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    Cellular Respiration: Pyruvate (3C) Pyruvate (3C)

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    rifka fakhira
    Cellular respiration involves two main pathways - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to break down glucose and food molecules, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen. Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to completely break down glucose and generate approximately 30 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration involves glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation to generate only 2 ATP per glucose molecule in the absence of oxygen.

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    Cellular Respiration: Pyruvate (3C) Pyruvate (3C)

    Uploaded by

    rifka fakhira
    43 views4 pages
    Cellular respiration involves two main pathways - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to break down glucose and food molecules, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen. Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to completely break down glucose and generate approximately 30 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration involves glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation to generate only 2 ATP per glucose molecule in the absence of oxygen.

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    Cellular respiration involves two main pathways - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to break down glucose and food molecules, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen. Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to completely break down glucose and generate approximately 30 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration involves glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation to generate only 2 ATP per glucose molecule in the absence of oxygen.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    43 views4 pages

    Cellular Respiration: Pyruvate (3C) Pyruvate (3C)

    Uploaded by

    rifka fakhira
    Cellular respiration involves two main pathways - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to break down glucose and food molecules, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen. Aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to completely break down glucose and generate approximately 30 ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration involves glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation to generate only 2 ATP per glucose molecule in the absence of oxygen.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Cellular Respiration

    • Release of energy in biomolecules (food)


    and use of that energy to generate ATP
    Cell Respiration
    ENERGY (food) + ADP + Pi → ATP
    Chapter 5 • Two methods of breaking down food
    – Aerobic Respiration: oxygen utilizing
    – Anaerobic Respiration: no oxygen used

    Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration: Overview


    • Uses oxygen in breakdown of materials and • Glycolysis
    release of energy – glucose → pyruvate
    – C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
    • Krebs Cycle
    • Energy is released in small increments via – formation of electron carriers and CO2
    long metabolic pathways • Oxidative Phosphorylation
    – Allows cells to efficiently release and use – electron carriers used to generate ATP
    energy contained in food molecules

    Glycolysis Glycolysis
    • Occurs in cytoplasm of NAD+ NADH 2ADP 2ATP
    the cell
    Pyruvate
    • Breakdown of one (3C)
    glucose molecule into Glucose
    two pyruvate molecules (6C) Pyruvate
    2ATP 2ADP (3C)
    • Yields 2 ATP
    molecules (net) and 2 NAD+ NADH 2ADP 2ATP
    NADH molecules NADH = high-energy electron carrier

    1
    Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle

    • Glucose → pyruvate • Occurs in the mitochondrial


    • 2 NAD+ + 2H+ + 4e- → 2 NADH matrix
    • 2 ADP + 2 Pi→ 2 ATP • Cyclical series of reactions

    Krebs Cycle:
    Krebs Cycle (The Cycle Itself)
    Acetyl-CoA Formation
    • Acetyl-CoA (2C) linked to
    • Pyruvate transported into oxaloacetic acid (4C), to
    mitochondrial matrix form citric acid (6C)
    • CO2 cleaved off of pyruvate, • Citric acid ultimately
    forming acetate converted into
    • Acetate linked to Coenzyme A oxaloacetic acid + 2CO2
    (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA • 1 GTP, 3 NADH and 1
    • One NADH formed for each FADH per each acetyl-
    pyruvate CoA

    Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle


    Citrate
    NAD+ NADH (6C) CO2

    Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA • 3 CO2, 1 GTP, 4 NADH and 1 FADH2


    3NAD+ 3NADH
    (3C) (2C) produced for each pyruvate molecule.
    CO2
    FAD+ FADH2
    Oxaloacetate • Total: 6CO2, 2 GTP, 8 NADH, 2FADH2
    (4C)
    GDP GTP

    CO2

    FADH2 – high energy electron carrier


    GTP – similar to ATP, can be converted to ATP

    2
    Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation
    • H+ pumped from inside the
    • Occurs across the inner membrane to the outside
    mitochondrial membrane – forms [H+] gradient (more
    outside than inside)
    • Electrons from NADH
    and FADH2 are • H+ flows back in through
    transported along an ATP synthase
    electron transport chain – generates ATP
    • Energy released used to
    • Electrons and H+ received
    produce ATP
    by O2
    – forms H2O

    How Much ATP is Produced Per


    Overall Reaction for Glucose Molecule?
    Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis 2 ATP
    Krebs Cycle (2 GTP) 2 ATP
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
    Oxidative Phosphorylation 26 ATP

    TOTAL 30 ATP

    Triglyceride Catabolism Amino Acid Catabolism

    Different amino acids can be converted into various


    • Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle intermediates
    • Large amounts of ATP produced per fatty acid

    3
    Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis in Anaerobiosis
    • Produce ATP in the absence of O2
    • Glucose → Pyruvate
    • Used regularly by skeletal muscle fibers
    and RBCs • Net 2 ATP produced
    • NAD+ → NADH
    • Two steps:
    – Glycolysis - produce ATP • Need NAD+ to drive
    glycolysis!
    – Lactate Formation – regenerate NAD+

    Lactate Formation How Much ATP is Produced Per


    Glucose Molecule?

    • Pyruvate → Lactate Glycolysis 2 ATP


    • NADH → NAD+ TOTAL 2 ATP
    • Glycolysis can • Most of the energy from glucose is still
    continue present in the lactate
    • Lactate accumulation leads to ↓ pH

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