), N. J. Alviola (1), L. W. Rooney (1), J. M. Awika (1)
(1) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.
Wheat flour tortillas are the fastest growing and most popular bread consumed
in North America. As this market grows, demand for healthier high dietary
fiber alternatives increases. Less than 10% of Americans consume the 2538 g
recommended daily intake (RDI) of fiber. This is partially due to the dislike of
whole grain product texture, color and flavor. This study characterized the
effects of resistant starch (RS) on the physical, sensory, acceptability and
textural properties of wheat flour tortillas. Tortillas were baked from whole
wheat and refined wheat flour substituted with 0, 5, 10 and 15% commercially
produced wheat-based RS. Objective and subjective evaluations done were
consumer sensory tests, tortilla diameter, color, opacity, work to rupture
(Texture Analyzer TA-XT2) and flexibility over 16 days. Tortillas were
consistently round, puffed, white/opaque except whole wheat tortilla which
was brown. Tortilla diameter significantly increased from 0 to 15% RS.
Whole wheat tortilla diameter at 161 mm was the smallest followed by 164,
169, 177 and 175 mm for 0, 5, 10 and 15% RS respectively. Work to rupture
was for 10 and 15% RS (20 N.mm) was significantly lower than for whole
wheat, 0, and 5% RS which had 29, 35 and 31 N.mm respectively. Tortilla
flexibility was similar for whole wheat, 0, 5 and 10% RS, but significantly
decreased for 15% RS substitution level after 12 days. Sensory evaluations (9-
point scale) indicated that tortillas with 0 to 15% RS had similar flavor (6.9)
and appearance (7.2), and were significantly more acceptable than whole
wheat tortilla flavor (5.5) and appearance (5.4). Texture acceptability was
lowest (5.2) for whole wheat compared (6.4) for 10% and (7.5) for 15% RS.
Use of 15% resistant starch can increase the dietary fiber intake (RDI) to 3.5
g/40 g tortilla without affecting the wheat flour tortillas consumer acceptability.

Influence on cholesterol by diets containing garbanzo, Bengal gram,
lentils, soy isolate, salmon hydrolysate and casein in hamsters
T. S. KAHLON (1), R. J. Avena-Bustillos (2), M. M. Chiu (3)
(1) USDA ARS WRRC, Albany, CA; (2) University of California, Davis, CA;
(3) WRRC, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, U.S.A.
Cholesterol-lowering potential of diets with 20% protein from garbanzo,
Bengal gram, lentils, soy isolate, salmon hydrolysate or casein (control) was
evaluated in a three week hamster feeding study. Initial and final animal
weights, feed intakes and plasma triglycerides values were similar among all
the treatments. Garbanzo containing diet significantly lowered total
cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol compared with casein control. However,
total cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly
elevated with salmon hydrolysate diet compared with casein control as well as
all the other treatment diets. Salmon hydrolysate diet resulted in significantly
higher liver weight, liver lipid, total and free liver cholesterol compared with
all other treatments. Fish oil has been known to elevate cholesterol levels in
hamsters. Plasma and liver cholesterol elevating effects of salmon hydrolysate
need to be further explored in this animal model. Plasma cholesterol lowering
potential of garbanzo is encouraging as it supports previously reported
observations of higher in vitro bile acid binding by garbanzo.

Differences in rheological properties of various corn bran arabinoxylans
M. KALE (1), D. Pai (1), H. Chang (1), B. Hamaker (1), O. Campanella (1)
Dietary fiber consumption levels in the United States are much below the
recommended daily allowances. One way to increase the fiber consumption
among the general population is the fortification of commonly consumed
foods with dietary fiber. Cereal brans are an abundant and cheaply available
source of dietary fiber for fortification. However, incorporation of these fibers
into food systems is associated with a major technological challenge of
preserving its texture and organoleptic properties. Alkali treatment is used to
modify these fibers and improve their rheological properties. The objective of
this study was to determine the rheological properties of corn fiber fractions
obtained by different alkali treatments. Four different alkali treated corn bran
fibers were tested for their structural and rheological characteristics. The
rheological characterization included lubricated squeezing flow rheometry, for
extensional viscosity as a function of strain and strain rate, solution shear
rheology, for shear viscosity; and capillary rheometry to evaluate the melt
rheology in a simulation of the extrusion system. The rheology results
were correlated with molecular weight and hydrodynamic radius data
obtained using size exclusion chromatography and multi-angle laser light
scattering (SEC-MALLS). The lower molecular weight arabinoxylan had
lower extensional and shear viscosities. The study is a step towards the
understanding of structure-function relationships of these polymeric
fibers, with a view to evaluating the potential for their incorporation
into food systems. The tested fibers showed good functional properties to this
end.

Comparison of two rheological methods for measuring gluten visco-
elasticity with added lecithin
P. KALYANARAMAN (1), P. Rayas-Duarte (1), S. Mulvaney (2)
(1) Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; (2) Cornell University
Small deformation (creep recovery) and large deformation (tensile test)
rheological methods were compared in order to determine the effect of
lecithin on gluten viscoelasticity. Freshly prepared wet gluten samples (not
defatted) from a commercial hard red winter wheat sample were analyzed.
Glutens were prepared with 0, 0.5 and 1.0% lecithin addition. The tensile test
imparted a strain of 500% at a rate of 1 mm/s using a TA-XT2 texture
measuring instrument. Viscoelastic properties were also characterized using a
creep recovery test (100s of creep followed by 100s of recovery at 40 Pa
stress) which gave near-equilibrium recoverable strain results. Baking
performance and Farinograph mixing properties were also determined. Work
of extension (tensile test) decreased 46.7% with 1% lecithin, while the degree
of elasticity (ratio of recoverable work to work of extension) and set
(percentage increase in sample after extension and recovery) of the gluten
samples did not change significantly with the addition of lecithin. Recoverable
shear strain of gluten was similar in all samples (mean 81.6%) suggesting that
the differences in gluten viscoelasticity were not detected by the creep
recovery test at this level of lecithin addition. Dough stability time increased
significantly (1.8 to 2.7 times) (p < 0.002) as the lecithin level increased and
the specific volume of the loaves decreased significantly (10.2% decrease) (p
< 0.016) with 1% lecithin. Loaf bread volume was not affected with 0.5%
lecithin and showed a trend to decreasing values with 1% lecithin (p < 0.068).
The tensile test (large deformation) was more successful in detecting
differences in the viscoelastic properties of gluten with lecithin addition
compared to the creep recovery test. The results suggest that lecithin affects
primarily long range elastic structures in gluten, while creep-recovery probes
shorter range elastic properties.

A49
Optimization of amylase hydrolysis of starch in whole grain meal
A. KANDIL (1), T. Vasanthan (1), D. Bressler (1), J. Li (1)
(1) University of Alberta, Dept. AFNS, Edmonton, AB, CANADA
The effects of pre-washing using different solvents (water, hexane, 100%
Ethanol and 50% ethanol) on the chemical composition and the amylolysis of
four whole grain flours (Xena barley, Canadian corn, CPS-wheat and
Pronghorn triticale) were studied. The particle size distribution of untreated
flours ranged from 0500 m in diameter. When grains were passed through a
0.5 mm sieve, barely flour had the greatest proportion of fine particles, with
9598% smaller than 150 m. Pre-washing using 50% ethanol resulted in the
highest amount of solid loss in the flours, and significantly decreased protein,
phytic acid, and total phenolics contents by 1037%, 2356%, and 8487%,
respectively, in four flours, while generally increased starch and pentosans
contents. Water pre-wash significantly reduced -glucan content in barley by
98%, while hexane reduced lipid content by 97%, 83%, 73%, and 82% in
corn, barley, wheat and triticale flours, respectively. The effects of pre-
washing before -amylase or amyloglucosidase hydrolysis treatments were
either positive or negative depending on flour source. The greatest increases
and extent of hydrolysis of starch compared to unwashed controls was
achieved when pre-washing was combined with a dual treatment of both -
amylase and amyloglucosidase enzymes. This synergistic enzyme action was
best demonstrated with 50% ethanol or water pre-washes, resulting in starch
hydrolysis ranges of 9697% and 8694%, respectively, for all four flours.
Mitigating the negative effects of non-starch grain components on starch
hydrolysis, such as protein, lipids, pentosans, phytic acid, and -glucan, using
pre-washing strategies, may be an opportunity for the recovery of valuable
components, while optimizing starch hydrolysis from grain sources for the
bio-ethanol industry.

Development of the ready mix formulation for Missi Roti a traditional
Indian flat bread
A. KAUR (1)
(1) Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, U.S.A.
Study was carried out to prepare a Ready Mix Formulation with wheat atta,
bengal gram flour and functional ingredients for Missi Roti. Chemical
composition of each ingredient was studied. To find out the optimum level of
incorporation of ingredients, each ingredient was individually incorporated
into the optimized proportion of wheat atta and bengal gram flour and
evaluated for Chapatti making quality and sensory properties by panel of
semi trained judges. Best selected levels were bengal gram flour-50 per cent,
fenugreek powder-5 per cent, onion powder-10 per cent, ginger powder-1 per
cent, green chilli powder-0.25 per cent, red chilli powder-0.25 per cent, fat-2
per cent, salt-1.5 per cent, GMS and SSL-0.25 per cent. Two formulations
were prepared after incorporating all the ingredients with fat i.e. Formulation I
and without fat i.e. Formulation II. Both the formulations were packed in
different packaging materials i.e. zip pouch, aluminium laminate and high
density poly ethylene. Packed formulations were stored at ambient and
refrigeration temperatures and changes in the proximate composition, water
activity, free fatty acid, peroxide value and texture of Chapattis were
assessed periodically for the period of four months. Formulation I and II
packed in aluminium laminates and stored under ambient and refrigeration
conditions were found better as compared to those packed in high density
polyethylene and zip pouches.

Semolina granulation and pasta quality
N. KAZENNOVA (1), I. Moiseev (2)
(1) Moscow State University of Technology and Management, Moscow,
Russia; (2) Harrisburg, PA, U.S.A.
Effect of unadjusted semolina (450 mm 0.5%; 300 mm 33.0%; 250 mm
22.5%; 200 mm 12.5%; 180 mm 10.0%; 132 mm 8.0%; pan 13.5%)
and adjusted semolina by particle size (450 mm 2.0%; 300 mm - 76.0%; 250
mm 16.0%; 200 mm 5.0%; 180 mm 2.5%; 132 mm 2.0%; pan 1.0%)
on pasta quality was investigated. The unadjusted semolina had lower gluten
quality and color characteristics, but higher content of reducing sugars. The
rheological properties of unadjusted semolina dough had higher farinograph
and mixograph water-absorption capacity of 60% and longer dough formation
period of 6.5 min than adjusted semolina of 57% and 4.5 min, accordingly.
According to extensograph rheological properties of dough made from
adjusted semolina produced dough of higher plasticity-elasticity than
unadjusted semolina, which negatively effected on elastic-plastic properties of
pasta formation. Both semolina types mixing and drying parameters were
optimized. Dough relaxation period of unadjusted semolina had greater
correlation with dough mixing time (R
2
= 0.51) and dough moisture
content (R
2
= 0.37), than for adjusted semolina (R
2
= 0.41) and (R
2
=
0.25), accordingly. Yellow color intensity (b*) of pasta made from adjusted
or unadjusted semolina highly correlated with drying cabinet relative air
humidity (R
2
= 0.88). Slightly negative correlation was observed between
drying cabinet temperature (R
2
= 0.3) and yellow color intensity.

Development of healthful non-wheat breads fortified with antioxidant
Y. KIM (1), D. Shin (1), G. Lee (1)
(1) Korea University, Seoul
The soybean is a well-known source of phytochemicals as well as plant
proteins. Besides its prominent health benefits, the soybean has desirable
functional properties such as water-holding and foaming capacities, which are
highly favorable for bread-making. Regular wheat bread has a high glycemic
index-this has been the reason for a negative change in consumers perception
of bread. In this study, in an effort to improve the health benefits of bread, we
developed a formulation for a 100% soybean bread which is both low in
carbohydrates and high in protein. The soybean bread was prepared by adding
5% HPMC as an additional soluble fiber, using a modified formula for rice
bread. In order to remove its beany flavor, the soybean flour was roasted for
30 min at 145C. The quality of the dough was assessed by pH and volume,
while the quality of the bread was evaluated by physical properties (loaf
volume, color, water absorption, and texture) as well as by health properties
(isoflavones, in vitro protein digestibility). The soybean bread developed in
this study contained approximately 13% protein, twice that of regular bread.
The incorporation of 5% of HPMC induced a decrease in loaf volume, but an
increase in water absorption, and also delayed changes in the firmness of the
bread over storage time. The total isoflavones of the bread prepared from the
roasted flour increased after roasting as compared to that of the bread prepared
using raw flour. Additionally, the IVPD of the bread did not vary with the
incorporation or non-incorporation of HPMC. These results demonstrate that
the development of a 100% soybean bread that is low in carbohydrates and
high in protein is possible without a beany flavor, although the loaf volume of
this bread is decreased slightly. We expect that such a soybean bread may
eventually be introduced to consumers, and may help to fulfill their increasing
demand for healthy products.

I n vitro fermentation of high, medium, and low molecular weight -
glucan with human fecal flora
H. KIM (1), P. J. White (1)
Fermentation of undigested dietary fiber by colonic microflora provides many
health benefits. Oats are an excellent source of the soluble dietary fiber, -
glucan. -Glucan amount, structure, and molecular weight (MW) may affect
the health benefits of -glucan. The impact of -glucan MW on viscosity and
in vitro fermentation with human fecal flora were evaluated. Experimental oat
line N979 (6.8% -glucan), developed at Iowa State University, was used to
yield high (6.87 10
5
g/mol), medium (3.71 10
5
g/mol), and low (1.56
10
5
g/mol) MW fractions of water-extracted -glucan (65% -glucan) by
treating with lichenase (1,3-1,4--D-glucanase). Viscosity of the -glucan
solutions was measured by using a Rapid Visco Analyzer. High, medium, and
low MW -glucans were fermented by in vitro batch fermentation with human
feces under anaerobic conditions for 24 hr. Fermentation progress was
monitored by measuring pH, total gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)
production by GC. Viscosity of the -glucan solutions increased greatly with
greater MW (p < 0.05). Significant effects of high, medium, and low MW -
glucans on the formation of gas and total SCFA were observed compared to
blank without substrate (p < 0.05). No differences occurred in pH changes and
total gas production among high, medium, and low MW -glucans, and
lactulose, which was completely metabolized by colonic microflora (p>0.05).
The lower the MW of -glucan, the greater the SCFA production. Among the
major SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate), more propionate tended to
produce from extracted -glucans than from lactulose. The MW of -glucan
greatly impacts solution viscosity and biological function. In vitro
fermentation of extracted -glucan with different MW lowered pH and
produced SCFA potentially providing favorable environmental conditions for
the colon. These findings will help to develop oat-based food products with
desirable health benefits.

Quality improvement of the rice noodles with added semolina
B. KIM (1), J. Ahn (1), J. Park (2), G. Zu (3)
(1) Dankook University, Chonan-si, SOUTH KOREA; (2) Department of
Food and Nutrition, Yongin-si, South Korea; (3) Department of Food
Engineering, Cheonan-si, South Korea
Attempts to improve the chewy texture, the firm bite, and the resistance to
overcooking of the rice noodles were made by introducing wheat semolina
into rice flour. Raw mixtures were prepared by mixing 0 (control), 5, 10, 15,
and 20% of semolina with wet-milled rice flour at a final moisture contents of
A50
40% (w/w). Wheat glutens were equally added to the flour mixtures at 4%
(w/w) levels along with salt (2%, w/w) to form pliable strands of the wet
noodles. Textures measurements of the products were conducted using a
Texture Analyzer. Extensibility of the uncooked noodles deceased by 19%
while that of the cooked (boiling for 7 min) noodles increased by 44% at 10%
semolina levels. In TPA tests, the cooked noodles showed positive
correlations of hardness, chewiness, gumminess, and adhesiveness up to 15%
of the semolina while springiness and cohesiveness have remained almost
consistent. The overall decreases in Hunter colorimetric a- and increases in b
values were observed as semolina increased while L values were almost
unaffected. Boiling of the wet noodles for 7 min resulted in the decrease of the
extractable soluble solids (Bx) in the cooked water down to 1/3 of the control
at 10% semolina while it increased afterward at 15%. In contrast, turbidity of
the cooked water was almost consistent up to 10% while it increased again at
15% semolina. No significant variations in water absorptions among the
weight of the cooked noodles were observed regardless of the semolina levels.
Pasting of flours as measured by a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) resulted
in a wide decrease in peak viscosity from 446.0 (control) to 371.67
RVU at 15% semolina while pasting temperature were consistent at
64.7~64.8C. This indicates the easier mixing of the rice flours with added
semolina for the preparation of wet noodle. It was finally concluded that
optimum level of the semolina in the rice noodles was 10% for the best result
of this research.

Impact of A- and B-type granule ratio on swelling, gelatinization, and
pasting properties of hydroxypropylated wheat starch
H. KIM (1), K. C. Huber (1)
(1) University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, U.S.A.
The proportion of A- and B-type granules within wheat starch alters both
starch composition and properties. This study investigated the influence of
wheat starch A/B-type granule ratios on reactivity and modified starch
properties in hydroxypropylation reactions. Waxy and normal wheat starches
were fractionated into their respective A- and B-type granule populations, and
the purified granule fractions were reconstituted according to defined mixing
ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100). Reconstituted starches were
substituted with propylene oxide (PO; 20%, dry starch weight basis) to
achieve molar substitution (MS) levels comparable to 0.1; modified starch
products were assessed with respect to MS, as well as swelling, gelatinization
and pasting properties. Regardless of genotype, starch derivative MS values
did not significantly differ across A/B-type granule ratios. Hydroxypropyla-
tion enhanced starch granule swelling capacities, and reduced gelatinization
temperatures and enthalpies for all modified starch granule mixtures relative
to their respective unmodified starch controls. Within a genotype, trends and
differences in swelling and gelatinization properties across the various
hydroxypropylated A/B-type granule mixtures followed those of their un-
modified starch controls. However, the range of waxy starch pasting attribute
differences (e.g., peak and breakdown viscosities) across hydroxypropylated
granule mixtures increased compared to those of the unmodified starch
controls. For normal starch, hydroxypropylation reduced the range of
differences in trough, final and setback viscosities across modified A/B-type
granule mixtures, relative to those of unmodified starch controls. Con-
sequently, hydroxypropylation did not completely eradicate differences in
intrinsic properties noted among unmodified wheat starch granule mixtures of
differing A/B-type granule ratios.

Food composition database: For safety assessment of genetically modified
crops as foods and feeds
K. KITTA (1), M. Ebihara (1), T. Kurashima (1), T. Iiduka (2), Y. Hirata (3),
A. Hino (1), K. Isshiki (4), S. Kawamoto (1)
(1) National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, JAPAN; (2) Japan Inspection
Association of Food and Food Industry Environment, Tokyo, Japan; (3) Japan
Food Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan; (4) Faculty of Fisheries Sciences,
Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
Genetically modified (GM) crops have increasingly entered the market in
recent years. The most common genetic modifications in crops confer
herbicide tolerance or insect resistance to the plant, while some genetically
modified plants are also anticipated to have altered nutrient composition,
functionality, and medicinal properties. In Japan, 97 GM crops have been
authorized and considered marketable as of Dec., 2008. However, many
concerns about incoming GM crops have been expressed by consumers, and
the concerns are mainly focused on the safety of GM crops intended for
human consumption. While the most important factor taken into account in
safety assessments is the primary effect derived from newly introduced
protein, possible unintended effects of the insertion of defined DNA
sequences have to be carefully examined as well. However, foods are complex
mixtures of compounds characterized by wide variation in composition and
nutritional values. Food constituents are significantly affected by cultivars and
environmental factors, and thus it becomes very difficult to detect any
potential adverse effects. A comparative approach focusing on the
determination of differences between the GM food and its conventional
counterpart should elicit potential safety issues and is considered the most
appropriate strategy for the safety assessment of GM foods. For the efficient
safety assessment of GM foods, accumulation of food composition data of
conventional foods with wide variation under usual cultivation conditions
using standardized validated measurement methods is indispensable. To
achieve this, we developed an Internet-accessible food composition database
comprising macronutrients, micronutrients, anti-nutrients, and physiologically
active substances of staple crops, such as rice and soybeans. The database is
accessible at http://afdb.dc.affrc.go.jp/afdb/index_e.asp.

High-selenium wheat fractions for use as enrichment ingredients
P. KRISHNAN (1), K. Woo (2), K. Glover (1), W. Berzonsky (1), H.
Woodard (1), R. Fanning (1)
(1) South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, U.S.A.; (2) MGP
Ingredients, Inc., Atchison, KS
Renewed interest in selenium biofortified wheat has prompted research into
the distribution of the element within the kernel and of processing techniques
for high-Se wheat fractions. A 3-year assessment of South Dakota wheat
(HRS and HRW) grown in traditional growing regions revealed a wide range
of Se (0.06 -3.12 ppm) in the kernel. Predictability of Se distribution in high,
medium, and low Se wheat was investigated. Speciation of selected samples
showed that close to one-half of the total kernel selenium occurred as
selenomethionine. Fractionation of the wheat kernel by scarification, pearling
and roller milling was explored. Depending on the bran abrading technique
used, 70% to 85% of the grain Se was retained in the endosperm material.
Strong correlations were determined between protein and Se concentrations in
each of the abraded polishings. GPS-based grid sampling of selected farms in
Kennebec and Lyman Counties west of the Missiouri River yielded wheat
with significantly higher grain Se (2 to 37.5 ppm). Production of wheat
protein concentrates using high-selenium wheat is being explored as a means
of concentrating the element in a functional ingredient. Such an ingredient
will enhance the quality of weak flours while providing a natural source of
grain Se. We will report on the efficacy of Se-fortified wheat protein
concentrates (WPC) and wheat protein isolates (WPI) in food formulations.
High-Se WPI and WPC were also enriched with phosphorylated resistant
wheat starches to produce unique bioactive and food-functional ingredients.
South Dakota wheat grown in selected locations shows potential for use in
selenium enrichment of food.

Preparation of polypseudorotaxane gels through supramolecular self-
assembling between beta-cyclodextrin and polyalkylene glycols
W. KUO (1), H. Lai (1)
(1) National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are enzymatically modified starches with a wide range of
applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and chemical engineering. The
serial threading of several CDs onto one linear polymer chain results in a
supramolecule, polypseudorotaxane (PPR). PPR segments between individual
polymer chains could further align with each other and crystallize, leading to a
physically crosslinked gel. The thixotropic property found in PPR gels renders
them promising to be used as injectable gels for biomedical applications. In
order to obtain proper conditions for the PPR gel formation, b-CD was mixed
and allowed to reacted with different polyalkylene glycols under various
reaction conditions. The polymer used include PEG and Pluronic
(PPG
PEGPPG block copolymer), where PEG and PPG refer to polyethylene
glycol and polypropylene glycol, respectively. The reactions were carried out
in H
2
O, 30 and 60% DMSO or citric acid solutions at 25 or 65C followed by
overnight storage at 6C. Based on the outer appearances of the products, gels
were formed under the following conditions: b-CD/PEG mixtures in DMSO
solutions treated at 65C, b-CD/Pluronic
mixtures in H
2
O treated at 25 or
65C, and in citric acid solution treated at 25C. Study of wide angle X-ray
diffraction on the gels revealed that only the gels made of Pluronic
contained
channel type crystalline, identifying them as PPR gels. Scanning electron
microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and rheological charac-
terizations also showed respectively the presence of networks, the higher
homogeneity and thixotropy of the gels made of Pluronic
, as compared to
those made of PEG. Among the gels made of Pluronic
, the one made in citric

acid solution at 25C had the most homogeneous networks and fine pores,
which were correlated to its relatively high gel strength and thixotropy.
A51
Exploration of functionality of low-glycemic-impact sugars and polyols
using DSC, RVA, SRC, and cookie baking
M. KWEON (1), L. Slade (2), H. Levine (2)
(1) USDA ARS, Wooster, OH, U.S.A.; (2) Food Polymer Science
Consultancy, Morris Plains, NJ, U.S.A.
Consumers growing interest in healthy cookies includes expectations for
prebiotic nutritional benefits and low glycemic impact. The anti-plasticizing
action of the high sucrose concentration in a cookie formula inhibits gluten
development during dough mixing and starch gelatinization/pasting during
baking. The resulting absence of readily digestible starch allows production of
healthier cookies, if sugars and polyols with lower glycemic impact are used
to replace sucrose. In the current study, sucrose (as a reference) and potential
sucrose-replacing sugars (tagatose, ribose) and polyols (maltitol, lactitol,
xylitol, polydextrose) were used to explore the effects of sugar-replacer type
on DSC, RVA, SRC and wire-cut cookie baking. DSC results showed
retardation of starch gelatinization, and RVA results showed retardation of the
onset of starch pasting, both in the order: water< ribose< tagatose< xylitol<
sucrosemaltitol< lactitol< polydextrose. SRC results showed that ribose-
water SRC was the highest, which indicated the greatest swelling of solvent-
accessible arabinoxylans in ribose solution. Cookie-baking results showed that
wire-cut cookies formulated with xylitol, tagatose, or ribose exhibited snap-
back, diagnostic of gluten development during mixing. In contrast, cookies
formulated with maltitol, lactitol, or especially polydextrose showed
facilitated flow and elongation in the direction of dough sheeting. Among the
potential sugar-replacers, maltitol, lactitol, and polydextrose exhibited the
most or sufficiently similar baking responses to sucrose, as observed by time-
lapse photography during baking. Those results suggested that these prebiotic
polyols could be used most satisfactorily as sucrose substitutes, to produce
traditional wire-cut cookies with lower glycemic impact.

Corn mash preparation for granular starch hydrolysis for bioethanol
B. LAMSAL (1), L. Johnson (1)
Starch damage is one of the key parameters in enzyme hydrolysis of cold
granular starch for ethanol production. A 2
3
full-factorial study was designed
to study the effect of corn mash preparation (flaking and grinding) on starch
damage and granular starch hydrolysis for ethanol production following
POETs BPX process. This process does not require cooking of corn mash,
as starch degrading enzymes work on raw granular starch. Three parameters
and their levels studied were: moisture content (15% and 22%), flaker gap
(0.02 and 0.04), and grinding (no grinding, and hammer mill grinding in a
Fitz mill, screen #40 with 0.04 openings). About 1500 g of a single variety
yellow dent #2 corn were cracked in a Witt mill at 0.1 gap for all treatments
prior to flaking and milling. Control corn ground at 15% moisture with no
flaking had an average particle size D (0.5) of 119.5 mm. Corn at 15%
moisture when flaked at roller gaps of 0.04 and 0.02 produced flakes of D
(0.5) 2.14 and 1.67 mm, respectively. Grinding of these flakes produced corn
mash of D (0.5) 119 and 125 mm, respectively, which was not significant.
Higher moisture content (22%) played a role in producing bigger sized flakes
(2.91 mm at flaker gap of 0.04 as compared to 2.19 mm at 0.02 gap).
However, corn mash particle sizes of ground flakes at higher moisture, were
between 119 and 129 mm, not different from corn prepared at lower moisture.
Damaged starch in ground mash was highest for drier corn (15% moisture)
that was flaked through smaller roller gap. In general, ground corn mash had
approximately twice (~2% as compared to 1%) the amount of damaged starch
compared to flaked-only preparations. Starch digestibility, and ethanol yields
are expected to follow the similar trend in cold starch hydrolysis for ethanol.

The ways of increasing safety of baked goods components and also of
functionally-technological characteristics of the complete product
A. LAZUTKIN (1), A. I. Moiseeva (1), N. M. Shlenskaya (1), A. Lazutkin (1)
Russia
Safety and functional properties of bread from wheat were improved with the
help of colloidal silver in grain wetting period, discovering the optimal
composition with and without using yeasts, including wholly-grinded grain
and the biologically-active substance of colloidal-gel form with herbal extract
into the formula. The content of mesophyllic aerobic microorganisms
(KMAFAnM) at the surface of wheat grain before and after wetting is over,
on an average of 50 samples, increased from 2,9*10
4
to 3,7*10
4
, mycelial
funguses from 25 to 35 /g. The amount of mycelial fungus, yeast and
spore-forming bacteria increased at 1012%. Presence of silver in amount of
1000 mgr/l in growth environment resulted decreasing of grain seeding by
microorganisms at 6096%. Rheological properties of dough (that includes
extra class flour, composition of wholly-grinded grain and the biologically-
active substance): water absorption ability and dough stability decreased from
63,4 to 9,19,2% and from 16,5 to 4,0 in minutes; dough liquefaction
increased from 35 to 105 E.F.; bread volume yield (cm
3
/100 g of flour) and
stability of shape decreased; porosity is fine, even, with no holes; crust colour
is varying from brown to sunny brown. Inclusion of wholly-grinded grain and
the biologically-active substance into the formula allows to increase
functional properties and food value of baked goods. There were worked out
standards of commodity research characteristics for the new baked goods from
wholly-grinded grain and also using it in composition from yeasty and non-
yeasty dough, also in compositions with the biologically-active substance.

Production of slowly digestible starch with dual enzyme treatments
B. LEE (1), B. R. Hamaker (1), S. Yoo (2)
(1) Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A; (2) Department of Food
Science & Technology and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong
University, Seoul, Korea
Starch amylopectin contains -1,4 linked linear chains of different lengths
with -1,6 branched linkages creating a range of structures with different
digestion properties. Previous research showed that increased number of -1,6
branched points and a lowering of -1,4 chain length resulted in a slower
digestion rate due to specific activities of amyloglucosidase on different
structures. In this research, we modified waxy corn starch (WCS) structure
using two types of enzymes, glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) for
increasing -1,6 linkages and -amylase for decreasing -1,4 chain length and
by changing reaction sequence at optimal pH and temperature. We
hypothesize that this biochemical process can be utilized to produce slowly
digestible starch that have tailor-made -(1,4)/(1,6)-linkage ratio. HPAEC and
HPSEC-MALS-RI were used for analyzing structural changes of enzyme-
modified starches. Enzyme-treated WCS showed different branching patterns
and molecular weight depending on enzymes and sequence of enzymatic
reactions. The Mw decreased from 1 10
8.5
to 5.0 10
5.56.0
depending on the
enzyme reaction sequence. Also, branched chain length of WCS was
decreased after second enzyme treatment. The digestibility of enzyme treated
starches was studied using a modified Englyst method. Results indicate that
the slow digestion and resistant starch products increased from 17% to almost
34% after enzyme treatments. GBE and -amylase treatments produced
modified WCS which has increased -1,6 linkages points and less -1,4
linkage. These enzyme-treated WCSs may have potential as slowly digestible
starches with good functionality in processed starchy foods.

Effects of heat treatments on the milling and physicochemical properties
of rough rice during storage
Y. LEE (1), Y. Wang (1)
The physicochemical properties of rice change during storage, which is
termed aging. Some of the changes during aging such as pasting properties
and texture are desirable for certain applications, but aging occurs slowly over
time. This study investigated the effects of different heat treatments on 2 long-
grain rice cultivars, Wells and XP723, in an attempt to accelerate rice aging.
Three heat treatments, including UV irradiation, autoclaving (high
moisture/high temperature), and high temperature (oven heating), with 2 or 3
conditions for each treatment and one control were included in this study.
Treated rice samples were stored at ambient temperature and evaluated for
head rice yield, and pasting and thermal properties every 45 days for 6
months. In general, the head rice yield of rice samples decreased slightly after
the UV and high temperature treatments but increased after the autoclaving
treatment. Most samples showed increased peak pasting viscosity as measured
by a Rapid ViscoAnalyser after the heat treatments and during storage. The
UV-treated samples reached steady peak pasting viscosity faster than other
samples. Peak gelatinization temperature remained relatively unchanged after
the heat treatments, except that the autoclaved samples had higher
gelatinization temperatures. The gelatinization temperatures of treated
samples generally decreased during storage. In conclusion, the UV irradiation
seemed to be more effective in accelerating rice aging to reach stable pasting
and thermal properties faster than the control and other heat treatments during
storage.

