MIKROBIOLOGI DASAR

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Microbial Metabolism

Biochemical diversity
 ‘Classification’
of microbes according to their nutrition
(Carbon, ATP, NADH)

ATP NADH Carbon Other name

ChemoOrganotroph Oxid. Organic Oxid. Organic Organic ChemoHeterotroph

ChemoLithotroph Oxid. Inorganic Oxid. Inorganic Inorganic ChemoAutotroph

PhotoOrganotroph Light Organic carbon Organic PhotoHeterotroph

PhotoLithotroph Light Inorganic Inorganic PhotoAutotroph

https://id.pinterest.com/pin/825636544161329974/

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Metabolism Relationships
 Definitions

– Metabolism: The processes of catabolism and

anabolism

– Catabolism: The processes by which a living

organism obtains its energy and raw materials
from nutrients

– Anabolism: The processes by which energy and

raw materials are used to build
macromolecules and cellular structures
(biosynthesis)
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Metabolism Pathways
 Various Types of Prokaryotic
Energy Production Processes
1. Glikolisis (EM, PPP dan ED)

2. Pasca glikolisis

• Aerobic Respiration
• Fermentation
• Anaerobic Respiration
• Methanogenesis
• Fotosintesis
 Glycolysis: Embden-Meyerhoff
• Glycolytic
• Cytoplasm
• Anaerobic
• End products
– 2 Pyruvic acids
– 4-2 = 2 net ATP by
substrate level
phosphorylation
– 2 NADH
– 2 H20
 Glycolysis: PPP
• Breakdown 5-6 C
• Cytoplasm
• Anaerobic
• End products
– 1 ATP
– 2 NADPH
– CO2
– 4,5,6,7 C
• AA
• Nucleotides
• Glycolytic pathways
• Photosynthesis
Glycolysis: Entner-Duodoroff [E-D]
• Glycolytic
• Cytoplasm
• Anaerobic
NADP+
NADPH
• Different enzymes
– Pseudomonas
– Enterococcus
• End products
– 2-1 = 1 net ATP
– NADPH
– NADH
– 2 Pyruvic acids
– H20
Anaerobic Pathways Compared
Pathway EM PPP ED

Location Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Substrate Glucose G6P Glucose
Steps 2 parts Different Glyceraldehyd
6C à 3C sugars (4-7C) e

Products 2 Pyruvate & 2 Pyruvate

Pyruvate Fructose 1 ATP
2 ATP 6 CO2 1 NADPH
2 NADH 12 NADPH 1 NADH
2 H+ 12 H+ 2 H+
 PASCA GLIKOLISIS
RESPIRASI AEROBIK
RESPIRASI ANAEROBIK
FERMENTASI

FOTOSINTESIS

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 RESPIRASI AEROBIK

Transition Reaction

Kreb’s Cycle

Electron Transport System

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 Transition Reaction
• Connects Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle

• End Products:

– 2 Acetyl CoEnzyme A
– 2 CO2
– 2 NADH2

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 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

• Series of chemical reactions that begin and

end with citric acid

• Products:
–2 ATP
–6 NADH2
–2 FADH2
–4 CO2

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 4. Electron Transport System
• Occurs within the cell membrane of Bacteria

• Chemiosomotic Model of Mitchell

– 34 ATP

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 How 34 ATP from E.T.S. ?
3 ATP for each NADH2
2 ATP for each FADH2

NADH2 FADH2

Glycolysis 2 Glycolysis 0
T. R. 2 T.R. 0
Krebs Cycle 6 Krebs Cycle 2

Total 10 Total 2

10 x 3 = 30 ATP 2 x 2 = 4 ATP

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 Total ATP production for the complete
oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose in Aerobic
Respiration

• ATP
• Glycolysis 2
• Transition Reaction 0
• Krebs Cycle 2
• E.T.S. 34

• Total 38 ATP

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 Transport Elektron
Phosphorilasi Oksidative

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RESPIRASI ANAEROBIK

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 Anaerobic Respiration
Electrons released by oxidation are passed down
an E.T.S., but oxygen is not the final electron
acceptor

