Name: Francis Lourd Yvan M. Quiambao Section: 11- St.

Jude
Date: 12/13/2020_________

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Living organisms display the property of metabolism, which is a general term to describe the
processes carried out to acquire and use energy. We know that people need to eat, and in our foods are
various kinds of nutrients that our cells use. One large group of nutrients in our foods is
carbohydrates, which supply our cells with glucose (C6H12O6). So the question is: How does the food
we chew and swallow fuel our cells?

Model 1 – Glycolysis
Cell membrane

NAD NADH

ADP ATP

ADP NAD ! = pyruvic acid (3 C) ATP NADH

= glucose (6 C)
= mitochondrion

= nucleus

1. Refer to Model 1.
a. What is represented by the hexagon?
Glucose
b. How many carbon atoms (C) are in one molecule of glucose?
6
2. Refer to Model 1.
a. What is represented by the triangles?
Pyruvic acid
b. How many carbon atoms (C) are in one molecule of pyruvic acid?

3
3. In the process of glycolysis, what happens to glucose after it crosses the cell membrane
into the cytoplasm of the cell?
Glucose is broken down and is turned into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
 Read This!
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and does not require the presence of oxygen.
Therefore, the process is anaerobic. It is the first step used by cells to extract energy from glucose
in the form of ATP. ATP can be directly used by cells.
4. Thinking about the number of carbon atoms in glucose and in pyruvic acid, explain why
there is one molecule of glucose on the left side of the arrow and two molecules of pyruvic
acid on the right side of the arrow.
Two molecules are required in order to contain the 6 carbon atoms present since one glucose
molecule contains 6 carbon atoms and each pyruvic acid molecule contains 3.

5. How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

2
6. Hydrogen-carrying molecules are also produced during glycolysis. What is the symbol of
these hydrogen-carrying molecules?
NADH
7. Does glycolysis occur inside or outside the mitochondria?
Outside the mitochondria, at the cytoplasm

Model 2 – Krebs Cycle

Inner
Mitochondrial matrix
mitochondrial
membrane
NAD+ FAD NADH FADH 2
NAD+
NADH

NAD+ NAD+
ADP NADH NADH
= pyruvic acid (3 C) ATP
Outer mitochondrial
= carbon dioxide (1 C)
Membrane

8. According to Model 2, what happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvic acid is broken down to form 3 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2).
9. According to Model 2, where does the change identified in the previous question occur?
The change occurred in the mitochondrial matrix.
10. Note the number of atoms of carbon in pyruvic acid and explain why three molecules of
carbon dioxide are produced.
Each molecule pyruvic acid contains 3 carbon atoms while a carbon dioxide molecule
only has one, that is why 3 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.

11. Considering that glycolysis produces two pyruvic acid molecules per glucose molecule,
how many total CO2 molecules will be produced from the complete breakdown of each
glucose molecule? Show a mathematical equation to support your answer.
Glucose (6C) = 2 × Pyruvic acid (3C) = 6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

12. What two hydrogen-carrying molecules are formed during the Krebs cycle?
FADH2 and NADH

13. Fill out the chart by looking back at the entire process of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to
list the total number of ATPs and hydrogen-carrying molecules produced.

Process ATP NADH FADH2

Glycolysis 2 2 0

Krebs cycle
(1st pyruvic acid)
1 4 1

Krebs cycle
(2nd pyruvic acid)
1 4 1
Model 3 – The Electron Transport Chain
Outer mitochondrial
membrane
H+ H+ H+
e– = electron
= oxygen
Mitochondrial 15. Carrier
matrix proteins
e– ADP ATP
NADH NAD+
e– H+
Inner
mitochondrial FADH2 FAD H 2O
membrane

14. What cell structure is the site for the electron transport chain?
Inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae)
15. Label the carrier proteins in Model 3.
16. What substance do the carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Hydrogen Ions (H+)

Read This!
NADH and FADH2 molecules release hydrogen ions that are transported across the inner
mitochondrial membrane with the help of electrons. The result of these multiple processes is the
production of large amounts of ATP.
17. What high energy molecules are formed by the electron transport chain?
ATP
18. Refer to Model 3.
a. What atom accepts the hydrogen ion at the end of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen (O2)
b. What molecule is formed as a product of that acceptance?
Water molecule (H2O)
19. Formulate an explanation for why the events of the electron transport chain constitute an
aerobic process rather than an anaerobic process (like glycolysis).

The process is considered as aerobic because the presence of oxygen is needed in order to
complete the process .
Read This!
Remember that glycolysis produces two pyruvic acid molecules per glucose molecule along
with two of the hydrogen-carrying NADH molecules. Remember also that the Krebs cycle
produces NADH as well as another hydrogen carrier called FADH2. It is important to know
that during the electron transport chain, when each NADH gives up electrons and hydrogen
ions, there is enough of a potential energy change to make three ATP molecules. When each
FADH2 gives up electrons and hydrogen ions, there is enough of a potential energy change to
make two ATP molecules.

20. Fill in the chart below to calculate the total amount of ATP produced from the
breakdown of each glucose molecule (in eukaryotes) during the three steps of
cellular respiration.

Number of H-carriers produced

Number of ATP from one glucose molecule
produced from one
glucose molecule NADH FADH2

Glycolysis 2 2 0

Krebs Cycle 2 8 2

Electron Transport Chain - x3 x2

Total ATP Produced 4 30 4

Grand Total ATP produced (add all 3 columns above) 38

Extension Questions
Model 4 – Two Kinds of Anaerobic Respiration

pyruvic lactic
glucose acid acid

Fermentation (no O2 present in cell) OR

pyruvic alcohol +
glucose
acid CO2
21. What are the two substances that may be formed in anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid or Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide

22. Recall that two molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis. Neither
fermentation process shown above creates any more ATP. Knowing this, what
would you predict about the cellular energy available to organisms that carry out
fermentation?
Due to the low production of ATP on glycolysis and no additional ATP
production on fermentation, the organisms should only require very little
energy.
23. Research the relationship between overexertion of muscles and the formation of
lactic acid. How does this relate to “the burn” felt during strenuous activity?

Anaerobic respiration in muscles occur when the energy produced in aerobic

respiration is insufficient.
The overproduction of Lactic acid causes the burning sensation in the muscles
due to build up.

24. What common foods involve the process of fermentation?

 Wine
 Cheese
 Yogurt
 Vinegar
 Bread