Effects of salts on molecular conformation of waxy maize amylopectin in
aqueousDMSO solutions measured by light scattering detectors
J. LEE (1), S. Lim (1)
(1) Korea University, Seoul, KOREA
Effects of salts (0~0.2M NaCl and CaCl
2
) on the molecular conformation of
waxy maize amylopectin (WMA) in aqueous DMSO solutions (50 and 90%)
were examined using multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and dynamic
A52
light scattering (DLS) detectors. The WMA had different molecular
conformations and intermolecular interactions depending on the salt type and
water content in DMSO. As the water content in DMSO increased, the
solubility of WMA decreased (93.4~ 62.3%). The aggregated WMA
molecules in 50% DMSO could not be fractionated by SEC resulting in larger
values of M
w
and R
g
(radius of gyration) than those in 90%. From the
distributions of R
h
(hydrodynamic radius) in the aqueous DMSO, the
amylopectin exhibited multimodal polydispersity including starch aggregates
detected in 50% DMSO. Based on (= R
g
/R
h
) value and SV
g
(specific volume
of gyration), the amylopectin existed in similar shapes in both 50 and 90%
DMSO solutions, whereas the chain density was different. However, the
presence of salts affected the chain conformation of amylopectin ( :
0.68~1.21) in aqueous DMSO. As salts bind water or amlylopectin depending
on their ion strengths and concentrations, WMA either dissolves well or forms
aggregates.

Soxtec extraction of cholesterol-lowering compounds from sorghum
DDGS as influenced by temperature of the heating system
C. Leguizamon (1), C. L. WELLER (1), V. L. Schlegel (1), T. P. Carr (1)
(1) University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A.
It is generally recognized that high plasma cholesterol levels lead to
cardiovascular diseases, the number one cause of death in the U.S. in 2005.
Plant sterol and policosanol compounds have been reported to have lowering-
cholesterol properties. Hexane extracts from grain sorghum distillers dried
grain with solubles (DDGS), a co-product of the ethanol production from
sorghum, contain plant sterols and policosanols. Extraction methods and
influence of operational parameters on the amount of plant sterols and
policosanols extracted from sorghum DDGS need to be better understood. In
this study, total lipid levels extracted from sorghum DDGS using a Soxtec
method set at different heating system temperatures (80, 90, 103, 110, and
120C) were determined. Additionally, plant sterol and policosanol
composition of the lipid extracts were determined by a GC method. The
amounts of lipids extracted as well as content of plant sterols and policosanols
increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the temperature of the heating fluid
increased. The temperature of the heating fluid had a significant linear effect
(p < 0.05) on the lipid and total plant sterol yields. Total policosanol yields
were also affected by the temperature of the heating fluid following a
quadratic trend (p < 0.05).

Development of a USDA Vitamin D Data Set: Sampling and analytical
issues for ready-to-eat cereals
L. E. LEMAR (1), K. Y. Patterson (1), K. M. Phillips (2), R. L. Horst (3)
(1) USDA/Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A.; (2) Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A.; (3) Heartland Assays, Inc, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
In September, 2009 the USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory is disseminating an
expanded set of vitamin D values as part of the USDA National Nutrient
Database for Standard Reference, SR22. It contains values for over 3,000
foods. This data set was developed to address the need to estimate dietary
vitamin D intake, useful to an Institute of Medicine committee in its
assessment, and possible revision, of the recommended intakes for vitamin D
and calcium. The data release is the culmination of a multi-year project to
select, process, and analyze the major sources of vitamin D in the US diet.
Significant challenges to obtaining current and accurate analytical data for
foods had to be resolved. Previously existing standard methods tended to be
labor intensive and were developed for specific food matrices. Also, there was
a lack of vitamin D certified reference materials. Probability-based sampling
plans were developed for high priority fortified foods, including 12 high
consumption vitamin D
3
fortified ready-to-eat (RTE) breakfast cereals.
Twelve primary sample units were collected in 2006 from 12 locations
nationwide and randomly assigned to one of four composite groups.
Analytical samples along with blinded aliquots of a well-characterized cereal
control composite (CC) are being analyzed at each of two laboratories using
validated methodology (normal and reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection)
after saponification and clean-up using normal and reverse phase
chromatography. While the internal standard for many vitamin D
determinations is vitamin D
2
, one method was modified to use tritiated
vitamin D
3
to allow quantification of any natural vitamin D
2
from the plant
material as well as the added D
3
. The careful attention to ongoing quality
control and specific method development and the statistical sampling plan will
result in reliable food composition data for RTE cereals.

Total anthocyanin content in blue corn cookies as affected by the various
acids and oven types
J. LI (1), C. Walker (1), J. Faubion (1)
(1) Grain Science Dept., Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
Anthocyanins, a group of pink to purple water-soluble flavonoids, are natural
occurring occurring pigments with numerous potential health benefits.
However, anthocyanins are sensitive to degradation by pH, light, and
temperature, etc. Blue corn is rich in anthocaynins. The majority are located in
the pericarp. Its total anthocyanin content (TAC) is much higher than regular
corn, wheat and other cereals grains. Citric acid, lactic acid, and GDL
(glucono-delta-lactone) are weak acids commonly used in the food industry. It
is not known if they can be used to lower the pH, thus increasing the TAC but
maintaining final product quality. Reel, convection, and impingement ovens
are commonly used in the baking industry. Difference in the operating
principle of each type result in different optimum baking times and
temperatures. Cookies might serve as a vehicle to deliver anti-oxidants. Each
acid, significantly increased the TAC remaining either in the dough or final
cookie at level of 1.5% (fwb) with minimum increase up to 6% addition. The
interaction of three individual acids (1.5% fwb) with three different type of
ovens at optimum baking time and temperature were tested to investigate the
effect on system pH and the TAC remaining in the cookie. The largest cookie
spread was obtained from the combination of citric acid and convection oven.
The addition of GDL imparted larger spread in both impingement and reel
ovens treatments compared to the other two acids; GDL/convection oven
treatment resulted in slightly lower spread than citric acid/convection oven
treatment. Cookies from impingement and convection ovens generally
produced larger spread and retained more TAC than reel oven treatments due
to higher heat transfer efficiency. All the acid treatment possesses the
advantage of higher TAC in the cookies.

Effect of alcohol type on degradation of cellulose treated with
hydrochloric acid in alcohols
J. LIN (1), Y. Chang (2), Y. Hsu (2)
(1) Department of Hospitality Management, MingDao University, Peetow
52345, TAIWAN; (2) Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence
University, Shalu 43301, TAIWAN
Cotton cellulose was treated in alcohols (ethanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol)
containing 1.39% HCl at 65C for 1 h to 7 days. The recovery and molecular
size of acid-alcohol-treated cellulose were determined, and the effect of
alcohol type on degradation of cellulose was investigated. The recovery of
treated cellulose, ranging from 97.9~61.1%, decreased with increasing
treatment time. The recovery of cellulose treated in 1-butanol was lower than
that of cellulose treated in other alcohols for the same duration of treatment.
The weight-average degree of polymerization (DP
w
) of treated cellulose was
lower than that of native cellulose. The DP
w
of native cellulose was 2427
anhydrous glucose unit (AGU), and the DP
w
of treated cellulose ranged from
1854~99 AGU. The DP
w
of cellulose treated in ethanol and 2-propanol
decreased with increasing treatment time within 3 days of treatment, and
tended to lay-off after treated for more than 3 days. While, the DP
w
of
cellulose treated in 1-butanol was less than 200 AGU, and was unchanged or
slightly decreased with increasing treatment time. Within 3 days of treatment,
the DP
w
of cellulose treated in different alcohols was in the order of ethanol >
2-propanol > 1-butanol. Results indicate that cellulose acid-treated in different
alcohols showed distinct degradation extent, and that cellulose with DP
w
less
than 200 AGU, and higher than 90% recovery, could be prepared by acid-
treated in 1-butanol for less than 1 h. This implies that the degradation of
cellulose may be controllable by acid-treating in selected alcohols.

Grain Foods CRC Ltd - Australian Cooperative Grain Food Science
D. R. LIND (1)
(1) Grain Foods CRC LTD, North Ryde, NSW, AUSTRALIA
Grain Foods CRC Ltd is a research and commercialisation company
established under the Australian Governments CRC Program. The company
utilises a combination of grain genomics and application science to develop
innovative grain food technologies. The scope of Grain Foods research
portfolio will be described including the use of genomics to improve wheat
quality output traits, biochemistry to enhance milling extraction rates and
application technologies to produce new functional foods and processes. This
poster will be of particular interest to those technologists keen to see strong
linkages between research outcomes and market needs.

Effect of processing on pasting properties and in vitro bile acid binding of
oat flours
Y. LIU (1), T. B. Bailey (2), P. J. White (1)
(1) Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA, U.S.A.; (2) Department of Statistics & Statistical Laboratory, Iowa
State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
Beta-glucans in oats are known to reduce serum cholesterol in humans. The
possible mechanism for the reduction may result from beta-glucans ability to
A53
increase the viscosity of intestinal contents. As a result of the increased
viscosity, there is decreased re-absorption of bile acid (BA), thus increased
BA excretion in the feces. Steaming and flaking, involving heat and moisture,
may affect beta-glucan structure, consequently the pasting properties, and
eventually the health benefits of oat-based food products. Four oat lines with
high (7.1%), medium (5.8 and 4.7%), and low (3.8%) beta-glucan
concentrations were evaluated for the impact of processing on pasting
properties and in vitro BA binding of oat flours. The oats were dehulled,
steamed, and rolled into flakes. Both oat groats (unflaked) and flakes were
ground into flours. The viscosities of oat-flour slurries were evaluated by
using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). The BA binding was measured by
digesting oat flours via in vitro digestion with human digestion enzymes.
Steaming and flaking did not affect beta-glucan concentration in oats (P >
0.05), but decreased final viscosity (FV) of oat-flour slurries (P < 0.05). These
decreases might be explained by the changes of interactive effects between
beta-glucan and other oat components to pasting properties. The percentage
(%) of BA bound based on the total amount of BA increased after processing
(P = 0.0062). Before processing, the beta-glucan concentration was highly
correlated with FV (r = 0.984, P = 0.016) and bound BA % (r = 0.999, P =
0.0013); and FV was positively correlated with bound BA % (r = 0.988, P =
0.0119). After steaming and flaking, the beta-glucan concentration was less
strongly correlated with FV (r = 0.950, P = 0.0502) and bound BA % (r =
0.945, P = 0.0547); and no linear correlation was found between FV and
bound BA %. These findings will help food manufactures develop oat-based
food products with enhanced health benefits.

Comparative evaluation of phytochemical profiles and identification of
flavonoids in cereal grains
Q. Liu (1), Y. Qiu (2), A. Borgen (3), T. BETA (4)
(1) Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB,
Canada R3T 2N2; (2) School of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing
University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China, 210003;
(3) Agrologica, Houvej 55, DK-9550 Mariager, Denmark; (4) University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA
The phytochemicals including flavonoids and phenolic acids mainly contained
in the outer layer of the kernels are key factors responsible for the
biofunctionality of whole grains. The phytochemical profiles of twelve grain
samples comprising 6 wheats, 3 barleys and 3 oats were studied for
comparative evaluation of their antioxidant properties. Total phenolic content
(TPC) and antioxidant activities (DPPH and ORAC) of the grain extracts were
measured. The bound phenolic acids were identified and quantified using
HPLC and mass spectrometry. The flavonoids in different grain were
analyzed using HPLC and tandem mass spectrometric techniques. TPC in
acidified methanol extracts ranged from 164 to 226, 264-391, and 308-331
mg/100 g for wheat, oats and barley, respectively. Similarly TPC in acetone
extracts were 78 to 118, 223 to 351 and 367 to 433 mg/100 g. Acetone
extracts had significantly (p < 0.05) higher TPC than acidified methanol
extracts for barley samples. On the contrary, acidified methanol extracts from
wheat and oats had higher TPC than their acetone extracts. The results showed
that for both acetone and acidified methanol extracts, barley samples had
significantly higher antioxidant activity than oats and wheat samples although
even some of the oats had similar or even higher TPC compared to barley
samples. Wheat extracts had low antioxidant activity assayed using both
DPPH and ORAC assays. Oats had the highest levels of bound phenolic acids
(431 to 656 mg/100 g) followed by wheat samples (91 to 153 mg/100 g). The
bound phenolic acid contents of barley samples ranged from 81105 mg/100
g. The major flavonoids in barley samples are dimers and trimers of
proanthocyanidins, while flavone glucosides are the major flavonoids for
wheat. The phytochemical including flavonoid profile may explain the
antioxidant activity for different cereal grain rather than TPC.

Cardio healthy French bread: Characterization and health benefits
X. LOPEZ (1), C. Bugueo (1), R. Jeria (1), D. Piderit (1)
(1) Granotec Grupo America, Santiago, Chile
Now a day, due to high obesity and cardiovascular disease levels found in
developed and developing countries, an increasing concern in formulating
healthy and cardio-friendly food is present. In Chile, the main staple food is
Marraqueta (MQ), which is a type of french bread. Owing to its high
consumption levels (98 kg/hab/yr), the need to develop a low calorie, low salt
and high fiber content MQ is of high priority. This product can be a very
useful tool to reach the majority part of population in order to decrease one of
the main cardiovascular risk factors, namely obesity and arterial hypertension.
In the present research, a cardio- healthy marraqueta (CH-MQ) was
developed. Since this project is aiming to improve the dietary quality of the
most eaten bread in Chile, several relevant nutritional parameters has been
quantified and compared to the common MQ. The proximal nutritional
analysis of the CH-MQ indicate us that the CH-MQ has six times more fiber
(12 gr/serving), 50% less sodium and 25% less calories that the common one.
In order to assess the feasibility to introduce this product in the market, also
physical features were evaluated. Specific volume and texture of the CH-MQ
were slightly better than the unmodified MQ, whereby organoleptic
characteristics were widely accepted among consumer. Given that one of the
purposes of the CH-MQ is to achieve a bread with a reduced glycemic index
(GI), relevant clinical trials were carried out. Healthy volunteers who met
several criteria (age between 20 and 55, BMI<32, non smoking, non pregnant,
non lactant) have been tested for glycemic index determination. Every subject,
after a 12-hour overnight fast, ate one portion (80 gr) of MQ and CH-MQ,
resting two days in between each bread type consumption. Pre- and
postpandrial glycemia were measured every 30 minutes for 3 hours. The GI
determination is made by calculating the percentage of the area under the
glycemic curve of the CH-MQ in relation to the area of MQ for each
individual since they act as their own control. The results indicated us that a
lower GI is achieved in this high fiber content bread. In conclusion, a highly
palatable bread with outstanding and proved health benefits has been
developed.

Argentina, Chile, and Peru wheat Crop Report 2008/2009
X. LOPEZ (1), N. Via (1), V. Vaqueros (1)
(1) Grupo Granotec America, Santiago, Chile
The Grupo Granotec Amercia, altogether with other public and private
entities, promotes in many countries the organization of the ICCT (Wheat
Harvest Quality Reports). The objective is to count with significant data of the
actual situation regarding the quality of the harvested wheats, and to
contribute with concrete knowledge to every participant involved in the
Wheat-Flour-Bread industry and translate it as an increment in the added
value of the subproducts of this important cereal. The ICCT was implemented
for the first time in Argentina during the campaign 1996/97 and it has
achieved, not just to remain but also it has become stronger uninterruptedly
until today. The knowledge and experience gotten are part of the current
heritage with which the Granotec Grupo America has driven this practice to
other countries, beginning with Chile, where this year the seventh consecutive
report was published and the third for Peru. The ICCT collects sample
information of each representative harvest in the wheat production, their main
productive areas, and in some countries, it collects information about their
cultivated varieties. All quality indicators summarized on the ICCT are
performed according to international rules which are updated and accepted for
every parameter. Among them: Commercial Grade, Hectolitre Weight,
Proteins, Ashes, Gluten, Falling Number, Rheological indicators determined
by the Consistogram and Alveogram. The report is complemented with
productive data of every country and with results that emerge from studies on
experimental bread making. Through the analysis performed for the ICCT, we
can obtain valuable information and prediction of the flour behaviour that are
going to be used by industries in the manufacture of different products.

Evaluation of rice pasta properties through new and conventional
methods
M. LUCISANO (1), M. Mariotti (1), C. Cappa (1), S. Luoto (2)
(1) University of Milan, Milan, ITALY; (2) University of Helsinki, Helsinki,
FINLAND
Quality of gluten-free pasta depends on raw materials composition and, to a
greater extent, on the conditions adopted in the pasta making process aimed at
forming a three-dimensional structure of gelatinized and retrograded starch.
Samples of rice pasta (spaghetti) prepared following two different processes
were considered in this study: sample A, obtained according to the technology
adopted in the oriental countries that employs a wet-milled flour as raw
material, and sample B, obtained using the conventional process used for
wheat pasta production applied to a pre-gelatinized rice flour. Sample
characterization included, beside chemical composition, both conventional
parameters used for the evaluation of the cooking characteristics of traditional
wheat pasta (cooking losses, weight increase, instrumental hardness and
adhesiveness) and non-conventional approaches. In particular, bending test
was used to evaluate the texture of dry sample, micro-viscoamylographic test
to assess the extent of starch modification during pasta production, image
analysis for monitoring geometrical changes during cooking, and creep test to
evidence viscous-elastic behavior of cooked products. The different
technological procedures strongly influenced gelatinization temperature (A =
82.0C; B = 67.7C) and the fracture properties of dry pasta (fracture force:
A=1.83 N, B = 0.55 N; relative deformation at fracture: A = 2.38%, B =
0.63%). These results pointed out the different macromolecular organization
between the two products that reflected upon their cooking characteristics. At
their optimum cooking time (9 min for both samples), sample A presented
lower cooking losses (3.2 g/100 g db vs. 5.6 g/100 g db), higher Young
A54
Modulus (0.27 N/mm
2
vs. 0.36 N/mm
2
), lower adhesiveness (0.67J*10
3
vs.
2.65J*10
3
) and a more elastic behavior.

Quality of baked products and pasta made with whole grain hulless
barley flour
C. LUKIE (1), L. Malcolmson (1), T. Tweed (1)
(1) Canadian International Grains Institute, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA
Interest in using whole grain barley flour as a partial replacement for wheat
flour has increased because of the reported health benefits associated with
barley. Research has shown that barley beta-glucans can lower blood
cholesterol levels and based on this evidence a heart health claim is permitted
in the United States for foods containing barley. This research was undertaken
to evaluate the quality of pan bread, bagels, tortillas and pasta made by
partially substituting (2550%) whole grain hulless barley flour for wheat
flour. Two varieties of hulless barley were evaluated including CDC
McGwire, a regular starch variety and CDC Fibar, a 100% amylopectin
variety. In general, all baked products containing barley flour had higher
water absorptions and required longer mixing times than the 100% wheat
control samples. This was especially true for products made with CDC Fibar
barley flour. For bread, product volume was similar between the CDC
McGwire and the control, but the CDC Fibar bread had a much lower volume.
Bagels made with barley flour had lower volumes compared to the control
bagels. Crumb structure of barley substituted bread and bagels was more open
compared to the control, but was still acceptable. Firmness of bread made
from both barley varieties was lower than the control bread even after three
days suggesting a softer crumb, possibly due to the higher moisture content.
Tortillas made with barley flour were acceptable for both varieties on Day 1,
but showed a decline in quality by Day 3. The addition of barley flour in pasta
resulted in a product with higher cooking losses and a darker colour. Firmness
of the pasta made from CDC McGwire was comparable to the control pasta,
but the pasta made from CDC Fibar was softer. For most products, it was
possible to achieve a high quality end-product with the required level of beta-
glucans for the health claim.

An in-vitro method for the prediction of the glycemic index of food
products
R. L. MAGALETTA (1)
(1) Kraft Foods Inc, East Hanover, NJ
Interest in the glycemic index (GI) of food products has significantly
increased in recent years. The GI is an indicator of the relative human
glycemic response to the dietary carbohydrates in a food product and allows
foods to be ranked based on their effect on blood glucose levels. The GI of a
food product is determined in-vivo by monitoring the blood glucose level of
human subjects who have ingested the food product, and comparing the
change in blood glucose to that induced by a reference material. Although the
currently accepted gold standard, the in-vivo method is both costly and time-
consuming, limiting its utility as a screening method for new product
formulations. This presentation will describe an in-vitro analytical method that
allows the accurate prediction of the GI of a food product. The method
involves a digestion of the food product using HCl and enzymes followed by
HPLC analysis of sugars and sugar alcohols. The data from the HPLC
analysis is combined with the products compositional information and then
treated using an artificial neural network in order to produce a predicted value
for the GI of the food product. GI values determined using this method show
very high correlation with results obtained using the in-vivo test method. For
the sample set examined, consisting of a broad variety of food types, n = 72, r
2

= 0.93 and RMSEC = 5 GI units. 20-fold cross-validation yields a cvr
2
= 0.89,
indicating good predictive ability for samples outside the calibration set. The
relative standard deviation of the method was found to be 6.6%. A single
analyst is able to perform approximately 15 GI analyses per day using this
method. Due to its rapid nature, accuracy and low cost relative to in-vivo
testing, this method can be a very valuable screening tool for determining the
relative effect of various food ingredients on the glycemic index of a food
product.

Salt influence on the fluidity of wheat flour dough: A multi-technique
study
S. P. MAK (1), S. E. Hill (2)
(1) Division of Food Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK; (2) University
of Nottingham, Loughborough Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
Food manufacturers are endeavouring to reduce sodium levels in cereal
products, without loss of manufacturing efficiency and product quality.
Reduction in salt levels is proving difficult as salt influences the product in
many ways. It has been suggested that one of the actions of sodium chloride in
wheat flour bread dough is to control the level and composition of free
liquor in the mix. This could have an impact on the stability of gas cells and
affect the rheological properties. In this study, doughs were prepared
according to the Chorleywood Bread Process and contained levels of salt from
0 to 5% (flour base). The techniques of ultracentrifugation, differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low field time domain nuclear magnetic
resonance (
1
H NMR) were used to gain information on how salt affects the
distribution of water between the phases of the dough. Improver type was
found to affect the amount of liquor isolated and salt caused a linear increase
of the dough liquor as measured by centrifugation. Addition of salt changed
the starch gelatinisation temperature of the dough, but not the calculated
freezable water.
1
H NMR showed a clear effect on the proton mobility of
different amounts of added water to the dough. However, no effect of salt on
the proton mobility was observed. This suggested that the release of liquor
upon ultracentrifugation is a drainage phenomenon, and is not a
consequence of changes in the amount of free water in the dough system.

Sodium nmr and measures in wheat flour doughs
S. P. MAK (1), B. MacNaughtan (1), S. E. Hill (2)
(1) Division of Food Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK; (2) University
of Nottingham, Loughborough Leicestershire, UNITED KINGDOM
The average salt consumption in the western diet is 11 g/day with cereal
products contributing about 35% of the dietary sodium intake. There is
considerable drive to decrease the sodium levels in many processed foods, but
a general lack of understanding of the multiple roles that sodium has in the
system is limiting many manufactures ability to process at the required
standards at the lower salt levels. For example, large scale bakeries are finding
it difficult to deliver further reductions of salt in breads as at lower salt levels
plant waste increases due to sticky doughs, collapse of proved dough and open
texture of the baked loaf. One question still not really answered is the location
and behavior of sodium in systems with limited water. To monitor the
mobility of the sodium ions in cereal systems a bench top Resonance
Instruments Maran NMR spectrometer was fitted with the sodium probe. This
was used to determine the mobility of sodium by using a simple relaxation
decay method. A study using dough contained levels of salt from 0% to 5%
(flour base) was conducted. Dough liquor and sediment phases were separated
by ultracentrifugation and the levels of sodium associated with these fractions
were also investigated. The amount of sodium in the different phases of dough
was calculated using standard sodium chloride solutions. Findings showed
that a large portion of the added sodium was dissolved in the aqueous phase.
However, a portion of the sodium was not measurable and it is believed that
this was bound to the large molecules in the sediment phase (i.e. starch and
gluten). This method could be used to understand the role of salt in cereal
products and thus provide strategies for its reduction.

Carotenoid pigment content in durum wheat kernels
F. A. MANTHEY (1), E. M. Elias (1)
Yellow color of pasta is primarily due to carotenoid pigments found in the
endosperm of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). Researchers
have shown that genotype and environment affect the final carotenoid pigment
content of durum wheat. Limited research has been conducted on deposition
of carotenoid pigments during kernel development. An experiment was
conducted to determine the effect of kernel development and location on the
spike on the carotenoid pigment concentration in durum wheat kernels. Spikes
were collected from durum grown in field plots established in Prosper, ND. A
second experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between
kernel vitreousness and carotenoid pigment concentration. Grain samples
were collected from durum variety trials at Langdon and Williston, ND.
Vitreous and nonvitreous kernels were separated from the same sample.
Carotenoid pigment content was determined using Approved Method 14-50
(AACC International 2000). The interaction between kernel development and
location on the spike was not significant for carotenoid pigment concentration
per kernel. As grain development progressed from early post-anthesis to
physiological maturity, kernel size and weight increased, while concentration
of carotenoid pigments per kernel declined. Carotenoid pigment concentration
per kernel was greater for kernels found in the middle or bottom of the spike
than for kernels located at the top of the spike. Kernels from the bottom of the
spike weighed more than kernels found in the middle or top of the spike.
Experiment to determine the relationship between vitreousness and carotenoid
pigment content found that kernel weight and carotenoid pigment concentra-
tion per kernel was greater for vitreous kernels than for nonvitreous kernels.
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New approaches for semolina characterization
A. MARTI (1), G. Bottega (1), R. Caramanico (2), M. Pagani (1), K.
Seetharaman (3)
(1) University of Milan, Milan, ITALY; (2) CRA-SCV, S. Angelo Lodigiano
(LO) - Italy; (3) University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Semolina from durum wheat is considered the most suitable raw material for
pasta-making. Protein quantity and quality are important factors affecting
pasta properties, while the role of starch has received less attention. In this
study two semolina samples (organic and conventional), different in protein
and starch characteristics, were analyzed using both conventional and new
approaches. Starch organization was studied by using DSC, MVA test, and X-
ray diffraction. Rheological properties of dough during heating and cooling
were investigated using Mixolab and Farinograph. Despite a lower protein and
gluten content, the dough from organic semolina was stronger than
conventional semolina. The organic semolina was characterized by a higher
total starch content, with a higher pasting viscosity, larger gelatinization
temperature range, and a higher H value. Exposure of semolina to iodine
vapour exhibited differences in the organization of the starch granules. Both
the new approaches used to investigate dough behaviour under heating and
cooling showed similar trends. More differences between the semolina
samples appeared during the heating and cooling steps: the organic semolina
showed a higher consistency than conventional semolina. These preliminary
results suggest that there are differences in the starch properties between
semolina that require further studies.

Measurement of total starch
B. V. MCCLEARY (1), A. Draga (1), I. Lazewska (1)
(1) Megazyme International Ireland Limited, Bray, County Wicklow, IRELAND
Several methods have been developed for the measurement of starch. In recent
decades, enzyme based methods have been favoured. These generally involve
solubilisation of starch in boiling water, hot DMSO or KOH, followed by
liquifaction of the starch and subsequent hydrolysis of dextrins to D-glucose;
with D-glucose measurement with the glucose oxidase/peroxidase system, or
with hexokinase plus glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. AACC Method
76.13 (AOAC Method 996.11), developed by Megazyme, involves hydrolysis
of starch with thermostable alpha-amylase at pH 7, followed by hydrolysis of
dextrins to D-glucose with amyloglucosidase (AMG) at pH 4.5. High amylose
starch is pre-dissolved in hot DMSO. With the development of improved
enzymes for industrial starch hydrolysis, it is now possible to obtain
thermostable alpha-amylases that are stable and active at pH 5. This has
allowed us to modify the starch assay procedure to allow both liquifaction and
dextrinisation steps to be performed at the same pH (pH 5.0), which simplifies
the assay and allows the use of inexpensive acetate buffer. The use of cold
KOH and hot DMSO for the solubilisation of high amylose starches have been
compared, and the incorporation of glucose mutarotase to accelerate the
glucose determination step has been evaluated.

Measurementof beta-amylase and alpha-amylase in cereal flours and malt
B. V. MCCLEARY (1), I. Lazewska (1), A. Draga (1)
(1) Megazyme International Ireland Limited, Bray, County Wicklow,
IRELAND
Most methods for the measurement of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase use ill-
defined substrates. Several specific procedures have been developed for the
measurement of alpha-amylase, such as those employing chromogenic and
colourimetric substrates and viscometric assays. However, most assays for
beta-amylase are non-specific. We have developed and supply several assay
formats and substrates for alpha-amylase and beta-amylase. Of these, the only
methods that employ well-defined substrates are the Ceralpha method for
alpha-amylase and Betamyl method for beta-amylase. The Ceralpha method
employs end-blocked p-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside in the presence of
thermostable alpha-glucosidase, and the Betamyl method employs p-
nitrophenyl maltopentaose in the presence of yeast alpha-glucosidase. In
recent years, p-NP-maltopentaose has become less available and expensive, so
we needed to develop a new substrate and assay format for beta-amylase. In
this paper, we will discuss the use of this new substrate, based on p-NP beta-
maltotriose in the presence of thermostable beta-glucosidase, for the assay of
beta-amylase and describe a single extraction format that can be employed to
allow the measurement of both beta-amylase and alpha-amylase in malts.

Refinement of hulless barley fibre-rich fractions and their potential as
functional ingredients in wheat bread
T. L. MCMILLAN (1), J. Kletke (1), N. M. Edwards (1), L. Dushnicky (1), S.
Bazin (1), M. S. Izydorczyk (1)
(1) Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA
Roller milling can be used to fractionate barley into flour and a fiber-rich
fraction (FRF). The FRF is highly enriched in -glucan and therefore shows
promise as a natural functional food ingredient. A waxy and high amylose
(HA) hulless barley were roller milled to obtain FRFs. Further refinement (pin
milling, sieving and an additional short duster passage) of the FRF was carried
out to remove starch and obtain a FRF preparation enriched in -glucan and
other dietary fibre (DF) constituents. The objective of this study was to
compare the composition of the original and enriched FRFs and to examine
their potential as a functional ingredient in wheat bread. The additional
refinement steps significantly increased the -glucan and total DF contents of
the FRF. The enriched FRF also contained higher amounts of Fe, Zn, Mg, and
P. Compared to the whole grain both the original and enriched FRFs from the
waxy barley contained higher amounts of vitamins B1, B2, B3 and B6 but
only vitamin B3 increased with refinement. The additional refinement steps
increased the brightness and reduced the particle size of the FRF as well as
removed the majority of the entrapped starch granules. The potential of these
FRFs as functional ingredients was assessed by baking bread using the
Canadian short process (CPS). To obtain the FDA recommended dosage of
0.75 grams of -glucan per two-slice serving it was determined, for the barley
used in this study, that only 1013% of white wheat flour needed to be
replaced when the original FRF preparation was used and 68% when the
enriched FRF was used. Bread supplemented with the enriched FRF had a loaf
volume superior to that of 100% whole wheat and when compared to white
flour bread the volume was reduced by only 68%. It was concluded that the
enrichment of the FRF significantly improved the overall quality of the
supplemented bread.

Rheological properties of waxy corn mutants as modified by isoamylase
M. MENDEZ-MONTEALVO (1), Y. Wang (1), M. Campbell (2)
(1) University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A.; (2) Truman State
University, Kirksville, MO, U.S.A.
Starch swelling is a property of amylopectin, and amylose acts as a diluents.
Previous works suggested that increased proportions of long B chains and
longer average chain length in amylopectin may provide a stronger association
of the amylopectin molecules with each other and with amylose, consequently
increasing the resistance of the granule to gelatinization and swelling. The
objective of this work was to correlate the changes in amylopectin structure of
2 waxy corn mutant starches (Hsyn73 wxwx and Hsyn73 duwx) with the
changes in rheological and morphology properties after isoamylase treatment
to various extents. Both wxwx and duwx mutants had a similar molecular
weight, but wxwx had a more branched structure than duwx according to
ratios of molecular weight and short chains to long chains, and z-averaged
gyration radius. When subjected to isoamylase treatment, duwx was
hydrolyzed to a greater extent than wxwx. All samples exhibited a shear
thinning behavior with Hsyn73 wxwx having slightly higher values of pasting
viscosity, flow behavior index and consistency index than Hsyn73 duwx.
Significant decreases in molecular weight, z-averaged gyration radius, pasting
viscosity, flow behavior index and consistency index were observed for both
wxwx and duwx as debranching treatment progressed. The results suggest that
z-averaged gyration radius may play a more important role in determining the
rheological properties of waxy corn starch.