Nitrate (NO3-) ----> Nitrite (NO2-)

Sulfate (SO24-) ----> Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Carbonate (CO24-) -----> Methane (CH4)

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FERMENTASI

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 Fermentation

A) incomplete oxidation of glucose

B) does not require O2
C) follows glycolysis when O2 is absent
D) pyruvate is converted to either an acid or alcohol and NADH is
converted back to NAD

E) 2 types

1) alcoholic fermentation
a) results in 2 ATP, CO2, and an alcohol (usually ethanol)

2) acidic fermentation
a) results in 2 ATP plus an acid such as lactic acid and butyric
acid

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 C. Fermentation

• Features of fermentation pathways

–Pyruvic acid is reduced to form

reduced organic acids or alcohols.

–The final electron acceptor is a

reduced derivative of pyruvic acid
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 C. Fermentation

NADH is oxidized to form NAD: Essential for

continued operation of the glycolytic pathways.

O2 is not required.

No additional ATP are made.

Gasses (CO2 and/or H2) may be released

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 C. Fermentation

Fermentation pathways are useful as tools in

biochemical identification.

Also used in industry: Synthesis of certain

organic compounds.

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 C. Fermentation
Examples of fermentation pathways
Lactic acid fermentation
Found in many bacteria;
e.g. Streptococcus cremoris, Lactobacillus acidophilus

Mixed acid fermentation

e.g. Escherichia coli
Basis of the methyl red test

2,3-Butanediol fermentation
e.g. Enterobacter aerogenes
Basis of the Voges-Proskauer reaction

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 C. Fermentation
Other important fermentation end products

Ethanol
Saccharomyces cerevesiae

Propionic acid
Propionibacterium

Acetone, buteraldehyde, and butanol

Clostridium acetobutylicum

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Fermentasi

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Figure 5.18b
FOTOSINTESIS

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Photosynthesis

A) carried out by photoautotrophs

B) 6CO2 + 12H2X à C6H12O6 + 12X + 6H2O

1) X = source of reducing e- (ex. H2O, H2S, H2)

C) Utilizes multiple pigments

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1) chlorophylls

a) absorb solar energy & use it to energize e-

b) found in plants, algae and cyanobacteria

c) involved in oxygenic photosynthesis

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2) bacteriochlorophylls
• same function as chlorophylls

• found in two groups of bacteria known as purple and

green bacteria

• absorb different types of light than chlorophylls

allowing these bacteria to live in different
environments

• involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis

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Oxygenic photosynthesis
Found in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and
eukaryotic chloroplasts

Electron donor is H2O: Oxidized to form O2

Two photosystems: PSII and PSI

Major function is to produce NADPH and ATP for the

carbon fixation pathways

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Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Found in:

Green sulfur bacteria (e.g. Chlorobium)

Green nonsulfur bacteria (e.g. Chloroflexus)

Purple sulfur bacteria (e.g. Chromatium)

Purple nonsulfur bacteria (e.g. Rhodobacter)

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D) involves 2 reactions

1) light-dependent reaction (light reaction)

a) 2 possible pathways

i) cyclic pathway (anoxygenic)

(a) used to create ATP only

(b) energized electron comes from chlorophyll itself

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ii) non-cyclic pathway (oxygenic)

(a) used to create ATP, NADH & O2

(b) excites an electron from an outside

source (ex. H2O)

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2) light-independent reaction (dark reaction, Calvin
cycle, Calvin-Benson cycle)

a) uses energy from light reaction to convert CO2 to

an organic molecule (usually sugar)

b) 3 stages

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i) CO2 fixation

(a) CO2 combines with ribulose bisphosphate

(RuBP) and splits à two molecules of 3-
phosphoglycerate (3PG)

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ii) CO2 phosphorylation

(a) 3PG + ATP à glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

= a usable carbohydrate

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iii) RuBP creation

(a) G3P is used to build new RuBP as well as for

building organic molecules

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