Gluten-free frozen doughs: Influence of freezing on proteins, dough
properties and bread quality
S. Mezaize (1), S. Chevallier (1), C. Guyon (1), A. LE BAIL (1), M. de-
Lamballerie (1)
(1) ENITIAA - Univ UNAM - UMR GEPEA CNRS 6144-Nantes-FRANCE
The freezing process at different steps of breadmaking is widely used to
improve fresh bread availability for the consumer. The consequences of a
freezing step on wheat dough and bread, and the way to reduce its negative
impacts have been well studied for years. Nevertheless, few works report
studies on gluten-free doughs and breads. This work investigates the effect of
unfermented frozen process on the properties of gluten-free dough and the
quality of the final product by comparison with conventional process. Gluten-
free formulation contained rice, corn and buckwheat flours, corn and potato
starches, guar gum, inulin, yeast, salt, oil and water. The bread quality
parameters measured were specific volume, dry matter on bread, crust colour
and crumb texture. The texture was characterized by the maximum force of a
compression test and the distribution of gas cells in crumb. Rheological tests
(frequency sweep and flow tests) were carried out on fresh (without freezing
step) and thawed doughs. Proteins were extracted in solution of isopropanol /
acetic acid at 0.3% (70/30, v/v) from the doughs and separated by RP-HPLC
in a gradient of water / ACN with acetic acid (0.3%). Gluten-free breads
obtained by unfermented frozen process had lower specific volume and harder
crumb than conventional breads. Distribution of gas cells was more
homogeneous and cells mean diameter was smaller with a freezing step. Other
A56
bread quality parameters were not modified. Rheological tests showed
likewise that viscoelastic properties were unchanged for fresh and thawed
doughs. However, chromatograms showed different protein profiles, giving
clues that could explain the differences of bread quality.

Resin embedding of whole groats for rapid evaluation of -glucan
distribution in oats
S. MILLER (1), B. G. Rossnagel (2)
(1) Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, CANADA; (2) University
of Saskatchewan, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, Crop Development
Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Mixed linkage (1-3),(1-4)--D-glucan, or -glucan, is the soluble fibre
component that is primarily responsible for the beneficial effects of oat
consumption on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These health benefits
have generated a demand for new varieties of oats with high -glucan.
Distribution of -glucan within the groat and among varieties is not uniform.
Such variation has implications for the end use of specific varieties, whether
for the production of oat bran, or incorporation into products as whole groats.
Thus, knowledge of -glucan distribution in different varieties would be
useful to breeders and processors. Traditional methods of embedding and
sectioning to examine -glucan distribution are time consuming, and permit
only a limited number of grains to be examined. Availability of a rapid
method to evaluate -glucan distribution in a more representative population
of oats would be valuable to both breeders and processors. Previously, Miller
and Fulcher* embedded whole groats in resin blocks, which were cut by
abrasion to expose grain cross sections, and -glucan distribution was
revealed using fluorescence microspectroscopy. In this poster, we demonstrate
use of the whole groat block method in comparison with sections obtained
using conventional fixation/ embedding/sectioning protocols to reveal -
glucan distribution in 7 varieties of oats using fluorescence microscopy.
*Miller, S.S., and Fulcher, R.G. 1994. Cereal Chem. 71: 64-68.

Phase/state behavior of wheat kernels in relation to their milling
performance
C. MILLER (1), J. Gwirtz (1), T. Pearson (2), H. Dogan (1)
(1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (2) USDA-ARS
GMPRC, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
The suitability of wheat grains for milling varies widely depending on a
number of factors such as kernel morphology, endosperm texture and
composition. Thermal and mechanical properties of grains can provide guides
for processing and utilization of cereals including their milling behavior. The
aim of this study was to develop phase/state diagrams for hard red spring
(HRS) and soft white (SW) wheat and to understand the effect of tempering
on the mechanical properties of wheat kernels in relation to their fracture
behavior during milling. Wheat kernels and their components (bran, germ and
endosperm) were equilibrated to Aw levels of 0.12, 0.28, 0.43, 0.64, 0.84 and
0.93 by placing them in desiccators over supersaturated salt solutions. Glass
transition temperature (Tg) of equilibrated samples were determined using a
differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Scans were done between 20C and
120C at a heating rate of 5C/min. State diagrams were developed by plotting
Tgs against corresponding moisture contents which were used to determine
state of each component prior to milling. Mechanical properties of wheat
kernels were determined to quantify fracture stress (measure of hardness),
elongation at fracture (measure of brittleness), modulus (measure of
elasticity), fracture energy (measure of toughness) as a function of water
activity. Stress-strain profiles obtained during uniaxial compression were
compared with the SKCS crush profiles. Equilibrated (tempered) kernels were
milled on the laboratory roll stand and sieve analysis was performed. Kernels
at different Aw levels showed different modes of failure (i.e. fragile or ductile
failure) leading to distinctly different disintegration behavior during milling.
Depending on the failure mode, the spread of cracks in the endosperm
observed to take place at substantially different rates that resulted in the
formation of particles of different size and shape.

Utilization of a by-product from soybean processing for the cultivation of
probiotic Lactococcus lactis
D. MITRA (1), A. L. Pometto (2), S. K. Khanal (3), J. V. Leeuwen (1)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.; (2) Clemson University,
Clemson, SC, U.S.A.; (3) University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.
Since most probiotic cultures are nutritionally fastidious, there is need to find
suitable cheaper substrates for their cultivation and use in food and feed. In
our study we have explored the potential of a food processing by-product for
its ability to support lactococcal growth. Soy whey, a by-product stream
generated during soy protein production is nutritionally rich but neglected
substrate. Our research has shown that the probiotic culture Lactococcus lactis
subsp. lactis could be cultivated with relative ease on soy whey. Lactic acid
bacteria are known to be efficient probiotic cultures due to bacteriocin
synthesis capacity. Nisin, the only FDA approved bacteriocin for use in foods
was produced by L. lactis grown in soy whey. Lab tests indicated that
lactococcal biomass levels of 2180 mg/L and nisin concentrations of 620
mg/L could be obtained from soy whey. The cell yields from soy whey were
found to be higher than those from a complex synthetic medium, MRS.
Through our research we envision to make a unique feed additive based on
beneficial nisin producing lactic acid bacteria. This will improve the feed
conversion for good weight gain in animals raised for dairy and meat
production and also promote industrial waste recycling and value adding.

Evaluation of rheological and technological behavior of triticale flour,
obtained from Embrapas cultivars and their mixtures with wheat flour
F. M. MONTENEGRO (1), L. P. Dias (2), C. R. Gomes-Ruffi (1), A.
Nascimento Junior (3), E. H. Nabeshima (1)
(1) ITAL - Institute of Food Technology, Campinas, SP, BRAZIL; (2) Faculty
of Food Engineering - UNICAMP, Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil; (3) National
Wheat Research Center - EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
Triticale (hybrid of wheat and rye), in many cultivars, presents bigger and
better nutritional quality and better environmental flexibility than other
cereals, even when compared with wheat. Its flour, which can be partially
replaced by wheat flour in bakery products, may reduce the demand for wheat
by importers countries, reducing costs with importation. The objective of this
study was evaluate the rheological and physico-chemical characteristics and
technological performance of triticale flour and its mixtures with wheat flour
in pan bread and pound cakes, obtained from cultivars Embrapa 53 and BRS
Ulysses, both of Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - EMBRAPA.
The Embrapa 53 cultivars physico-chemical and rheological profile, obtained
the best results when compared with BRS Ulysses, and we can detach the
performance of 70% of wheat flour and 30% of triticale flour of this cultivar,
that showed little changes when compared with pure wheat flour. Mixtures of
70% of wheat flour and 30% of triticale flour of both studied cultivars were
applied in pan bread and pound cake. The results of the instrumental texture
for pan breads and pound cakes, accompanied analytically over 21 and 30
days, respectively, confirmed the best physico-chemical and rheological
performing of Embrapa 53 cultivar, when mixed with the wheat flour in the
proportion above, resulting in pan bread and pound cakes with good internal
characteristics and softer when compared with the standard (100% wheat
flour). In a sensory evaluation, there were no significant difference (level of
5%) of the two cultivars samples when compared with the standards pan bread
and pound cake.

Effect of nixtamalization and extrusion process on phenolic content and
antioxidant activity of pigmented Mexican maize
S. MORA-ROCHIN (1), C. Reyes-Moreno (2), S. Serna-Saldivar (3), J.
Gutierrez-Uribe (3), J. Milan-Carrillo (2)
(1) [email protected]; (2) Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa,
Culiacan, Sinaloa, MEXICO; (3) Instituto Tecnologico Monterrey
Total phenolic content and their antioxidant activity in four pigmented
Mexican maize phenotypes processed by nixtamalization and extrusion were
studied. Total phenolic contents in raw pigmented maize ranged 133.0 to
173.8 mg of gallic acid equiv/100 g of dry wt. Among types of pigmented
maize, the highest concentrations of total phenolics were observed in the
white followed by red, blue and yellow counterpart. The nixtamalization and
extrusion processes significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total phenolics and
antioxidant activities when compared to raw maize. The highest
concentrations of total phenolic were observed in extruded pigmented maize
flour (124.0 to 162.0 mg of gallic acid equiv/100 g of dry wt). The extruded
yellow and red maize flour contained the biggest amount of antioxidant
capacity.

Effects of parboiling conditions on the slowly digestible and resistant
starch fractions in parboiled rice
J. NEWTON (1), Y. Wang (1)
Parboiling is a hydrothermal treatment applied to raw paddy rice, which
involves soaking, steaming, and drying. It is known that parboiling treatment
improves rice milling yield, nutritional profile and texture. Recent studies
show that both cooking methods and rice cultivars influenced the amounts of
rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant
starch (RS) in processed rice. This study investigated the effects of parboiling
conditions on the RDS, SDS, and RS contents in parboiled rice. Rice was
soaked (rough rice or brown rice at 65 degree C for 16 hrs or 90 min,
respectively), steamed under pressure at 121 degree C for 20 or 40 min, dried
A57
immediately at 50 degree C or stored at room temperature for 24 hr prior to
drying, and then further processed into milled or brown rice. The longer
parboiling duration was found to increase both SDS and RS contents in
all treatments. Room temperature storage prior to drying increased SDS
content, but there was no difference in SDS content for parboiled rice
subjected to different parboiling durations. When steamed rice was dried
immediately after cooking, the resultant milled rice consisted of a higher RS
content but a lower SDS content than the resultant brown rice. When steamed
rice was stored at room temperature for 24 hr after cooking, the resultant
milled rice consisted of a significantly higher SDS content than the resultant
brown rice. The results demonstrate that parboiling conditions have a
significant impact on the SDS and RS contents of parboiled rice. Parboiled
rice with different SDS and RS contents can be produced by varying the
parboiling conditions.

The effect of Teff consumption on satiety and adult body composition
S. K. Ng (1), E. Derbyshire (1), V. STOJCESKA (1)
(1) The Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a cereal grain traditionally grown in Africa. It has a
low glycaemic index and is relatively high in dietary fibre and calcium; both
of which have been reported to help regulate body weight and composition.
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether regular Teff
consumption influenced satiety, or body composition. Nineteen, healthy
females (mean age: 29 yrs and weight: 61 kg) took part in a 4-week
intervention study. Students were recruited from Manchester Metropolitan
University and randomly allocated to a control or intervention group (matched
for age and body weight). The intervention group consumed three (50 g) slices
of Teff bread daily for 4-weeks. The control group resumed their normal daily
diet. Participants completed a 4-day food diary and Satiety Labelled Intensity
Magnitude (SLIMS) scale during the 4-week study period. Body composition
was measured using Air-displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod) at the start
and end of the study. Mean percentage body fat reduced by 0.53% in
the control group, compared with 1.10% in the intervention group but not
to a level that was statistically significant (P = 0.37). Satiety scores
were, however, statistically significantly higher in those consuming the
Teff bread (28.7 and 47.7 in the control and intervention groups respectively;
P = 0.026). The findings from this study indicate that daily consumption of
Teff bread may promote satiety but do not appear to influence body
composition. Further research is now needed to reinforce these preliminary
findings.

Effect of protein molecular weight distribution on kernel and baking
characteristics and intra-varietal variation in hard spring wheats
J. OHM (1), F. E. Dowell (2), G. Hareland (3), S. Senay (4), B. W. Seabourn
(2), E. Maghirang (2)
(1) USDA ARS RRVARC NCSL, Fargo, ND; (2) USDA-ARS, GMPRC
Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (3) USDA-ARS-RRVARC-NCSL Cereal Crops
Research Unit, Wheat Quality, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.; (4) Dept. of Plant
Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A.
Specific wheat protein fractions are known to have distinct associations with
wheat quality traits. Research was conducted on 10 hard spring wheat
cultivars grown at two North Dakota locations to identify protein fractions
that affected wheat kernel characteristics and breadmaking quality. SDS
extractable and unextractable proteins were isolated from wheat kernels and
separated by size exclusion HPLC. Individual absorbance areas (AA) at 0.01
min retention time were correlated with quality characteristics. Wheat kernel
hardness index and percent vitreous kernel content were significantly
correlated (P < 0.05) with AA values of protein fractions eluted at the front
section of the main gliadin peak of extractable proteins, indicating that
variations in gliadin composition were related to kernel hardness and
vitreousness. Percent vitreous kernel content was significantly (P < 0.05) and
positively correlated with AA values of high molecular weight polymeric
fractions of unextractable proteins, which were also significantly correlated
with farinograph and breadmaking characteristics. In a corresponding
experiment, wheat kernels were separated into three fractions according to
protein content using a Single Kernel NIR Sorter (Perten Instruments,
Stockholm, Sweden). The individual kernel fractions were then analyzed for
molecular weight distribution of proteins to evaluate uniformity of protein
composition within a cultivar. Results indicated that high molecular weight
polymeric and monomeric gliadin protein fractions showed greater
quantitative variations than other protein fractions among kernel fractions.
Intra-varietal variation of protein composition was not observed to differ
among cultivars. Analysis of variance indicated that interaction effects of
variety by kernel fraction was not significant (P > 0.05) for AA values of
protein fractions in this sample set.

Effect of bisulfite on color properties of 3-deoxyanthocyanins at different
pH levels
L. O. OJWANG (1), J. M. Awika (1)
(1) Texas A&M University, Cereal Quality Laboratory, College Station, TX,
U.S.A.
3-Deoxyanthocyanins are a rare class of flavonoids found in sorghum. Their
greater stability to color degradation compared to anthocyanins enhances their
potential use in low acid foods. The color stability of 3-deoxyanthocyanin
pigments (apigeninidin, luteolinidin, and their mono- and dimethoxylated
derivatives) and crude black sorghum extracts were investigated in the
presence and absence of SO
2
, at different pH levels for 21 days at 27C using
a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. All pigments had better color stability in the
absence of SO
2
at pH 3.2 compared to pH 2.0 and 5.0. In the presence of SO
2
,
all the pigments were completely bleached at all pH levels on day 0, but most
regained their color after 21 days. At pH 2.0, 3-deoxyanthocyanin samples
regained most of their color ( 90% absorbance, relative to control) in the
presence of SO
2
; while they restored 60% and 74% of their color at pH
3.2 and 5.0, respectively, after 21 days. Non- and mono- methoxylated
analogs had better color restoration at pH 2.0 and 5.0 in the presence of SO
2

after 21 days. This could be due to nucleophilic interactions between the
pigment molecules and SO
2
that cause gradual structural modifications.
Sorghum extracts lost only 65, 63 and 51% of their color on day 0 in the
presence of SO
2
, at pH 2.0, 3.2 and 5.0, respectively. However, after 21 days,
sorghum extracts were more resistant to SO
2
bleaching, suggesting that
unknown compounds enhanced color stability.

Effects of ascorbic acid on the formation of specks in wheat flour
products
H. OKUSU (1)
(1) Nippon Flour Mills Co Ltd, Kanagawa, JAPAN
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a widely used antioxidant in the food industry. The
formation of specks in products made from wheat flour is mainly due to the
enzyme-induced oxidation. In this study, AsA was evaluated for its
effectiveness in reducing the specks in selected flour products. It was found
that the addition of 0.51.0% of AsA can reduce the specks in the side of
pancakes by 90% as measured 5 days after baking. The specks on the crpe
(very thin pancake) were reduced by 98% during two days of refrigeration
after baking. The specks on the Udon (white salt noodles) were reduced by
50% after two days of storage at room temperature. The redness of dough,
however, was increased with the incorporation of AsA. To reduce the redness
of the dough, polyphosphates were added to the dough. The level of 0.1% was
sufficient to correct the redness of dough and 1% or more of polyphosphates
will soften the dough significantly. Results of this study demonstrated that the
combination of AsA and the polyphosphate could reduce the specks not only
in refrigerated baked products but also in noodles.

Effect of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) on wheat bread
staling
D. S. OLIVEIRA (1), T. S. Rocha (2), J. T. Romero (2), R. da Silva (2), C. M.
Franco (2)
(1) Universidade Estadual Paulista, So Jos do Rio Preto, BRAZIL; (2)
UNESP-University of Sao Paulo State, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
Bread staling occurs during storage, especially via water migration and the
transformations that occur in starch during this period. Various negative
effects such as crust hardening, higher firmness and lower elasticity of the
crumb, moisture and aroma loss are observed. The aim of this research was to
investigate the effect of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) produced
by Bacillus clausii E-16 on the breads staling process. For this, control breads
and breads with addition of the enzyme (15U and 30U of CGTase per 100
grams of wheat flour) were stored in polyethylene bags and maintained at 4C
for 10 days. Moisture, firmness and amylopectin retrogradation were analyzed
by an infrared moisture analyzer, a texture analyzer, and a differential
scanning calorimeter, respectively. Crumb moisture loss of the control and
treated breads was more intense during the first five days. At the end of 10
days of storage the crumb of the bread with addition of 30U of CGTase
contained 33.3% moisture while the control contained 32.2%. Bread crumb
firmness was reduced 13.6% and 20% compared to the control by addition of
15U and 30U of CGTase, respectively. Regarding amylopectin retrogradation,
the bread with 30U of CGTase had the lowest retrogradation enthalpy,
followed by the bread with 15U of CGTase, and then by the control bread.
The results obtained from the thermal analyses are correlated with those
obtained for crumb firmness. Addition of (CGTase) reduced the staling rate of
wheat breads, thus demonstrating the utility of this enzyme for increasing
shelf life. Financial support: Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de
So Paulo FAPESP.
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Development of gluten-free cakes
M. B. Omary (1), T. GOTOH (1), O. Zawadi (1), K. Rosentrater (2), J. Brown
(1), A. Razavi (1), K. Prado (1), C. Brenner (1), W. Dong (1), T. Faltens (1)
(1) Cal Poly Pomona University, Pomona, CA, U.S.A.; (2) United States
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central
Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD, U.S.A.
Celiac (coeliac) disease, also known as celiac sprue and glutensensitive
enteropathy, is one of the most frequent food intolerances in the world. It is an
autoimmune disorder prevalent in 1:133 of the US population and 1:266 of the
population worldwide. Celiac disease is characterized by the inflammation of
the upper small intestine. When exposed to gluten, villi, tiny hair-like
projections in the small intestine are damaged, leading to mal-absorption of
essential nutrients such as iron, folic acid, calcium, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Currently, the only treatment available for celiac disease is to adopt a gluten-
free diet. Gluten is a complex composed of the proteins glutenin and gliadin,
and can be found in wheat, barley, rye, triticale and possibly oat cereals. The
immune response may actually be focused on a limited portion of the gliadin
region. When hydrated and mixed or kneaded, gluten forms strands that
facilitate texture development and provide structure to baked goods. Most
previous research on gluten-free baked products has focused on breads.
However, the development of other high-quality gluten-free baked goods with
sensory and textural properties similar to those baked goods containing gluten
remains a challenge. The goals of this study were to determine the consumer
acceptance, and physical and chemical properties including texture, weight,
volume and water activity of cakes formulated with soy flour and corn starch
using standard laboratory methods. A response surface methodology was used
to assist with formula optimization and data analysis. Preliminary results from
this study will be presented. The data generated during this study will be
useful to the gluten-free baked goods industry.

Low temperature low relative humidity drying of rough rice
G. O. ONDIER (1)
With the increase in harvesting capacity by rice farmers, coupled by the
increase in drying costs, the rice industry must find more efficient and
economical ways of drying rough rice without adversely affecting product
quality. The potential of using air at low temperature (2634C) and low
relative humidity (RH) (19 68%) to dry rough rice was investigated. Drying
rates and durations of four rice cultivars were measured. Head rice yield
(HRY) and color were used as indicators to determine the effects on product
quality. Changes in RH were found to have greater influence on drying rates
and durations at 26C than at 30 and 34C. Head rice yields and color of the
dried samples were not significantly different from those of control samples.
High peak and final viscosities were found for all the drying conditions.

Effect of spray drying conditions on the resistant starch content of unripe
banana (Musa sp.) flour
R. S. ORMENESE (1), A. P. Biazzi (1), V. N. Silva (1), L. Armiliato (1), C.
S. Almeida (1), A. A. Vitali (1), F. Collares-Queiroz (2)
(1) Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, BRAZIL; (2) Faculdade
de Engenharia Qumica FEQ/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brasil
The pulp of unripe banana is rich in resistant starch (RS), which behaves in
the body such as fiber. Brazil is one of the world largest producers of bananas;
however, the loss of the fruit in the post-harvest phase is high. This project
aimed to assess the technological feasibility of obtaining unripe banana flour
in spray dryer. After peeled and treated with antioxidant agents, unripe
bananas from cultivar Nanico Jangada (RS between 55.6 and 65.0%) were
crushed in blender with water in the proportion of 1:1 (banana/water). The
pulp was passed through a brush finisher and dried in the Mobile Minor Spray
Dryer. The evaluation of process parameters was performed according to a 2
3

complete factorial design, with 18 experiments. The independent variables
were the temperature of the drying air (from 140 to 180C), the air pressure
(from 4.0 to 5.6 kgf/cm
2
) and the rotation of the feeding pump (from 11 to 17
rpm). The variables were the moisture and the resistant starch contents, the
water activity and instrumental color. ANOVA indicated low percentages of
explained variation and calculated F values were not significant, indicating
that there was not a good fit of experimental values to the models. The low
variability of responses indicates that the range of study used in the
experimental design did not significantly change the variables. All the flours
processed in spray dryer presented high levels of resistant starch (32.3 to
49.4%), indicating that this kind of process preserves the functional
characteristics of unripe banana starch, possibly because of the low
gelatinization rate. All treatments resulted in flours with moisture content
(7.57 to 12.58%) and water activity (0.282 to 0.566) suitable for a farinaceous
product storage, with clear color (L* between 74.3 and 80. 2) and with low
intense red and yellow tones (a* between 3.7 and 6.9; b* between 14.1 and
17.9).

The effect of using Doum fruit on lipid profile in experimental rats and its
effect on quality characteristics of some bakery products
N. A. OWISS (1)
(1) Helwan University, Cairo, EGYPT
Egyptian consumers may consume types of food despite the insufficient
information about its chemicals composition or its beneficial effects against
some diseases. Therefore, the present investigation was under taken to
determine the beneficial effect of doum (D) (Hyphene thebaica) on lipid
profile in rats and its effect on characteristics (objective and sensory) of some
bakery products (BP). The study was divided into 2 parts: The 1st part was the
biological study: carried on 30 male Sprague Dawly strain rats (weight 110
10 g). Rats were divided into 5 groups 6/group; 3 of them fed on different %
of (D) (5, 10 and 15%) for 4 weeks. After this period blood samples were
collected for determination of lipid profile and liver function. The 2nd part of
the study included the preparation of some (BP). Doum flour (DF) was used to
fortify 2 types of the (BP) [chocolate cake (CC) and Anise biscuits (AB)] with
different % (5, 10, and 15% of (DF) weight). Fortified products (FP) were
subjected to different objective measurements. Sensory evaluation was carried
on by panelist using score sheet. The biological results showed significant
decrease (SD) (P < 0.05) in blood (cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, AI I, AI II)
of the groups fed on 10 and 15% (D). The results of objective characteristics
of (FP) showed that (CC) with 15% of (DF) maintained significantly higher (P
< 0.05) height, volume and index to volume as compared to (UF) product.
Sensory evaluation results of (CC) indicated that, there was significant
decrease in the score given for product fortified with 10% and 15%). It can be
concluded that feeding diet contained (10 and 15%) (DF) had greater effects
on rats lipid parameters. However, products fortified with 5% (DF)
maintained better characteristics. Flavor enhancers can be added to improved
product odor and overall quality. Further study should be carried on to
confirm the health benefits of doum over along period of consumption.

Carotenoids of biological importance in Brazilian corn cultivars
M. D. PAES (1), P. O. Guimares (1), R. E. Schaffert (1)
(1) EMBRAPA Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, MG, BRAZIL
This present study aimed at characterize maize commercial cultivars produced
in Brazil for carotenoids profile. Selected Brazilian maize hybrids and open
pollinated varieties were selected based on both color of kernels and
agronomic performance. The material was planted and harvested under
controlled conditions and resulting samples were analyzed for total
carotenoids, xanthophyls and carotenes using both spectrophotometric and
chromatographic methods. Significant differences were found in carotenoids
profiles among maize cultivars within each group (hybrids and OPVs) but not
among groups. Total carotenoids in the Brazilian maize cultivars averaged
19.8 g/g dwb and varied from 13.4 to 24.2 g/g dwb. Zeaxanthin and lutein
were identified as major carotenoids in maize. Total pro-vitamin A
carotenoids content was found to be similar among commercial maize hybrids
and averaged 4 g/g dwb. However, the overall mean for total carotenes was
significantly higher in the hybrids (4.2 g/g) compared to OPVs (2.8 g/g).
Correlation coefficients were obtained for carotenoids profile data of all
samples analyzed for carotenoids. Total carotenoids content was highly
correlated to xanthophylls (0.906) and also to beta-cryptoxanthin (0.645) and
carotenes (0.637), but carotenes were not well correlated to xanthophylls
(0.314). Therefore, selection for high pro-vitamin A maize genetic resources
cannot be based only on either total carotenoids or xanthophylls contents.

Characteristics of cous cous samples prepared with different semolina
and processing parameters
M. PAGANI (1), G. Bottega (1), M. Mariotti (1), R. Caramanico (1), M.
Lucisano (1), A. Marti (1)
(1) University of Milan, Milan, ITALY
The cous cous, one the most famous dishes of the Arabian cooking, is
prepared by a long mixing of semolina and water in order to obtain
agglomerates of 12 mm size. The artisan process requires considerable
preparation time for its cooking, consisting of hydration and steam treatments.
In the current industrial process, the pre-cooking of the agglomerates with a
steam treatment allows to reduce the domestic cooking time to few minutes.
The main disadvantage of the industrial process is related to a shorter shelf-
life of the product as a consequence of rancidity development during shelf-
life. The role of semolina particle size (3 granulations) and drying conditions
on several characteristics of the pre-cooked products have been investigated.
All samples dried with the low temperature (LT) diagram were more
susceptible to rancidity than the corresponding high temperature (HT) dried
A59
products, as exhibited by their peroxide value after only three months of
storage. Moreover, cous cous dried with the HT diagram showed a denser
structure and a lower water absorptions during cooking, especially in the case
of the product prepared from coarse semolina. These results could be related
to the macromolecular structures of starch induced by the process conditions,
as highlighted by viscoamylographic parameters and susceptibility to -
amylase hydrolysis.

Grain hardness and fracture mechanics in wheat using the Brabender
Hardness Analyser
J. PANOZZO (1), C. Walker (1)
(1) Department of Primary Industries, Horsham, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
Grain hardness in wheat can have a significant impact on the quality
characteristics and can affect the rate of water uptake during tempering,
milling and the resulting impact on starch granules and subsequent effects on
water absorption, rheology and baking. There have been numerous methods
published for characterizing wheat as either hard or soft and in the past decade
the genetic basis for wheat hardness is beginning to be better understood using
mapping populations. In this study the authors have evaluated the Brabender
Hardness Analyser and compared the results to established methods such as
the sieving method, the single kernel characterisation system. The results
indicate that the Brabender Hardness Tester can accurately characterise wheat
based on its endosperm hardness and in addition developments in the
Brabender Hardness tester when coupled to the Farinograph-E have yielded
additional information showing the fraction mechanics that occur during
grinding which can be used when phenotyping mapping populations for grain
hardness and other quality traits.

Recovering fractions of corn enriched in recombinant proteins
I. PARAMAN (1), N. Vignaux (1), L. Moeller (1), S. Fox (1), K. Wang (1), C.
E. Glatz (1), L. A. Johnson (1)
Pharmaceutical and industrial proteins are being produced in transgenic corn
grains and are often expressed tissue-specific in germ or endosperm. The grain
can be fractionated by dry- or wet-processes as a means of recovering
fractions enriched in recombinant proteins. We have developed a simple dry-
milling process that will separate corn into germ-, endosperm-, and bran-rich
fractions, and typically recovers 70% of the germ in 2025% of the corn mass.
When applying our dry-milling process using grain containing recombinant
dog gastric lipase recovered 89% of the total enzyme in an endosperm-rich
fraction with the removal of 73% of the total germ. Separating the germ prior
to extracting r-protein is beneficial to downstream processing otherwise oil
and water-soluble germ proteins complicate r-protein purification. Wet
milling is another approach capable of separating corn into starch, protein,
fiber, oil, and water solubles. Grains containing collagen targeted for the germ
or LTB protein (B subunit of E. coli heat labile enterotoxin, a subunit vaccine)
targeted for the endosperm were wet-milled and about 65% of total r-collagen
and 72% of total r-LTB were recovered in the germ-fiber- or fiber-rich
fractions, respectively, representing 1822% of the kernel mass. The starch
was free of r-protein, which can be utilized to produce non-food bioproducts
and biofuels. The quick-germ process is a wet-separation process designed to
recover germ in dry-grind ethanol plants. We were able to recover -
glucuronidase or collagen-related r-proteins expressed in germ after
modifying the process. About 85% of the total -glucuronidase activity and
63% of the r-collagen were recovered in 810% of the corn mass. Selecting
proper grain fractionation methods enhance the economics of recovering r-
proteins by enriching r-proteins in a small fraction of grain to be extracted and
enable better use of non-protein by-products.

Mobility as a key in sugar-snap cookie dough setting
B. PAREYT (1), J. A. Delcour (1)
Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven
Sucrose, the main sugar used in cookie making, delivers sweetness and
influences the texture of the final product. It raises the starch gelatinisation
temperature and impacts the dough liquor phase so that the gluten is not
developed because of improper hydration. There currently is no agreement in
literature how gluten behaves during sugar-snap cookie baking, and how its
behaviour is influenced by sucrose levels. We here studied the impact of
different sucrose levels on cookie dimensions and related this to the gluten
cross-linking during sugar-snap cookie baking. Determination of the sodium
dodecyl sulfate extractable protein levels with size-exclusion HPLC during
baking showed an initial lag phase followed by an exponential decrease. This
decrease occurred earlier (3 vs. 4 minutes) and was more pronounced (loss of
10.7% vs. 8.0% per minute) with lower (21.9%) than with higher sucrose
levels (31.2%). This was related to an earlier setting (5.6 min) for low than for
high sucrose recipes (7.6 min). Furthermore, cookie baking with equal
sucrose-water solvent volume demonstrated that higher water levels lead to
more extensive cross-linking and earlier setting because of higher system
mobility. More gluten cross-linking and/or entanglement results in more
resistance to collapse, and, at the same time, earlier setting during baking, and,
hence, smaller cookie diameters.

Significance of the proportion and composition of albumins on in vitro
protein digestibility of raw and cooked pea seeds
S. PARK (1), B. Baik (1)
(1) Washington State University, Pullman, WA, U.S.A.
Albumins of legume seeds, representing 1525% of legume seed protein, are
considered to negatively affect digestibility and consequently availability of
seed protein in foods and feeds. This study was conducted to elucidate the
relationship between proportion and composition of albumins, and protein
digestibility of pea seeds. Eight pea varieties with a wide range of protein
content (15.727.3%) were determined for quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of seed proteins, including proportion of albumins and
globulins, their composition using SDS-PAGE, and in vitro protein
digestibility (IVPD) using a multi-enzyme (trypsin, chymotrypsin and
peptidase) before and after heat treatment. The proportion of albumins based
on total seed protein content decreased from 22.9 to 14.7% as seed protein
content increased from 15.7 to 27.3%, while the proportion of globulins
increased from 48.3 to 59.0%. The IVPDs of eight pea varieties were 79.9
83.5% before cooking, with significant varietal variations, and improved to
85.986.8% by cooking. IVPDs of pea seed before cooking showed positive
relationships with seed protein content and proportion of globulins, and a
negative relationship with proportion of albumins. IVPDs of cooked seeds
exhibited a positive relationship only with seed protein content. SDS-PAGE
bands of pea albumin 2 (PA2), lectins, and trypsin inhibitors were detected in
albumins after digestion using proteases without heat treatment. With heat and
protease treatments, bands of lipoxygenase and PA2 intensified, while bands
of lectins and trypsin inhibitors became lighter. Globulins were mostly
digested by protease after heat treatment.

Modification of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with
probiotics
P. Pathirapong (1), B. LAMSAL (2), S. Rakshit (1)
(1) Asian Institute of Tech; (2) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was fermented by three
known probiotics: L. plantarum, P. acidilactici and S. boulardii. Four growth
media were prepared: 1) unmodified control DDGS, 2) enzyme-modified
DDGS (with a cocktail of cellulase and pectinase), 3) supplemented DDGS
with starch and soy protein concentrate (20 and 10% w/w respectively) and
enzyme hydrolyzed including , and gluco-amylases, and 4) synthetic media
MRS (for bacteria) or YEPD (for yeast). All the media was inoculated at 10
8

CFU/mL by either of microorganism and fermented for 72 h. The reducing
sugars produced by enzymatic modification of DDGS were 0.25, 0.61, and
0.83 mg/mL for medium 1, 2, and 3 respectively. S. boulardii showed the
highest specific growth rate (SGR) of 0.6 h
1
on control DDGS, whereas it
was 0.54 and 0.51 h
1
in YEPD and enzyme-modified DDGS, respectively. P.
acidilactici had SGR of 0.12 and 0.17 h
1
in MRS and control DDGS media
respectively, with enzyme modification having no effect. L. plantarum had the
lowest SGR of about 0.07 in all media. Although SGR lowest for L.
plantarum, total cell count stood highest at 2.91 10
11
CFU/mL in 48 h on
unmodified DDGS. S. boulardii growth peaked at 12 h, though with cell
counts of 1.5 10
9
CFU/mL on YEPD media, followed closely by enzyme
modified DDGS. P. acidilactici peaked at 24 h at 1.16 10
10
CFU/mL on
MRS media compared to 1.11 10
10
CFU/mL on enzyme-modified DDGS.
The microbial population dropped by 72 h, for reasons not known yet, slightly
for L. plantarum and by half for S. boulardii, whereas it remained steady for
P. acidilactici. Protein in DDGS, which was highly digestible (about 97%)
already, improved slightly further to 99% upon fermentation. We expect that
modification of DDGS via probiotic fermentation will enhance its inclusion
levels in monogastric animals and poultry.

Nutritionally-important starch fractions of rice cultivars grown in
southern United States
J. PATINDOL (1), H. Guraya (1), E. Champagne (1), A. McClung (2)
(1) USDA ARS SRRC, New Orleans, LA; (2) USDA-ARS DBNRRC,
Stuttgart, AR
Dietary starches can be classified into three major fractions according to in
vitro digestibility: rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and
A60
resistant starch (RS). Literature indicates that SDS and RS have significant
implications on human health, particularly on glucose metabolism, diabetes
management, colon cancer prevention, mental performance, and satiety. In
this work, cooked rice nutritionally-important starch fractions were assayed in
vitro, making use of 16 cultivars grown in five southern U.S. rice growing
areas (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas). The relative
amounts of RDS, SDS, and RS in cooked rice were affected by cultivar,
location, and cultivar location interaction. SDS ranged from 10.3 to 26.6%.
Across locations, it was highest for Dixiebelle and lowest for Wells; and
across cultivars, it was higher for the Louisiana samples compared with
Texas. RS ranged from 1.2 to 9.0%. Across locations, it was highest for
Bowman and lowest for HB-1; and across cultivars, it was higher for the
samples from Texas than those from Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.
Two cultivars (Dixiebelle and Tesanai-2) were relatively high in both RS and
SDS, and the amounts were stable across locations (based on standard
deviation values and Tukeys honestly significant differences test). However,
SDS and RS were not linearly correlated (n = 80, r = 0.18, p < 0.05); it does not
always follow that a cultivar high in SDS is also high in RS, and vice versa.

Correlations between head rice thermal properties and cooked rice
nutritionally-important starch fractions
J. PATINDOL (1), H. Guraya (1), K. Daigle (1), E. Champagne (1)
(1) USDA ARS SRRC, New Orleans, LA
Available methods for in vitro determination of nutritionally-important starch
fractions (rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starch) in foods
are usually complicated and time-consuming. Simple, fast, and accurate
predictors will be a valuable innovation. This work evaluated the usefulness of
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements as indicators of cooked
rice starch digestibility. Head rice samples were cooked in a household-type
rice cooker using a rice to water ratio of 1:2. Rapidly digestible (RS), slowly
digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) fractions were determined by
enzymatic assay with a cocktail of amylases. Head rice-water mixtures (1:2
ratio) were used in obtaining the DSC thermograms. Apparent amylose and
crude protein were analyzed by iodine colorimetry and combustion method,
respectively. RS significantly correlated with onset (n = 70, r = 0.36 p < 0.01)
and peak gelatinization temperature (n = 70, r = 0.33, p < 0.01), and apparent
amylose (n = 70, r = 0.53; p < 0.001). None of the thermal and
physicochemical properties analyzed significantly correlated with SDS. RDS
and apparent amylose were inversely related (n = 70, r = 0.28, p < 0.05).
Crude protein did not show significant correlation with any of the starch
fractions. Present findings indicate that the usefulness of DSC measurements
in predicting cooked rice starch digestibility may be limited to RS. The other
starch fractions (RDS and SDS) did not show significant correlations with
head rice thermal properties.

Rapid and low-cost system for detecting insect infested grain and
estimating storability
T. PEARSON (1), P. Flinn (1), D. Brabec (1)
(1) USDA-ARS-GMPRC, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
A modified laboratory mill was tested for estimating insect fragments in flour
from a 1000 g whole grain sample by monitoring electrical conductance
through the grain as it is milled. This system can test a kilogram of wheat in
less than 2 minutes and has been shown to detect ~70% of infested kernels.
Wheat was infested with lesser grain borers and stored for 6 and 10 weeks at
24 C. The infestation populations were quantified with x-ray followed by
conductance milling. It was found that a good correlation (R
2
= 0.93) exists
between insect counts by the conductance mill and insect fragment counts
from flour after the grain is milled. This indicates that the conductance mill
could be a useful tool to asses grain quality related to insect damage.
Additionally, insect colonization and storage models for the lesser grain borer
were added to predict wheat storage risk.

Single kernel analysis of Fusariumhead blight symptoms and mycotoxins
in infected wheat heads
K. H. PEIRIS (1), M. O. Pumphrey (2), Y. Dong (3), F. E. Dowell (4)
(1) Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (2) USDA, ARS, GMPRC Plant Science and
Entomology Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.; (3) Department of Plant
Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.; (4) USDA, ARS,
GMPRC Engineering & Wind Erosion Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
Mycotoxin accumulation in Fusarium head blight (FHB) infected wheat
depends on interactions among the host, fungal genotypes and environmental
conditions. To study disease symptoms and mycotoxin accumulation among
kernels in wheat heads relative to the point of infection, FHB symptoms and
mycotoxin levels of single kernels were assessed using three inoculated heads
each of two wheat lines, Wheaton and PI69251. The heads were inoculated
at anthesis by injecting a single central floret with 10 l macroconidia (1 10
5

ml
1
) of F. graminearum isolate Z-3639 (NRRL accession 29169) and
covering with plastic bags for 48 h. Kernels in each spikelet were extracted
from mature heads. Kernel weight, presence of visible Fusarium mycelia and
scab symptoms were recorded for one randomly selected kernel per floret.
DON and 15-Acetyl-DON levels were determined by GC-MS method.
Mycotoxin accumulation among the kernels along the head was distinctly
different for the two varieties. Higher mycotoxin levels were accumulated in
scabby kernels above and below the point of inoculation in Wheaton heads.
Mycotoxin accumulation in PI 69251 was limited to kernels below the point
of inoculation whereas scabby kernels above the point of inoculation had non-
detectable DON levels. Kernels close to the point of inoculation had the
highest mycotoxin levels. Results showed that some asymptomatic kernels
had significant mycotoxin levels while some scabby kernels had no detectable
levels of mycotoxins. These results in part will explain the reasons for
irregular correlations between FHB disease indexes and bulk kernel DON
levels often reported in literature. Further studies using similar single kernel
evaluation methodology for different types of FHB resistant varieties and
Fusarium strains will provide valuable information about the complex
relationship between FHB and DON accumulation in kernels.

Effect of oxidizing agents on the rheological properties of refined and
whole-grain wheat flour doughs
E. P. Pereira (1), E. O. Amorim (1), H. C. Ambiel (1), Y. K. Chang (1), C. J.
STEEL (1)
(1) University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, BRAZIL
Gluten is the main responsible for permitting the production of several kinds
of breads from wheat flour. Its strength can be evaluated through rheological
analyses. Oxidizing additives act on gluten proteins forming disulfide bonds
and strengthening the dough. In this work, the effect of different oxidizing
agents on the rheological properties of refined and whole-grain wheat flour
doughs was studied. The chemical oxidants ascorbic acid (AA),
azodicarbonamide (ADA) and potassium bromate (BR) and the oxidizing
enzyme glucose oxidase (GO), all at a concentration of 40 mg/kg, flour basis,
were used. In the farinographic analyses, AA and BR did not alter the
characteristics of refined flour; however, ADA reduced tolerance to mixing
and stability of the dough. The enzyme GO increased stability and presented
the lowest mixing tolerance index, that is, the best results. For whole-grain
flour, a reduction of stability was observed with AA and ADA, and also an
increase in the values of the mixing tolerance index. It was observed that
whole-grain flour presented higher water absorption and dough development
time than refined flour, fact related to the higher fiber content of the former. In
the extensographic analyses, AA and ADA increased resistance to extension
of refined and whole-grain flour doughs more significantly. The remaining
additives did not present great variations, presenting more pronounced effects
when added to refined flour. The results showed that AA and ADA had
intermediate and rapid actions, respectively, which can be correlated to a
better action during mixing and fermentation. BR did not present considerable
effects on rheological parameters, in comparison to the control doughs. This
was expected, as bromate is a slow reaction oxidizing agent, activated by
temperature, and should act during baking.

New, cost efficient NIR diode array based analyzer for online applications
from FOSS
J. PERSSON (1)
(1) Foss Analytical AB, Hoganas, SWEDEN
Processing industries has for years relied on laboratory methods to optimize
the efficiency of the production lines. The use of rapid methods like Near
Infrared Spectroscopy has had a great impact on the industry due to the
increased speed with which analytical results could be fed back to the
processing lines. Although a rapid analytical technique is used there still
limitations in how well you can optimize a processing system One of the
larger error sources being the routines used for sampling the process flow. The
final result can never be more accurate than the validity of the sample
analyzed. Production lines get bigger and bigger and there is a constant
pressure to optimize quality and to reduce production costs. To reach these
targets the analytical measurement must move out into the process line
accurate online sensors must be used. To meet these demands FOSS has
developed a new Diode Array base online analyzer with dedicated sample
interfaces for a range of processing industries. One example is found in the
flour milling industry. By continuous measurement of main parameters like
moisture, protein and ash in the first grade flour produced one can secure
consistency in quality and also optimize the milling process to increase yields.
The new FOSS online concept will be presented together with an example
from an installation in the processing line in a flour mill.
A61
Dietary fibers from cereals (barley fiber, oat bran and rye bran)
replacing fat in sausages
K. PETERSSON (1), O. Godard (1), A. Eliasson (1), E. Tornberg (1)
(1) Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund,
SWEDEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of dietary
fibers from cereals on the physicochemical and sensory properties of reduced-
fat sausages. Fibers from barley fiber, oat bran and rye bran were added to low
fat and low starch sausages. Rye bran was also treated in water at 50C for
four hours with three hydrolytic enzymes, with varying xylanase and
endoglucanase activities, along with a sample with no added enzymes. Three
references were made with no fiber added; one high in fat and starch, one low
in fat and high in starch and one low in fat and starch. The water/protein ratio
and the total amount of starch were constant (7.9 and 4%) in all batters. The
total amount of added fibers was 1%, with varying ratios of soluble/insoluble
fibers. The barley fiber is very high in soluble -glucans and the rye fiber has
only a very small part of soluble fiber. Process and frying losses were
measured and the hardness of the cooked sausages was examined by a texture
analyzer. Six attributes (color, crumbliness, off flavor, meat intensity,
compactness and total impression) were assessed by a hedonic sensory test.
Low starch and fat content resulted in high frying losses. The sensory panel
preferred the sausages with oat fiber. These also had a lower cooking loss and
higher values for the hardness compared to the others. The barley had a very
low value of the hardness and was the least preferred. All the enzymes
increased the hardness and lowered the frying losses of the rye sausages, but
so did the rye that had been in water without any enzymes added. The
endogenous enzymes of the rye bran together with the swelling of the rye
starch prior the incorporation to the sausage batter could be the reason for this
improvement. The proportion of soluble respectively insoluble fibers does not
seem to have the largest impact on the outcome of the sausages.

Analysis of flavonoid compounds in commercial wild rice by HPLC-MS-
MS
Y. QIU (1), Q. Liu (2), T. Beta (2)
(1) University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA; (2) Department of
Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Wild rice is the only cereal native to North America. Although the antioxidant
activity of wild rice has been studied, the antioxidant compounds have not
been well characterized. Flavonoids as the major group of plant antioxidants
were analyzed in different commercial wild rice samples. Eleven wild rice
samples were extracted with acidic acetone solution and fractionated by a
Sephadex LH-20 column. The DPPH scavenging activities of each fraction
showed that fraction 2 (F2) and fraction 3 (F3) had the highest antioxidant
activity, followed by fraction 5 (F5) and fraction 4 (F4). Fraction 1 (F1) had
the lowest antioxidant activity. By applying tandem mass spectrometric
techniques, the predominant flavonoid compounds detected in F2 and F3 were
di-hexosyl apigenin, hexosyl-pentosyl apigenin, and di-pentosyl apigenin.
These three flavone glycosides were abundantly occurring in all the wild rice
samples. F4 and F5 were characterized by the presence of flavan-3-ols.
Catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin dimers were commonly found in all the
samples, whereas oligomeric procyanidins with 3DP 5 were only detected
in some of them, thus consequently resulting in a wide range of procyanidin
content (1DP5) from 7 to 239 g/g catechin equivalents. The absence of
flavonoids in F1 may explain its low antioxidant activity.

Effect of different sources of potential prebiotics on starch digestibility
and pasting characteristics in a flour-water system
S. RAGAEE (1), L. Ashrafi (1), I. Guzar (1), K. Seetharaman (1)
(1) University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
The benefits of soluble and insoluble fiber incorporation in the diet are well
recognized. It is also well recognized that cereals contain complex non-starch
polysaccharides (NSPS) that could be potential prebiotics. Some authors
demonstrated that oligosaccharides produced from -glucan acted as selective
factors, favoring growth of some known probiotic bacteria strains. While most
studies have focused on direct health benefits of these potential prebiotics,
little is known about any possible interaction between these NSPS and starch
within a baked product matrix. The objective of the present study was to
investigate the effect of fiber type and level, and water availability on the
matrix structure and the in-vitro starch digestibility following heating and
cooling of the flour-water system. Pasting properties of the composite flours
were also investigated. Hard wheat flour was replaced with whole meals from
different cereals (wheat, rye, barley and oat) at different replacement levels.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning
Microscopy (CLSM) were used to examine the structure of the baked system.
RVA of the flour-water composite system indicated differences in peak and
final viscosities depending on the type of whole meal included in the system.
SEM, CLSM and starch digestibility results indicated differences among the
different composite systems depending on the type of the cereal whole meals
incorporated. These observations suggest that further research is required to
better understand the nature of interaction between flour components when
evaluating the health benefits of different prebiotics.

Surface lipid content and color of individual milled rice kernels using
Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
J. RASH (1), M. Saleh (1), J. Meullenet (1)
The use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to predict surface lipid
content (SLC) and color of individual rice kernels was evaluated. Twenty-five
rice samples including medium- and long-grain cultivars, harvested from
locations in Arkansas in 2007 were used in this study. SLC (%) and color
parameters, response variables, of milled rice bulk were predicted by diode-
array-analyzer (DA7200, Perten Instruments, Huddinge, Sweden) using
prediction models developed by Saleh et al 2008. 100-individual milled rice
kernels were scanned using the diode-array-analyzer fitted with single kernel
adapter. Absorbance readings were collected over a near-infrared wavelength
range of 950-1650 nm. Partial least squares regression was performed using
Unscrambler software (Unscrambler, v.9.2, Camo, Oslo, Norway) to predict
individual rice kernels SLC and color. Results showed that measured and
predicted kernels SLC and L, a, and b color parameters had coefficient of
determinations of 0.86, 0.86, 0.61, and 0.83, respectively. The correspondent
root mean square errors of prediction were 0.06%, 0.79, 0.22 and 0.50,
respectively. Distributions of SLC and color of individual kernels were further
evaluated as indications of milled rice bulk SLC and color. SLC and color of
individual kernels were normally distributed around means that are highly
correlated with SLC and color of milled rice bulk. The use of Near Infrared
Reflectance Spectroscopy showed satisfactory potential for predicting
individual milled rice kernels quality parameters that can be adapted in
various rice breeding programs where limited sample size often a drawback.

From grain to feed process development of high protein fractions from
grain and legume products for extruded fish feed pellets
H. RASMUSSEN (1)
(1) Danish Technological Institute, Sdr. Stenderup, DENMARK
The Danish project Organic Aquaculture- the link between sustainable
production and superior products is examining relevant organically produced
crops to be used as raw materials for fish feed where fish meal is the main
source of protein. Fish from aquaculture make up around 35% of the total
global amount of consumed fish. The global fish catch will not increase
because of restrictive quotes. Consequently, the production of fishmeal to
aquaculture will not increase, and the increasing demand on fish products
needs to be covered by the aquaculture. This has resulted in increased marked
prices of fishmeal which is a barrier for further development of aquaculture.
Therefore, there is a large demand for developing sustainable protein sources
as a substitute for fish meal. Protein from crops and legumes is an obvious
solution. However, the crops and legumes need to be processed into fractions
with higher protein contents in order to compete with fishmeal. These new
products will secure the future development of aquaculture and the
sustainability of our world fish stock. The process development was carried
out at The Danish Technological Institutes Pilot Plant located in Sdr.
Stenderup, Denmark. Sweet lupine seeds were processed, among other crops,
and a dehulling process was developed. The protein content was concentrated
from 34 to 43% protein, which is a large protein increase obtained just by
dehulling, and gave good conditions for further processing. The dehulled
lupines were ground and further processed by air classification. A protein
fraction with 62% protein on dry matter and fat free basis was reached and
used as substitution of fish meal in fish feed. The feed was extruded into
pellets on a Werner Pfleider Continua 37 extruder and the feed was tested in
following feeding trials.

Application of rapid visco-analysis to monitor starch retrogradation
W. S. RATNAYAKE (1), D. Rybak (1), D. S. Jackson (1)
(1) University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
A simple method was developed to analyze maize starch retrogradation using
rapid visco-analysis (RVA). Regular maize starch, 2 g at 14% moisture, was
mixed with 25 mL distilled water and subjected to standard-1 (1 min at 50C,
heat to 95C at 12.16C/min, maintain at 95C for 2.5 min, cool from 95 to
50C at 12.16C/min rate, maintain at 50C for 2 min with 160 rpm speed),
and standard-2 (1 min at 50C, heat to 95C at 6C/min rate, maintain at 95C
for 5.5 min, cool from 95 to 50C at 6C/min rate, maintain at 50C for 2 min
with 160 rpm speed) RVA profiles. Pasted samples were sealed and stored at
A62
5 1C for 5, 10, and 20 days. Stored samples were equilibrated at room
temperature (~25C) for ~2 h and analyzed by RVA using standard-1 and
standard-2 profiles after adding 2 mL dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
Retrograded samples were reproducibly analyzed using modified standard-2
RVA profile, but not with standard-1 profile. The average pasting temperature
of retrograded samples (50.7C) did not change significantly (p > 0.05)
between the three storage times tested, and this was significantly less (p <
0.05) than the average pasting temperature (87.9C) of non-retrograded
samples. The peak viscosity increased dramatically in retrograded samples,
from an average of 790cP for non-retrograded samples to 1910cP for
retrograded samples. This increase in peak viscosity was statistically the same
between the three storage times. RVA is applicable to detect starch
retrogradation, in the presence of DMSO, as a hydrogen bond breaker among
retrograded starch polymers.

Heat transfer surface fouling: Implications on bioprocessing
K. D. RAUSCH (1), A. Arora (1), M. R. Wilkins (2), R. M. Agbisit (3), V.
Singh (1), M. E. Tumbleson (1)
(1) University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A.; (2) Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK, U.S.A.; (3) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
During processing of cereal and other agricultural crops into food and
industrial products, evaporators are used to remove water. Heated surfaces
become coated with deposits; this results in increased energy use. Future
bioprocesses likely will use water to produce biofuels and food products;
evaporation will remain a method for water removal in these processes. In the
corn dry grind process, 6 to 7 L thin stillage are produced per 1 L ethanol. In
corn wet milling, 1 to 2 L water per kg corn are needed for starch production;
this water passes through steepwater evaporators. As emphasis on renewable
fuels continues, cellulosic feedstocks are to be used to produce fuel ethanol.
For cellulosic ethanol, it is anticipated that water use will increase 2 to 3 times
over that required for conventional ethanol processes; a large percentage will
need to be removed from ethanol and coproduct streams. Despite its
importance in economic operation, heat transfer surface fouling is not well
understood. A probe was used to quantify fouling tendencies of fluids passing
over heated surfaces. Microfiltration reduced fouling tendencies of steepwater
by 5 fold, although solids content was reduced by only 19%. Thin stillage
from dry grind fouled more rapidly than thin stillage from wet milling. The
observed effect of pH was counter to industry experience; flow rate (Reynolds
number) affected fouling rate. Solids content alone did not explain decreased
fouling tendencies in microfiltered stillage. Additional work is needed to
understand causes of fouling and to determine constituents associated with
accelerated fouling. This understanding could be used to avoid increased
energy consumption and reduced process efficiencies.

Nutritional and sensory evaluation of corn tortilla using chia seed (Salvia
hispanica L.)
R. RENDON-VILLALOBOS (1), G. Pacheco-Vargas (1), J. Islas-Hernndez
(1), N. Astilleros-Rosas (2)
(1) CEPROBI-IPN, Yautepec, Morelos, MEXICO; (2) Instituto Tecnologico
de Zacatepec, Mexico
The objective of this work was to develop nutritionally enhanced tortillas by
incorporating an ingredient with well-documented nutritional functionality
(chia seed) in a corn tortilla formulation in the ratios 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and
80:20 (w/w), in an attempt to create a low-glycemic index (GI) and fibre-rich
product while preserving sensory acceptability and physicochemical
properties. Total dietary fiber (TDF) (AOAC method 985.29), ash (08-01), fat
(30-25) and protein content (46-13) were analyzed with AACC methods.
Total starch, in vitro rate of hydrolysis and predicted GI (pGI) were evaluated.
Fresh tortillas were evaluated in a sensory evaluation laboratory for color,
flavor, taste, aroma intensity and general acceptability on a 3 point hedonic
scale. A panel of seventeen judges (untrained but familiar with corn tortillas)
was used. Ash contents varied from 1.29 1.76%, and non-significant
differences (p > 0.05) between control tortillas and those containing chia seed
flour. An increase in the protein content (9.4112.48%) was observed with
respect to the level of chia seed added to the tortilla. The amount of lipids in
the chia seed-added tortilla increased approximately 76%. A significant
increase (p < 0.001) in the TDF content was also obtained with the chia seed-
flour addition (approximately 56%). The reduced enzymatic starch hydrolysis
rate and pGI recorded for the chia seed-added tortilla indicated slow digestion
features. Sensory evaluation did not show significant (p > 0.05) differences in
the organoleptic among tortillas. Owing to increase in the TDF, lower
digestion and pGI values, chia seed-added tortilla can be considered as a
nutraceutical food. Therefore, the newly developed tortilla supplemented with
chia seed flour, could represent a valuable staple in improving the nutritional
value of the original food product.

Characterization of Peruvian carrot starch and effect of annealing on its
semi-crystalline structure
T. S. ROCHA (1), J. Jane (2), C. M. Franco (1)
(1) UNESP - University of Sao Paulo State, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP,
BRAZIL; (2) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
Objectives of this study were to determine the structural characteristics of
native and annealed Peruvian carrot starches, and to compare them with that
of cassava and potato starches. The Peruvian carrot starch showed round and
irregular shaped granules with an average diameter of 20 m, as shown by
scanning electron micrograph. Like potato starch, the Peruvian carrot starch
displayed a B-type X-ray pattern and the amylopectin contained a large
proportion of long branch-chains (DP>37) determined using high performance
anion exchange chromatograph equipped with a pulsed amperometric
detector. The Peruvian carrot starch also showed a large proportion of short
branch-chains (DP 6-12), which could contribute to its low onset
gelatinization temperature (T
0
= 57C). This starch had the little apparent
amylose content (20%) and great susceptibility to acid hydrolysis (2.2 M HCl,
35C). After annealing for 24 hr at 3C below the onset gelatinization
temperature (54C, 56C and 59C for Peruvian carrot, cassava and potato
starches, respectively), the gelatinization temperature of all starches increased,
but the enthalpy change increased only for the Peruvian carrot and potato
starches. The X-ray pattern of Peruvian carrot starch did not change after
annealing, but the relative crystallinity increased. These results demonstrated
that Peruvian carrot starch had different structural characteristics from cassava
and potato starches. The annealing affected the semi-crystalline structure of
the Peruvian carrot starch, enhancing starch crystallinity more than for
cassava and potato starches.

Whole-grain corn snacks elaborated with an ecological nixtamalization
process
L. RODRGUEZ-VSQUEZ (1), J. Figueroa (2), J. Vles-Medina (2), F.
Loarca Pia (1)
(1) PROPAC, Facultad de Qumica, Universidad Autnoma de Quertaro,
Centro Universitario s/n Quertaro, Qro. C.P. 76010 Quertaro, Mxico; (2)
CINVESTAV Unidad Quertaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real
de Juriquilla, Quertaro, Mexico
Overweight and obesity have been implicated as risk factors for many chronic
diseases. Replacing high-energy dense food with lower-calorie and, fiber-rich
may be a strategy to control weight, reduce obesity, and reduce risk for certain
diseases. To overcome the lack of fiber and other nutrients in the diet a new
whole-grain corn snack was developed to take advantage of the corn pericarp.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and of
whole-grain corn snacks (WGS) obtained from the ecological method of
nixtamalization and compare with those values obtained from traditional
commercial snacks (TCS). The WGS obtained with the ecological process
using calcium salts presented significant lower fat content 15.8% compared to
the 20% fat presented by the TCS elaborated with the traditional process. The
dietary fiber in maize sample did not have difference compared to WGS;
however, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to TCS
because WGS were prepared with the ecological method of nixtamalization,
in which the pericarp (insoluble fiber) of the grain remains after boiling. The
WGS showed 19.8% of insoluble fiber and 15.4% for the TCS. Regarding the
texture and color the WGS showed excellent quality with L value of 56.1
compared to 50.4 of the TCS but the texture did not show differences. On the
basis of the results, there was demonstrated that the nutritional benefits and
quality of the WGS obtained with the ecological method of nixtamalization,
improves substantially the dietary fiber and reduces the fat content; and also,
the resultant liquid waste (nejayote) of this process is less harmful to the
environment. That fact is important since WGS do not reduce the important
nutrients for growing but also was compatible with the demands of the market
for preventing obesity.

Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of cookies enriched with fiber
from wheat milling by-products
A. ROMERO-BARANZINI (1), M. Salazar (1), F. Reyes-Prez (1), P. Rayas-
Duarte (2), R. Alfaro-Rodriguez (3)
(1) Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo Sonora, MEXICO; (2) Robert M. Kerr
Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University; (3)
Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
The health benefits of increasing the fiber consumption are recognized. Sweet
good products and in particular cookies could be attractive product choices to
improve the consumption of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in Western
diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bran, shorts and
germ in the physico-chemical and sensory attributes of cookies. Cookies were
prepared from a blend of wheat flour and each by-product at 70:30 ratio, w/w.
A63
Control cookies were made from 100% white wheat flour. Cookies were
evaluated for chemical composition, soluble and insoluble total dietary fiber,
color, diameter, thickness, D/G ratio, texture, and consumer preference test.
Protein, ash, fat, soluble, insoluble and total fiber content increased
significantly (p < 0.05) in the cookies containing bran, shorts and germ.
Cookies containing 30% bran showed the highest increase in insoluble fiber
(3.0 to 9.8%), total fiber (5.7 to 15.4%), improvement in color, smaller D/G
expansion ratio, and received similar consumer preference score as the
control. Alternative healthier cookie products can be produced, i.e., enriched
fiber, 3.3 folds more insoluble fiber and 2.3 folds more total fiber, compared
to white flour products by substituting 30% wheat milling by-products for flour.

A simple method for the determination of xylanase activity on insoluble
substrates
D. ROSE (1), G. Inglett (1)
(1) USDA, Peoria, IL, U.S.A.
The propensity for a xylanase to convert insoluble (arabino)xylan into soluble
oligosaccharides is an important parameter in the baking, pulp and paper,
prebiotics, and biofuel industries. Current methods for determining xylanase
activity on insoluble substrates are labor intensive, non-specific, or utilize
artificial substrates which may provide much different results from native
substrates. Therefore, a new, rapid method for the determination of xylanase
activity on native substrates was developed. This method involves incubation
of the enzyme preparation with a material containing insoluble (arabino)xylan
under the proper conditions. Following the reaction, total (arabino)xylan
released is quantified as total pentose sugars in solution spectro-
photometrically using a modification of the phloroglucinol method of Douglas
(Food Chemistry 1981, 7, 139-145). This method was tested using two
commercial xylanase preparations and four insoluble arabinoxylan-containing
substrates. Proper buffer, reaction time, and stopping procedure were
determined. Acetate and citrate buffers were suitable for the reaction;
phosphate buffer substantially interfered with quantification of reaction
products by reducing chromagen formation. The reaction was linear for at
least 5 min under all conditions tested, after which the reaction was stopped
by boiling for 2 min. Stopping the reaction by pH adjustment resulted in a
significant increase in the absorbance of the blank. Relative standard
deviations were below 5% on samples assayed on different days. Enzyme
activity on different insoluble arabinoxylan-containing substrates differed by
up to 100-fold, emphasizing the need for the use of application-specific
substrates to obtain accurate estimations of xylanase activity.

Extrusion of aquafeeds containing DDGS with navy and pinto bean flours
K. A. Rosentrater (1), M. TULBEK (2)
(1) USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD, U.S.A.; (2) Northern Crops Institute, Fargo,
ND, U.S.A.
As the global population continues to grow, there is an increasing need to
produce food. Aquaculture is a rapidly growing segment of agriculture, and is
helping to meet some of this growing demand. The majority of protein for
aquafeeds is fish meal. But due to growing costs and potential scarcity of fish
meal supplies in coming years, there is an impending need to find alternative
protein sources. DDGS, a coproduct of the fuel ethanol industry, may be
suitable for this purpose. The objective of this study was to examine the effect
of extrusion processing conditions on feed blends containing DDGS and other
ingredients. Two aquafeeds were formulated using 20% DDGS, 14.75%
soybean meal, 14.0% corn flour, 0.75% vitamin and mineral mix, and either
50% navy bean or 50% pinto bean flour. The blends were processed in a pilot-
scale twin-screw extruder at speeds between 357 and 477 rpm, using a 3-mm
circular die. The resulting extrudates were subjected to extensive physical
property analysis, which included moisture content, unit density, bulk density,
expansion ratio, sinking velocity, color (Hunter L, a, and b) and pellet
durability index (PDI). Extruder parameters, including moisture content after
the conditioner and at the die, as well as mass flow rate, were measured to
quantify the extruder behavior during processing. All process settings
produced viable extrudates which floated for more than 24 h. Extrudate bulk
density ranged from 0.25 to 0.33 g/cm
3
; compressive strength ranged from
0.22 to 1.56 MPa, and PDI ranged from 85.8 to 92.6%. This study highlights
the importance of experimentally quantifying the effects of feed ingredients
and process variables when developing aquafeeds with novel materials.

The development of a sorghum-based master mix
S. RUAN (1)
(1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
Sorghum is the fifth most produced cereal in the world. However, it has not
been used extensively in human food in the U.S. This study was conducted to
develop a sorghum based, gluten-free, master mix similar in application to
Bisquick
for celiac disease sufferers and certain health-concerned

populations. Sorghum variety Fontella 1000 (a white grain sorghum, grown in
2007, KS) was decorticated when milled to flour fineness. The formula
amounts of functional ingredients (sugar, shortening, xanthan gum, guar gum,
and emulsifiers were varied systematically to assess their ability to improve
the resulting product. The products tested in all cases were chemically
leavened biscuits. The biscuits made from Bisquick
were used as control

samples. Quality attributes, baking loss, specific volume, crumb firmness,
crumb visual texture, and color were assessed. The sugar content and gum
type and the content affected the quality of biscuits more significantly than did
changes to other ingredients. The best biscuits were produced from a formula
containing 20% sugar, 1% xanthan gum and 1% guar gum. The simple
modifications of sorghum flour including pre-gelatinization, heat-moisture
treatment, and oxidation were, also tested to improve this sorghum-based
master mix. In this case, formulas for different baked foods such as cookies,
waffles, pancakes, and coffee cakes were developed and tested.

Alkali-extractable arabinoxylan xylanase-hydrolyzates from corn, wheat
and rice brans and their in vitro fermentation by human fecal microbiota
P. RUMPAGAPORN (1), B. R. Hamaker (1)
(1) Food Science Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Arabinoxylans, the non-starch polysaccharides in cereal grains, can be
fermented by bacteria in the colon which provide health benefits to humans.
Production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and decrease in colonic pH are
two beneficial consequences of their fermentation. Arabinoxylans with
varying structures can cause dissimilar fermentation profiles and might result
in variable advantages. The objective of this study was to investigate the
effect of molecular weight and branching of alkaline-extractable
arabinoxylans (AE-AX) from corn, wheat and rice brans and their fractions on
fermentation properties. In vitro fermentation by human fecal microbiota and
hydrolysis of AE-AX by xylanase were used in this study. After hydrolysis
with xylanase and precipitation with ethanol, the arabinose to xylose (A/X)
ratio of AE-AX fractions from corn, wheat and rice brans were 0.48, 0.74 and
0.97, respectively. The slowest rate of fermentation was found in AE-AX
hydrolyzate from wheat bran, whereas fructooligosaccharide, which was used
as the control, showed the highest rate of fermentation. At the first 4 h of
fermentation, AE-AX hydrolyzate from rice bran was fermented at a higher
rate than AE-AX hydrolyzates from wheat and corn brans, as indicated by gas
and SCFA production. AE-AX and AE-AX hydrolyzate from corn bran were
fermented at the same slower rate than that of fructooligosaccharide from 0
12 h of fermentation, though total fermentation product was the same from 12
to 24 h. Corn AE-AXs produced the highest level of propionate after 12 h.
Fructooligosaccharide produced the highest butyrate level. Wheat and rice
AE-AXs overall produced less SCFAs. Native and hydrolyzed AE-AXs from
corn bran are sources of soluble dietary fiber with high fermentation, but
relatively slow rate.

Growth of selected Bifidobacterium strains on resistant starches with
different residual susceptibilities to digestion
D. SAIBENE (1), R. F. Roberts (1), D. B. Thompson (1)
(1) Penn State University, State College, PA, U.S.A.
The portion of starch not hydrolyzed by pancreatic -amylase and absorbed in
the small intestine is termed resistant starch (RS). Depending on its form, RS
may be further hydrolyzed in the colon by the autochthonous microflora. The
objective of this study was to compare growth of selected Bifidobacterium
spp. when RS samples having different residual susceptibilities to pancreatic
-amylase digestion were used as the main source of carbohydrate. The initial
RS-containing starches were high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), a heat-
moisture treated HAMS (HMT), and a dispersed and debranched HAMS
(DD). The proportion of RS was determined for each starch by AOAC method
2002.02, modified to monitor the digestion time course. We employed a
double-exponential equation to model digestion kinetics. The RS was
recovered (RS-HAMS, RS-HMT, and RS-DD) and used as the main
carbohydrate source in MRS medium for three species of Bifidobacterium (B.
choerinum ATCC 27686, B. infantis ATCC 15697, and B. pseudolongum
ATCC 25526). By the double-exponential equation model, the RS value
corresponded to the limit of digestion only for RS-HMT, meaning that both
RS-HAMS and RS-DD were further digested by extending the digestion time
beyond the stipulated 16 h. When grown on any of the RS samples, all three
Bifidobacterium species tested had higher populations at 12 h than a no-
carbohydrate-added control. By 24 h for B. choerinum, and by 48 h for B.
pseudolongum, the population in the RS-HMT containing MRS was less than
the control, but for RS-HAMS and RS-DD the population continued to remain
higher than the control. B. infantis similarly distinguished RS-HMT from the
other types of RS by 72 h. This outcome suggests that susceptibility to pancrea-
tic -amylase digestion is related to growth differences on the RS samples.
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Effects of a palm stearin and canola oil mixed on the rheology parameters
of the wheat dough and bread
M. G. SALAZAR-GARCIA (1), A. Pavlovich-Abril (1), F. J. Cinco-
Moroyoqui (1), R. Ortega-Ramirez (1), N. Gamez-Meza (1)
(1) Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, MEXICO
The effects of the substitution of the commercial shortening for palm stearin
and canola oil mixed on the rheological properties of a wheat dough and bread
were studied. Were carried out correlation (r = 0.82) (p < 0.05) between
Alveograph deformation work (W) and water absorption (WA) on the
Farinograph, and the WA and the specific volume (r = 0.55), the W and
specific volume (r = 0.54). The data show that the addition of fat decrease
W, and the resisted to stretching (P), WA, and increased the stability and
devolved time. Ass well were carried out correlation between loaf volume and
compression force (Texture) (r = 0.74) in the bread. The palm stearin and
canola oil mixed was have a greater level of polyunsaturated fatty acid than
commercial shortening, with out the present of trans fatty acid, the mixed
provides similar rheological properties, with out show differences in loaf
volume and bread texture. This study reveals that the fat elaborated whit the
palm stearin and canola oil its a viable alternative to replace the conventional
commercial shortening.

Effect of xanthan gum and retort time on the quality of canned pasta
containing nontraditional ingredients
G. K. SANDHU (1)
The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of xanthan gum and
retort time on the quality of the canned pasta containing nontraditional
ingredients. All ingredients were obtained from commercial sources. Spaghetti
was made with semolina fortified with either soy, oat, or flaxseed flours (15%
w/w) and without and with xanthan gum (2% w/w). Spaghetti was dried using
a high temperature drying cycle (70C). Dried spaghetti was retorted for 15,
30, 45 and 60 min. Cooking loss, cooked weight, and cooked firmness of the
canned spaghetti were determined. Results indicated that xanthan gum
increased cooked firmness of spaghetti containing only semolina and semolina
with oat flour, reduced cooked firmness with spaghetti containing soy flour
and had no effect on the cooked firmness with spaghetti containing flaxseed
flour. Increased cooked firmness by xanthan gum was only observed at 15
min and not at 30, 45 or 60 min of retorting. Xanthan gum reduced the
cooking loss but did not affect cooked weight of the spaghetti. Spaghetti
containing soy flour had the greatest cooking loss and cooked weight.
Retorting reduced cooked firmness. Cooked firmness was greatest at 15 min,
intermediate at 30 min and least at 45 and 60 min of retorting. Cooked weight
increased with retort time. Cooking loss increased from 15 to 30 min of retort
but did not significantly increase after 30 min.

Characteristics of biofilms from pea starch (Pisumsativum) in association
with xanthan gum and glycerol
S. B. SARMENTO (1), M. D. Matta (1), C. I. Sarantpoulos (2), L. M.
Oliveira (2), S. S. Zocchi (1)
(1) Universidade de So Paulo/ESALQ, Piracicaba, So Paulo, BRAZIL; (2)
Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos/CETEA, Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil
Hydrocolloids have been used in starch-based products to control rheological
properties. A full factorial design was adopted to study the effect of xanthan
gum and glycerol on the properties of films from pea starch. The starch was
extracted from peas, cv. Utrillo, containing 61% of amylose. Pea starch (3, 4
and 5% w/w), xanthan (0, 0.05 and 0.1% w/w) and glycerol (glycerol/starch
ratio 1:5) were used to obtain filmogenic solution. These levels were
determined according pre-tests to obtain good thickness and flexibility. The
films were prepared by casting. The filmogenic solution was obtained by
boiling (5 min) and autoclaving (120C/1 h). The solution (21 g) was poured
onto the plate (15 cm) and allowed to dry at 35C/3 h in a convection oven
and at room temperature (2 h). Experimental data were analyzed to fit
polynomial models to response variables by SAS RSREF procedure and
stepwise procedure to simplify the models. The film thickness ranged from
0.055 to 0.098 mm. The water solubility ranged from 3.0 to 18.4%. The
increase in starch concentrations led to increases in thickness, puncture force
and solubility and to decreases in the transparency of films. The water vapor
transmission rate (23C/75% RU) ranged from 258 to 968 g water/(m
2
.d) and
decreased with increasing starch amounts. The oxygen transmission rate
(23C/1 atm) ranged from 5.5 to 17.9 mL (CNTP)/(m
2
.d) and to this variable,
the lack of fit was significant for any model. The addition of glycerol
decreased the tensile strength and increased elongation. The addition of gum
increased the chroma a* and transparency and reduced the hue angle.
ANOVA indicated the need of additional assays with gum levels for a best
adjustment of water vapour and oxygen permeability models. Glycerol
influenced the film characteristics because it establishes hydrogen bonds with
the starch matrix, increasing flexibility, decreasing tensile and increasing
water mobility. Acknowledgments: FAPESP.

Effect of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis on the process to obtain resistant
starch from chick-pea starch
S. B. SARMENTO (1), L. F. Polesi (2)
(1) Universidade de So Paulo, Piracicaba, BRAZIL; (2) Universidade de So
Paulo/ESALQ, Piracicaba, So Paulo, Brazil
The process for the production of resistant starch (RS) from chick-pea (Cicer
arietinum) starch using hydrothermal treatment and agents for reducing
molecular weight were evaluated. Starch in native and gelatinized forms were
or were not submitted to acid (HCl 2M for 2.5 h) or enzymatic hydrolysis
(pululanase, 40 U/g for 10 h), autoclaved (121C/ 30 min.), stored (4C/ 24 h)
and lyophilized. The natural starch showed amylose content of 29.2% and an
amount of 31.9% of RS, the latter being reduced after hydrothermal process
and cooling to 16.4%. This is because the heat processing destroys most of the
RS type 2 in the starch samples due to natural loss of granular structure, but
produces RS type 3 due to retrogradation. The previous starch hydrolysis
increased the RS levels to values between 19.8 and 32.3%, and the enzymatic
treatment with gelatinized starch was the most efficient. RS showed increases
in the water absorption and water solubility rates due to the hydrolytic and
thermal process. The process for the RS production altered the starch
crystallinity pattern from C to B and the relative crystallinity from 42% to
values between 29.1 and 45.6%. Comparing RS submitted to hydrolysis with
that not submitted to it (control RS), an increase in crystallinity was observed
due to the greater retrogradation caused by the reduction of molecular weight.
The control RS presented an initial viscosity greater than natural starch
because it is a pre-gelatinized starch and also due to its greater tendency to
breakdown and retrogradation. RS obtained from hydrolysates showed a
reduction in viscosity, indicating the breakdown of molecules. The viscosity
showed to be inversely proportional to the RS level in the sample. The
gelatinized starch hydrolyzed by the debranching enzyme showed to be the
most interesting to obtain RS. Acknowledgments: FAPESP.

The effect of bubbles on dough relexation
M. G. SCANLON (1), Y. Fan (1), J. H. Page (1)
Dough is a rheologically complex material, as its viscoelasticity leads to a
strain-history dependence for its measured rheological properties. This
complexity affects the measured rheological properties of dough subsamples
either in the lab or on the process line. This study used ultrasound to examine
the role of bubbles in relaxation of dough. An ultrasonic wavelength was
chosen that allows characterization of contributions from both bubbles and
dough matrix to the overall measured properties of the dough. Lean formula
doughs were mechanically developed using a hard red spring wheat flour.
Doughs were mixed at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum (0.06 atm) for
5.5 minutes (optimal mix time for the air-mixed dough). Mixing under
vacuum substantially reduced the number of bubbles in the dough. The time-
dependent changes in the transit time and amplitude of ultrasonic pulses
propagating in dough samples that were subjected to a series of compressive
and tensile stresses were recorded. In air-mixed doughs, the patterns of change
in both ultrasonic parameters strongly depended on the compressive strain that
the dough was subject to. Since the patterns of change in transit time and
amplitude were markedly different in air-mixed doughs to those that had been
mixed under vacuum, bubbles appear to have a substantial effect on the short-
time (less than 30 minutes) relaxation behaviour of air-mixed dough samples.
Longer-time relaxation behaviour was evident in both air and vacuum-mixed
doughs, but again, contrasting patterns were observed for doughs created under
the two headspace pressures. These results imply that compressive loading
analyses of dough relaxation that focus exclusively on the behaviour of gluten
polymers may be incomplete if the effect of bubble compression is overlooked.

Adiabatic compressibility measurements on gliadin solutions
M. SCANLON (1), Z. Zhang (1)
The gliadins, which comprise about 50% of the gluten proteins, are associated
with some of the functional properties of dough made from flour. The
objective of this study was to characterize the physical properties of dilute
solutions of wheat gliadins to ascertain the effects of solvent on the
compressibility of the gliadin molecules with a view to gaining insights into
gliadin molecular structure. Crude gliadin fractions were extracted from hard
red spring wheat flour using 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. Solvent was removed
by aspiration and lyophilisation so that serial dilution solutions of the crude
gliadins of known concentration could be prepared in 62.65% (w/w) aqueous
A65
ethanol or dilute aqueous acetic acid. High-precision density and ultrasonic
velocity measurements were performed at 20C to characterize the volumetric
and compressional properties of the fractionated protein solutions. Good linear
relations between solution density and concentration, and between ultrasonic
velocity and concentration, were observed. From these relations, the partial
specific adiabatic compressibility of the gliadins in each solvent could be
calculated. The gliadins had a small value for this coefficient in both aqueous
ethanol and aqueous acetic acid. Differences in the values of the coefficient of
partial specific adiabatic compressibility of the gliadins in the two solvents
suggested that the gliadin molecules had looser structures in the aqueous
acetic acid than in the aqueous ethanol. A possible reason might be the
difference in interaction between hydrated gliadin molecules and the solvent
molecules. The significance of the results is that precise density and ultrasonic
measurements can indicate the nature of wheat gluten protein interactions.

The anti-oxidation effect of polylysine in emulsions containing poly-
unsaturated fatty acids
S. Scheffler (1), X. WANG (1), F. San Martin (1), Y. Yao (1)
In this presentation we will report a novel finding of polylysine in terms of its
anti-oxidation properties in food emulsions. Polylysine (-Poly-L-lysine) is a
polypeptide of L-lysine and is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces
albulus. It has been used as a food-grade (GRAS) antibacterial polypeptide, as
well as a dietary agent to suppress fat absorption. However, the function of
polylysine to reduce the lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions has not been
reported. In our study, the anti-oxidation effect was examined for emulsions in
which polylysine was added before or after emulsification. Firstly, we
prepared phytoglycogen octenyl succinate (PG-OSA) and waxy corn starch
octenyl succinate (WX-OSA) with different degree of substitution (DS)
(around 0.015 and 0.048). Thereafter, the emulsions were formed using 2.5%
fish oil and 5% PG-OSA, WX-OSA, or gum arabic, or 0.5% of Tween20.
Polylysine was added before or after the homogenization (Nano DeBee, two
cycles at 5000 psi). Emulsions without polylysine were prepared as
references. All emulsions were stored at 55C, and the extent of oxidation was
measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days of storage. The results indicated that the
addition of polylysine before emulsification resulted in a substantially
improved anti-oxidation effect compared with the groups without polylysine
or with polylysine added after emulsification. We consider that the polylysine
absorbed at the oil-water interface may form a positively charged barrier. This
barrier reduces the permeation of pro-oxidative factors, such as metal ions,
from the water phase to the oil phase, thus reducing the oxidation of lipophilic
compounds in oil. This study would allow us to broaden the application of
polylysine as a food ingredient, and to seek new strategies to improve the
qualities of foods containing polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effect of isolated rye pentosans on some properties of gluten-free breads
J. Schmidt (1), K. Hanz (1), E. Brenner (1), S. Thei (1), E. BERGHOFER (1)
(1) University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Division Food
Technology, Vienna, AUSTRIA
Rising incidence of celiac disease is mirrored in an increasing demand for
gluten free bread. Gluten free bread nowadays available lags behind in terms
of taste, texture and appearance. Hence, this work was aimed at applying
soluble and enzymatically degraded rye arabinoxylans as a natural bread
improver for gluten free amaranth-, maize-, rice- and, in particular, gluten-free
wheat starch-bread. Soluble arabinoxylans isolated out of rye flour in semi-
industrial scale (hereby achieving a purity of 75%) were employed for sour-
dough baking trials with (combinations of) above mentioned raw materials
aimed at testing arabinoxylan addition of up to 15%. Experiments were
supervised by determination of dough characteristics such as viscosity (Rapid
ViscoAnalyzer), elasticity and stickiness (TA.XT2i, Stable Micro Systems,
SMS/Chen-Hoseney Dough Stickiness Rig) and following bread
characteristics: bread volume (rapeseed volumimeter), crust appearance and
crumb pore size (image analysis, Olympus SZ-CTV, Japan), hardness,
elasticity and chewiness (TA.XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, compression test
with relaxation), brightness (Micro Color Dr. Lange, L*a*b*-system) and
sensory attributes. Indeed, for some receipts, a remarkable improvement in
bread volume, crust appearance and crumb pore size could be reached by
pentosan addition of 5% only. Surprisingly, 5% pentosan addition was even
able to replace a commercially available emulgator (DATEM) regarding its
effect to increase bread volume. Furthermore, pentosan enriched bread
showed significant reduction in hardness and brightness compared to control.

Effect of Capsicum powder on breadmaking properties
M. SEGUCHI (1)
(1) Kobe Womens University, Suma-Ku Kobe, JAPAN
Fruits of Capsicum species such as Paprika (Capsicum annuum cv.), Tomapi
(Capsicum annuum subsup. annuum var pomiferum), Pimento (Capsicum
annuum var. angulosum), and Cayenne (Capsicum annuum L.) were crushed,
freeze-dried and blended with wheat flour for breadmaking. It is known that
breadmaking properties such as bread height (mm) and specific volume
(cm
3
/g) are increased by the addition (8%) of every mature fruit of the
Capsicum species. Among Capsicum species, different growth to maturity
stages of Paprika was used for breadmaking. Breadmaking properties
increased with increasing growth period. Bread height and specific volume
baked with green Paprika/flour were lower than those of controls. When the
green Paprika was heated in an autoclave (127C, 100 min), the breadmaking
properties with the heated green Paprika matched those of controls, which
suggested that the decrease of breadmaking properties by green Paprika was
due to protease. Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-
HPLC) profiles of flour proteins extracted from wheat flours mixed with
unheated and heated Paprika also suggested the presence of protease in green
Paprika. When red Paprika (carotenoids were measured) was heated under the
same conditions, the color of red Paprika changed to brown color and the
breadmaking properties did not change but increased slightly. Suspension of
the heated red Paprika was taken into a dialysis tube and dialyzed against
water, and the water after dialysis was concentrated to syrup at 60C. The
concentrated syrup and dialyzed suspension in dialysis tube were blended with
wheat flour, respectively, and breadmaking was performed. The results
indicated that the improvement of breadmaking properties was occurred in the
dialyzed outer solution, which was heat stable and low molecular weight
materials from red Paprika. This suggested that the water insoluble carotenoid
was not related to breadmaking properties.

Starch digestion of various noodle products in Korea
T. SEO (1), J. Han (2), S. Lim (1)
(1) School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul,
SOUTH KOREA; (2) Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition,
Sangmyung University, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA
The in vitro starch digestibility of five typical Korean noodle products (total
market share 99.8%, in the year 2000) were compared after cooking under the
manufactures recommended conditions. Those included spaghetti (durum
wheat semolina 100%), dangmyeon (sweet potato starch 100%), naengmyeon
(sweet potato starch 85% and buckwheat flour 15%), ramyeon (wheat flour
83%, potato starch 11%, acetic acid corn starch 6%, fried instant noodle) and
somyeon (wheat flour 100%). Digestibility was determined using the method
described by Englyst et al. with minor modifications. Based on their digestion
rate, different fractions of starch were quantified. The spaghetti contained the
highest amount of slowly digestible starch (SDS, 43%) and the lowest amount
of rapidly digestible starch (RDS, 52.5%). On the contrary the somyeon
contained the lowest amount of SDS (9.6%) and the highest amount of RDS
(86.8%). Also the glycemic indices (GI) of the samples were estimated using
Goi et al. method with white bread as the reference. The spaghetti had the
lowest GI (87.8), whereas the somyeon had the highest GI (93.0). The kinetic
constant (k), representing the rate of hydrolysis at initial digestion stage, was
highest in the somyeon noodles (0.12
a
), followed by naengmyeon (0.10
b
), and
was lowest in the spaghetti (0.04
e
). However, the concentration of starch (C
)
hydrolyzed over 2 hours was not significantly different between the somyeon
(96.40
a
) and the spaghetti (96.22
a
), indicating that different digestion
behaviors occurred in each type of noodle, even though the amounts of
digested starch were similar. The dangmyeon, naengmyeon and ramyeon
noodles showed relatively lower C
values than the spaghetti and the somyeon

noodles. The digestibility differences among the noodles were attributed to
differences in their flour compositions and manufacturing processes. Finally,
the SDS contents and GI values of the noodles were highly correlated with the
kinetic constant k.

Effects of dietary oil on reducing starch digestive rate of cooked starchy
foods
S. SETIAWAN (1)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA
Slowly digestible starch (SDS) is known to have many benefits for human
health, including reduced postprandial glycemic and insulin responses. The
objective of this study was to reduce the digestive rate of starch by mixing
starchy food with triglycerides using dietary oil as a source of the triglyceride.
Different concentrations and dietary oils with different fatty acid (FA)
compositions were used for this study. Long-grain rice, consisting of 75.2%
starch (db), was mixed with dietary oil at 10, 20, 30% (v/v, db), stored
overnight at the ambient temperature, and cooked with two volumes of water
using a microwave rice cooker (Progressive GMRC, Boston, MA). The
presence of different concentrations of dietary oil reduced the starch
hydrolysis of the cooked rice. For example, starch hydrolysis, using porcine
A66
pancreatic alpha-amylase, decreased from 99.3% to 90.4%, 82.5%, and 81.1%
(on starch db) after 1 h in the presence of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% dietary oil,
respectively. Stearic acid (SA), palm oil (PO, 64.1% saturated FA), 80%
diacylglycerol oil (DAG, 59.5% PUFA) and corn oil (CO, 55.6% PUFA) were
used at 20% (v/v) to represent lipids of different structures and compositions.
Among dietary oils, the rice sample treated with CO showed 15.9% reduction
in starch hydrolysis, DAG, which has one fatty acid chain missing on the C-2
position, showed 9.7% reduction, and PO showed 4.7% reduction. In
comparison, a rice sample treated with stearic acid showed 56.7% reduction in
starch hydrolysis. These results showed that dietary oil with a larger content
of unsaturated fatty acid had more impact on the reduction in starch
digestibility. The mechanism of starch-triglyceride interaction will be
presented. Enzyme digestibility of the cooked rice samples stored at 4C for
48 h showed that the addition of dietary oil reduced starch retrogradation.

Protective role of L-carnitine in albino rats treated with different
concentrations of acrylamide
E. S. SHAKER (1)
(1) Minia University, Minia, EGYPT
L-carnitine (4-N-trimethylammonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid) has proved to be
found in human nutrition and also synthesized from dietary amino acids.
Carnitine was considered to be one of the important natural products, since it
was found to form esters with fatty acids for transport across the
mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine has many features, since it is widely
distributed in the body. The research works on the ability of carnitine in
protecting against acrylamide the neurotoxicant and carcinogen. L-carnitine
(300 mg/kg bw) has a positive result against 50, 200 and 500 mg
acrylamide/L). Liver function, lipid profile, antioxidant content, reduced
glutathione, vitamin C, glucose content and cholinesterase activity have been
investigated up to 5 weeks.

Effect of different compositions and mixing conditions on bread dough
expansion determined by video image analysis
A. SHEHZAD (1)
(1) National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA), Nantes, FRANCE
The objective of this study was to develop a method for determining dough
porosity during fermentation in order to finally determine the influence of
mixing conditions and dough composition. To achieve this, the modifications
of cellular structure during fermentation resulting from growth and
coalescence of bubbles were observed by digital camera and analyzed in terms
of porosity and stabilization, by expansion and shape data recording,
respectively. The evolution of porosity reflected the fermentation kinetics,
governed by yeast action and to a lesser extent the difference of dough
rheological properties. These results were also favorably compared with those
obtained by X-ray tomography. Stabilization was more influenced by
rheological properties, as shown by the influence of mixing conditions at
different energy levels. This study helps to predict the changes of dough
structure, and especially the occurrence of bubble coalescence within the
dough, which in turn may affect final crumb grain.

Diffusion and rheology characteristics of arabinoxylan solutions and
implications for digestion
K. J. SHELAT (1), A. Aufort (1), T. M. Nicholson (2), K. Wong (1), R. G.
Gilbert (3), M. J. Gidley (1)
(1) Center for Nutrition and Food Science, University of Queensland, St.
Lucia, QLD, AUSTRALIA; (2) Centre for High Performance Polymers,
University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; (3) Centre for Nutrition
and Food Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans (AXs) have important roles
in the human diet, resulting in potential benefits such as increased microbial
fermentation, promotion of beneficial microflora, prevention of re-absorption
of bile acids leading to lower plasma cholesterol, and retardation of starch
digestion. The latter two beneficial effects may arise from viscosity or
diffusion phenomena contributed by arabinoxylan in the gastro-intestinal tract.
In order to model the factors that may determine diffusion of e.g. alpha
amylase or bile acid micelles in the presence of arabinoxylan, diffusion
coefficients of a dextran probe in solutions of three AXs of different
viscosities were measured over a wide concentration range using fluorescence
recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The diffusion coefficient of the
dextran probe decreased with increasing concentration, as expected, but
surprisingly showed an increase with increasing bulk viscosity of the different
AX samples. This is the opposite trend to that expected from Stokes-Einstein
diffusion of hard spheres. Marginal deviations from the Stokes-Einstein
equation have been observed in many polymer solutions and are usually
explained by the concept of microviscosity, in which the probe particle
samples a volume where the viscosity is different from the experimentally
measured bulk or macroscopic viscosity. This is the first time that anti-Stokes-
Einstein behavior has been observed in polysaccharides. A detailed
rheological study and size measurement experiments confirmed the presence
of variable size aggregates and topological entanglement in the system,
consistent with anti-Stokes-Einstein behavior. This has implications for
understanding beneficial effects of non-starch polysaccharides in the human
diet.

Iodine binding of amylopectin to explore the flexibility of internal chains
X. SHEN (1), E. Bertoft (2), G. Zhang (3), B. Hamaker (1)
(1) Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.; (2) bo Akademi, Turku,
Finland; (3) Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
Previous studies found that the proportion of long chains of amylopectin is
correlated to its functional properties. The internal chains of amylopectin were
suspected to contribute to this correlation. The purpose of this study was to
test the ability of the internal chains to form helices for other intra- or inter-
molecular interactions. Waxy and ae waxy corn starches were hydrolyzed by
-amylase for varied periods of time (0, 1, 5, 30 min, and 1, 3, 5, 24 and 48 h)
to incrementally remove the external chains from amylopectin. The resulting
-dextrins were then exposed to iodine solution. The absorbance and the
maximum wavelength of these mixtures at different holding times (0, 30, 60
min and 24 h) were recorded. Results showed that there were two binding
types involved in the iodine-amylopectin interaction: iodine-external-chains
and iodine-internal-chains. The former binding resulted in a higher max,
while the latter in a lower max (around 530 nm). In the native molecule,
iodine preferentially binds to external chains. After a small extent of
hydrolysis, the amount of external chains decreased, resulting in lesser
binding with iodine. With the continuous hydrolysis, more internal chains
were exposed and apparently had more flexibility to bind iodine. During
holding, all the -amylase hydrolyzed samples lost their absorbance quickly.
The binding of iodine to external chains was, thus, more stable than binding of
iodine to internal chains. Also, at the beginning of iodine binding, the
absorbance of waxy corn starch samples hydrolyzed for 5 and 24 h was
similar to that of the native sample without -amylase hydrolysis. This
indicated that the amount of iodine binding to the internal chains was quite
large. Therefore, internal chains have the flexibility to form helices under
certain conditions, i.e. partial removal of external chains.

Whole and sprouted wheat dough properties and pasta quality
D. SHNEIDER (1), A. Moiseeva (1), I. Moiseev (2), D. Shneider (1)
Russia; (2) Harrisburg, PA, U.S.A.
Sprouted wheat had different dough structure compare to whole wheat. Dough
water-absorption capacity reduced from 56.6 to 53.4%, dough formation
period decreased from 7.5 to 4 min in general, dough stability fell down from
4.5 to 2.0 min, and dough liquefaction increased from 40 to 120FU. Flour
mixing of sprouted or whole wheat produced homogeneous fine-friable dough
mass and pressed into homogeneous pasta, which was free from traces of
undermixing. When moisture content of whole wheat dough increased from
28 to 35.0%, pasta press reached maximum production rate and then fell down
at 36% moisture level or above. The maximum press production rate of whole
wheat pasta was at 3435% moisture range. At lower moisture content dough
from sprouted wheat required longer relaxation period, which affected pasta
press performance. Pasta made from sprouted wheat in comparison to whole
wheat had lower water-absorption capacity of 167.9 vs. 169.0%, lower
cooking water free starch of 7.88 vs. 7.92%, higher plasticity of 0.326 vs.
0.259 mm and elasticity of 0.508 vs. 0.572 mm (n = 50). Pasta from sprouted
wheat had sweetish malt flavor and aftertaste, when the whole wheat pasta
had well-expressed bran flavor and aftertaste.

Addition of soy increases soft pretzel dough stability during frozen
storage
A. SIMMONS (1)
(1) Ohio State, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.
Due to the increasing demand of soy containing foods, a highly acceptable
frozen dough that delivers more than 5 g soy protein/serving would be of great
benefit. However, soy incorporation in such a high level has resulted in
deleterious effects on the quality and acceptability of baked products.
Additionally, freezing the dough can pose significant challenges for quality of
the final, baked product. Our objective was to characterize the changes in the
physico-chemical and molecular properties of dough upon soy addition and
after frozen storage and compare these to controls. 100% wheat dough and
25% soy dough were analyzed fresh and after being frozen at 25C for 2 or 4
weeks. Thermal, textural and molecular (NMR) techniques were used to
A67
characterize the changes in the wheat and soy dough during frozen storage.
Soy dough had a higher amount of total water than 100% wheat dough and
neither moisture contents change significantly after being frozen for 2 or 4
weeks. Freezable water represented a higher proportion of total water in soy
dough than in wheat dough. The proportion of freezable water increased
with increasing frozen storage time due presumably to the migration of water
from a protein-bound state to ice crystals. Although the extensibility of the
wheat dough decreased dramatically during 4 weeks of frozen storage due to
the destruction of the gluten matrix, the extensibility of soy dough did not
change significantly. Proton T1 relaxation times were higher in wheat dough
vs. soy dough indicating lower 1H (associated with water) mobility. T1 values
for both types of dough decrease with frozen storage time as ice crystals
formed. In conclusion, soy dough is more stable during frozen storage than
wheat dough suggesting that soy provides a functional advantage for frozen
dough use additional to the perceived health benefits.

Psychosocial factors that influence whole grain bread consumption
S. A. SJOBERG (1), L. F. Marquart (1), M. Reicks (1)
(1) University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.
The purpose of this study was to apply the theory of planned behavior (TPB)
to predict intention and consumption regarding 100% whole grain breads.
Focus group interviews were conducted based on the TPB to inform the
development of a questionnaire related to whole grain bread consumption.
The questionnaire was pilot tested, modified, and administered to bread
consumers (n = 270) at local grocery stores. Initially, subjects indicated their
preference for whole grain or refined white bread, completed a food frequency
questionnaire to estimate bread consumption, and listened to a 5-minute
scripted lesson on whole grain breads. The questionnaire included items
scaled to measure attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control,
intention and behavior associated with whole grain bread consumption.
Positive attitudinal factors included the perception that whole grain breads
were healthy, hearty and robust. Family members were an important social
influence on intentions. Influential control beliefs included everyone eats
white bread, pieces of grain are hard to chew and one does not like to use
whole grain bread for toast. Mean whole grain bread intake was 1.75
servings per day. Whole grain bread consumption was higher among subjects
who preferred whole grain bread compared to those who preferred refined
white bread. Subjects who preferred whole grain bread also had more positive
attitudes, and greater perceived behavioral control and normative pressure
toward whole grain breads than subjects who preferred refined white bread.
The TPB provided a basis for understanding barriers and motivators that
influence whole grain bread consumption.

Resistant starch generated from normal corn starch: The synergistic
effect of acid treatment, autoclave, and beta-amylolysis
W. SONG (1), Y. Yao (1)
Resistant starch (RS) has been recognized as a beneficial ingredient intake in
food. Mostly, RS is produced from high amylose starch due to a high yield.
To expand the applications of RS, using low-cost starch sources, such as
normal corn starch (NCS), is desirable. In an earlier study, we established an
RS-enriching process in which NCS was autoclaved and subsequently treated
using beta-amylase. In the current study, we further explored the enrichment
of RS based on the synergistic effect among acid treatment, autoclave, and
beta-amylolysis. NCS was treated by 1% HCl for 2, 5, 10, and 20 hours at
55C. After neutralization and desalting, the starch materials were autoclaved
for 3 cycles and followed by beta-amylolysis (beta-amylase 0.5% based on
dry starch, pH 5.5, temperature 55C, 20 hours). After beta-amylolysis, the
starch solid was collected and the in vitro digestibility was analyzed using
Englyst assay. Native NCS showed an RS content around 2.9%. For
autoclaved and beta-amylase treated starch, the RS content was 15.8%,
22.6%, 27.8%, and 36.8% in corresponding to 2, 5, 10, and 20 hours of acid
treatment, respectively. Conceivably, acid treatment partially degrades starch
molecules and increases the mobility of linear chains during autoclave,
leading to enhanced retrogradation. This effect, in synergy with enriched
alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages due to beta-amylolysis, resulted in a much
reduced starch digestibility and increased RS content.

Effect of dough conditioners on small and large deformation behavior of
wheat flour doughs
S. L. STEEPLES (1), H. Dogan (1)
Rheological properties are significant in determining the behavior of wheat
flour doughs during breadmaking and in end product quality. The objective of
this study was to characterize the effect of dough conditioners on small and
large deformation behavior of wheat flour doughs. Karl 92, hard red winter
variety commonly grown in Kansas, was milled in a Buhler mill to produce
straight grade flour of 12.6% protein. A reduced-protein flour (8.0%) was
prepared by adding wheat starch. Additives used were -amylase (CAS No:
9001-19-8) at .02 and .05IU, transglutaminase (CAS No: 80146-85-6) at 1 and
5IU, and xylanase (CAS No: 37278-89-0) at 1 and 10IU, and DATEM (CAS
No: 100085-39-0) at 0.3 and 1%. AACC method 10-10B was used to prepare
doughs. Dough was characterized with and without additives. Farinographs
determined water absorption, and mixographs established optimal dough
development time. D/R dough inflation system was used for biaxial extension
measurements at large deformations to determine strain hardening indices.
Small deformation oscillatory experiments used the ViscoAnalyser 50
(Rheologica Instruments) equipped with a serrated parallel plate of 25 mm
diameter and 3 mm gap. Stress sweeps from 0.5 to 500 Pa at a frequency of 1
Hz, performed at room temperature, determined the linear viscoelastic region.
Frequency sweeps were performed from 0.1 to 100 Hz at a strain rate of .0005
to generate w-dependent profiles of storage (G) and loss (G) moduli, and tan
d at room temperature. The loss modulus, G was always lower than G,
showing a predominant elastic behavior, and followed similar trends in the
presence of additives. G and G values increased from 1 10
3
0.5 10
4
to
0.4 10
4
1.1 10
4
Pa at higher additive levels. Effects of additives on
dynamic rheological properties were more marked in reduced-protein doughs.
Observed phase angle values decreased 510 degrees with additives present in
both dough systems indicating more elastic behavior.

Evaluating sugar-snap cookie quality using digital image analysis
S. G. STEVENSON (1), P. Y. Fok (2), N. M. Edwards (2)
(1) Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA; (2) Canadian
Grain Commission/Grain Research Laboratory
The AACC baking quality of cookie flour method 10-50D is a standard
method performed to predict the general quality of soft wheat flour for use in
cookies and pastry. High quality soft wheat flour is generally associated with
larger sugar-snap cookie diameter (cookie spread). Subjective visual
examination of the surface for degree of crackling, color and uniformity is
also used as an indicator of the cookie making quality of the flour. The C-Cell
imaging system was developed to measure characteristics such as surface
topography, crumb structure and product dimension in bread and baked
products hence, it seems logical to apply this technique to scoring of sugar-
snap cookies. Investigations were conducted using 9 samples of commercially
obtained Canada Western Soft White Spring wheat that were milled in
duplicate. Cookies were assessed for diameter (D), thickness (T) and spread
ratio (D/T). The surface was scored visually for appearance, color, uniformity
and a total score assigned. Three cookies from each test bake were assessed
using the C-Cell imaging system. As expected, cookie diameter and spread
ratio were readily predicted by C-Cell measures of overall sample dimension.
Cell related measures of contrast and number of cells were negatively related
to visually assessed quality characteristics for appearance, color, uniformity
and total score. Cell related measurements of wall thickness, diameter and
volume demonstrated a strong positive relationship to visually assessed
characteristics. It appears that the C-Cell imaging system is capable of
providing rapid and accurate objective measurements of sugar-snap cookie
quality.

Application of extruded whole grains as functional food in baking and
extrusion technology
V. STOJCESKA (1), P. Ainsworth (1), A. Plunkett (1)
(1) Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
Consumption of whole grains has been associated with a lower body mass
index and a decreased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity and
heart disease. In addition to total dietary fibre (TDF), various phytochemicals,
vitamins and minerals have been suggested to contribute to the health effects
of whole grain foods. Among the cereals used for human food, iron is present
at higher levels in teff, quinoa and buckwheat. Most of these grains, which
contain higher levels of iron and other minerals do not contain a high amount
of TDF. Extrusion parameters such as screw speed, material temperature,
pressure and residence time can be changed to overcome these challenges.
The objective of this work was to improve nutritional characteristics of whole
grains by using extrusion technology. Whole grains were extruded using a
twin-screw extruder at optimum process conditions such as screw speed, solid
feed and water feed, finely milled and then used as potential functional
ingredients in baking and extrusion technology. A number of different
nutritional parameters such as iron, protein, TDF and polyphenol content were
measured before and after extrusion. The results clearly showed that in pre-
extruded samples a large variation was found in iron, TDF, protein and phenol
content among all the whole grains examined. The iron content of teff was
significantly (P < 0.05) higher while protein and fiber content significantly (P
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< 0.05) lower when compared with that of buckwheat and quinoa. The
phenolic compounds were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in buckwheat than
teff and quinoa. Extrusion cooking significantly (P < 0.05) increased the iron
and TDF level in all the samples, increased phenolic compounds in quinoa
and decreased in teff and buckwheat but did not affect protein content. The
effect of extruded powders on nutritional and textural characteristics of baked
and extruded products will be discussed in details.

Influence of genotype and environment on the antioxidant activity of field
pea (Pisumsativum) grown in Canada: A comparison of two analytical
methods
M. D. STOUGHTON-ENS (1), D. Hatcher (1), N. Wang (1), T. D. Warkentin
(2)
(1) Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA; (2) Crop
Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Six field pea (Pisum sativum) varieties from five different growing locations
in Saskatchewan in the 2006 and 2007 growing years were analyzed to
determine the effect of genotype, environment and year on the antioxidant
activities (AOX) using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
The conventional cuvette method and a modified microplate based system
were compared. Both methods showed a significant effect of the genotype (p
< 0.05) and location (p < 0.05) on AOX with a larger, significant effect of
genotype and environment interaction (G E) (p < 0.0001) that was apparent
in the 2007 and 2008 growing years. Growing year did not have a significant
on AOX. Although there was some variation in the resulting AOX values
between the two methods, these differences were found not to be statistically
significant by means of a folded F-Test. These findings could potentially
allow plant breeders, food scientists and nutraceutical manufacturers to
manipulate field pea genotypes and growing conditions to attain an ideal
antioxidant profile for use in functional foods and nutraceuticals. These results
also indicate that a microplate may be used in place of cuvettes to determine
AOX using the DPPH free radical to increase testing speed and reduce the
amount of sample and reagent used.

Development and characterization of a functional material of low
digestibility of starch for be used in food processing low glycemic index
T. SUAREZ-DIEGUEZ (1), G. Palma-Orosco (2), N. Guemes-Vera (3), J.
Mendoza-Perez (2)
(1) Area Academica de Nutricion del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud de la
UAEH, Pachuca de Soto Hidalgo, Mexico; (2) Escuela Nacional de Ciencias
Biologicas del IPN; (3) Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnologia de
los Alimentos del Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la UAEH
The Legumes occupy an important place in human nutrition, in Mexico they
are the primary source of dietary carbohydrates, besides cereals. The legumes
are good sources of slow release carbohydrates because they contain about
3040% of amylose compared to cereals. As a consequence of poor starch
digestibility, legumes promote slow and moderate post-prandial glucose and
insulin responses, is considered beneficial in the treatment of diabetes and
hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this research is to develop a functional
material of low digestibility of starch from beans (Flor de mayo M38),
increasing the amount of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistan starch
(RS), for being used in food processing low glycemic index. The starch
samples with a range of SDS and RS were obtained by hydrolyzing with
pullulanase in order to achieve an enzyme: substrate ratio of 1:15, 1:20 and
1:30 at different time periods (12 and 16 h) and then heated and cooled at 2C
for 3 days to form a precipitated polymer. The maximum SDS and RS content
was obtained by debranching for 12 h with relationships 1:20, there were 31%
SDS and 53% RS. The X-ray diffraction pattern for the treated samples,
shown Crystalline polymorphism in varying proportions. The diffraction
pattern of treated starch at optimal conditions correspond to a composite of the
B-type crystalline structure and V-form of amylose-ethanol or amylose-lipid
complex, and contain a ordered crystalline structures. In differential scanning
calorimetry thermograms, the melting temperature and enthalpy of treated
starches were gradually enhanced, this could represent the melting of a
crystalline structure composed of longer chains of amylopectin resulting from
reforming of doubl helix structure by low temperature recrystallization.
These changes showed that variation in enzymatic debranching, retrogradation
among the amount in the ratio of amylose / amylopectin starch of beans.

Effect of temperature on gelatinized starch solutions with different
amylose/amylopectin content
R. SULAIMAN (1), K. D. Dolan (1), J. F. Steffe (1)
(1) Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Rheological properties of starch gelatinization are very important in food
formulation. The most common empirical instrument used is the RVA. In this
study an alternative way of measuring of starch gelatinization was presented
by using a modification of the Brookfield viscometer. The equipment set-up
consists of a Brookfield viscometer, connected to three constant temperature
water baths (100C, 5C, and 60C) and controlled by using a system of
solenoid valves with a timer. Mixer geometry configurations with 13cc cup
and flag impeller were used. Cornstarch samples (Amioca, Melojel, Hylon V,
Hylon VII) from National Starch, NJ at different ratios of apparent
amylose/amylopectin (0:100, 27:73, 50:50 and 70:30, respectively) were
studied. The peak viscosity during gelatinization showed apparent viscosity
of Amioca>Melojel>HylonV>Hylon VII with values of 4765cP, 3395cP,
427cP and 145cP at sample temperatures of 70.3C, 82C, 84C and 87C
reached at heating times of 1 min 10 sec, 3 min 30 sec, 12 min and 12 min,
respectively. Apparent viscosity after gelatinization (at 40C, 50C and 60C)
at constant speed (100 RPM) was also studied. The results shows that the ratio
of activation energy to universal gas constant, (E
a
/R) for Amioca>
Melojel>Hylon VII> Hylon V was 1479, 2077, 4135 and 4736 K,
respectively. The peak viscosity trend and temperature range obtained were in
agreement with other researchers who used the RVA and DSC. In conclusion,
the apparent viscosity of starch gelatinization decreased with temperature, and
was more sensitive to temperature with higher amylose content. This first step
of the study shows that the modified Brookfield instrument provides a
reliable, low cost, flexible, and sensitive device to study the rheological
properties of starch gelatinization.

Heat-induced gelation of pea protein extracted by salt method: Effect of
pH and NaCl
X. SUN (1)
Gelation is an important functional property for food proteins due to its strong
effect on rheological, textural and sensory properties of food. Although
traditionally wheat, corn, oats and rice are considered cereal, pulse crops such
as pea are also in the category of cereal. In this paper, rheological method was
employed to study the influence of two important factors, pH (3.0~10.0) and
ionic strength (0~2.0M), on gelation properties of a pulse crop, pea protein.
The strongest gel strength was achieved at 0.3M NaCl; higher or lower ionic
strengths lead to weakening of the gel. The gelation temperature was also
influenced by ionic strength; salt had a stabilization effect which inhibited pea
protein from denaturation and higher ionic strengths resulted in higher gelling
points. At a NaCl concentration 2.0 M, pea protein gelation was completely
suppressed at temperature 100C. pH also played a very important role in
gel formation of pea protein isolates since acid and base could cause protein
partial or even total denaturation. In this paper the maximum gel strength was
determined to occur at pH 4.0 in 0.3M NaCl; higher or lower pH values result
in reduced gel strength. pH also altered the denaturation temperature of the
pea protein; higher pH values resulted in higher denaturation temperature and
higher enthalpy of denaturation. Gelling point peaked at around pH 6.0
(89.1C). Increase or decrease pH decreased gelling point. Careful adjustment
of pH and NaCl concentration would enable the food industry to promote
utilization of pea protein isolate as a functional and nutritional additive to
increase elasticity, improve sensory property and enhance nutritional value
and as a substitute of soy protein.

Effect of environment on flavonoid levels in sorghum grains
V. M. TALEON (1), L. Dykes (1), L. W. Rooney (1), W. L. Rooney (1)
(1) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.
Sorghum flavonoids are used as natural food colorants and they have
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Sorghum with
black, red or yellow pericarp have high levels of flavonoids. The effect of
environment on flavonoid levels in three black, four red and two yellow
sorghum genotypes grown in four locations in Texas (Corpus Christi, College
Station, Lubbock and Weslaco) were evaluated. Sorghums from Lubbock
were more weathered than those grown in the other three locations, which
affected flavonoid levels. In each location, the 3-deoxyanthocyanin levels
were higher in the black sorghums (1471047 g/g) whereas flavanones were
higher in the yellow sorghums (7431823 g/g) with the exception of R07007
from Lubbock (309 g/g). Among locations, flavanone levels in the yellow
sorghums from Lubbock were lower than those from the other three locations
which could be due to the weathering of the grain. Flavone levels were
consistently higher in the tan plant red sorghum (145394 g/g) in all four
locations. Red sorghums grown in Lubbock were weathered and generally had
higher flavone levels (4394 g/g) than those grown in the other three
locations. For all flavonoids, there was a genotype environment interaction
(p < 0.001), which suggested that environment had an effect on flavonid
levels.
A69
Relating wheat starch A- and B-type granule reactivity to molecular
reaction patterns on derivatized starch chains
V. THIRUGNANASAMBANTHAM (1), H. Kim (1), K. C. Huber (1)
(1) University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, U.S.A.
This study investigated the molecular bases for reactivity differences between
wheat starch genotypes (normal vs. waxy), granule types (A- vs. B-type), as
well as the possible influence of protein in wheat starch reactions. Isolated
normal and waxy wheat starch A- and B-type granule fractions (both native
and protease-treated) were derivatized with 5-(4,6-dicholortriazinyl)-
aminofluorescein (fluorescent probe) under both non-hydrated and hydrated
reaction conditions. Granular reaction patterns were visualized by confocal
laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while molecular derivatization patterns
on isoamylase debranched starch chains were assessed via intermediate
pressure size-exclusion chromatography (IPSEC) using fluorescence and
refractive index detection. CLSM images revealed that reaction locale in non-
hydrated reactions was confined to external granule surfaces (i.e., surface-
reacted/SR), while hydrated starch reactions permitted reagent to react
throughout the granule matrix (i.e., internally-reacted/IR). For all SR and IR
granule derivatives, starch material eluting in the amylose (AM) region of
IPSEC chromatograms was more densely reacted than that associated with
amylopectin (AP) peaks. Protease treatment had no impact on extent of
reaction in SR derivatives, while A-type (relative to B-type) granule reactivity
in IR derivatives was enhanced after protease treatment. For both SR and IR
starch derivatives, B-type granules were more heavily reacted than A-type
granules, while for IR derivatives, waxy starch granules were reacted to a
greater extent than normal starch granules. In those cases where differing
extents of reaction were observed between starch granule derivatives,
reactivity differences could be explained on the basis of differential reaction
densities on starch AM and AP branch (long, medium, and short) chains.

Sampling plans for Japanese food inspection
Y. TSUKAKOSHI (1), T. Watanabe (2)
(1) National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, JAPAN;
(2) National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
Sampling plans for Japanese food inspection is studied, especially ones for
cereal foods. In this poster, we summarize wide range of sampling plans. For
rice inspection for grading by quality, each rice package with 30 kg seeds is
inspected and sample is obtained there. Approximately, 25 g of rice grain is
sampled at one motion of the sampler. It contains approximately from 1100 to
1200 rice seeds. In the sample, if the number of defect rice is 1 the rice in the
package is graded as first. If the number of colored grain is 3, the grade is 2. If
the number of colored grain is 7, grade is 3. Other characteristics will be also
studied by the number of fault grains in the sample. For inspection for grain
variety required to label the variety of rice, DNA analysis are used as
secondary information. And quantities analysis was carried out by one grain
method for 25 grains. Alternatively, 2, 48, 50 grains may be inspected. For
qualitative analysis, 5~25 is set as limit of detection and studied for variety
and blending. The ministry of agriculture, fishery and forest of Japan also
studies several contaminants in rice. For cadmium, packages which contain 30
kg or 60 kg rice seed was studied and samples are randomly selected and the
size is the square root of lot is randomly selected. In the General Guideline on
Sampling ~28CAC/GL 50~29, such sample size does not improve precision
but they are meaningful because greater sample is inspected more accurately.
Thus selecting sampling plan may have to consider total exposure to the
chemical or risk based approach may also be useful in the future. Those
sampling plans are discussed for their statistical characteristics and validity by
drawing OC curves and comparing them to other sampling plans using in
foreign and international organization. We also compare the sampling plans to
JAS grading system and the result of total diet study samples.

Lower fecal short chain fatty acid concentrations in rats consuming poly-
phenol-rich sorghum bran diets results in fewer aberrant colonic crypts
N. D. TURNER (1), S. S. Taddeo (2), J. B. Lewis (3), R. J. Carroll (4), C. M.
McDonough (5), L. W. Rooney (6)
(1) Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; (2) [email protected]; (3)
[email protected]; (4) [email protected]; (5) [email protected];
(6) [email protected]
We have previously demonstrated that diets containing bran isolated from
brown and black sorghum grain produce fewer (68 and 38%, respectively, P <
0.04) high multiplicity aberrant crypt foci (HMACF) in azoxymethane- (AOM)
injected rats, relative to a cellulose diet. The production of short chain fatty
acids (SCFA), in particular butyrate, is thought to protect against colon cancer
development. Therefore, the goal of this project was to determine SCFA
concentrations in feces (M/g wet feces) from rats (n = 10/diet) consuming
diets containing 6% fiber from cellulose or from bran decorticated from white,
brown (contains tannins), or black (contains anthocyanins) sorghum. Diets were
fed for 10 wk, with two azoxymethane (colon-specific carcinogen) injections
(15 mg/kg BW) given in weeks 3 and 4 to initiate colon cancer. Total SCFA
were greatest (P < 0.0001) for white sorghum bran (32.0 M), intermediate for
cellulose (22.6 M), and lowest for black or brown sorghum bran (15.4 or 14.7
M, respectively). Butyrate concentrations were highest (P < 0.0001) for white
sorghum bran (7.8 M) and lowest for brown sorghum bran (1.07 M), with
intermediate concentrations found for black sorghum bran and cellulose (2.7 and
3.6 M, respectively). Differences among diets were similar when butyrate was
expressed as a percentage of SCFA. There were both positive and negative
relationships between aberrant crypt formation and total or individual SCFA.
These data suggest polyphenols in black and brown sorghum bran are sup-
pressing colon carcinogenesis in part through their ability to suppress SCFA
production or enhance epithelial cell transport of SCFA. Funded by USDA
58-5430-5-339, NCI (CA-57030, CA-90301), and NIEHS P30-ES09106.

Evaluation of chemical, physical and wet-milling properties of
commercial corn hybrids
M. URIARTE (1), C. Reyes-Moreno (2), R. Gutierrez-Dorado (3), J. Milan-
Carrillo (3)
(1) Facultad de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de
Sinaloa; (2) [email protected]; (3) Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa,
Culiacan, Sinaloa, MEXICO
Forty-one commercial corn hybrids, including yellow and white corn, from
different seed companies that represent the most widely grown in Sinaloa,
Mexico were evaluated for basic chemical composition, physical and wet-
milling properties. Although great variability among hybrids was observed, in
general, commercial corn hybrids were characterized, particularly, by high
thousand kernel weights and high kernel densities (mean values of 396.5 g
and 1.29 g/cm
3
, respectively). Wide ranges in protein contents (8.512.9%)
and crude free fat contents (3.95.8%) of corn hybrids were found. Starch
yields of studied hybrids ranged from 45.0% in hybrid CML-45XCLQ to
69.5% in hybrid 8371, both yellow corn hybrids. Residual protein levels in the
starches recovered were relatively low, with a mean value of 0.41%,
indicating high quality of the produced starches and an adequate starch-
protein separation, but this characteristic varied among genotypes and reached
a maximum of 0.69% in hybrid DK 2020 Y. Gluten yields ranged from 7.2%
in hybrid TG 8990 to 11.1% in hybrid H-375, that also showed the highest
grain protein content.

Preparation and chemical composition of whole grain bar
R. G. UTRILLA-COELLO (1), E. Agama-Acevedo (1), P. Osorio-Daz (1), L.
Bello-Perez (1)
(1) CEPROBI-IPN, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico
Whole grains are important sources of many nutrients such as dietary fibre, resis-
tant starch, minerals, vitamins, and other compounds including phytoestrogens
and antioxidants that are important in the prevention of diseases. Breads,
pastas, crackers, and other flour-based products made with high amounts of
whole grains, retain the benefits of these grains. The aim of this study was to
prepare cereal bars with whole grains and conduct chemical composition
analyses. Whole grains (wheat, barley, oats and maize) were blended in the same
amount. Two maize varieties: blue (CBBM) and white (CBWM) were used.
Ingredients such as butter, milk, egg, baking powder and high fructose corn
syrup were added during the blending of the grains. Moisture, ash, protein,
lipid, total starch (TS), available starch (AS) and resistant starch (RS) content
were measured. In both samples the moisture content was low (CBBM: 1.18%
and CBWM: 1.28%), typical of this product with a long shelf-life. The ash
content was similar (CBBM: 2.1% and CBWM: 2.2%). The CBMM showed
higher lipid and protein content (21.49% and 11.11%, respectively) than
CBWM (17% and 9.29%, respectively). The TS content was 43.20% for
CBWM and 42.86% for CBBM. The AS content was slightly higher for
CBWM (41.38%) than CBBM (40.71%), but an inverse pattern was obtained
for RS content (CBMW: 1.82% and CBBM: 2.15%). The slight differences
seen between samples were due to features of the maize varieties used. These
results suggested that the non-digestible carbohydrates content could be signifi-
cant for both samples and could have implications in carbohydrate metabolism.

Effects of extrusion processing on sensory attributes and shelf life of
whole-grain and endosperm-only flour from three maize hybrids
M. Valladares (1), S. Weier (2), S. Cuppett (1), D. RICKERT (2)
(1) Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-
Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A.; (2) The Food Processing Center, University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A.
Whole-grain (WG) and starch-rich, endosperm-only (EO) flours were each
prepared from respective blue, white, and yellow maize hybrids and were
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extruded to determine how the higher fiber and fat contents of the whole-grain
flour would affect sensory analysis scores and shelf life of expanded corn
curls. It can be concluded from initial TBA data (< 30 days storage) from a
six-month shelf life study with accelerated shelf life conditions of 90F and
90% RH that oxidation in the WG corn curls was not higher than in EO corn
curls, whether curls were stored with or without modified atmosphere
packaging. Overall appearance of yellow EO curls was more acceptable than
for yellow WG curls, but no difference for this comparison was observed for
blue or white curls. EO curls for a given hybrid were not crisper than the
respective WG curls. For curls from a given hybrid, corn flavor was not
different between EO and WG. Off flavors perceived in WG curls were higher
than in EO curls for blue and white, but not for yellow. Overall flavor
acceptability within EO and within WG was lower for blue compared to white
or yellow. Overall acceptability of EO compared to WG was not different for
white and yellow, but WG was lower for blue. Overall acceptability for blue
was lower than for yellow or white, which were not different from each other.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the structural and
rheological properties of sorghum starch
K. J. Vallons (1), L. A. RYAN (2), E. K. Arendt (1)
(1) Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork,
Ireland; (2) University College Cork, Cork, IRELAND
Pressure-induced gelatinisation of sorghum starch was studied and compared
to heat-induced gelatinisation. Starch suspensions were treated at increasing
pressure (200 - 600 MPa) or temperature (6095C) for 10 min. The degree of
gelatinisation was determined using differential scanning calorimetry, changes
in birefringence and damaged starch measurements. Furthermore, the pasting
behaviour and structural changes during gelatinisation were investigated using
rheology and microscopy. The pressure-induced as well as the temperature-
induced gelatinisation curves were sigmoid-shaped. Gelatinisation occurred
between 300 MPa and 600 MPa or between 62C and 72C. No significant
differences were found between the rheological properties and the
microstructure of the pressure-treated samples and the temperature-treated
samples within the gelatinisation intervals. Granules lost their birefringence,
but granular structure was maintained. However, when heated beyond the
endpoint of gelatinisation, the formation of a sponge-like structure was
observed. This change in structure at very high temperatures was reflected by
a decrease in complex viscosity.

Superior new enzyme technology for emulsifier replacement in bakery
products
C. VAN BENSCHOP (1)
(1) DSM Food Specialties USA, Inc., Delft, Netherlands
Recently, the introduction of new lipases, such as phospho/galactolipase, has
enabled the bakery industry to (partial) replace emulsifiers such as DATEM.
Further development in the field of enzyme technology and an improved
understanding on the role of emulsifiers has now resulted into the latest
development of next generation emulsifier replacer for SSL/CSL. The role of
SSL/CSL in baked goods has been recognized and will be addressed with this
new technology. Bread will maintain all characteristics among which the
texture of fresh baked bread and the ability to have an improved dispersion of
the fat in the dough, making it softer while allowing less fat to be used. This
new SSL replacer, entirely based on enzyme technology, will be of help in the
development of clean label formulations and ultimately will also lead to cost
reduction.

Influence of mixing process on dough rheological properties
F. VAN BOCKSTAELE (1), I. De Leyn (2), M. Eeckhout (2), K. Dewettinck
(3)
(1) Hogeschool Gent, Gent, BELGIUM; (2) University College Ghent, Ghent,
Belgium; (3) Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Dough rheological properties are a key factor in the processing of bread
products. Next to flour quality and water absorption level, also the mixing
process influences dough rheological properties. However, little or
contradictory information is available concerning the effect of the mixing
process on fundamental rheological properties. The effect of mixer type
(farinograph and pin mixer) and mixing time on dough rheological properties
determined by frequency sweeps, creep-recovery and uniaxial extension
experiments was investigated. A standard Belgian bread flour was used and
experiments were performed on a mixture of flour and water, and on a mixture
which also included salt (1.5%) and ascorbic acid (25 ppm). Mixing time and
mixer type only slightly influenced G and G in the frequency sweeps.
However, increasing the mixing time caused a decrease of the phase angle
delta in the lower frequency range (0.1-1Hz) for both mixer types. This effect
was not observed when salt and ascorbic acid were added to the doughs. The
maximum creep strain of water-flour doughs decreased when mixing time was
increased. Also, mixer type had a significant effect on maximum creep strain
as mixing in the pin mixer caused a steeper decrease than mixing in the
farinograph. Finally, the uniaxial extension tests showed that an increasing
mixing time caused a decrease in extensibility for both mixer types.

Relations between sensorial crispness and molecular mobility of model
bread crust and its main components as measured by PTA, DSC and NMR
N. van Nieuwenhuijzen (1), R. HAMER (1), R. Tromp (2), J. Mitchell (3), C.
Primo-Martin (1), T. van Vliet (1)
(1) TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; (2) NIZO, Ede, The
Netherlands; (3) Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Consumer appreciation of brittle cellular foods, like bread crusts, depends on
textural properties such as crispness. This crispy character is lost above a
certain water activity. It is still unclear if it is the change in the starch or the
gluten that initiates the loss of crispness. In this presentation the effect of
water on the glass transition of model bread crusts is shown by using two
complementary techniques: phase transition analysis (PTA) and temperature
modulated DSC(TMDSC). The mobility of water was studied with nuclear mag-
netic resonance (NMR). Results obtained were compared with sensory analysis
of the model bread crusts at different water activities. Bread crusts prepared
with different flours were tested to evaluate the effect of flour composition on
crispness and glass transition temperature. In addition, the glass transition
temperature was determined of starch and gluten separately. Sensory crispness
scores decreased with increasing a
w
from 0.55 upwards. At a
w
0.70 sensory
crispness was completely lost. Both DSC and PTA showed a transition point
at an a
w
of 0.700.75. NMR gave a transition point in the mobility of the
protons of water at a
w
0.58. This supports the hypothesis that loss of crispness
starts as a result of processes at a molecular level, before the macroscopic
glass transition. This also suggests that non-bound water (water that is not
directly attached to the solid matrix) causes the loss of crispness at low a
w
. At
higher a
w
increased mobility of the macromolecules will start to play a role.
Increased mobility of small components and side chains might induce increased
energy dissipation upon deformation of the material resulting in less available
energy for fracture propagation and with that in a less crispy product. NMR
experiments on the main flour components indicate that the T
2
transition point
in starch samples occurs at a lower RH than for gluten and bread crust.

Effects of protease treatment on modified dry grind processes
B. C. VIDAL (1), K. D. Rausch (2), M. E. Tumbleson (2), V. Singh (2)
(1) University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; (2) University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
The dry grind corn ethanol process produces distillers dried grains with
solubles (DDGS) as the only coproduct, which is used as an ingredient in
animal diets. In the US, large quantities of DDGS are generated because of
recent expansion in ethanol production capacity. Fractionation of the corn
kernel prior to fermentation forms the basis for modifications to the dry grind
process, leading to multiple coproducts such as germ and fiber with higher
market values. However, fractionation has the disadvantage of reducing
ethanol yields due to starch loss from the fermentation stream; therefore,
improvements in processing techniques are needed. To improve fractionation
efficiency in modified dry grind corn processes, we evaluated protease treat-
ment effectiveness in reducing residual starch in endosperm fiber. Three pro-
cesses were used for the study; (1) E-Mill, wet fractionation of germ and fiber
by specific gravity difference followed by no cook (raw starch hydrolysis)
fermentation, (2) dry RS, dry fractionation of endosperm followed by no cook
(raw starch hydrolysis) fermentation and (3) dry conv, dry fractionation of
endosperm followed by sequential liquefaction and fermentation. Kinetics of
free amino nitrogen production were similar in dry and wet fractionation,
indicating that proteolysis was effective in all three schemes. Using protease
treatment, starch in the endosperm fiber after fermentation was reduced by
1.9% w/w (22% relative reduction) in dry conv and 1.7% w/w (8% relative
reduction) in dry RS, while no reduction was observed in E-Mill. Protease
treatment increased ethanol production rates early in fermentation ( 24 hr)
but final ethanol concentrations were unchanged in both dry RS and E-Mill. In
dry conv, the addition of protease resulted in a decline in final ethanol
concentration by 0.3% v/v, as well as greater variability in liquefaction
products concentrations (glucose and maltose yields).

HCl assay for residual starch determination in corn germ and fiber
B. C. VIDAL (1), K. D. Rausch (2), M. E. Tumbleson (2), V. Singh (2)
(1) University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; (2) University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
A straightforward way to measure the effectiveness of corn kernel
fractionation is by determining the residual starch in germ and fiber.
A71
Currently, the enzymatic method is the established way for measuring total
starch in cereal products (Method 76-13, AACC International 2000).
However, as a tool for measuring residual starch in samples that have gone
through enzymatic processes (eg, starch hydrolysis and fermentation),
employing another enzyme (ie, thermostable -amylase) does not seem ideal.
A starch assay based on acid hydrolysis, referred to as HCl assay, was applied
to corn germ and pericarp fiber obtained by enzymatic wet fractionation (E-
Mill) and dry fractionation (3D). Grinding of germ and fiber samples
increased assay precision, as indicated by a smaller pooled standard deviation
in ground samples, by factors of 10 and 6.5 in 3D germ and fiber,
respectively. When compared to the standard enzymatic method, referred to as
MZYM assay, HCl assay results for E-Mill samples were not different, but
results for 3D germ and fiber were higher by 5.3 and 4.4% w/w, respectively
(p < 0.01). Observed bias persisted even when dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
was added and when 3D samples were destarched enzymatically. When
destarched samples were added incrementally (spiked) with endosperm flour
(83% w/w starch), HCl assay response was consistent with sample spiking as
shown by assay results following expected values. Using resistant starch assay
(employing pancreatic -amylase for in vivo like hydrolysis conditions),
results for 3D samples were not different from HCl assay results, indicating
the bias likely was due to MZYM assay underestimation of residual starch
content in these samples. HCl assay was satisfactory for determining starch
content in fractionated corn germ and fiber and could be useful for evaluating
fractionation processes to maximize starch recovery.

The ingredient wheat aleurone the most valuable fraction from the outer
layer of the wheat with health and technological benefits
W. VON REDING (1)
(1) Buhler AG, Uzwil SG, SWITZERLAND
The pure wheat aleurone cells with its valuable dietary fibre mainly the
arabinoxylans from the aleurone cell wall with a high content of antioxidants
and other micronutrients shows within pre-clinical studies protective benefits
for intestinal health. Process technology - In innovative process has been
developed, based on milling technology and electrostatic separation of wheat
bran fractions to isolate wheat aleurone cells in high purity. Wheat aleurone -
This aleurone cells isolate has now been used in a variety of studies
addressing its bio-actives content, its post ingestion intestinal effects and
metabolism as well as systemic effects. These studies have shown that isolated
wheat aleurone is slowly but completely degraded during in vitro fermentation
by the human microbiota (2), compared to bran of which a significant fraction
remains unfermented, even after 24 hours. Because of its complete
fermentation, components entrapped in the fiber cell wall become available
for absorption. Alternatively, the microbiota may use aleurone fiber
components for bio-conversion into short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and
mammalian lignans, which also can be absorbed. Due to its complete
fermentation, wheat aleurone results in a high production of SCFA with a
relatively high amount of butyric acid (2, 3). Recent fermentation trials with
human microbiota (3) revealed that aleurone significantly elevated
bifidobacteria. Gut fermentation products of wheat aleurone suppresses cell
growth and survival of human adenocarcinoma cells (4). 1. Hemery et al.
Journal of Cereal Science 46, 327347, 2007. 2. Amrein et al. Lebensmittel
Wissenschaft und Technologie, 36 (4),451460, 2003. 3. Mateo Anson et al. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 56 (14), 5589-5594, 2008. 4. Anke Borowicki, Katrin
Stein, Michael Glei, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena 2008.

Use of iodine vapour as a tool to understand the wheat starch granule
structure during maturity
R. N. WADUGE (1), K. Seetharaman (1)
(1) University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
The objective of this research is to use iodine vapour as a tool to investigate
the structural development of starch granules during kernel growth. Starches
from hard red spring wheat (SW) and hard red winter wheat (WW) in three
different maturities were isolated, and equilibrated to 0.33, 0.75 and 0.97
water activities (aw). Equilibrated starches were exposed to iodine vapour for
24 hr at the same aw, and studied for K/S spectra (the ratio of absorption and
scattering coefficients), X-ray pattern and relative crystallinity. Increasing
moisture content increased the polymer mobility of all starches, as indicated
by different absorption maxima. Both SW and WW starches at all maturities
showed characteristic A-type X-ray pattern before and after exposing to
iodine. Further, iodine significantly affected the intensity of main X-ray peaks
of all starches, except starches equilibrated at 0.33 aw. This effect was greater
in SW starches compared to in WW starches. All starches demonstrated the
formation of V-type crystallinity with iodine. All maturities of WW starches
exhibited crystalline lamellae disruption effect with iodine. However, only the
higher maturities of SW starches exhibited this effect, while lower maturities
showed a crystalline lamellae rearrangement and/or new crystalline lamellae
formation effect. However, the formation of V-type crystallites compensated
the disruption of the crystalline lamellae for the total crystallinity of most
starches. These observations suggested that, despite of the maturity, all the
starches formed V-type crystallites with iodine and crystalline lamellae was
affected by iodine. And, the ability of starch polymers to bind with iodine was
strongly affected by the maturity and aw. Further, the crystalline lamellae
packing of starches at early maturities were weaker than that of mature
starches.

Genotypic and environmental effect on resistant starch, oligosaccharide
and trypsin inhibitor activity levels in field peas (Pisumsativum)
N. WANG (1), D. Hatcher (1), R. Toews (1), T. Warkentin (2)
(1) Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, CANADA; (2) Crop
Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan
This study was aimed to investigate how genotype, growing location and year
affect resistant starch, oligosaccharide (raffinose, stachyose and verbascose)
and trypsin inhibitor activity levels of field peas, and to determine the
relationship between them. Such information will benefit health professionals,
the food industry and pulse breeders in effort to improve quality of new pea
cultivars. Six field pea cultivars (CDC Striker, Cooper, Cutlass, Eclipse, SW
Marquee and SW Sergeant) were grown over two seasons (2006 and 2007) at
five locations (Indian Head, Melfort, Rosthern, Saskatoon and Swift Current)
in Saskatchewan, Canada, in a randomized complete block design as part of
the provincial regional variety trials. The cultivars chosen are commonly
grown in western Canada. Resistant starch content ranged from 3.9 to 40.8
(g/kg dry matter). Raffinose from 3.7 to 12.9 (g/kg dry matter), stachyose
from 17.0 to 38.5 (g/kg dry matter) and verbascose from 3.2 to 19.9 (g/kg dry
matter), respectively. TIA levels were in the range of 1.1 to 7.8 (mg/g dry
matter). Analysis of variance showed that genotype, growing location and
year had a significant effect on resistant starch and oligosaccharide contents of
field peas. Trypsin inhibitor activity of field peas was significantly affected by
genotype and growing location. Resistant starch content was positively
correlated with raffinose and stachyose contents. Raffinose content was
positively correlated with stachyose but was negatively correlated with
verbascose content.

Evaluation of arabinoxylans in hard red spring wheat grown in
Minnesota for refrigerated dough production
K. WHITNEY (1), S. Simsek (1), J. Anderson (2), J. Ohm (3), M. Mergoum
(1)
(1) North Dakota State University, Dept. of Plant Sciences, Fargo, ND,
U.S.A.; (2) University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.; (3) USDA-ARS
Hard Red Spring Wheat and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Fargo, ND,
U.S.A.
Refrigerated dough products use wheat flour as their primary ingredient, so
the quality and the chemical composition of the flour determine the quality of
the final product. Six varieties of Hard Red Spring Wheat, grown in three
locations in Minnesota, were evaluated for use in refrigerated dough products.
The total starch and protein content of the flour was determined and ranged
from 76.9956.24 percent and 17.1213.00 percent, respectively. An
important factor in the suitability for refrigerated dough is the arabinoxylan.
The total arabinoxylan and the arabinose to xylose (A/X) ratio were
determined in the flour and whole wheat. The total arabinoxylan was higher in
the whole wheat for all varieties. Traverse from Lamberton and Morris had
the highest total arabinoxylan in the flour with 1.50 and 1.54 percent
respectively. Glenn from Crookston and Oklee from Morris had the lowest
arabinoxylan content with 0.97 and 1.03 percent respectively. The flour with
the highest A/X ratio was Oklee from Crookston and Glenn from Morris being
0.82. The lowest A/X ratio was for Faller from Morris with 0.67. The extent
of dough syruping was measured over a period of ten days. There was a large
amount of variability between the varieties and locations. Traverse from
Crookston and RB07 from Morris had the highest dough syruping on day ten
with 14.83 and 13.50 percent respectively. Oklee from Lamberton and Faller
from Morris had the lowest percent of dough syruping on day ten with 2.05
and 2.80 percent respectively. Morris had the highest dough syruping overall
and Lamerton had the lowest dough syruping overall. Varieties and locations
which, produced less syrup are more desirable for refrigerated dough.
Flours which produce a high level of syrup will produce a sticky liquid that
will leak out of the package during storage. This is highly unacceptable to
consumers.

A72
Application of chemometrics to prediction of some wheat quality factors
by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
P. C. WILLIAMS (1), P. Dardenne (2), D. B. Funk (3), D. W. Hopkins (4), J.
Huang (5), B. Igne (6), F. H. Long (7), B. Pfahringer (8), D. J. Ryan (9)
(1) PDK Projects Inc, Nanaimo, BC, CANADA; (2) Walloon Agricultural
Research Station, Gembloux, Belgium; (3) USDA-GIPSA-Technical Services
Division, Kansas City, MO; (4) Private consultant; (5) Wyeth Pearl River,
NY; (6) Iowa State University; (7) Spectroscopic Solutions LLC, Randolph,
NJ; (8) Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton,
NZ; (9) Solae LLC, St. Louis, MO
The main factors that affect wheat quality are kernel texture, kernel colour,
protein content, and gluten strength (GS). Recent advances in NIRS
prediction of functionality parameters in whole kernels have simplified
selection for quality factors in early generations. Prediction of GS in whole-
grains by NIRS, in terms of physico-chemical dough properties, has so far
proved to be elusive. The paper will describe the application of several
chemometric approaches to the prediction of wheat quality in whole grain by
NIRS. The objective was to see how advanced chemometrics, in the hands of
experienced users, would allow development of calibration models, based on
7 years of data, that would predict data for an eighth year reliably. Growing
season strongly affects wheat quality and spectral characteristics. The
calibration sample set (N = 775) included samples of western Canadian wheat
(whole-grain) drawn from growing seasons 19982005, excluding the 1999
season. The validation set (N = 107) consisted of the 1999 Plant Breeders
samples. Quality factors were protein content, test weight, kernel texture
(particle size index, or PSI), Farinograph water absorption, dough
development time (DDT) and mixing tolerance (MTI). Results for protein
content, test weight and PSI ranged from excellent, to acceptable for screening
purposes. For water absorption r-squared ranged from 0.84 - 0.94, for DDT r-
squared ranged from 0.24 - 0.59, and for MTI r-squared ranged from 0.57 -
087. Respective RPD values ranged from 2.4 - 4.8, 0.4 - 1.8, and 1.3 - 3.7.
The Random Forest approach appeared to have the best potential for
prediction of physico-chemical properties.

Resistant starch: The evolution of starch molecule size during in-vitro
digestion
T. Witt (1), M. J. Gidley (2), R. GILBERT (1)
(1) Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA; (2)
University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
High levels of resistant starch have beneficial effects in human digestion. In-
vitro digestion techniques have been applied to a group of extruded maize
starches (a model for cooked pasta) with varying amylose contents, to observe
the evolution of molecular size distributions as a function of digestion time.
The results of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on whole-molecule
starches show the long-time appearance of very small starch molecules as a
characteristic of enzyme-resistant starch. Debranched SEC (GPC)
distributions of the same starches show a decrease in the relative proportion of
longer chains, and an increase in shorter chains as enzyme digestion proceeds.
These trends are seen for all starches examined, with a decrease in the amount
of the small size resistant starch species correlating with a lower digestion
yield. Results are in line with the general observation that higher amylose
content correlates with a higher content of resistant starch. This is most
obviously seen in the case of waxy maize (13% amylose), which exhibits
rapid, nearly complete, digestion while showing no formation of the small size
resistant starch species. NMR studies reveal some structural characteristics
of the small size species such as the number average degree of polymerization
and average branching fraction.

Hamster feeding study with phosphorylated cross-linked resistant (CL
RS4) wheat starch
K. WOO (1), P. A. Seib (2)
(1) MGP Ingredients Inc, Shawnee, KS; (2) Kansas State University
Dietary fiber intake has been related to a reduced risk of many diseases,
including colonic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity. CL
RS4 wheat starch is white in color, neutral in flavor and has a smooth mouth-
feel. Also it absorbs little water, which can alleviate rheological changes in
fiber-fortified food during processing. Increasingly, CL RS4 wheat starch is of
interest in the development of health-promoting foods that require a high level
of dietary fiber without compromising eating quality. CL RS4 wheat starch is
prepared by reaction of starch with a mixture of sodium trimetaphosphate and
sodium tripolyphosphate; it contains ~0.4% phosphorus and 76100% total
dietary fiber (TDF) when assayed by the AOAC-International Official Method
991.43. In vitro enzymatic digestion of CL RS4 wheat starch shows it contains
42% slowly digestible starch and 58% resistant starch. A diet containing 10%
TDF prepared with CL RS4 wheat starch having 76% TDF was fed to
weanling hamsters for 6 weeks, and the results compared to diets with the
same levels of TDF in the forms of cellulose (control) and retrograded
resistant corn starch (RS3). Compared to the diet containing cellulose,
hamsters fed CL RS4 wheat starch showed 1) lower feed consumption, 2)
lower weight gain, 3) higher levels of colonic short chain fatty acids,
especially butyric acid, and 4) a higher blood level of high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol and a lower blood level of low and very low density lipoprotein
cholesterol. The results of feeding RS3 were generally intermittent between
the control and CL RS4 wheat starch. Those data suggest that CL RS4 wheat
starch could provide broad opportunities for the development of foods with
potential physiological benefits related to dietary fiber.

Lipid distribution in milled rice kernels
D. F. WOOD (1), T. G. Williams (1), W. J. Orts (1), G. M. Glenn (1), A.
Graves (2), T. J. Siebenmorgen (2)
(1) USDA, ARS, WRRC, Albany, CA, U.S.A.; (2) University of Arkansas,
Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A.
Rice lipids are located almost exclusively at the kernel periphery in the bran
and germ. During milling, the bran and germ, and therefore lipids, are
progressively removed. The degree of milling is a measure of milling quality
and has traditionally been evaluated by the color of milled rice kernels, but
more recently is also being assessed by the lipid content of milled kernels. The
color is determined by the pigment-containing bran remaining on the kernel
surface. The bran and germ area contain lipid, therefore bran remaining on the
kernel surface and lipid content are related. Thus, surface lipid content is often
used as an indicator of degree of milling. Kernel morphology and physical
characteristics affect milling performance. Microscopy in conjunction with a
lipid-specific probe provided a procedure to highlight milling characteristics
and varietal differences. A protocol for sectioning of whole milled rice while
preserving lipid was used and modified for this study. Intact rice kernels were
encased in paraffin and sectioned with the assistance of clear packing tape.
The sections were stained with aqueous Nile Blue A followed by the addition
of dilute potassium or sodium hydroxide. The sections were observed using
fluorescence illumination in a stereo microscope. Intact kernels of rice
pureline varieties and hybrids were milled for 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 sec and
treated to reveal lipid distribution in kernels and thus illustrate the
effectiveness of the method.

The functional significance of starch-branching enzyme Ia in the
synthesis, hydrolysis, and utilization of maize endosperm starch
H. XIA (1), M. J. Guiltinan (1), D. B. Thompson (1)
(1) The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A.
Starch-branching enzyme (SBE) isoforms play an important role in starch
biosynthesis by introducing branches. We explored the effect of SBEIa
deficiency on maize endosperm starch structure and digestibility. Starch
isolated from non-mutant (wild-type, Wt) and sbe1a mutant endosperm was
subjected to in vitro pancreatic alpha-amylase digestion over 16 h. The
proportion of resistant starch was quantified at the end of 16 h, and the
digestion kinetics were analyzed using a double-exponential decay fit. sbe1a
mutant starch had a higher resistant starch value (13.2%) compared to Wt
(1.6%). Scanning and transmission electron micrographs show that the
resistant starch from sbe1a mutant retained more of the initial granule
integrity. Digestion of sbe1a starch was slower than that of Wt starch.
Amylopectin fractionated from Wt and sbe1a starch was subjected to in vitro
beta-amylase hydrolysis over 24 h. Hydrolysis of sbe1a chains was slower as
compared to Wt, indicating a higher proportion of closely associated branch
points in the sbe1a starch. The amylose fraction from Wt and sbe1a starch
was subjected to exhaustive beta-amylolysis. sbe1a starch had more long
residual chains, indicating an altered branching pattern. During the
germination of sbe1a mutant seeds, starch utilization was reduced and
cotyledon growth was retarded as compared to Wt. Our results suggest that
deficiency of SBEIa in endosperm starch may result in an altered branching
pattern, leading to a less readily digested granule. These results contribute to
the understanding of the role of SBEs in biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and
utilization of starch granules. Moreover, the novel starches developed might
have application as food starch ingredients.

Value-added utilization of hemicellulose in distillers dried grains with
solubles
Y. XU (1), M. A. Hanna (1)
(1) University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A.
The supply of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is increasing
rapidly with production of fuel ethanol. Currently, the vast majority of DDGS
is directly used for low-value livestock feed. Exploring alternative value-
added uses of DDGS is needed. Lignocellulosics are one of major
A73
undeveloped components in DDGS. The objectives of this study are to
evaluate chemical composition of DDGS and to investigate the effects of the
hydrolysis conditions on yield and composition of mono-sugars from
hemicelluloses. The results of evaluation of DDGS obtained from two
different Nebraska ethanol plants showed that hemicellulose contents were
21.4% and 28.9%, respectively, and were two or three times higher than their
cellulose counterparts (8.7% and 14%). DDGS further were hydrolyzed and
the effects of the independent variables of reaction temperature (110130C),
time (30 min to 2 hr), and acid concentration (15%) on yield and
composition of hydrolyzed sugars were determined using response surface
methodology. The hydrolyzed solutions exhibited to be a dark brown color,
which was attributed to the Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and
amino acid of protein. It was found that the optimum level for each variable
was identified as determined to be 130C, 30 min reaction time and 3% acid
concentration to obtain maximum pentose yield (73 g per 100 g dry DDGS).
The longer reaction time and higher acid concentration resulted in a decrease
in pentose yield due to a dehydration reaction and production of by-products.
These hydrolyzed mono- sugars represent large potential sources of value-
added intermediate chemical precursors and chemicals and converting them
into value-added chemicals will be investigated in our future research.
Converting DDGS into green chemicals provides an alternative new process
and pathway for higher value uses of this by-product of ethanol fermentation.

Micro-heterogeneity of cellulosic fiber biopolymer prepared from corn
hulls
J. XU (1), W. Cheng (2), G. E. Inglett (3), P. Wu (2), S. Kim (3), S. X. Liu
(3), Y. Tseng (2)
(1) USDA ARS NCAUR, Peoria, IL; (2) Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.; (3) NCAUR,
USDA, Peoria, IL, U.S.A.
The micro-structural heterogeneities of Z-trim, a zero calorie cellulosic fiber
biopolymer produced from corn hulls, were investigated by monitoring the
thermally driven displacements of well-dispersed micro-spheres via video
fluorescence microscopy named multiple-particle tracking (MPT). This work
indicated a relatively rapid concentration-induced transition of the properties
of the Z-trim. Pre-transitional effects were apparent at low concentrations as
clearly detected by the shape of the MSD distribution of imbedded particles.
At lower concentration of 0.5% of Z-trim, the overall ensemble-averaged
MSDs were very similar to that of a viscous homogenous liquid glycerol with
a slope of unity. The diffusion coefficient for the 0.5% Z-trim was
independent of time just like glycerol. The contributions of the 10%, 25%,
50% highest MSD values to the ensemble-averaged MSD for the 0.5% Z-trim
were also similar to those for homogeneous solution of glycerol. Therefore,
0.5% Z-trim mostly behaved like a homogeneous viscous fluid. However, the
time-dependence and asymmetry profiles of the MSD distributions and higher
standard deviation of the normalized MSD distribution implied that even at
0.5% concentration, Z-trim showed a symptom of trend of heterogeneity. For
the 1% Z-trim colloidal dispersion, though it behaved like a liquid from a
relatively macroscopic standpoint because of its close to unity slope of
ensemble-averaged MSD trace. It exhibited more heterogeneity as evidenced
by the slightly time-dependence diffusion coefficient, time-dependence and
asymmetry profiles of the MSD distributions, higher standard deviation of the
normalized MSD distribution, and higher contributions of the 10%, 25%, 50%
highest MSD values to the ensemble-averaged MSD. At higher concentration
of 2% Z-trim, the heterogeneity became more evident.

Storage of yogurts with added beta-glucan from oats
N. YAO (1)
(1) Iowa State University, Ames, IA
The Food and Drug Administration regulations require at least 0.75 g of beta-
glucan/serving of a food product. Thus, a 6-oz serving of yogurt requires
0.44% beta-glucan to make a health claim. Yogurt with 0, 0.44, 0.68, and
0.84% of added beta-glucan was prepared, and evaluated for syneresis, color,
pH, and textural properties. Yogurt fortified with beta-glucan tended to have a
similar or lower pH than a control yogurt made without added beta-glucan.
The pH of all yogurts decreased at a similar pace during storage. Syneresis,
indicating the whey separation, decreased with greater amounts of beta-
glucan. Only lactic acid increased during storage, and no other short-chain
fatty acids were detected. A descriptive sensory panel of 10 members
determined that beta-glucan fortified yogurt was similar to the control yogurt
in creaminess and the greater the percentage of beta-glucan, the browner the
yogurt. Chalky texture was not detected in all yogurts. All yogurts fortified
with different levels of beta-glucan had similar compression peak forces (820
g) measured on a TA XT 2i Texture Analyzer and all were lower than the
control yogurt (80 g). Beta-glucan concentrations in the yogurt after storage at
4C for one week and two weeks were unchanged and equal to the original
amount added; however, the average molecular weight of the beta-glucans
decreased slightly. These results suggest that yogurt is a suitable food product
for incorporating beta-glucans to provide a healthful product.

Physical and digestive properties of cookies using OSA rice starches with
different amylose contents
H. YOON (1), J. Han (1)
(1) Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
For the goal of making slowly digestible cookies with rice, rice starches
containing different amylose contents (0 or 28%) were esterified by
octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) and then they were added into wheat flour
by 10, 30 and 50% based on total powder amount, respectively. After making
cookies, textural and digestive properties were evaluated. For the textural
properties, the hardness and brittleness increased as OSA rice starch amount
increased from 10 to 30%, however, the values of cookies containing 50%
OSA rice starch decreased. Hardness was higher in cookies containing OSA
rice starch with 28% amylose than in those containing OSA rice starch
without amylose, however, in the case of brittleness, the cookies with OSA
rice starch without amylose showed higher value. For color, the cookies
containing OSA rice starches showed higher L* and lower a* values than
control (prepared by only wheat flour), because of decreased protein amount
which caused Maillard reaction. For the digestive properties, the cookies
containing 10 or 30% OSA rice starch werent significantly different from
control. However, the cookies containing 50% OSA rice starch with 28%
amylose significantly decreased rapidly digestible portion, and increased
slowly digestible portion leading to lower Glycemic value (GI). The addition
of 0.5% xanthan gum into the dough containing 50% OSA rice starch with
28% amylose could improve the texture of cookies as well as keeping the
lowest GI.

HPLC determination of insoluble phenolic acids in selected Japanese
grains: Comparison of photodiode array detector and electro- chemical
detector
A. YOSHIDA (1), K. Miyagi (1), H. Ohta (1), S. Hashimoto (1)
(1) Nakamuragakuen University, Fukuoka, AC, JAPAN
Epidemiological studies indicate that a high consumption of whole grain
products may reduce the risk of chronic disease. These effects have been
ascribed to dietary fiber and other constituent, including phenolic acids. In this
study, the photodiode array detector (PDA) and electro- chemical detector
(ECD) in the determination of insoluble phenolic acids, including p-coumaric
acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid, by high performance liquid
chromatographyHPLCwere compared to develop more sensitive method.
The grain samples in Japan were used as follows: reddish rice, black rice,
unpolished rice, polished rice, foxtail millet, Japanese barnyard millet, grain
amaranth, and three wheat flours (soft, medium and hard). Each sample was
lyophilized and ground with an Ultra Centrifugal Mill. The ground powder
were sieved, and stored at 20C until analysis. All samples were discarded to
remove fat with n-hexane, then soluble components with 80% ethanol. The
residue was hydrolyzed with 1M NaOH at room temperature under nitrogen
gas. Phenolic acids were extracted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by PDA-
HPLC or ECD-HPLC. The content of ferulic acid by PDA-HPLC was
21.8~2.5 mg/100 g of powder, while those by ECD-HPLC 76.5~1.9 mg/100 g.
The content of ferulic acid in black rice by ECD-HPLC increased to 76.5 mg
/100 g compared with 21.8 mg/100 g by PDA-HPLC. No caffeic acid was
detected by PDA-HPLC, whereas caffeic acid (0.061 mg~0.002 mg/100 g) in
all samples was detected by ECD-HPLC. The content of phenolic acids in rice
was larger in unpolished rice than polished ones, showing the high content in
the rice bran. Phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric and caffeic acid) in whole
black rice were predominant, followed by unpolished rice, reddish and
ricefoxtail millet. In conclusion, ECD-HPLC was a useful method to
investigate the phenolic acids in the grain samples.

The milling of soft and hard wheat, and their blend with test mill
B. ZHAO (1), N. Zhou (1), T. Hansen (2), D. Gannon (2), L. Haynes (1), J.
Zimeri (1)
(1) Kraft Foods, East Hanover, NJ; (2) Kraft Foods
Baking industry needs flour with different strengths, depending on the end
use. Flour strength for a specific wheat variety also changes with
environmental conditions. A common practice, to produce flour with a
specific strength, is to mill a blend of various wheat varieties (soft and hard,
for example). However, when milling a blend of wheat with the same milling
conditions, extraction rates may vary depending upon the blend ratio. The
objective of this study is to observe the extraction rate of various blends of
hard and soft wheat, and measure the functional characteristics of the flours
produced. The wheat is milled with a lab test mill (Chopin), consisting of two
A74
pairs of break and one pair of reduction roll. The results show that the
extraction rate is 69% for 100% soft wheat and 49% for 100% hard wheat.
Furthermore, the extraction rate for 50/50 blend is 62%, higher than the
average of soft and hard wheat [(68%+49%)/2 = 59%]. The curvature relation
of the extraction rate, (68.7%, 67.7%, 65.3%, 62.0%, 57.8%, 48.8%) for the
respective blending ratios (100/0, 85/15, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 0/100 of
soft/hard) indicate that the extraction rate of flour is higher than expected
based on the individual extraction rate of each wheat in the blend. Functional
analysis, using alveograph and SRC, demonstrate flour rheological
characteristics and solvent sorption levels are indicative of a greater
proportion of soft wheat than the blend ratio actually milled. The range of
particle size distribution tended to be broader with the increase of hard wheat
in the blend. If the samples went through the reduction roll a second time, the
extraction rate improved, especially for hard wheat. These results may help to
optimize wheat blending to achieve desired flour, but need to be confirmed
with commercial mill.

Evaluation of different types of fats used in high-ratio layer cakes
J. ZHOU (1), C. Walker (1), J. Faubion (1)
Shortening is a major ingredient used in high-ratio layer cakes. Plastic
shortenings are most commonly used by the U.S. baking industry, but the
possibility of high levels of trans or saturated fats cause health concerns to
some consumers. Compared to plastic shortenings, liquid shortenings could
significantly reduce the dependence on high melting point fats and the
emulsifiers used would enhance the shortenings functionality. The objective
of this research was to compare the influence of different types of fats on the
texture and shelf-life of high-ratio layer cakes. Cakes were baked with
soybean oil to evaluate the function of three emulsifiers (PGMS, GMS, and
Lecithin) on layer cake quality, including volume, cake score, internal crumb
texture (by C-Cell), and firmness (by Voland-Stevens). An optimum
emulsifier combination for the liquid oil was identified as; PGMS 1.8%, GMS
1.0% and Lecithin 0.8%. Four groups of layer cakes were baked using plastic
shortening, liquid shortening, liquid oil and liquid oil plus emulsifier
combination. Cake performances and shelf-lives were evaluated. The liquid
shortening produced the best fresh cake characteristics with cake volume 132,
cake score 94, brightness 153, wall thickness 0.493 mm and firmness (1st day)
173 g/force. Liquid oil combined with emulsifiers had very similar firmness
performance to the liquid shortening, indicating the important role emulsifiers
played in the improvement of shelf-life in this food system.

Effects of temperature cycling and starch concentration on
retrogradation of waxy and normal corn starches
X. ZHOU (1), S. Lim (1), B. Baik (2)
(1) Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University,
Seoul, KOREA; (2) Washington State University, Department of Crop & Soil
Sciences Pullman, WA, U.S.A.
Gelatinized waxy and normal corn starches at various concentrations (20
50%) in water were stored under temperature cycles of 4C for 1 day and
30C for 1 day up to 7 cycles or at a constant temperature of 4C for 14 days
to investigate the effects of starch concentration and temperature cycling on
the retrogradation of both starches. Compared to the storage only at 4C, both
starches stored under the 4/30C temperature cycles exhibited smaller melting
enthalpy (H), but the onset temperature (To) increased by 1819C
regardless of the starch concentration studied, whereas the melting
temperature range was decreased. Less crystallite might be formed under
4/30C temperature cycles compared to the constant 4C storage but the
crystallites formed were more homogeneous. Starch concentration has greater
effect on the starch retrogradation under cycled temperatures than constant
4C. The reduction in H and the increase in Tc by the retrogradation under
4/30C temperature cycles became more apparent when the starch
concentration was lower. It indicated that greater annealing effect occurred in
lower concentrated starches under 4/30C temperature cycles. Degree of
retrogradation based on H was greater in normal corn starch than waxy corn
starch when starch concentration was low (20 or 30%), indicating that the
amylose might have synergistic interactions with amylopectin for
recrystallization when the starch mobility was high.

Studying the effects of phosphate salts on instant fried ramen noodle
quality
Y. ZHOU (1), G. G. Hou (2), L. Zhou (3)
(1) Wheat Marketing Center, Portland, OR, and Dept. of Food Science, Anhui
Agricultural University, Hefei, China; (2) Wheat Marketing Center, Inc.,
Portland, OR; (3) ICL Performance Products LP, Webster Groves, MO
The use of phosphate salts in instant ramen noodles is thought to improve the
cooked noodle texture; however, little information is available to explain what
roles the phosphate salts play in noodle quality. The objective of this research
is to investigate the effects of phosphate salts and their usage levels (0.10.3%
of flour weight) on instant noodle dough and finished product characteristics.
The noodle dough pH was directly affected by the type of phosphate salts.
Monosodium phosphate anhydrous (MSP), sodium acid pyrophosphate
(SAPP), sodium trimetaphosphate anhydrous (STMP), sodium
hexametaphosphate (SHMP), sodium potassium hexametaphosphate (SKMP),
and calcium acid pyrophosphate (CAPP) reduced noodle dough pH values;
while disodium phosphate anhydrous (DSP), trisodium phosphate anhydrous
(TSP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate anhydrous (TSPP), and dipotassium
phosphate anhydrous (DKP) increased noodle dough pH values. Sodium
tripolyphosphate anhydrous (STPP) and Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) did not
affect pH values. The peak viscosity of noodle dough measured by Rapid
Visco Analyzer was significantly increased by phosphate salts. Raw noodle
sheet color L* (brightness) values at 0 and 24 hr were significantly improved
by all phosphate salts. Phosphate salts that reduced dough pH gave larger L*
values. Color change (L* 024 hr) reduced significantly with the addition of
phosphate salts. Noodle cooking weight gain was significantly increased by
most phosphate salts. Cooked noodle hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience
values as measured by the TA.XT2 Texture Analyzer generally increased with
the increasing phosphate salt level. In summary, the use of phosphate salts in
instant ramen noodles changed dough pH, increased dough pasting viscosity,
made fried noodle brighter, increased cooking weight, and improved the
hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience values of cooked noodles.

Differences in biscuit flour functionality as affected by wheat type and
region of origin
J. ZIMERI (1), L. Haynes (1), N. Zhou (1), B. Zhao (1)
(1) Kraft Foods, East Hanover, NJ, U.S.A.
Biscuit flour functionality ranges according to the type of wheat grown in
specific regions around the world, among other factors such as milling and %
extraction. In the U.S., soft wheat flours are utilized to produce most of the
flours for biscuit manufacturing. This is not the case in other parts of the
world, where different countries have different strategies to overcome the
unavailability of soft wheat in their regions. Commercial refined flours used to
produce biscuit-type products around the world were evaluated in terms of
functionality. The flours differed in wheat origin, wheat type and blends, and
% ash content. Flour functionality was evaluated using solvent retention
capacity, SRC (AACCI method 56-11), and baked using the wire-cut cookie
baking test (AACCI method 10-53). SRC results were used to predict baking
parameters. Gluten potential, which is important in cracker manufacturing,
was captured by the lactic acid ratio. Results showed that flours varied widely
in functionality, depending on the type of wheat and region of origin. A strong
correlation was found between cookie spread (diameter), moisture loss during
baking and final cookie moisture content, with the most desirable cookies
having large spread, high moisture loss and low final product moisture
content. Sodium carbonate SRC and sucrose SRC predicted cookie spread,
indicating that cookie geometry and moisture-color balance was highly
dependent on starch damage and pentosan content in the flours, respectively.
Overall, flours obtained from harder wheats performed poorly as compared to
softer wheats.

A75
AUTHOR INDEX

Abdel-Aal, E. M., A5
Abou Hachem, M., A29
Abrahamse, E., A33
Agama-Acevedo, E., A33, A69
Agbisit, R. M., A62
Ahn, J., A49
Ai, Y., A33
Ainsworth, P., A67
Alavi, S., A15, A29, A31
Alfaro-Rodriguez, R., A62
Ali, S. S., A15
Almeida, C. S., A58
Alviola, N. J., A48
Amanor-Boadu, V., A31
Ambardekar, A. A., A15
Ambiel, H. C., A60
Amorim, E. O., A60
Ananda Konayakana Halli, N., A15
Anantachote, A., A33
Anantheswaran, S., A24
Anderson, J., A71
Angellier-Coussy, H., A16
Ao, Z., A22
Appelqvist, I. A., A17
Arai-Sanoh, Y., A28, A30
Arakane, M., A30
Arambula-Villa, G., A34
Aravind, N., A28
Arendt, E. K., A27, A70
Argyropoulos, P. , A2
Armiliato, L., A58
Arndt, E., A12
Arntfield, S., A46
Arora, A., A62
Ashrafi, L., A61
Astilleros-Rosas, N., A62
Attwell, W. (Bill), A12
Aufort, A., A66
Avena-Bustillos, R. J., A48
Awika, J. M., A31, A48, A57

Bai, Y., A16
Baik, B., A24, A34, A59, A74
Bailey, T. B., A52
Banumathi, P., A11
Bao, J., A16, A34
Bao, Y., A41
Baray, S., A34
Barrn, J. M., A41
Bassinello, P. Z., A34
Batterham, M. J., A16
Bautista, R. C., A28
Bazin, S., A55
Bean, S., A31
Bean, S. R., A12
Bech, K. S., A35
Beck, E. J., A16
Beck, M., A35
Becker, T., A35, A47
Begue, C., A22
Bellido, A.-S., A11
Bellido, G. G., A45
Bello-Perez, L., A35, A35, A69
Belobrajdic, D. P., A20
Belton, P., A41
Ben-Aissa, F., A22
Benesi, A., A24
Benmoussa, M., A35
Berghofer, E., A22, A65
Bergman, C., A16, A23
Bertoft, E., A16, A66
Berzonsky, W., A50
Beta, T., A46, A53, A61
Bett-Garber, K., A23
Bettge, A. D., A24
Bianchini, A., A36
Biazzi, A. P., A58
Biondi, S. H., A43
Bird, A. R., A17, A20
Bjrck, I., A9
Blazek, J., A17
Boatwright, M. D., A36
Boinot, N., A36
Bordenave, N., A17
Borgen, A., A53
Boswell, S. E., A36
Bottega, G., A55, A58
Bouritius, H., A33
Boux, G., A11
Brabec, D., A60
Braune, A., A6
Brenner, C., A58
Brenner, E., A65
Bressler, D., A49
Brewe, C., A37
Brewer, L. R., A17, A36
Brijs, K., A18, A25, A31
Brijwani, K., A17
Brown, J., A58
Bryden, W. L., A20
Bugueo, C., A53
Bugusu, B. A., A12
Bui, T., A37
Bullerman, L. B., A36
Bult, H., A29
Bunzel, M., A18, A30
Burgers, A., A18
Burgers, A. P., A44
Burseg, K., A29
Burton, P., A42
Byun, M., A34

Caffe, M., A37
Cai, L., A37
Calderon De La Barca, A. M., A11
Campanella, O., A3, A48
Campbell, C., A45
Campbell, M., A47, A55
Cappa, C., A53
Caramanico, R., A55, A58
Carr, T. P., A52
Carroll, R. J., A69
Cato, L., A37, A39
Caupert, J., A4
Cave, R., A20
Cave, R. A., A18, A20
Celus, I., A18
Cerne, V., A12
Challa, R. K., A37
Champ, M., A19
Champagne, E., A16, A23, A44, A59, A60
Chang, H., A48
Chang, Y., A38, A52
Chang, Y. K., A40, A43, A60
Chau, A., A30
Chauhan, F., A38
Chavez-Hernandez, J., A44
Chavez-Santoscoy, R. A., A38
Chen, H., A3
Chen, M., A16, A23, A34
Chen, R., A31
Chen, R. Y., A38
Cheng, H., A38, A39
Cheng, M., A38
Cheng, W., A73
Chevallier, S., A55
Chiaramonte, E. T., A39
Chimoff, H., A39
Chiu, M. M., A48
Choy, A., A39
Chuck-Hernandez, C., A39
Chung, H.-J., A10
Chung, S., A36
Chung, W., A39
Cinco-Moroyoqui, F. J., A64
Clear, R., A40
Cohen, G., A19
Collares-Queiroz, F., A43, A58
Collins, F., A18
Colonna, P., A6, A26
Conlon, M. A., A20
Copeland, L., A40
Corke, H., A16
Corzo, A., A29
Cota-Gastelum, A., A40
Crosbie, G. B., A37
Cunha, R. H., A43
Cuppett, S., A69
Cuq, B., A27
Curic, D., A22
Czerny, M., A27

da Silva, C. B., A40
da Silva, R., A57
Daigle, K., A60
Dal Bello, F., A27
Dalmora, A. C., A43
Dardenne, P., A72
De Berrios, J. J., A10
de Kok, P., A29
De Leyn, I., A70
de Morais, O. P., A34
de Oliveira, J. P., A34
Dekker, J., A8
de-Lamballerie, M., A55
Delcour, J., A9
Delcour, J. A., A18, A19, A25, A26, A31, A59
Delwiche, S. R., A19
Demeke, T., A40
Derbyshire, E., A57
DeVries, J. W., A19
Dewettinck, K., A70
Dexter, J. E., A45
Di Egidio, V., A41
Dias, L. P., A56
Dijk, F., A33
Dogan, H., A26, A42, A42, A56, A67
Dolan, K. D., A68
Domagoj, G., A22
Dong, W., A58
Dong, Y., A60
Dowell, F. E., A57, A60
Downey, G., A40, A41
Draga, A., A55, A55
Dubat, A., A36, A40
Dufresne, A., A16
Duodu, G., A41
Dushnicky, L., A55
Dykes, L., A68

Ebihara, M., A50
Edwards, N. M., A55, A67
Eeckhout, M., A70
Elias, E. M., A54
Eliasson, A., A61
Ellwood, K. C., A8
Engle, D. A., A24
Engleson, J., A12
Escalante-Aburto, A., A34
Esquerre, C., A41

Falcon, M. R., A41
Faltens, T., A58
Fan, Y., A27, A64
Fanning, R., A50
A76
Fanta, G. F., A41
Faubion, J., A15, A19, A25, A29, A41, A42,
A42, A52, A74
Faulds, C. B., A6
Felker, F. C., A41
Fellows, C., A28
Ferguson, L. R., A5
Figueroa Cardenas, J., A41
Figueroa, J., A42, A62
Finnie, S., A19, A25
Finnie, S. M., A41
Fitzgerald, M., A19
Flinn, P., A60
Flores-Mera, S., A44
Flores-Miranda, G., A44
Fogliano, V., A5
Fok, P. Y., A67
Forman, T., A4
Fox, S., A59
Franco, C. M., A57, A62
Friis, A., A39
Frohlich, P., A11
Fujiwara, M., A28
Fulcher, R. G., A13
Funk, D. B., A72
Furtado, A., A20

Gaba, D., A40
Gaiani, C., A27
Gajula, H., A42, A42
Gallagher, E., A25, A42
Gallaher, D., A45, A45
Gamez-Meza, N., A64
Gan, R., A39
Gannon, D., A73
Garca-Suarez, F., A42
Gaytn-Martnez, M., A42
Gebhardt, S. E., A43
Genot, C., A22
Geoffroy, S., A40
Ghosh, S., A43
Gidley, M., A20
Gidley, M. J., A6, A17, A18, A20, A20, A66,
A72
Gilbert, E. P., A17
Gilbert, R., A18, A72
Gilbert, R. G., A20, A20, A66
Giroux, M., A19, A25
Glatz, C. E., A59
Glenn, G. M., A72
Glover, K., A37, A50
Godard, O., A61
Goesaert, H., A31
Goh, A., A43
Goldstein, W., A45
Gomes-Ruffi, C. R., A43, A43, A56
Gomez-Montes, E., A44
Gomez-Ramirez, R., A44
Goodall, M. A., A12
Gorham, B., A20
Gotoh, T., A58
Govindarajan, B., A8
Gowan, A., A41
Grabowski, P. , A2
Graefenhan, T., A40
Granados-Nevarez, M. C., A47
Grausgruber, H., A22
Graves, A., A72
Gray-Weale, A., A20
Grimm, C., A16, A23
Guemes Vera, N., A44, A44, A68
Guiltinan, M. J., A72
Guimares, P. O., A58
Gunness, P., A20
Guraya, H., A44, A59, A60
Gutesa, J., A44
Gutierrez-Arias, E., A34
Gutierrez-Dorado, R., A44, A69
Gutierrez-Meraz, F., A42
Gutierrez-Uribe, J., A38, A56
Guttieri, M. J., A20
Guyon, C., A55
Guzar, I., A61
Gwirtz, J., A56

Hafner, C. , A1
Hagglund, P., A29
Hall, C., A10, A44
Hamaker, B., A22, A35, A48, A66
Hamaker, B. R., A3, A12, A38, A51, A63
Hamer, R., A25, A29, A70
Han, J., A65, A73
Hanna, M. A., A72
Hansen, T., A39, A73
Hanz, K., A65
Hardy, C. L., A45
Hareland, G., A57
Hareland, G. A., A23
Harjadi, S., A44
Harmer, S. E., A45
Harriman, C., A13
Hart, C., A5
Hashimoto, S., A73
Hasjim, J., A20
Hassel, C. , A1
Hatcher, D., A45, A68, A71
Hauge, D. A., A45, A45
Haynes, L., A73, A74
Hegg, R. , A2
Henry, R. J., A20
Henson, C., A7
Herald, T. J., A38
Heredia, N. G., A41
Hernndez, Z. J., A41
Hernandez-Chavez, J. F., A44
Hernandez-Sanchez, H., A46
Hettrich, K., A30
Hill, S., A6
Hill, S. E., A54, A54
Hino, A., A50
Hirata, Y., A50
Hirawan, R., A46
Hood-Niefer, S., A46
Hopkins, D. W., A72
Horst, R. L., A52
Host, M., A46
Hou, G. G., A21, A74
Houchins, D., A37
Howitt, C., A23
Hsu, Y., A52
Huang, J., A72
Huang, L., A46
Huang, X., A16
Huang, Y., A47
Huber, K., A22
Huber, K. C., A33, A50, A69
Hurburgh, C. R., A18, A44, A45

Igne, B., A72
Iiduka, T., A50
Ike, M., A28, A30
Ilamaran, M., A11
Inglett, G., A63
Inglett, G. E., A73
Islas-Hernandez, J., A33, A62
Islas-Rubio, A., A40, A47
Isshiki, K., A50
Izydorczyk, M., A45, A55

Jackson, D. S., A61
Jackson, T., A36
Jaekel, L. Z., A40
Jane, J., A33, A44, A47, A62
Jason, M., A25
Jeannotte, R., A19, A41
Jekle, M., A47
Jekle, M. T., A35
Jensen, J. M., A29
Jeria, R., A53
Jiang, H., A47
Jideani, V. A., A47, A48
Jimenez-Aparicio, A. R., A46
Jin, L., A34
Johnson, L., A51
Johnson, L. A., A59
Jondiko, T. O., A48
Jones, J., A21
Jones, P., A13
Juhee, K., A24

Kahlon, T. S., A48
Kalaitzandonakes, N., A4
Kale, M., A48
Kalyanaraman, P., A15, A48
Kandil, A., A49
Kang, S., A20
Kaur, A., A49
Kaur, P., A21
Kawamoto, S., A50
Kazennova, N., A49
Keast, D., A21
Keates, H. L., A20
Khan, K., A41
Khanal, S. K., A56
Khatuntsov, A. V., A21
Khullar, E., A21
Kidd, M., A29
Kiefte, A., A27
Kim, B., A49
Kim, H., A13, A33, A49, A50, A69
Kim, J., A34, A34
Kim, M. S., A19
Kim, S., A73
Kim, Y., A49
Kinner, M., A22
Kitta, K., A50
Kivel, R., A14
Kletke, J., A55
Knol, J., A33
Koch, K., A29
Koehler, P., A7, A27, A27
Kondo, M., A28, A30
Krishnan, P., A37, A50
Kuo, W., A50
Kurashima, T., A50
Kweon, M., A22, A51

Lafiandra, D., A24
Lai, H., A47, A50
Lamberts, L., A26
Lamikanra, S., A3
Lamsal, B., A51, A59
Lapeze, L., A13
Lazewska, I., A55, A55
Lazutkin, A., A51, A51
Le Bail, A., A22, A55
Le Bail, P., A22
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Lebrun, O., A40
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Lee, G., A49
Lee, J., A34, A51
Lee, Y., A51
Leeuwen, J. V., A56
Leguizamon, C., A52
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Levine, H., A22, A51
Lewis, J. B., A69
Li, J., A49, A52
Li, M. , A2
Li, Z., A23
Lim, S., A34, A51, A65, A74
Lin, A., A22
Lin, J., A38, A52
Lind, D. R., A52
Ling, Q., A21
Liu, Q., A10, A37, A53, A61
A77
Liu, S. X., A73
Liu, Y., A23, A52
Loarca Pia, F., A62
Long, F. H., A72
Lpez- Rodrguez, M. M., A44
Lopez, X., A53, A53
Lopez-Valenzuela, J., A44
Lorence-Rubio, L. R., A47
Lucisano, M., A53, A58
Lukie, C., A54
Luoto, S., A53
Luyts, A., A31

MacNaughtan, B., A54
MacRitchie, F., A11
Madl, R. , A1
Magaletta, R. L., A54
Maghirang, E., A57
Mak, S. P., A54, A54
Malcolmson, L., A11, A54
Maldonado-Parra, T. L., A47
Manthey, F. A., A27, A54
Mariotti, M., A53, A58
Marquart, L., A12, A12, A45, A45
Marquart, L. F., A67
Marti, A., A55, A58
Martnez-Flores, H., A42
Martinez-Herrera, J., A44
Matta, M. D., A64
McCarthy, K. L., A3
McCleary, B. V., A19, A23, A55, A55
McClung, A., A16, A23, A34, A59
McDonnell, C., A41
McDonough, C. M., A36, A69
McMillan, T. L., A55
McSweeney, C. S., A20
Mehta, K. L., A27
Mejia, C. D., A12
Mendez-Montealvo, G., A35
Mendez-Montealvo, M., A55
Mendoza-Perez, J., A68
Mera Garca, E. I., A44
Mergoum, M., A71
Meullenet, J., A28, A61
Mezaize, S., A55
Micard, V., A23
Mikkelsen, D., A20
Milan-Carrillo, J., A44, A56, A69
Millar, S. J., A30
Miller, C., A56
Miller, S., A56
Mitchell, J., A70
Mitra, D., A56
Miyagi, K., A73
Miyoung, K., A24
Moeller, L., A59
Moghadasian, M. H., A5
Moiseev, I., A49, A66
Moiseeva, A., A66
Moiseeva, A. I., A51
Molina-Boisseau, S., A16
Monteau, J., A22
Montenegro, F. M., A43, A56
Moose, S., A4
Morales-Snchez, E., A42
Mora-Rochin, S., A44, A56
Morell, M. K., A17, A23
Moriartey, S., A24
Morrical, M., A39
Morris, C. F., A19, A24
Mosca, C., A29
Motwani, T., A24
Mugford, D. C., A19
Mulvaney, S., A15, A48
Myoungjin, S., A24

Nabeshima, E. H., A56
Nair, S. G., A24
Nascimento Junior, A., A56
Nath de Oliveira, D., A25
Nava-Arenas, D., A46
Neumann, N., A25
Newton, J., A56
Ng, S. K., A57
Nichols, B., A22
Nicholson, T. M., A66
Nitschko, S., A22
Noort, M., A25, A29
Nystrm, L., A14

Oberoi, H. S., A17
Ohm, J., A23, A57, A71
Ohta, H., A73
Ojwang, L. O., A57
Okuma, K., A19
Okusu, H., A57
Oliveira, D. S., A57
Oliveira, L. M., A64
Omary, M. B., A58
Ondier, G. O., A58
Ormenese, R. S., A58
Ortega-Ramirez, R., A64
Orts, W. J., A72
Osorio-Diaz, P., A33, A69
Ottis, B., A25
Owiss, N. A., A58

Pacheco-Vargas, G., A42, A62
Paes, M. D., A58
Pagani, M., A55, A58
Page, J. H., A27, A64
Pai, D., A3, A48
Palma-Orosco, G., A68
Pan, J., A10
Panozzo, J., A25, A59
Paraman, I., A59
Pareyt, B., A25, A59
Park, J., A28, A30, A49
Park, S., A59
Pascoe, D., A13
Pathirapong, P., A59
Patil, S., A4
Patindol, J., A44, A59, A60
Patras, A., A25, A42
Patrick, S., A40
Patterson, K. Y., A52
Pavlovich-Abril, A., A64
Paz, M. X., A43
Pearson, T., A56, A60
Pederson, J., A31
Peiris, K. H., A60
Pereira, E. P., A60
Perez Soto, E., A44
Prez, S., A16
Perez-Carrillo, E., A39
Persson, J., A46, A60
Petersson, K., A61
Pfahringer, B., A72
Phan, A., A40
Phillips, K. M., A52
Pickett, M., A26
Piderit, D., A53
Plunkett, A., A67
Podgorski, S. C., A48
Polenghi, O., A12
Polesi, L. F., A64
Pometto, A. L., A56
Popper, L., A26
Poppernitsch, M., A22
Potter, S., A26
Poutanen, K., A9
Prado, K., A58
Pradon, R., A46
Primo-Martin, C., A70
Prinster, M., A37
Prosky, L., A19
Prckler, M., A22
Pumphrey, M. O., A60
Putaux, J., A16
Putseys, J. A., A26

Qiu, Y., A53, A61
Quezada-Calvillo, R., A22

Rader, J. I., A19
Radosta, S., A30
Ragaee, S., A61
Rakshit, S., A59
Ral, J., A23
Rash, J., A61
Rasmussen, H., A39, A61
Ratnayaka, I., A40
Ratnayake, W. S., A61
Rausch, K. D., A21, A21, A62, A70, A70
Rayas-Duarte, P., A15, A41, A48, A62
Razavi, A., A58
Reffner, J. A., A30
Regand Ramirez, A., A26
Regina, A., A23
Reicks, M., A67
Rendon-Villalobos, R., A62
Reyes Vega, M., A42
Reyes-Moreno, C., A44, A56, A69
Reyes-Prez, F., A62
Rickert, D., A69
Riki, S., A30
Rippke, G. R., A45
Roberts, R. F., A63
Rocha, T. S., A57, A62
Rodriguez-Ambriz, S., A35, A35
Rodrguez-Vsquez, L., A62
Rolland Sabat, A., A26
Romero, A. L., A41
Romero, J. T., A57
Romero-Baranzini, A., A62
Rooney, L. W., A36, A48, A68, A69
Rooney, W. L., A68
Rose, D., A22, A63
Rosen, R., A12, A12
Rosentrater, K., A58
Rosentrater, K. A., A63
Rossnagel, B. G., A56
Ruan, S., A63
Rumpagaporn, P., A63
Ryan, D. J., A72
Ryan, L. A., A27, A70
Rybak, D., A61

Saad, M., A27
Sabate, A., A6
Saibene, D., A63
Sala, G., A29
Salazar, M., A41, A62
Salazar-Garcia, M., A40, A64
Salch, J. H., A41
Saleh, M., A28, A61
Sall, E. D., A21
Salovaara, H., A14
San Martin, F., A65
Sandhu, G. K., A64
Sandhu, H. S., A27
Santos-Escamilla, A., A44
Sarantpoulos, C. I., A64
Sarmento, S. B., A64, A64
Scanlon, M., A27, A64, A64
Schaffert, R. E., A58
Scheffler, S., A65
Scher, J., A27
Schlegel, V. L., A52
Schmidt, J., A65
Schober, T., A12
Schultz, P. , A1
Scott, D. J., A47
Seabourn, B. W., A38, A45, A57
Seabrook, S. A., A18
Seetharaman, K., A4, A38, A55, A61, A71
Seguchi, M., A65
A78
Seib, P. A., A31, A72
Selling, G., A7
Selmair, P. L., A27
Senay, S., A57
Seo, T., A65
Ser, W., A46
Serna-Saldivar, S., A38, A39, A56
Setiawan, S., A65
Seyama, T., A30
Shaker, E. S., A66
Shantz, K., A24
Shaur, S., A29
Shehzad, A., A66
Shelat, K. J., A66
Shen, D., A28
Shen, X., A66
Shen, Y., A34
Shepherd, R., A9
Shewry, P., A7, A9
Shi, Y., A16, A30, A37
Shin, D., A49
Shlenskaya, N. M., A51
Shneider, D., A66, A66
Shogren, R. L., A41
Siebenhandl-Ehn, S., A22
Siebenmorgen, T. J., A28, A72
Silva, V. N., A58
Silveira-Gramont, M., A40
Sim, L., A22
Simeone, M. C., A24
Simmons, A., A66
Simsek, S., A10, A28, A71
Singh, V., A21, A21, A62, A70, A70
Sissons, M., A28
Siwela, M., A41
Sjoberg, S. A., A67
Slade, L., A22, A51
Slavin, J., A8
Small, D. M., A39
Sneller, C. H., A20
Song, W., A67
Sontag-Strohm, T., A14
Soto-Simental, S., A44, A44
Souza, E., A20, A22
Srichuwong, S., A28, A30
Srinivasan, R., A29, A37
Sroan, B. S., A11
Steel, C. J., A40, A43, A60
Steeples, S. L., A67
Steffe, J. F., A68
Stevenson, S. G., A67
Stieger, M., A25, A29
Stojceska, V., A57, A67
Stoughton-Ens, M. D., A68
Stratton, J., A36
Suarez-Dieguez, T., A68
Sulaiman, R., A68
Sumi, K., A24
Sun, M., A16
Sun, X., A68
Svensson, B., A29

Taddeo, S. S., A69
Taleon, V. M., A68
Tang, J., A3
Tang, X., A15, A29
Tanner, G. J., A23
Tapsell, L. C., A16
Taylor, J., A7, A29, A29, A41
Tesso, T., A31
Thei, S., A65
Thirugnanasambantham, V., A69
Thomas, R. G., A43
Thompson, D. B., A63, A72
Tilley, M., A7
To, F. D., A37
Toews, R., A71
Tokuyasu, K., A28, A30
Tom, M., A10
Tombokan, X., A43
Topping, D. L., A20
Tornberg, E., A61
Tosh, S. M., A16, A26
Tromp, R., A70
Tseng, Y., A73
Tsukakoshi, Y., A69
Tulbek, M., A10, A44, A63
Tumbleson, M., A21, A21, A62, A70, A70
Turner, N. D., A69
Tweed, T., A54
Tyl, C., A30
Tyler, R., A46

Ullrich, S., A24
Uriarte, M., A69
Utrilla-Coello, R. G., A69

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Valdez-Ortiz, A., A44
Valladares, M., A69
Vallons, K. J., A70
van Benschop, C., A70
Van Bockstaele, F., A70
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van Nieuwenhuijzen, N., A70
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Waduge, R. N., A71
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Wang, K., A59
Wang, N., A68, A71
Wang, X., A65
Wang, Y., A51, A55, A56
Warkentin, T., A68, A71
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Williams, P. C., A72
Williams, T. G., A72
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Wong, K., A66
Wongsagonsup, R., A33
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Woodard, H., A50
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Wu, L., A28
Wu, P., A73
Wu, X., A31

Xia, H., A72
Xu, J., A73
Xu, Y., A72

Yada, R., A37
Yan, S., A31
Yang, H., A39
Yang, L., A31
Yao, N., A73
Yao, Y., A17, A46, A65, A67
Yokoyama, W., A13
Yoo, J., A31
Yoo, S., A51
Yoon, H., A73
Yoshida, A., A73
Young, J. C., A5
Yu, L. (Lucy), A14

Zamudio-Flores, P. B., A35
Zawadi, O., A58
Zhang, D., A20
Zhang, G., A38, A66
Zhang, Z., A64
Zhao, B., A73, A74
Zhao, Z., A5
Zhou, J., A74
Zhou, L., A74
Zhou, N., A73, A74
Zhou, X., A74
Zhou, Y., A21, A74
Zhou, Z., A17
Zimeri, J., A73, A74
Zocchi, S. S., A64
Zu, G., A49

A79
Errata

CEREAL FOODS WORLD Supplement Vol. 54, No. 4

The following symposia abstracts were submitted for presentation at the 2009 annual meeting in Baltimore, Maryland,
September 1316, 2009.

The Effects of Dietary Fiber from Cereals on Gut Health

Effects of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on the gut
C. Courtin
University Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
Arabinoxylans (AX) are cereal cell wall components that constitute an important part of
the dietary fibre intake in humans. Hydrolysis of AX using xylanolytic enzymes yields
arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS), consisting of arabinoxylooligosaccharides and
xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Such AXOS can be made as ingredients but are also
produced in cereal-derived food products such as bread and beer, as well as in the colon
upon ingestion of AX. This presentation focuses on the prebiotic effects that AXOS and
XOS exert in the colon of humans and animals through selective stimulation of
beneficial intestinal microbiota. In vitro experiments and in vivo intervention studies on
animals or humans that have investigated potential health-related effects resulting from
dietary intake of AXOS or XOS are discussed.

Characterizing the Size and Molecular Weight Distributions
of Starch

Modern size-exclusion techniques for characterizing starch
P. Kilz
PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, Mainz, Germany
Molecular characterization of macromolecules by chromatographic methods has been
important in the elucidation of structure property action relationships. Available
techniques allow the in-depth characterization of multiple property distributions, e.g.
dispersity in chain length, branching frequency and branch length, chemical
composition and even constitution. This has been achieved by a combination of
fractionation techniques like SEC, LAC, FFF and information-rich detectors e.g.
MALLS, viscometry, IR and NMR. Application of such methods to starches, however,
is still not a standard technique for several reasons: - sample preparation to achieve
molecular dissolution is still difficult and not easily reproducible; - starch itself is a
highly complex and analytically challenging product; - the correlation of macroscopic
properties to structural features is complicated by the complex morphology. Many
product properties of starches like sensory behavior, gel formation and gel stability, are
affected by processing conditions. Starches modified by dry- and wet-milling formed
particle gels in water and may find their application in non-cooked food systems as an
alternative to pre-gelatinized, chemically modified starches, maltodextrins and food
gums. This contribution summarizes the state of the art of advanced SEC
characterization of starches using viscometric and light scattering detectors to study the
influence of mechanical starch treatment on its molecular characteristics. Different
milling methods were used to modify native starch samples. Multi-detector SEC results
for different native and milled starches will be presented and their correlation with
physical properties determined with different techniques will be discussed.

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CEREAL FOODS WORLD Supplement Vol. 54, No.

XC, and Accellerase

software. Waters Nova Pak

4 m 3.9 150 mm reversed

1.15. For baking water absorption, the model allowed to have

technologies. Three, eight and four

, the one made in citric

for celiac disease sufferers and certain health-concerned

were used as control

values than the spaghetti and the somyeon

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